PARTITION SUITS AND ITS METHODOLOGY

By
ABDUL ZAKIR TAREEN 
Advocate, High Court, Peshawar.

In Courts of Pakistan huge number of partition suits are pending adjudication. As there is

no proper mechanism with revenue hierarchy/revenue department or other law enforcing
institutions to make partitions of properties without constraining the owners to approach the
Courts of law. The difference of opinion and ill-unionship is a natural thing in a society and
normally the people cannot survive in joint venture and to live an independent life or to utilize
the property in his own manner, they are constrained to get divide their properties but through
the course of law.
In partition suits there is no loser and both the parties are to be called winner but if the
possession of the property is in the hands of tress-passer, then he can be loser of partition suit.
Partition is recognized by the legal maxim "Nemo in Communione potest invitus
detineri", no one can be kept in co-proprietorship against his will. Partition is merely an
arrangement whereby co-sharers having undivided interest in joint properties take by
arrangements specific properties in lieu of their shares.
For partition suits the property can be divided in three types:
(i)      Pure Agricultural Properties,
(ii)     Agricultural and Constructed mixed properties, and
(iii)    Pure Constructed Properties (in the shape of houses, shops, markets and etc).
Undoubtedly relief for partition in respect of agricultural properties can be sought from
Revenue Officer under Chapter XI Section 135 and other relevant sections of this chapter.
Similarly if the property subject of partition is partly agricultural and partly constructed,
then as per law laid down by the Superior Courts, it will be analyzed that whether which type of
property has a major portion, if agricultural then Revenue Courts will be approached, otherwise
relief for partition will be obtained from Ordinary Civil Courts of Law.
So far as pure constructed properties are concerned, they can be got divided from
ordinary civil Courts through a suit for partition under the Partition Act, 1893.
PRE-CAUTIONS IN PARTITION SUITS:
(i)      (JURISDICTION):
          Case must be filed in the appropriate Court of jurisdiction. While assessing the
question of jurisdiction, first of all territorial jurisdiction should be ascertained and
the suit for partition in respect of immovable property must be filed having regard
to Sections 16, 17 and 18 of the Civil Procedure Code, and ordinarily it is to be
filed in that Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction, the immovable
property is situated.
          Secondly, subject matter jurisdiction must be assessed as highlighted above, suits
in respect of pure agricultural property or major portion of agricultural property is
 to be filed in Revenue Courts, and regarding constructed property or major portion
of constructed property is to be filed in Civil Courts. In case titled: Qamar Sultan
Vs Mst. Bibi Sufaidan, reported in 2012 SCMR 695, it was held that, "Jurisdiction
in respect of partition of agricultural property and to grant relief would lay with the
revenue Court". 
          While dealing with the matter of jurisdiction the Court should have to take great
care for deciding that whether the suit property is an agricultural one or
constructed/commercial. In case titled: Sher Ahmad Khan Vs Sardar
Khan, reported in 2008 PLD 97 Peshawar, it was held that, "if the land was
agricultural, then the partition of the same was exclusively amenable to the
jurisdiction of the Revenue Court and the jurisdiction of the Civil Court in view of
S. 172, West Pakistan Land Revenue Act, 1967 was barred which proposition,
however, was subject to one exception that if the agricultural land would lose its
character and would become building site or commercial area, then the civil Court
would have jurisdiction to entertain the suit with respect to its partition. Whether
the land or its major portion was covered by abadi or the same was exclusively
agricultural land, was a spot related question, which could be determined by the
Trial Court after the appointment of a local commission who, after visiting the spot,
would be in a position to determine the nature of the property".
          In case titled: Jamal ud Din Vs Haji Gul Khan, reported in 2012 CLC 1353 Quetta,
the august superior Courts provided a procedure for preferring the matter of
partition to a Revenue Court and held that, "Party interested in partition of his share
in suit property, had to make an application for partition of the land to a Revenue
Officer as per provision of S. 135 of West Pakistan Land Revenue Act, 1967".
          The Revenue Officer while dealing with the partition of the property could decide
only question of title in property to be partitioned while acting as a civil Court of
competent jurisdiction, but could not decide all other questions falling within
jurisdiction of Civil Court. In case titled: Mst. Farzana Vs Mst. Sehti, reported in
2012 PLD 241 Karachi, it was held that, "Revenue Officer while deciding
questions as to property to be partitioned or mode of its partition would act only as
Revenue Officer, but not as a revenue Court or civil Court".
