Glagloi Skripta 26.2.
Glagloi Skripta 26.2.
2021
GLAGOLI U ŠPANSKOM
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1. OSNOVNO O GLAGOLIMA
Verbs have different forms depending on where they appear in the sentence. Spanish verbs have
personal and impersonal forms.
The impersonal forms of Spanish verbs are the infinitive (cantar), the gerund (cantando) and the
participle (cantado). These forms are fixed; they remain the same regardless of the subject of the
sentence.
The infinitive of the verb is the base form. In Spanish, all verb infinitives end in -ar, -er or -ir.
Example:
cantar, comer, vivir
The gerund of Spanish verbs is equivalent to the English -ing form. In Spanish the gerund ends in
-ando or -iendo.
Example:
cantar → cantando
The participle is equivalent to the English past participle (third form of the verb). In Spanish, the
regular participle form of the verb ends in -do. In some cases the participle form can change to
agree with a noun (-da/-dos/-das).
Example:
cantar → cantado (regular participle)
Nosotros ya tenemos compradas las entradas. ↔ Nosotros ya hemos comprado las entradas.
(variable participle because of the verb tener.
Personal forms are the conjugated forms of a verb in one of the Spanish tenses (tiempos
verbales). When conjugated, the verb agrees in person and number with the subject of the
sentence, which is why we typically omit subject pronouns in Spanish.
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Example:
Nosotros cantamos.
subject: 1st person plural (we), verb: 1st person plural in the present indicative tense
In English the verb is often the same regardless of the subject (I work, we work etc.), but in
Spanish the conjugated form of the verb expresses the subject of the sentence, meaning that we
can omit the subject pronoun yo (I)
Some verbs are regular and others are irregular; some are regular in some tenses and irregular in
others.
There are three moods in Spanish: the indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative. We can
think of moods like categories, they provide information about the attitude of the speaker.
The indicative expresses real information that is known or certain. Normal sentences are usually
formed in the indicative mood.
Example:
Desayuno café y tostadas todos los días.
Example:
No creo que hoy desayune café y tostadas.
The imperative expresses a command or a request. Unlike the indicative and the subjunctive, the
imperative does not exist in different tenses and only has positive and negative forms.
Example:
Trae más leche, por favor.
Learn how to use the indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative correctly in Spanish
grammar.
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Tenses
The verb tense places the action of a verb in the present, past or future. Spanish tenses can be
simple or compound and can exist in the indicative or subjunctive moods.
The simple tenses consist of one verb: the conjugated form of the main verb.
Example:
The compound tenses consist of two verbs; the conjugated form of the auxiliary (help verb)
haber together with the main verb in the participle form.
Example:
The three verbs often chosen as model verbs to show regular conjugation are amar, temer and
partir (love, fear, leave).
Go to Lingolia’s overview of Spanish tenses to learn more about the conjugation and use of the
different tenses in the indicative mood.
The verb is the heart of the sentence. When there are two or more verbs in a sentence it is
possible to distinguish between the verb that communicates meaning (the main verb) and the
verb that communicates the time of the action (the auxiliary, or help verb).
The main verb expresses the meaning and content of the action. In simple tenses the main verb
appears alone, while in compound tenses it appears together with an auxiliary. When it is alone,
the main verb is conjugated; when it is together with an auxiliary the main verb takes the
participle form.
Example:
The auxiliary acts as a help verb to form the compound tenses. It is always conjugated and
precedes the main verb in the participle form. The most important auxiliary in Spanish is haber.
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Other auxiliaries include ser and estar. Ser and haber are used to form the passive, while the verb
estar is combined with the gerund to form progressive tenses.
Example:
Verbal periphrasis (or verbal structures) is the combination of two verbs, the first conjugated
and the second in an impersonal form (infinitive, gerund or participle).
Ejemplo:
Active or passive?
The active voice is most common: a subject performs an action that is expressed by the verb.
