Historic Buildings and Urban Area-2215
Historic Buildings and Urban Area-2215
Abstract: Urban areas of historical value are spatial structures that express the evolution of the local society and
local identity. Urban regeneration strategies are encouraged by local authorities to attract people. The
transformation of historic urban buildings and their wider environment through reconstruction and aesthetic
investments are some of the regeneration strategies for revenue-generating potential and more sustainable urban
forms. Contemporary urban regeneration projects aim to create vital spaces by reintegrating historic complexes
and buildings in the city urban fabric and to highlight decayed urban areas and the sense-of-a place. Place-making
is an inherently collaborative and inclusive planning approach compared to the envisaged planning model. As a
concept it refers to the process of place production aiming to advance the living quality of a space. People are
attracted to places which can become focal points of economic, social activity and attractiveness including various
functions.
The present paper faces an important challenge in the field of sustainable urban heritage regeneration. The paper
focuses on a listed building of Xanthi, an urban centre in Northern Greece with rich built heritage. The case study
building is the Hadjidakis residence (former Garrison Headquarters). The paper explores a series of issues
associated with the regeneration and rehabilitation of abandoned historical buildings and their reintegration in the
urban fabric through place-making strategies. The main goal is to provide a holistic methodology for a
community-based regeneration scheme and new aspects of urban historic building upgrade through new creative
uses.
Keywords: building regeneration; cultural heritage; listed buildings; placemaking; sustainability; urban revitalization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Heritage is one of the important elements which create character, identity and image of the city concerning the past,
present and future. Built cultural heritage is a dominant component and an important means of historical, economic and
social development. The urban building stock with its connotative meanings is an important part of the city as historical
and cultural evidence. However, technology, demographic and economic changes and lack of systematic assessment
methodologies for adequate consideration of the divergence between sustainable urban development and the protection of
cultural heritage, have put pressures on the built urban assets. Viable strategies combined with architectural intervention
and conservation methods of built heritage are needed for the reintegration of such assets in the city and the improvement
of living conditions and microclimate.
Today there is an increasing interest towards more sustainable city forms and local community participation in policy
making. When a person or group links a space to their own personal experiences, cultural values and social meanings, it is
transformed into a place for them (Hunziker et al., 2007). The increased participation of citizens is important for the
integration of cultural assets into urban development strategies. Place-making tends to be used to refer to a specific
approach to „revitalising, planning, designing and managing public spaces‟ (Stewart, 2010). Placemaking is the process of
place production and a collective process of space arrangement with the aim to advance the usage and living quality of a
space.
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Xanthi, a medium sized urban centre of Northern Greece, has a rich built heritage, large part of it still untapped. The paper
aims to explore the regeneration potentials of listed buildings through citizen participation and placemaking. Structurally,
the paper consists of four parts. Using empirical data from the area and through structured planning methods at the first
part are investigated the factors that hinder or promote sustainable development planning strategies, with a focus on
placemaking. The paper continues with a holistic methodology to cover the gap between sustainable development and
reuse of historical built resources. The case study is the Garrison Headquarters building, known Hadjidaki‟s residence,
named after the famous Greek composer who was born in Xanthi. The regeneration and rehabilitation planning methods
of the case study building are presented analytically at the last part followed by concluding remarks.
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Placemaking serves livability and social cohesion through heightened public safety, local identity, and environmental
protection initiatives. It results in a place where the community feels ownership and engagement, and where design serves
function. Placemaking generates economic returns in multiple ways as cultural investments help a locality capture a
higher share of local expenditures from income. Furthermore, instead of traveling elsewhere for entertainment and
culture, residents spend more on local venues, money that re-circulates at a higher rate in the local economy.
3.2 Placemaking and urban built heritage regeneration
In modern economies appears the „cultural turn‟ in the positioning and marketing of towns and cities, as a response to the
profound implications for how cities work and survive (Rodwell, 2013). Cultural resources, amenities, facilities etc, are
considered nowadays as strategic tools for the new economy. The ability of cities to integrate the conservation of urban
resources and to monitor impacts of development requires the recognition of heritage values (e.g. historic, social,
economic) and heritage-designated attributes (tangible and intangible). As cities find themselves engulfed in inter-urban
competition, they concentrate on developing a broad range of cultural activities to catalyze private development, increase
consumption by residents and tourists, improve the city image, and enhance the local quality of life. Culture is considered
to be the city‟s leading high-growth sector, therefore creating conditions for developing clusters within cities has become
very popular (Landry, 2008).
Urban conservation is now considered as a dynamic process within an urban system aimed at enhancing cultural values
and managing change (United Nations, 2015). Urban regeneration aims to renew areas in decline (Bassett, 2013), and this
decline could be in the form of physical, social and/or economic functions in the urban fabric (Chohan & Ki, 2005).
