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Traveling Today and Tomorrow: Cities and Countries With More Travelers
Traveling Today and Tomorrow: Cities and Countries With More Travelers
What
are the top examples of globalization? What famous quotes have been said about globalization?
A Simple Globalization Definition
Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services,
capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the effects of globalization is that it
promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations around the globe.
Related: Traveling Today And Tomorrow: Cities And Countries With More Travelers
According to the Committee for Development Policy (a subsidiary body of the United Nations), from an
economic point of view, globalization can be defined as:
“(…) the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, the flow of international capital and the wide and rapid spread of
technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers (…) and the
rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization are the
two major driving forces for economic globalization.”
In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural, technological,
institutional) that contribute to the relationship between societies and individuals around the world. It is
a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are
intensified.
The G20 is a global bloc composed by the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries
and the European Union (EU). Established in 1999, the G20 gathers the most important industrialized
and developing economies to discuss international economic and financial stability. Together, the
nations of the G20 account for around 80% of global economic output, nearly 75 percent of all global
trade, and about two-thirds of the world’s population.
G20 leaders get together in an annual summit to discuss and coordinate pressing global issues of mutual
interest. Though economics and trade are usually the centerpieces of each summit’s agenda, issues like
climate change, migration policies, terrorism, the future of work, or global wealth are recurring focuses
too. Since the G20 leaders represent the “political backbone of the global financial architecture that
secures open markets, orderly capital flows, and a safety net for countries in difficulty”, it is often thanks
to bilateral meetings during summits that major international agreements are achieved and that
globalization is able to move forward.
The joint action of G20 leaders has unquestionably been useful to save the global financial system in the
2008/2009 crisis, thanks to trade barriers removal and the implementation of huge financial reforms.
Nonetheless, the G20 was been struggling to be successful at coordinating monetary and fiscal policies
and unable to root out tax evasion and corruption, among other downsides of globalization. As a result
of this and other failures from the G20 in coordinating globalization, popular, nationalist movements
across the world have been defending countries should pursue their interests alone or form fruitful
coalitions.
The ability of countries to rise above narrow self-interest has brought unprecedented economic wealth
and plenty of applicable scientific progress. However, for different reasons, not everyone has been
benefiting the same from globalization and technological change: wealth is unfairly distributed and
economic growth came at huge environmental costs. How can countries rise above narrow self-interest
and act together or designing fairer societies and a healthier planet? How do we make globalization
more just?
According to Christine Lagarde, former President of the International Monetary Fund, “debates about
trade and access to foreign goods are as old as society itself ” and history tells us that closing borders or
protectionism policies are not the way to go, as many countries doing it have failed.
Lagarde defends we should pursue globalization policies that extend the benefits of openness and
integration while alleviating their side effects. How to make globalization more just is a very complex
question that involves redesigning economic systems. But how? That’s the question.
Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn, impact and
are impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional specificities, timings of
action and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand, global consensus and cooperation,
and on the other, country-specific solutions, apart from a good definition of the adjective “just”.
This phenomenon has continued throughout history, notably through military conquests and
exploration expeditions. But it wasn’t until technological advances in transportation and communication
that globalization speeded up. It was particularly after the second half of the 20th century that world
trades accelerated in such a dimension and speed that the term “globalization” started to be commonly
used.
Related:
Because of trade developments and financial exchanges, we often think of globalization as an economic
and financial phenomenon. Nonetheless, it includes a much wider field than just flowing of goods,
services or capital. Often referred to as the globalization concept map, some examples of globalization
are:
Economic globalization: is the development of trade systems within transnational actors such as
corporations or NGOs;
Financial globalization: can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international
financial exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for instance, are a great example
of the financially connected global world since when one stock market has a decline, it affects
other markets negatively as well as the economy as a whole.
Geographic globalization: is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the
world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and
affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world
without barely any restrictions;
Ecological globalization: accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global
entity – a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we
are all protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest
countries that have been polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change.
Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally developed economies all over
the world and increased cultural exchanges. It also allowed financial exchanges between companies,
changing the paradigm of work. Many people are nowadays citizens of the world. The origin of goods
became secondary and geographic distance is no longer a barrier for many services to happen. Let’s dig
deeper.
The most visible impacts of globalization are definitely the ones affecting the economic
world. Globalization has led to a sharp increase in trade and economic exchanges, but also to a
multiplication of financial exchanges.
In the 1970s world economies opened up and the development of free trade policies accelerated the
globalization phenomenon. Between 1950 and 2010, world exports increased 33-fold. This significantly
contributed to increasing the interactions between different regions of the world.
This acceleration of economic exchanges has led to strong global economic growth. It fostered as well a
rapid global industrial development that allowed the rapid development of many of the technologies
and commodities we have available nowadays.
Knowledge became easily shared and international cooperation among the brightest minds speeded
things up. According to some analysts, globalization has also contributed to improving global economic
conditions, creating much economic wealth (thas was, nevertheless, unequally distributed – more
information ahead).
At the same time, finance also became globalized. From the 1980s, driven by neo-liberal policies, the
world of finance gradually opened. Many states, particularly the US under Ronald Reagan and the UK
under Margaret Thatcher introduced the famous “3D Policy”: Disintermediation, Decommissioning,
Deregulation.
The idea was to simplify finance regulations, eliminate mediators and break down the barriers between
the world’s financial centers. And the goal was to make it easier to exchange capital between the
world’s financial players. This financial globalization has contributed to the rise of a global financial
market in which contracts and capital exchanges have multiplied.
Together with economic and financial globalization, there has obviously also been cultural globalization.