          Revenue Officer can decide matter of title in the immovable property and if he
thinks fit, then he can sent the same matter to the Civil Court for deciding matter of
title to the immovable property. In case titled: Muhammad Yousaf Khan Vs Board
of Revenue, reported in 2002 CLC 739 Supreme Court Azad Kashmir, it is held
that, "Where question of title would arise in property to be partitioned, Revenue
Officer could himself determine question of title or refer matter to Civil Court for
its determination". 
(ii)     (PARTIES).
          All Co-sharers in the joint properties are to be arrayed as a party to the partition
case and no name should be left from impleadment, in order to save the suit from
the plea of non-joinder.
          In case titled: Syed Ain Ullah vs Dilber and others, reported in 2013 MLD 708
Baluchistan, it was held that, "dismissal of suit on the basis of non-joinder of a
necessary party was an erroneous decision as under Order I Rule 9, CPC, no suit
shall be defeated by the reason of mis-joinder or non-joinder of parties and the trial
Court was empowered to implead a person to the proceedings who it deemed to be
necessary for determination of matter in issue".
          In case titled: Muhammad Younas Sheikh Vs Corex enterprises and
another, reported in 2007 MLD 508 Karachi, it was held that, "Suit would not be
defeated by reason of mis-joinder or non-joinder of parties and the Court could deal
with the matter in controversy so far as regarded the rights and interests of the
parties actually before it".
          Similar guideline is also provided in the below mentioned rulings of superior
Courts that mis-joinder or non-joinder is not fatal to the suit, those judgments are as
under:
          a. 2011 YLR 1999 Quetta,         b. 2011 SCMR 1460, 
          c. 2010 MLD 1596 Quetta,        d. 2007 SCMR 729 Citation (n).
          Keeping in mind the afore-referred verdicts of the august superior Courts, though
mis-joinder or non-joinder of parties is not fatal to the civil litigation and the trial
Court is supposed to determine the issue even in those suits in which this defect is
present. But at the same time the law advises that all parties having an interest in
the subject matter of the suit should be arrayed as a party either in the panel of
plaintiffs or defendants. So great care should be made that in suit for possession
through partition all the co-sharers/Khata shareek are joined as a party.
(iii)    (FULL PARTITION SUIT IS TO BE BROUGHT AND NOT FOR PARTIAL
PARTITION).
          All properties which are in joint venture of the parties are to be included in the
partition suit, in order to save the suit from the question of Partial Partition. 
          In case titled: Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported in
PLD 2009 Supreme Court 198 citation (C), the august Apex Court held that, "Co-
owner in a joint property was not entitled without assent or acquisance of the other
co-sharers, to exclude portion of joint property or to select a particular portion for
the purpose of partition. Co-sharer was required to seek the partition of the landed
property as a whole".
          In case titled: Ghulam Rasool and another Vs Muhammad Khalid and
others, reported in 2006 YLR 2289 Lahore, the august Court held that, "party
opting to come for partition was not permitted to pick and choose and to have share
in valuable parts of the joint holdings by leaving out its parties with lesser value,
suit found to be for partial partition was not maintainable". 
          In case titled: Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas Vs Barkat Ali and another, reported in
1999 YLR 2190 Lahore citation (b), the Hon'ble Court held that, "partition of
holding could not be affected without including the entire land of property, partial
partition was bad in law".
(iv)    (NO PRIOR PARTITION OR PRIVATE SETTLEMENT/KHANGI
TAQSEEM).
          The suit must be in respect of those joint properties in respect of which neither any
regular partition was made priorly nor the properties should have been divided
through private settlement/Khangi Taqseem. 
          To prove private partition, party should have to produce/exhibit order of partition
or copy of Roznamcha Waqiati showing delivery of possession or Tatimma made
in favour of co-sharer/party. 
          The fact of Private partition is always considered in the course of litigation, as such
sanctity is available to the same. In a case titled: Irshad alieas Abdul Rahim Vs
Ashiq Hussain, reported in 2007 PLD 421 Karachi, the Hon'ble Court held that,
"Private arrangement and partition deserves the same sanctity which a lawful
contract deserves and should not be interfered within any legal proceedings unless
the private arrangement or partition is otherwise not legally permissible".