According to Porfyriou and Sepe (as mentioned in Pendlebury & Porfyriou, 2017) the instrumental use of heritage in
regeneration is a global phenomenon, often linked into both strategies seeking to develop so-called cultural industries and
a process of „place-making‟, a term variously used by urban designers in establishing attractive physical locales as part of
the backdrop of successful social space and, more critically, to be synonymous with place-branding.
Municipalities and urban planners have realized throughout human history that city space has functioned as an important
meeting place (Furlan, Petruccioli, & Jamaleddin, 2019). Placemaking animates public and private spaces, rejuvenates
structures and streetscapes, improves local businesses viability and public safety, and brings diverse people together to
celebrate, inspire, and be inspired (Markusen & Gadwa, 2010). As far as it concerns the building stock, the physical
atmosphere of historic buildings contributes to placemaking at the site scale. Retaining original features of the buildings
serves as a physical reminder of what the building once was, making the space unique in comparison to newly constructed
spaces (Chan, 2011). In this way, preservation at the urban scale contributes also to the environmental preconditions of a
successful creative community.
Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional buildings can favor the accommodation of various uses. By using vacant and
underutilized land, buildings and infrastructure investments increase their contribution to the public good and private
sector productivity. Sales, income, and property tax revenues paid to local governments rise enabling better maintenance
and additions to public infrastructure. Also, additional jobs and incomes are generated in construction, retail businesses,
and arts and cultural production (Markusen & Gadwa, 2010).
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Xanthi appeared as a walled settlement near ancient Via Egnatia and Kossinthos river – still flowing through part of the
modern city. It remained under the Ottoman domination for a long period and inevitably developed as an oriental urban
center. The center served as governmental agency with restricted jurisdiction and economic autonomy.
Since the 1930s, after the Minor Asia catastrophe, new populations settled around the center in areas following the
Hippodamian system, with small rectangular squares, low-rise houses with neighborhood public spaces. The city‟s
substantial development took place in the 1970s due to social, economic and cultural flourishing, caused by variable
factors. Infrastructure projects were intensified and the establishment of the Democritus University of Thrace gave
impetus to the development of the whole wider area of Thrace. Xanthi was one out of two Northern Greek cities where
was designed an Urban Control Zone, as one of the first Greek examples of modern and bioclimatic urban areas.
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Except of the complicated legislative framework, the identification of the pathology of a listed building is a very
complicated issue that includes several uncertainties such as the identification of its structure system, of the code/
practice/materials used, combined with its poor maintenance, atmospheric pollutants etc (Alexoudi, 2018). Buildings and
monuments officially protected as part of a designated environment or because of their special architectural or historic
merit, where compliance with the requirements would unacceptably alter their character or appearance (Lidelöw, et al.,
2019).
Map 2: Location and view of Hadjidaki’s residence in Xanthi’s Old Town (Google Maps)
Garrison Headquarters is located in the Old town of Xanthi, near the city‟s central square. It was built in 1897 by the
Jewish tobacco merchant Isaak Daniel. In 1932 and after Daniel‟s death, it became property of the Greek State. However,
his descendants continued to demand the ownership of the building. According to historical testimonies, in 1930 the
second floor was rented by Georgios Hadjidakis, father of the musician Manos Hadjidakis. The building housed national
economic services during the period 1932-1941 and it was named as “House of Public Finances”. From 1941 to 1944
remained under German and Bulgarian possession and after the war housed the Greek Army Garrison. The fire of 1957
destroyed large part of its internal. In 1995 it was listed and characterized by the Ministry of Culture as „historical
preservable monument‟ and „work of art‟ (Greek Government Gazette 165b/10-3-1995). In 2000 it became property of
Xanthi Prefecture.
According to the technical survey conducted by the IV Army Corps, the building covers an area of 1076 sq.m. in a land of
1317,91 sq.m. and is situated in the corner of Venizelou and St Vlasios str. It contains the Garrison building consisted of
three levels of 488 sq.m. each, a basement of 488 sq.m. and a two-storey building of total 540 sq.m. that housed the
officers‟ families. There were also some more recent structures behind the main building and a small playground. In the
wider area there are residences, small shops and the church of St. Vlasios. The streets in the area are of paving stone,
narrow and with low traffic, while there are no parking slots. It is classified in the neoclassic architecture with eclectic
characteristics (typology, symmetry of facades, decoration).
Furthermore, the restoration and rehabilitation proposal focused on sustainable architecture principals such as:
provision of quality of life and conditions of comfort to the residents;
materials, where applicable, that are compatible with their environment;
understanding of „the sense of the place‟ and blocking interference in it;
acoustic isolation and thermal isolation of the building, with respect to the morphology and typology;
proper lighting and design of openings;
the proposed atrium facilitates natural lighting of the ground floor;
the architectural proposed codes pay attention to precedents, in the recovery of the building‟s layouts and the careful
adaptive reuse of this historical house.