Example:
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasise the object of the action; in passive
sentences the subject is unknown or unimportant.
Example:
Mis padres y yo fuimos atendidos con mucha amabilidad por el camarero del restaurante.
Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs are the verbs we use when the subject and the object of the verb are the same.
These verbs always take a reflexive pronoun that agrees with the subject of the sentence.
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Example:
The verbs ser, estar and paracer (be, seem) can be used to connect a subject with an adjective or
a noun. When used in this way, they have no meaning of their own, they are simply there to
introduce the attribute (atributo).
Example:
Marta es inteligente.
Marta es ingeniera.
In contrast, full verbs have their own meaning and can express this without help of an attribute.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Nací en 1988.
Modal Verbs
The Spanish modal verbs are deber, querer, saber, poder y soler. Modal verbs express
obligation, a wish, knowledge, permission, possibility, probability or repetition. The meaning of
these verbs can change depending on whether they are used in the positive or negative form.
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1.1. SER/ESTAR
The English verb be has two translations in Spanish grammar: ser and estar.
Ser is used to describe qualities and characteristics, in the passive with ser + participle and in
connection with adverbs of time.
The verb estar describes temporary conditions or states, location, and is used to conjugate the
progressive tense (estar + gerundio).
Usage
Example:
Félix y Raúl son altos.
Example:
Yo soy Santiago.
Susana es de Venezuela.
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personal relationships
Example:
Tatiana y Sarai son mis hermanas.
Elisa es mi exnovia.
Example:
El partido de fútbol es en Valencia.
El partido es el miércoles.
Example:
Hoy es domingo.
Hoy es 1 de abril.
Es primavera.
Example:
Las camas son hechas por Claudia.
Example:
Aquí ya es de noche.
Example:
Esa máquina es para Gabriel.
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Example:
—¿Cuánto es?
Example:
Ese anillo es de oro.
Example:
Juana es ingeniera.
Ramón es periodista.
but:
Estoy en paro
Example:
Está triste.
Estoy enfermo.
Example:
Mi abuela de 70 años está muy joven.
Alfredo está muy moreno.
marital status
Example:
Estoy soltero.
Estoy prometido.
Estoy casado.
Estoy divorciado.
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but: Soy viudo.
Example:
El estadio está en Valencia.
Los jugadores están en el hotel.
day/date/season (but not time) in the 1st person plural with the prepositions a/en
Example:
Estamos a domingo.
Estamos a 1 de abril.
Estamos en primavera.
¿A qué día estamos hoy?
Example:
Está bien irse de vacaciones una vez al año.
Example:
Marco siempre está de buen humor.
Marisa está ahora de camarera en Ibiza.
Mi hermana está de parto.
Carla y Marina están de guardia este fin de semana.
Example:
—¿A cuánto están las manzanas?
—Están a 2 euros el kilo.
Example:
fabricado + en/con + material: estar fabricado en oro
hecho + de/con + material: estar hecho de papel
bañado + en + material: estar bañado en plata
Example:
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Estamos cenando en el jardín.
On the following pages, we’ve listed some important adjectives that are used with either ser or
estar.
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Adjectives with estar
Ser/Estar + adjective
The following list includes important adjectives whose meaning changes depending on whether they are
used with ser or estar. As a rule of thumb, we can remember that ser is used when something is
fundamentally a certain way; estar is only used for temporary conditions
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Ser/Estar + participle
On this list you will find participles whose meaning changes depending on whether they are used
with ser or with estar.
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2. Haber/Tener
The Spanish verbs haber and tener can be translated in most cases with have. We use the haber in
impersonal sentences and as an auxiliary verb. In all other cases, we use the verb tener.
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3.1. USAGE
-WITHOUT PREPOSITION
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-WITH PREPOSITION
The infinitive is also used after certain verbs with the prepositions a, con, de, en, para and por.
These verbs have to be learned along with their prepositions.