          If a dispute between the co-sharers arises in a situation when private partition has
been arrived between them, but they have no formal partition deed in their hands or
it has been lost, then in such like circumstances, the possession of respective party
would be of great importance in determining the real issue of private partition. In
case titled: Naveed Ahmad Vs Iqbal Begum, reported in 2006 YLR 2341 Lahore, it
is held that, "Private Partition between the parties--
          —Absence of formal partition deed—Question of possession would assume critical
significance".
          Private partition should be proved independently.
(v)     (CO-SHARERSHIP).
          It is to be established that the claimant is co-sharer in the property subject of
partition.
          In case titled: Gulzar Begum Vs Mehboob Hussain alias Mehboob Khan, reported
in 2012 YLR 809 High Court AJK, the Hon'ble Court held that, "Possession on the
said land could not be distributed till partition of the same in accordance with law
was not made".
          In another case titled: Muhammad Ismail Vs Ghulam Sarwar,  reported in 2008
YLR 420 Lahore, the remedy was given to a co-sharer who desired to get
possession of his share in an undivided property and it is held that, ''only manner in
which the plaintiffs could get possession was by filing a suit for partition and
separate possession".
          Sometimes a question arises that whether a co-sharer can sell his share in the joint
khata or not. This question is resolved by the august Lahore High Court in case
titled: Abdul Ghaffar Vs Waqas Hafeez, reported in 2010 CLC 285 Lahore, it was
held by the august Court that, "Co-sharer in possession in a khata has a right to
alienate a specific piece of land in his possession and the transferee acquires the
same rights as the transferor".
           It is the basic right of each and every co-sharer that he can claim partition of the
joint property at any time and there is no limitation against such claim. This
preposition has been set by worthy Supreme Court of Pakistan in case of
Muhammad Rafiq, reported in 2004 SCMR 1036 Supreme Court, wherein it is held
that, "Partition could be claimed by any of the joint owners during currency of joint
ownership without limitation of any period in that behalf, so long as his right was
not denied".
          In case titled: Ashiq Hussain Vs Prof. Muhammad Aslam, reported in 2004 MLD
1844 Lahore, it is held that, "suit for permanent injunction against the other co-
sharers was not maintainable except by bringing a suit for partition of joint
property".
TRIAL OF PARTITION BY CIVIL COURT:
In partition suits ordinarily the civil Courts bifurcate the claim into two rounds/stages:
(a)     First round/stage is finalized on preliminary decree of the partition suits or if some
flaws highlighted here-in-above are involved, then it is dismissed. 
          In the preliminary round of litigation of partition suits, the trial Court mainly
checked the question of jurisdiction, the entitlement/co-sharership of the parties,
and other merits of the case and if the case is made out by the claimant, then in this
round of litigation the Court determines the shares of the parties in joint property.
(b)     Second round/stage is called final decree proceedings. In this round application for
the grant of final decree is filed by the decree holder, on the basis of which issues
notice to the respondents, and if they contest the same, they file reply. The Court
after hearing the parties appoints a local commission under Section 75 read with
order 26 of CPC for determination of mode of partition. The commission as per
directions of the Court visits the property subject of partition and examines it,
whether it is partitionable or not. If it is not partitionable then the
local commissioner evaluate the market value of the decretal property and
thereafter he submits his report. The Court passes order of sale of decretal property
and then passes order of division of proceeds of sale between the parties in
accordance with their determine shares.
The report of local commissioner in determining the actual position of the property
sought to be partitioned is of much importance, as the same can help the Court for determining
the fact that whether the property is partitionable or not and if partitionable then what should be
the criteria for its partition. 
If the property is partitionable then the local commission in the presence of the parties
and record keeper of the property, if any, suggests the mode of partition. He prepares a
sketch/map of the spot. Legally speaking the local commission keeping in mind the possession of
each party, their shares, the valuable and priceless portions of the property, the construction if
any, suggests the mode of partition keeping in mind this notion that every co-sharer must
received the constructed portion, valuable and priceless portion as that all them are equally
accommodated. Thereafter, the local commission submits its report, the Court invites the
objections if any, of the parties, examine the local commission, if necessary and either confirmed
or set aside the commission report. If it is set aside, then the Court appoints another commission
with the same directions and work, otherwise in case of confirmation of the commission report,
the Court passes final decree.
Thereafter, the decree holder brings an execution application for getting possession on
the spot in accordance with the final decree. 