Special attention was paid to the restoration of the building‟s décor as an element of historical and architectural
significance. The damage of the floors and the collapse of parts of the roof causing detachment of parts of the ceilings,
were key elements of the restoration programme. In addition, interventions of environmental character were another
important goal of the project. The facilitation of enough solar access and physical ventilation was obtained through
detailed planning (i.e. the 1st floor atrium) and the choice of adequate materials and frames.
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Entrance
Staircase – 17sqm
Staircase K4 – 15sqm
Staircase K2 – 5sqm
Lift – 4sqm
Secretariat – 10sqm
WC – 7sqm
Hallway- 22sqm
Storage – 8sqm
Recreation space
Staircase K3 – 9sqm
Entrance – 22sqm
Atrium – 15sqm
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the main purpose is to create a space in and outside the building for socialization and cultural expression. The citizens will
play an important role in the building‟s regeneration and protection, with respect to its history and to their identity.
LEGEND
Staircase K4
Cultural space-café-theratre –
155sqm
Hallway – 24sqm
WC – 20sqm
BAR – 28sqm
Lift– 4sqm
Staircase K1 – 20sqm
Staircase K2 – 5sqm
Atrium – 15sqm
st
Fig. 8: 1 floor plan (METE SYSM S.A.)
6. CONCLUSIONS
Cultural heritage invests local communities with a powerful reason to protect their local environment and to improve the
quality of their lives in terms of sustainability. Local communities feel a strong sense of connection with their local
surroundings through heritage, which is not provided through the new building stock. Historic buildings are cultural icons
and their preservation impacts on community well-being, sense of place and therefore social sustainability (Bullen &
Love, 2011). Progressive cultural strategies seek to widen access to and participation in the arts, support local cultural
production, and strengthen community identity and to revitalize neighborhoods. Towards this aim, public participation in
the creation of common spaces can truly great places come into being (Project for Public Spaces, 2012). Placemaking is a
geographically targeted urban revitalization strategy (Forman & Creighton, 2012). Evidence has demonstrated that
placemaking strategies resulted in a wide range of positive outcomes, including strengthening networks and building
social capital and community capacity, among others (Baeker & Millier, 2013). Viable placemaking strategies combined
with architectural intervention and conservation methods of urban built heritage are needed for the reintegration of such
assets in the modern urban core and the revival of their wider area.
Building on uniqueness of place and community practices is a strong predictor of success (Markusen & Gadwa, 2010).
Xanthi, with a rich cultural built heritage, should prioritize the coexistence of building regeneration with local community
development and economic benefits. The restoration and rehabilitation of historic buildings is not only an important end
in its own right. Each building can provide a stimulus and focal point for regeneration schemes creating more jobs.
Governments have developed programs to fund arts, education, turn vacant properties into community cultural centers,
and stimulate interest in local heritage and culture (Kratke, 2011).
A number of buildings that are vacant and/or lost their original use is increasingly being converted into useful and vibrant
spaces and the adaptive re-use of historic buildings is helping to revitalize neighbourhoods and old cities. The wider study
area, Xanthi‟s Old Town, is a significant example of cultural heritage protection and urban revival, because of its
importance within the modern urban fabric. It is a place of traditions, cultures and activities and can be preserved and
enhanced, through targeted action. Xanthi Old Town‟s urban fabric and the structure of its buildings, skills on appropriate
traditional refurbishment and restoration methods are crucial as upgrade examples of inner city areas. Any conservation,
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restoration and rehabilitation interventions must make prevail as much as possible the authenticity and compatibility with
the original. Hadjidakis building regeneration plan, was an innovative project. The present proposal‟s main aim was to
create a space of social interaction, where the locals will play the main role, with respect to the building‟s history and
characteristics and to local identity. As an example of inner-city regeneration using sustainable planning methods, the
main scope was to promote the area‟s tradition and to create a local and regional pole of cultural heritage significance.
The case of this building‟s renovation proposed plan creates opportunities to showcase placemaking as a key goal for the
sustainable rehabilitation of historic buildings. The case study offers a picture of what's possible when heritage
regeneration policies take advantage of their central role in communities. The aim of this paper is to highlight the
possibility of strengthening public participation and increasing local residents' sense of belonging through the built
heritage. Retaining original features of the buildings serves as a physical reminder of what the building once was, making
the space unique in comparison to newly constructed spaces. In this case, the past comes alive for locals in the new
spaces, as they get in touch with the building‟s and the city‟s history on a daily basis. The proposed methodology aims to
highlight the revival of a previously neglected meaningful space, which stimulates the public to interact to make
memorable places. The form of the suggested revival project is designed to be implemented in various heritage
regeneration cases. The project‟s results demonstrate the power of regeneration projects to bring communities together
with their heritage and identity through creative uses based on sustainability principals.
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