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Example:
Tengo intención de aprender a jugar al tenis.
verb + a + infinitive
Example:
verb/expression + en + infinitive
Example:
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verb + de + infinitive
Example:
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The following prepositions and prepositional phrases + infinitive can be used to help shorten
dependent clauses when the subject in the main clause and the dependent clause is the same.
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Certain relative clauses can be shortened by using a temporal preposition + infinitive. However,
in this case we also have to change the introductory section of the relative clause.
Example:
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The past participle (also known as participio pasado or participio pasivo) is used:
in the compound tenses with the verb have, such as: perfect, past perfect, preterite perfect,
future perfect and conditional perfect in indicative and perfect and past perfect in the
subjunctive:
Example:
… solo habríamos conseguido perder.
as an adjective which agrees in in gender and number with the noun it modifies:
Example:
El sábado pasado jugamos la última jornada de la liga de fútbol.
Example:
Debido a la abundante lluvia... (zbog jake kiše)
as a participle construction to shorten relative clauses in which the participle refers to a noun in
the main clause:
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Example:
No me gustaría estar en un equipo entrenado por él. (ne žili igrati u ekipi, koju trenira on)
as a participle construction to shorten relative clauses in which the participle refers to the noun
in the relative clause:
Example:
Terminado el partido, nos fuimos corriendo al vestuario.
in the passive voice in which it agrees in number and gender with the subject of the passive
sentence:
Example:
Los partidos fueron suspendidos. (utakmice su stopirane)
Example:
El partido quedó suspendido.
To conjugate the past participle we remove the infinitve ending and add the corresponding
participle ending: -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er/-ir verbs.
Example:
hablar → hablado
aprender → aprendido
vivir → vivido
If there is a vowel before the ending -ido, we place an accent on the -i of the ending. This shows
us that each vowel is pronounced separately.
Example:
leer → leído
traer → traído
Some verbs have an irregular participle form. These can be found in the following list:
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When the past participle functions as an adjective, it agrees in number and gender with the
subject. The table below shows past participle endings for masculine and feminine in singular and
plural.
Example:
The present participle (participio presente/participio activo) is only rarely used as a true
participle. However, in many cases this participle has become an adjective, a noun, or a
preposition. Nowadays the present participle serves as:
an adjective
Example:
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Debido a la abundante lluvia...
a noun
Example:
Los asistentes al partido estaban emocionados.
Example:
Luchando enérgicamente durante el segundo tiempo…
Example:
Los asistentes procedentes de diferentes lugares…
The conjugation of the present participle is quite irregular. However, we can recognise it by its
ending: -ante, -ente or -iente. Since this participle form is only used in certain verbs, you can
generally find its forms in the dictionary.
Example:
hablar → hablante
oír → oyente
vivir → viviente
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5. GERUND
Similar to the infinitive and the participle, the gerund (el gerundio) is an impersonal verb form in Spanish.
It is comparable to the English -ing form. You can recognise the gerund in Spanish by its ending -ndo.
The gerund is formed by adding -ando to the root of verbs that end in -ar and by adding -iendo to the
root of verbs that end in -er and -ir. Like the infinitive, the gerund does not agree in number or gender
Usage
Example:
Estoy comiendo un helado.
Example:
Saliendo del estadio, nos encontramos con una multitud de seguidores.
Example:
Estando lesionados dos jugadores importantes, comenzamos el partido con desventaja.
Example:
Conseguimos ganar luchando enérgicamente.
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Example:
Lamentándonos sólo habríamos conseguido perder.
Example:
Aún sabiendo que sería difícil, lamentándonos sólo habríamos conseguido perder.
Example:
Luchamos enérgicamente, ganando así el partido.
Example:
Comenzamos el partido con la portería mirando hacia el sur.
(instead of: Comenzamos el partido con la portería que miraba hacia el sur.)
Example:
Nos fuimos corriendo al vestuario para celebrarlo.