It also pertinent to mention that the outcome of first round of partition suit i.e.
preliminary decree is always subject to appeal, then revision or second appeal, and finally it is
also challengeable before the Supreme Court in its appellate jurisdiction envisaged under Article
185 of the Constitution. Similarly the final decree if the parties so desires, can be challenged
through the same process, appeal, revision/second appeal and appeal under Article 185 of the
Constitution, and the last stage is the execution as mentioned above.
TO GET REMEDY IN CASES OF PARTITION IS TIME CONSUMING PROCESS:
A huge number of suits for partition are pending before different Civil Courts of Pakistan
and a great number of civil appeals, civil revision and CPLA are pending before District Courts,
High Courts and Supreme Court of Pakistan. As observed above, that as there is no
direct/automatic mechanism for partition/division of immovable properties except the litigation,
a large number of people are making visits of different Courts for getting relief. It is also
observed that even a suit for partition take great time in civil Court, if we roughly calculate it
takes:
(i)      Six years in civil/Trial Court;
(ii)     Two years in Appellate/District Court;
(iii)    Six years in Revisional/High Court; and
(iv)    Six years in Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Meaning thereby a partition suit takes minimum Twenty years. It must be kept in mind
that in partition suits there is no concept of looser, both the parties if found co-owners, get relief
and except the tress-passer both the parties are accommodated by the Court. But what happened
practically, a partition suit is brought and the same is decided but at the end of the day it is
defeated due to the below mentioned flaws:
i.        (Jurisdiction).
ii.       (Non-joinder).
iii.      (Partial partition).
iv.      (Prior partition or private settlement/Khangi Taqseem). 
v.       (No Co-sharership).
It is need of hour that the august Supreme Court of Pakistan like guidelines provided for rent
cases, in case titled: Barkat Ali Vs Muhammad Ihsan, etc, reported in 2000 SCMR 556, also
provides guidelines for partition suits and to declare it necessary that some proforma's prepared
by the Supreme Court of Pakistan are to be made available with the partition suit at the time of
its institution and these proforma must be filled by the counsel of the plaintiffs, signed by him
and also by the plaintiffs. These proforma must relate to the issues mentioned below:
(i)      The Court has got the jurisdiction,
 (ii)     All the co-sharers and necessary parties are impleaded, 
(iii)    The suit is regarding whole property and not for a particular portion, 
(iv)    There is no prior regular or private partition and
(v)     The plaintiffs are co-sharers in the property subject of partition and there due share,
if determined and known should be highlighted.
This effort will surely minimize the agonies of poor litigants who are visiting Courts for
their suits regarding partition.
If both the parties claiming possession over the suit property, then such phenomena deals
with the factual controversy and the same could only be resolved after calling of evidence from
both sides. In case titled: Abdul Qadir Vs Sher Muhammad, reported in 2010 MLD 1596 Quetta,
it was held that, "Section 54 and O.XX, R. 18, C.P.C. were to be observed while deciding the
issues of partition".
PROCEDURE IN RESPECT OF PARTITION OF AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES IN
REVENUE COURTS:
As explained in case of Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported
in PLD 2009 Supreme Court 198 by the august Supreme Court that proceedings of partition of
agricultural land before the Revenue Officers were not governed by the Civil Procedure Code,
1908, particularly when the question of title was not involved, such proceedings being summary
in nature do not partake the character of a civil suit necessitating the framing of issues or
recording of evidence of the parties.
According to Section 142 of Land Revenue Act, 1967 the Revenue Officer was to decide
the question by holding an inquiry as he deemed necessary.
Application for partition of agricultural property is to be filed under Section 135 of Land
Revenue Act, 1967 by impleading all co-sharers as a party by joining complete property which is
in joint venture of the parties. The Revenue Court after noticing the respondents and after getting
replies, if any, from them will summons the patwari halqa and will direct him to prepare Naqsha
"Alif', "Bay" and "Jeem".
(i)      Naqsha Alif will show Shares/Hissas of parties in the property in question.
(ii)     Naqsha Bay will show proposed Khasrawise shares of parties and basically in this
document the mode of partition is determined and proposed Tatimaas are curved
out. Basically this document denotes the division of shares and in Urdu it is known
as (‫بٹوار‬،‫)نقشہ ب‬.
(iii)    Naqsha Jeem will show the proposal regarding the partition mutation and in urdu it
is known as (‫)نقشہ ج جدائی‬.