Indeed, the multiplication of economic and financial exchanges has been followed by an increase in
human exchanges such as migration, expatriation or traveling. These human exchanges have
contributed to the development of cultural exchanges. This means that different customs and habits
shared among local communities have been shared among communities that (used to) have different
procedures and even different beliefs.
Good examples of cultural globalization are, for instance, the trading of commodities such as coffee or
avocados. Coffee is said to be originally from Ethiopia and consumed in the Arabid region. Nonetheless,
due to commercial trades after the 11th century, it is nowadays known as a globally consumed
commodity. Avocados, for instance, grown mostly under the tropical temperatures of Mexico, the
Dominican Republic or Peru. They started by being produced in small quantities to supply the local
populations but today guacamole or avocado toasts are common in meals all over the world.
At the same time, books, movies, and music are now instantaneously available all around the world
thanks to the development of the digital world and the power of the internet. These are perhaps the
greatest contributors to the speed at which cultural exchanges and globalization are happening. There
are also other examples of globalization regarding traditions like Black Friday in the US, the Brazilian
Carnival or the Indian Holi Festival. They all were originally created following their countries’ local
traditions and beliefs but as the world got to know them, they are now common traditions in other
countries too.
Apart from all the benefits globalization has had on allowing cultural exchanges it also homogenized the
world’s cultures. That’s why specific cultural characteristics from some countries are disappearing.
From languages to traditions or even specific industries. That’s why according to UNESCO, the mix
between the benefits of globalization and the protection of local culture’s uniqueness requires a careful
approach.
Despite its benefits, the economic growth driven by globalization has not been done without awakening
criticism. The consequences of globalization are far from homogeneous: income inequalities,
disproportional wealth and trades that benefit parties differently. In the end, one of the criticisms is that
some actors (countries, companies, individuals) benefit more from the phenomena of globalization,
while others are sometimes perceived as the “losers” of globalization. As a matter of fact, a recent
report from Oxfam says that 82% of the world’s generated wealth goes to 1% of the population.
At the same time, global economic growth and industrial productivity are both the driving force and the
major consequences of globalization. They also have big environmental consequences as they
contribute to the depletion of natural resources, deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems and
loss of biodiversity. The worldwide distribution of goods is also creating a big garbage problem,
especially on what concerns plastic pollution.
Related:
Globalization affects all sectors of activity to a greater or lesser extent. By doing so, its gap with issues
that have to do with sustainable development and corporate social responsibility is short.
By promoting large-scale industrial production and the globalized circulation of goods, globalization is
sometimes opposed to concepts such as resource savings, energy savings or the limitation
of greenhouse gases. As a result, critics of globalization often argue that it contributes to
accelerating climate change and that it does not respect the principles of ecology. At the same time, big
companies that don’t give local jobs and choose instead to use the manpower of countries with low
wages (to have lower costs) or pay taxes in countries with more favorable regulations is also opposed to
the criteria of a CSR approach. Moreover, the ideologies of economic growth and the constant pursuit of
productivity that come along with globalization, also make it difficult to design a sustainable economy
based on resilience.
On the other hand, globalization is also needed for the transitioning to a more sustainable world, since
only a global synergy would really be able to allow a real ecological transition. Issues such as global
warming indeed require a coordinated response from all global players: fight against CO2 emissions,
reduction of waste, a transition to renewable energies. The same goes for ocean or air pollution, or
ocean acidification, problems that can’t be solved without global action. The dissemination of green
ideas also depends on the ability of committed actors to make them heard globally.
Related:
From a globalization perspective, regionalization means a world that is less interconnected and has a
stronger regional focus.
Regionalization can also be analyzed from a corporate perspective. For instance, businesses such as
McDonald’s or Starbucks don’t sell exactly the same products everywhere. In some specific stores, they
consider people’s regional habits. That’s why the McChicken isn’t sold in India, whereas in Portugal
there’s a steak sandwich menu like the ones you can get in a typical Portuguese restaurant.
Politically speaking, when left-wing parties are in power they tend to focus on their country’s people,
goods and services. Exchanges with the outside world aren’t seen as very valuable and importations are
often left aside.
Related: Why Is It Important To Support Local And Small Businesses?
Many world leaders, decision-makers and influential people have spoken about globalization. Some
stand out its positive benefits and others focus deeper on its negative effects. Find below some of the
most interesting quotes on this issue.
No generation has had the opportunity, as we now have, to build a global economy that leaves no-
one behind. It is a wonderful opportunity, but also a profound responsibility.
Globalization is a fact, because of technology, because of an integrated global supply chain, because
of changes in transportation. And we’re not going to be able to build a wall around that.
“We can’t speak day after day about globalization without at the same time having in mind that…we
need multilateral solutions.”
“We have to remember we’re in a global economy. The purpose of fiscal stimulus is not simply to
sustain activity in our national economies but to help the global economy as well, and that’s why it’s
so critical that measures in those packages avoid anything that smacks of protectionism.”
“My guiding principle is that prosperity can be shared. We can create wealth together. The global
economy is not a zero-sum game.”
“I find that because of modern technological evolution and our global economy, and as a result of the
great increase in population, our world has greatly changed: it has become much smaller. However,
our perceptions have not evolved at the same pace; we continue to cling to old national demarcations
and the old feelings of ‘us’ and ‘them’.”
“Globalization is not only something that will concern and threaten us in the future, but something
that is taking place in the present and to which we must first open our eyes.”
Imagine there’s no countries. It isn’t hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for. And no religion, too.
Imagine all the people. Living life in peace. You, you may say I’m a dreamer. But I’m not the only one. I
hope someday you will join us. And the world will be as one
Image credits to map on Shutterstock, environment pollution on Shutterstock, cultural interaction on
Shutterstock, economic globalization on Shutterstock, globalization on Shutterstock and connected
world on Shutterstock
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