The gerund is formed with -ando for -ar verbs and with -iendo for -er/-ir verbs.
Example:
hablar → hablando
aprender → aprendiendo
vivir → viviendo
Exceptions
-ir verbs that change their root vowel in the present (-e > -ie/-i) also change in the gerund form:
-e becomes -i.
Example:
preferir > tú prefieres > prefiriendo
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venir > tú vienes > viniendo
-er and -ir verbs that change their root vowel in the present (-o > -ue) also change in the gerund
form: -o becomes -u.
Example:
poder > puedo > pudiendo
When the root of the verb ends in a vowel, the -i becomes a -y.
Example:
construir → construyendo
leer → leyendo
traer → trayendo
oír → oyendo
ir → yendo
Example:
gruñir → gruñendo
bullir → bullendo
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6. Reflexive Verbs
they are formed with se in the infinitive e.g bañarse (to bathe oneself/take a bath). We use reflexive
verbs in Spanish when the subject and object of a verb are the same. In general, reflexive verbs are more
common in Spanish grammar than they are in English grammar and it’s important to remember that a
Spanish reflexive verb may not always be translated reflexively in English
We conjugate the verb normally and use the appropriate reflexive pronoun (pronombre
reflexivo).
Usage
Reflexive verbs indicate that someone is performing an action on or for themselves. Therefore,
the reflexive pronoun always agrees with the subject.
Example:
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La abuela de Lucía se tiñe el pelo en casa una vez al mes.
Pronominal Verbs
Some verbs can only be reflexive. Some of the most frequent are acurrucarse, adentrarse,
adormilarse, adueñarse, amodorrarse, antojarse, arremolinarse, arrepentirse, desinteresarse,
dignarse, suicidarse.
Ejemplo:
Reflexive/Non-Reflexive Verbs
When verbs are used without reflexive pronouns, it means the action is being performed on or for
someone else. In this case, we have to use a direct or indirect personal pronoun before the verb.
Example:
Reciprocal Verbs
In addition to reflexive verbs, there are also reciprocal verbs (verbos reflexivos recíprocos).
These are used to communicate the idea of “each other”, which means they only appear in the
plural.
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***Some verbs can be used either in their reflexive or their non-reflexive forms. By adding the reflexive
pronoun, the verb receives a more particular meaning or even a completely different meaning from the
non-reflexive verb
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7. Modal Verbs
There are five key modal verbs (verbos modales) in Spanish: deber, querer, saber, poder and
soler.
In contrast to auxiliary verbs, modal verbs carry their own meaning; they express the speaker’s
attitude towards an action.
Pomoćni glagoli u
engleskom
(podsećanja radi)
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In Spanish the five most important modal verbs are: deber, poder, querer, saber and soler.
These verbs demonstrate the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the main
verb. The main verb that follows a modal is always in the infinitive form.
Example:
There are other structures that also modify the main verb in a similar way to the modal verbs.
These fall under the category of verbal periphrasis. These are: deber de, tener que and haber que.
Example:
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The modal verb deber can be translated as the English modal verbs must, have to and should
depending on the context. It is important to remember that the meaning of deber changes
depending on whether it is used in the affirmative or negative form:
If we want to express the obligation to not do something, i.e. the idea of something forbidden or
not allowed, we use the negative form of the verb poder, which we can translate with the English
can’t.
Example:
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No debes llegar al trabajo después de las 10. → recommendation
The phrases haber que + infinitive and tener que + infinitive express obligation or necessity.
Their meaning is very similar to deber and the English modal verb have to.
However, although haber que and tener que seem and sound very similar, they are used in
different contexts.
Is only used in impersonal sentences in the third person singular: hay que
Indicates a recommended, obligatory or necessary action for a general public (everyone)
Example:
Hay que reciclar para proteger el medio ambiente.