At the end the revenue officer will examine the record and will hear the arguments, if
any, of the counsels of the parties and if there is no question of earlier private/regular partition or
non-joinder or partial partition or jurisdiction or title dispute will allow the application and
passed the order and issue "Sanad-Sultani" in favour of the applicants as per the above referred
Naqshajaat. Thereafter, for practical possession, the applicant may apply to an through an
execution application and finally possession is handed over to him on the spot.
 Similarly as per decision, the revenue officer will enter and attest partition mutation and
will curved-out the "Tattimaas" by dividing the available Khasra numbers in Bye-numbers.
In case titled: Khawaja Muhammad Arif Vs Mrs. Tahira Asif, reported in 2005 PLD 972
Supreme Court, it is held by the worthy Supreme Court of Pakistan that, "Decree of partition is
an "instrument of Partition" and as such has to be engrossed on stamp paper and in case it is not
done the decree can neither be executed nor could be acted upon". "Real test of "instrument of
partition" is whether there was any property of which the parties were co-owners and the
property was being divided by the deed in scverality, entitling the parties to the separate
enjoyment of that property".
LEGAL AFFECT OF PRIVATE PARTITION OF AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY:
Private partition of agricultural properties between the co-sharers will have no legal affect
until the same is affirmed by the Revenue Officer U/S 147 of Land Revenue Act, 1967, which
provides that "In any case in which a partition has been made without the intervention of a
Revenue Officer, any party thereto may apply to a Revenue Officer for an order affirming the
partition. On receiving the application, the Revenue Officer shall enquire into the case, and if he
finds that the partition has in fact been made, he may make an order affirming it and proceed
under Sections 143, 144, 145 and 146, or any of those sections, as circumstances may require, in
the same manner as if the partition had been made on at application to himself under this chapter.
In case titled: Noor Muhammad and others Vs Allah Ditta and others, reported in PLD
2009 Supreme Court 198 citation (C), the august Apex Court held that, "Private partition does
not determine the legal rights but simply indicates the mode of division of property among
them".
In case titled: Syed Musarrat Shah Vs Syed Ahmed Shah alias Lal Bacha reported in
2012 PLD 151 Peshawar, the august Court held that, "Mere entry of partition mutation, could not
be declared to be sufficient enough to have the protection of law". If other steps have not been
taken in respect of the affirmation of the private partition, i.e. inquiry about private partition,
passing of order of affirmation of private partition, administration of property excluded from
partition, distribution of revenue and rent amongst the co-owners after partition, instrument of
partition and delivery of possession to all the concerned co-sharers according to the partition so
reached between the parties.
OTHER ISSUES REGARDING PARTITION
UN-DIVISIBLE NATURE OF PROPERTY:
One another problem which is now a day very common and which the masses faces in the
urban area is that sometimes the property is of un-divisible nature, so in such a situation if any
one of the co-sharers files a suit for partition of the such property, then the Court should have to
take great care in such like cases and should take assistance from law by applying S.2 of
Partition Act, 1893. In case titled: Iqbal Ahmad Vs Mst. Aziz Bano, reported in 2010 MLD 784
Karachi, it is held that, "Provisions of S.2 of Partition Act, 1893, made it generally permissible
that in a suit of such nature, a property if found incapable of being partitioned by metes and
bounds, the same might be sold out and proceeds thereof might be distributed among the share-
holders/co-owners to resolve the controversy between them in respect thereof as once for all".
RIGHT OF CO-SHARER TO BUY WHOLE UNDIVIDED PROPERTY WHICH IS OF
INDIVISIBLE NATURE:
 Once a preliminary decree is passed by a Court of law then the Court has left with no
other option by to proceed under S. 3 of the Partition Act, 1893. This fact has further been
confirmed by the verdict of the Lahore High Court, in case tilled: Firdous Begum Vs Mst.
Salamat Bibi reported in 2008 CLC 248 Lahore, in which it is held that, "Once preliminary
decree was passed, then provisions of S. 2 of Partition Act, 1893 would not apply and Court
would have to pass final decree and resort to provision of S. 3 thereof and in case of failure of
any share-holder to apply for leave to buy share, then property would be liable to be auctioned.
Once property was found to be indivisible, then Court for effecting partition would have to
follow procedure laid down in Partition Act, 1893 after providing opportunity to shareholders to
apply for leave to buy property".
REMEDIES WITH THE PERSON/CO-SHARER WHO IS DISPOSSESSED:
In case titled: Contractor Haji Muhammad Alam Vs Shaukat Sultan, reported in 2009
SCMR 688, the Hon'ble Apex Court held that, "where a co-sharer in possession is dispossessed
by another co-sharer, then he has two remedies to avail, he can either file suit for partition or a
suit under S.9, Specific Relief Act, 1877".
In another case titled: Shoukat Sultan Vs Haji Muhammad Alam, reported in 2008 YLR
1698 Lahore, it is held the by the august High Court that, "where co-sharer in possession was
dispossessed by another co-sharer, then he had two options, namely he could either wait and file
suit for partition or he could file a suit under S. 9 of the Specific Relief Act, 1877".
In another case titled: Niaz War Jan Vs Gul Nawaz, reported in 2007 YLR 1723
Peshawar, it is held by the august High Court that, "A co-sharer in possession of a joint property
was not liable to be ousted therefrom, except on a partition by metes and bounds taking place
between the co-sharers".
In case titled: Muhammad Riaz Vs Mumtaz Ali through Legal Heirs, reported in 2006
YLR 1071, it is held that, "where both the parties were co-sharers in the joint un-partition Khata
and their remedy was to seek partition in accordance with law by impleading all other co-sharers
in khata—If a co-sharer was dispossessed by another co-sharer his remedy was for partition of
joint property or a suit under Section 9 of Specific Relief Act, 1877, for possession but a regular
suit under section 8 of Specific Relief Act, 1877, was not maintainable—Suit filed by the
petitioner could not be treated to be one under Section 9 of Specific Relief Act, 1877, as there
was no specific averment that they were illegally or forcibly dispossessed from the land in
dispute".
Remedies provided to the co-sharer who has been dispossessed has also been given by
august Lahore High Court in case titled: Nazar Hussain Vs Additional District Judge,
Chakwal reported in 2004 YLR 322, wherein it is held that, "Co-sharer in possession, if
dispossessed had two remedies; one a suit for separate possession by partition; and the second a
suit in accordance with terms of S. 9 of Specific Relief Act, 1877".
MESNE PROFIT:
Any person in possession of the property enjoying benefit therefrom to the exclusion of
rightful owner, he would be liable to pay rent or mesne profit to the person who has been
dispossessed or deprived of his property. In a case titled: Muhammad Anwar Vs Dr. Gohar
Ali,  reported in 2007 CLC 621 Karachi, it is held that, "Co-owner in possession to the exclusion
of other co-owner in such case, could be held liable to the extent of his unauthorized or hostile
occupation, possession or enjoyment thereof. Once a person established and Court came to a
conclusion that person was entitled to any right or share in the property; and he was being
deprived of use of such right or share in property by the other person, then the owner who was
out of possession or enjoyment would become entitled to claim those profits actually received by
person in unlawful possession or enjoyment of such part thereof, as the case could be".
QUESTION OF JURISDICTION IN CASE OF SHAMILAT PROPERTY:
In case titled: Barkat Ali Vs Sultan Mehmood, reported in 2009 CLC 899 Supreme Court
Azad Kashmir, it is held that, "Suit land was shamilat Deh, about which the civil Court had
limited jurisdiction and could not grant permanent injunction against all the Share-holders who
possessed the land in the estate as well. Unless the shamilat Deh land partitioned by metes and
bounds by the Revenue Authorities, no specific share could be declared to be in possession of
any land-owner".
QUESTION OF POSSESSION OF CO-SHARER IN UNDIVIDED PROPERTY:
In case titled: Syed Shabir Hussain Shah and others Vs Asghar Hussain Shah, reported in
2007 SCMR 1884 Supreme Court, it is held by the Apex Court that, "Every Co-owner/Co-sharer
would be considered to be in possession of each inch of un-partitioned land according to his
share".
In case titled: Munawar Hussain Vs Amanat Ali, reported in 2007 YLR 1756 Lahore, it is
held that, "any transfer out of joint khata even with regard to specific khasra number is always
subject to final adjustment of partition. No person can claim his exclusive ownership with regard
to a specific khasra number on the ground of having been purchased by him to the exclusion of
other co-sharer".