Is used in personal sentences in the first, second or third person in singular or plural
Indicates an action that is recommended, obligatory or necessary for someone in particular
Example:
Tienes que comer más fruta y menos chucherías. = Debes comer más fruta y menos chucherías.
In Spanish there are other verbs that modify an infinitive in the same way as the modal verbs.
They also express the intention, desire or attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by
the main verb.
The most common examples of such verbs are: intentar, desear, pensar, procurar, and esperar.
Examples:
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Pienso visitar Japón el año que viene.
8. Passive
Who or what caused the action or condition is unimportant, unknown, or assumed to be general
knowledge.
Spanish has two ways of expressing passive sentences: the passive voice and the passive “se”
(pasiva refleja) both of which are translated using the passive voice in English grammar.
The active voice is used to emphasise who/what is carrying out the action.
Example:
The passive voice is used to emphasise the action itself. Who/what is carrying out the action is
often left out in passive sentences.
Example:
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Usage
In Spanish, the passive voice is reserved for certain contexts, for instance in journalism or very
formal written language. In order to sound natural in everyday communication, use the active
voice or the passive “se” (pasiva refleja).
Example:
Un hombre ha sido atropellado.
the passive agent (i.e. the subject of the active sentence) is either not mentioned at all, or comes
at the end of the passive sentence and is introduced by the preposition por.
Example:
El herido es conducido al hospital por la ambulancia.
we can use the passive voice in any Spanish tense, however, it is frequently used in the past and
future tense.
Example:
Un hombre ha sido atropellado.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Example:
La ambulancia conduce al herido al hospital. (object – active voice)
We use the auxiliary verb ser and the participle of the main verb in the active sentence. The verb
ser can be conjugated in any tense. The participle agrees with the passive subject in gender and
number.
Example:
El herido es conducido al hospital. (tercera persona en masculino singular)
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Los testimonios son recogidos. (tercera persona en masculino plural)
The subject of the active sentence become the passive agent. It comes at the end of the
sentence and is introduced by the preposition por. The passive agent can be omitted.
Example:
La policía recoge los testimonios. (sujeto – pasiva)
The following table provides an overview of the sentence structure in the active and passive
voice.
Spanish speakers usually avoid the passive voice in spoken language. Instead, they use the
passive “se” (pasiva refleja) which has the same communicative effect but a much simpler
structure. Both the passive “se” and the passive voice are translated using the passive voice in
English.
Example:
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Los testimonios han sido recogidos.
Construction
The keys points for the correct formation of the passive “se” are listed below:
Example:
La policía ha recogido los testimonios. (active)
Normally the subject of the passive“se” goes after the verb, but it can also go before the verb.
Example:
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9.IMPERATIV
The Imperative (imperativo), also imperative commands, express demands, orders and requests
addressed to one or more people directly. There are different conjugations for the tú, usted,
ustedes, nosotros and vosotros forms.
The imperative form in Spanish exists for the first person plural (nosotros/-as), the second person
singular and plural (tú, vosotros/-as) and the polite form usted in singular and plural (usted/-es).
The imperative is always conjugated without a personal pronoun and in the present tense, in
either the indicative or the subjunctive mood.
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2nd person singular (tú)
To conjugate the imperative in the 2nd person singular (tú) we use the 3rd person singular form of
the present indicative. However, to form a negative imperative, we use the 2nd person singular
form of the present subjunctive. The personal pronoun is not used.
The imperative form of the verb irse has caused controversy among experts of Spanish grammar.
The rule states that when conjugating the imperative, the second person plural of the verb
(vosotros) loses the final -d when we add the pronoun os. However, the verb irse is an exception
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to this rule because it is such a short word. In contemporary Spanish, the conjugation
recommended by the Real Academia Española (RAE) is «idos»:
irse:
id + os = idos
However, in everyday spoken Spanish you will hear the form «iros», which the RAE has deemed
valid due to its widespread use
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If a reflexive verb in the imperative appears together with a direct object pronoun, this is placed
after the reflexive pronoun in a positive sentence. In a negative sentence the direct object pronoun
appears after the reflexive pronoun and before the verb.Example:
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Alternative Forms
The form a + infinitive can replace the imperative in the 2nd person singular and plural:
Example:
¡A callar!