Actual possession of a joint owner in an undivided property in of no value and it would
not affect the rights of other co-sharers. As it is discussed by the august Lahore High Court in
case titled: Muhammad Arif Vs Muhammad Hafeez, reported in 2007 MLD 1983, that, "Actual
possession of a co-owner/co-sharer in case of joint land would be of no relevance. Such
possession to all purposes would inure to benefit of remaining co-owners/co-sharers as well till
such time partition was affected".
Sometimes it happens that a co-sharer started raising construction over an undivided
property, without consulting and associating other co-sharers or without taking their prior
approval. In such an eventualities, a co-sharer who is dis-agreed with the act of another co-sharer
who is raising construction can come to the Court and stop him from such an act. In a case
of Ghulam Rasool Vs Umar Hayat, reported in 2004 YLR 1136 Lahore, it is held by august
Lahore High Court that, "Each co-share was owner in every part of the joint holdings to the
extent of his entitlement—No co-sharer could be permitted to change character of the land to the
exclusion of other co-sharers, without resorting to some lawful partition proceedings".
Possession of a co-sharer on a specific part of an undivided property carries little weight
when the property comes to the partition proceedings. In a case of Muhammad Younas Vs
Member (Judicial), Board of Revenue, Punjab, reported in 2004 YLR 793 Lahore, it is held
while deciding the revision petition that, "Each and every co-sharer would be deemed to be
owner and also in possession of every inch of joint land till such time, same is partitioned by
metes and bounds—Actual possession over joint land would matter little, when land comes to
partition".
 In a case titled: Mst. Ghulam Fatima Vs Muhammad Munir,  reported in 2004 CLC
995 Lahore, it is held that, "Dispute among co-sharers with respect to possession of their
property could be settled through partition of the same from a competent Court".
 In case titled: Khurshid Anwar Jalil Vs Muhammad Hafeez Mirza, reported in 2003 CLC
1695 Lahore, it is held that, "every joint owner shall be deemed to be in possession of each and
every inch of joint property—If strong co-sharer after taking possession of more valuable part of
joint property either alienates same or changes its character, then it cannot be said that weak/poor
co-sharer may file suit for partition and till its decision, strong co-sharer may alienate same or
change its character and throw his adversary into ditches or barren land by taking commercially
valuable land abutting on road side or more fertile land—Such course cannot be allowed under
principle of equity and justice". 
CONSTRUCTION BENEFICIAL FOR OTHER CO-SHARERS: 
Plea that the construction raised by one co-sharer would be beneficial to other co-sharers,
as the same will increase the value of the property is disregarded by worthy Supreme Court of
Pakistan in case of Fazal Vs Ghulam Muhammad, reported in 2003 SCMR 999 Supreme Court,
wherein it is held that, "Defendants instead of raising construction on the property which was
admittedly owned by the plaintiffs, should have first of all got the same partitioned and then
might have constructed the portion of land falling in their share".
Suit for possession of specific khasra number is not maintainable against a co-sharer
unless the whole khata is not partitioned. In a case of Dilmeer Vs Rajab Ali reported in 2003
MLD 484 Lahore, it is held that, "Trial Court could to pass a decree for specific khasra number
from joint khata, unless joint khata was partitioned—Suit for possession against a co-sharer was
not maintainable—Every co-sharer, however, would have a right to seek partition in accordance
with law".
No co-sharer can be dispossessed from an immovable property which is of an undivided
nature, except in accordance with law. In a case titled: Khawaja Masood Ahmad Vs Sajad
Sarwar reported in 2002 MLD 434 Lahore, it is held that, "Person acquiring possession of
immovable property at the very inception as co-owner could not be dispossessed from the same
without proper partition and a decree/order of a competent Court in that regard".
WHEN ENTITLEMENT OF PARTY ESTABLISHED IN PROPERTY, PARTITION
CANNOT BE DENIED:
It is prime duty of the party who wants the Court to issue an order of partition in his
favour in respect of some immovable property that he should have first established that he is
owner in the suit property or that he has some rights attached to the immovable property, along
with other essential conditions of Jurisdiction, non-joinder or mis-joinder of parties, case for full
partition. No private partition and if he succeeded in proving all essential requirements of
partition, then it became his right that a decree or order for partition should be passed in his
favour, if any other legal question not arises in his way. In case titled: Muhammad Anwar Vs Dr.
Gohar Ali, reported in 2007 CLC 621 Karachi, it is held that, "Once entitlement of the plaintiff
to the suit property was established, partition and division of property could not be denied,
unless, of course, it was shown that such property was incapable of division and partition.