¡A correr!
Spanish has several verbs of becoming, or verbs of transformation (verbos de cambio) that express a
transformation from one state or quality to another. In Spanish, the verbs of becoming are: convertirse,
hacerse, llegar a ser, ponerse, quedarse and volverse. The transformations that these verbs express can
be: temporary or permanent, sudden or gradual, deliberate or involuntary, as well as positive or
negative. Some focus on the result of the change and others on the process. In English, these verbs are
typically translated with verbs like become, get, end up, go and turn into depending on the context.
The verbs ponerse and quedarse express a change of state. We use them to talk about a situation
that changes when certain elements are added or removed. These verbs are similar in meaning to
the verb estar.
ponerse
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→ get, become, be
The verb ponerse expresses a sudden change from one state to another. When used with people, it
expresses a change in appearance, colour, emotion, health or circumstances. It can also be
followed by an adjective.
Examples:
Examples:
When ponerse is followed by the preposition a + infinitive, it can also be translated into English
at start to. Ponerse a is a type of verbal periphrasis.
Example:
quedarse
The verb quedarse signals that a person, thing or situation has changed from one state to another
and stayed like that. This change can be temporary or permanent but the focus is on the end
result, the idea of ending up in this new state or situation. Quedarse can be followed by an
adjective, or by a preposition + noun.
Examples:
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The verbs volverse, hacerse, convertirse and llegar a ser express a change in quality; that is, a
change in the innate or acquired characteristics of something or someone. These verbs are very
similar in meaning to the verb ser.
hacerse
→ become, get
Hacerse indicates a gradual change. It can be followed by adjectives or nouns. Hacerse is used to
refer to changes in profession, religion and ideology and implies a voluntary change in which the
subject actively participates.
Examples:
It can also be followed by a preposition + noun in set phrases or to express natural changes.
Examples:
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volverse
→ become, get, go
The verb volverse indicates a change in the character or condition of a person that is the result of
circumstances beyond their control. It can be followed by an adjective or by a subject with the
indefinite article.
Examples:
convertirse
The verb convertirse indicates a quick and radical change. The nature of the change is usually
drastic or even magical. It is synonymous with the verb transformarse when referring to scientific
materials. It is followed by the preposition en and a noun.
Examples:
Spanish also has the expression convertirse a. This is always used to talk about a religious or
ideological conversion.
Example:
llegar a ser
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→ eventually become, manage to become
The verbal periphrasis llegar a ser indicates a gradual and positive change; that is, it expresses a
transformation for the better and focuses on this result.
Ejemplo:
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The table below summarises the different figurative expressions in Spanish that contain one of
the verbs of becoming.
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Other verbs that express change
In Spanish there are many normal verbs that indicate a change of state when they are reflexive. Like with
ponerse and quedarse, the final state of this change can be expressed with the verb estar +
corresponding adjective.
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In Spanish, verbal structures are composed of an auxiliary (help verb) that is conjugated to
indicate the time and mood of the action. This can be followed by a preposition or a conjunction
that comes before the main verb. The main verb then appears in an impersonal form (the
infinitive, the participle or gerund).
Examples:
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Temporal structures place the action in time and indicate habit and repetition. As shown in the table
below, we can organise these structures according to when the action occurs.
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Structures with the gerund
Verbal structures with the gerund are formed with auxiliary + gerund. These structures give
information about an action that is in progress. In these structures there is no connecting word
(like a preposition) between the auxiliary and the gerund.
Verbal structures with the participle are formed with auxiliary + participle. The participle always
agrees in gender and number with the subject (with the verbs estar, quedar and andar) or with
the direct object (with the verbs dejar, tener, dar por and llevar).
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