IMPLEADMENT OF PARTY/CO-SHARER AFTER PASSING OF PRELIMINARY
DECREE:
 As it is the established principle of law, set down by the superior Courts of Pakistan that
no one should be condemned unheard and keeping in view the said principle, the Court always
try to decide the disputes between the parties on merits and after hearing them and after affording
them ample opportunity to safeguard their rights. Even a co-sharer can come to the Courts of law
and defend his rights after passing of preliminary decree, in which he did not joined the
proceedings. In a case titled: Mst. Maqsooda Vs Muhammad Azeem, reported in 2004 YLR
1019 Lahore, it is held that "So long land in dispute remained joint and final decree was not
drawn up, any necessary party being vested with title or interest therein, could be impleaded".
ALIENATION OF PROPERTY/POSSESSION OF CO-SHARER IN JOINT KHATA:
In case titled: Muhammad Bashir Vs Noor Rehman, reported in 2011 MLD 1518 Lahore,
the august Court held that, "Co-sharer in possession of specific property not beyond his share
could protect his possession till taking place of partition in accordance with law".
In another case titled: Abdur Rehman VS Muhammad Siddique through L.Rs, reported in
2006 MLD 442 Lahore, it is held that, "Co-sharer in possession could, while alienating his share,
transfer possession of his holding to another person which would be subject to partition. Co-
sharer would be entitled to retain possession of land in joint khata till it was partitioned by metes
and bounds".
A Co-sharer can alienate his share in an undivided property and there is no embargo upon
him for doing so. In case titled: Mst. Bibi Jan VS Mir Zaman,reported in 2003 CLC
909 Peshawar, it is held that, "Co-owners in possession of specific area can alienate same subject
to final adjustment at time of actual partition".
If a co-sharer sells in portion of property in an undivided khata, and deliver the
possession of some specific area to the vendee, then the vendee can retain the possession of such
land which was delivering to him by the vendor till final partition. In case titled Muhammad
Aslam Vs Amir Muhammad Khan, reported in 2003 YLR 1870 Lahore, it is held that, "Co-sharer
was entitled to transfer a specific khasra number under his exclusive possession to the vendee
and the he (vendee) would continue in possession til the partition of the joint khata because the
vendee stepped into the shoes of the vendor as co-sharer".
A Co-sharer can alienate a property in favour of other person but he cannot alienate a
property with a specific description of boundaries unless the property is being properly
partitioned. In a case titled: Muhammad Anwar Vs Mst. Nawab Bibi, reported in 2003 MLD 742
Lahore, it is held that, "Vendors although co-sharers, yet were not in possession of specific
khasra numbers and, therefore, they were not entitled to transfer and lawfully alienate the plot
with boundaries in favour of vendee".
CONCEPT OF OWELTY OF PARTITION:
Owelty is an equalization charge. It is the amount that one co-owner must pay to another
after a suit of partition, so that each co-owner receives equal value from the property. This is
done to achieve equality after exchange of parcels of land having different values or after an
unequal partition of real property, or Owelty of partition is a sum of money paid by one of two
caparceners or co-tenants to the other, when a partition has been effected between them, but the
land not being susceptible of division into exactly equal shares, such payment is required to
make the portions respectively assigned to them of equal value.
 In case titled: Mrs. Saadia Muzaffar through her attorney Vs Mrs. Khadija
Manzur, reported in 2006 CLC 401 Karachi, it is held that, "Co-owners would have equal right
in every part of property until a regular partition was affected. Merely because defendant was in
occupation of front portion of property purporting to be of higher value would not give him right
to more benefit than what was possessed by plaintiff. Concept of owelty was not applicable to
such case".
CONCLUSION
From above details we can assess that in civil suits the claims of partition of property is highly
technical and complicated job. In order to accommodate the people it is need of hour that the
Govt. should take serious steps for computerizing the revenue record or other property record.
Further settlements in all districts of Pakistan are to be made regularly and at the time of
settlement, if the revenue officers found any joint property as impliedly divided by co-sharers
through an implied/silent private partition, to give it effect in the record without constraining
them to have a recourse of litigation. Secondly it is also inevitable that the Hon'ble Supreme
Court of Pakistan like laid downing the procedure in rent cases, as evident from Barkat Ali
case 2000 SCMR 556, also considered the question of partitions for facilitating the people of
Pakistan.