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Cith 35: O2 Balance
Cith 35: O2 Balance
14-16 Ethane is burned with an unknown amount of air during a combustion process. The AF ratio and the
percentage of theoretical air used are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Combustion is complete. 2 The combustion products contain C02, H2O, O2, and N2 only.
Properties The molar masses of C, H2, and air are 12 kg/kmol, 2 kg/kmol, and 29 kg/kmol, respectively
(Table A-I).
~H6"+c{O2+3.76'1J ~ 2CO2+3H2O+202+3.76cN2
O2 balance: a = 2 + 15 + 2 ~ a =55
The air-fuel ratio is determined by taking the ratio of the mass of the air to the mass of the fuel,
Then,
14-4
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
14-22 Butane is burned with air. The masses of butane and air are given. The percentage of theoretical air
used and the dew-point temperature of the products are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Combustion is complete. 2 The combustion products contain COz, HzO, and Nz only. 3
Combustion gases are ideal gases.
Properties The molar masses of C, Hz, and air are 12 kg/kmol, 2 kg/kmol, and 29 kg/kmol, respectively
(Table A-l ).
Analysis (a) The theoretical combustion equation in this case can be written as
The air-fuel ratio for the theoretical reaction is determined by laking lhe ratio of the mass of lhe air lo the
mass of lhe fuel for .
25 kg
AF act =~- - = 25 kg air I kg fuel
mfuel I kg
(b) The combustion is complete, and thus products will contain only C02, H2O, O2 and N2° The air-fuel
ratio for this combustion process on a mole basis is
The dew-point temperature of a gas-vapor mixture is the saturation temperature of the water vapor in the
product gases corresponding to its partial pressure. That is,
Thus,
T dp = Tsar @8571 kPa = 42.7°C
14-9
,
j
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
14-42 The enthalpy of combustion of liquid octane at a 25°C and 1 atm is to be determined using the data
from Table A-26 and to be compared to the value listed in Table A-27.
Both the reactants and the products are at the standard reference state of 25°C and 1 atm. Also, N2 and O2
are stable ele.ments, and thus their enthalpy of formation is zero. Then the enthalpy of combustion of C8HI8
becomes
-(lkmolX- 249.950kJlkmol)
= -5,470,680 kJ
The listed value in Table A-27 is -5,512,200 kJ/kmol for gaseous octane. The hc value for liquid octane is
obtained by adding ~ = 41 ,460 kJ/kmol to it, which yields -5,470, 740 kJ .Thus the two values are
practically identical. Since the water in the products is assumed to be in the liquid phase, this h, value
corresponds to the higher heating value of CsH!s.
14-20
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
2~=3+2+1.~ ~ ~=5
25°C Products
Air 1200K
--.
12°C
C3Hg(f.)+12.5(O2 +3.76N2)~3CO2 +4H2O+7.502 +47N2
(a) The air-fuel ratio for this combustion process is
Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we have h = h(T). From the tables,
Substituting,
-QOUI
= (3X- 393,520+ 53,848- 9364)+ (4X- 241,820 + 44,380- 9904)+ (7.5Xo + 38,447 -8682)
+ (47Xo + 36,777- 8669)- (lX-118,910 + h298 -h298 ) -(12.5Xo + 8296.5- 8682)
-(47Xo + 8286.5- 8669 )
= -190,464kJ/kmoIC3H8
or
9o1i = 100.464 kJ /krrol C3HB
Then the rate of heat transfer for a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/min for the propane becomes
~
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
Thus, -+-AIr Tp
30% excessair
C2H2 +3.25(02 +3.76N2)~2C02 +H2O+0.7502 +12.22N2 27°C
Under steady-flow conditions the energy balance Ein -Eout = Msystem applied on the combustion chamber
with W = O reduces to
I
-QOUI =LNp(h; +h-ho)p -LNR(h; +h-ho)R
Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we have h = h(7). From the tables.
--
h; h298 K h300 K
Substance kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
The temperature of the product gases is obtained from a trial and error solution. A first guess is obtained
by dividing the right-hand side of the equation by the total number of moles, which yields 1,321 , 184/(2 + I
+ 0.75 + 12.22) = 82,729 kJlkmol. This enthalpy value corresponds to about 2500 K for N2. Noting that
the majority of the moles are N2, Tp will be close to 2500 K, but somewhat under it because of the higher
specific heats of CO2 and H2O.
At 2350 K:
= 1,320,517kJ (Lowerthanl,321,184kJ)
By interpolation, T p = 2301 K
14-40
~
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
Air I 25°C
Under steady-flow conditions the energy balance E;, -E,", = ~E,y",m applied on the combustion chamber
with W = O reduces to
since all of the reactants are at 25°C Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we
have h = h(7) From the tables,
Substance kJ /kho r
-mol
CHRIs (I.) -249,950
O2 0
N2 0
R2O (I) -285,830
C02 -393,520
Substituting,
i
,
,
-Qout = (8X-393.520)+ (9X-285,830)+0+0-(IX-249,950)-0-0 = -5,470,680 kJ /krnol of C8HI8
j
.I.U~,
The heat transfer for this process is also equivalent to the enthalpy of combustion of liquid C8H18, which
could easily be de determined from Table A-27 to be ft, = 5,470,740 kJ/kmol C8H18.
14-47
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
The CgH1g is at 25°C and I atm, and thus its absolute entropy is ~ H = 360.79 kJ/kmol.K (Table A-26).
"\.;8 18
The entropy values listed in the ideal gas tables are for I atm pressure. Both the air and the product gases
are at a total pressure of I atm, but the entropies are to be calculated at the partial pressure of the
components which is equal to P i = yj P total,where yj is the mole fraction of component i. Also,
Si =Nisi(T,p;)=Ni~i.(T,Po)-Ru In(y,Pm))
Sp = 17,538 kJ/K
Thus,
and
(c) The exergy destruction rate associated with this process is determined from
X destroyed
=ToSgen =(298 KX62.47 kJ/min.K)=18,617 kJ/min=310.3 kW
14-48
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
14-91 The highest possible temperatures that can be obtained when liquid gasoline is burned steadily with
air and with pure oxygen are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air and combustion gases are ideal gases. 3 Kinetic and
potential energies are negligible. 4 There are no work interactions. 5 The combustion chamber is adiabatic.
,
l
Analysis The highest possible temperature that can be achieved during a combustion process is the c
temperature which occurs when a fuel is burned completely with stoichiometric amount of air in an i
i
adiabatic combustion chamber. It is determined from ,
;
L N p (h i + h -h o )p = L N R (h i + h -h o )R ~ L N p (hi + hr -h o )p = (Nh i )C8H18
since all the reactants are at the standard reference temperature of 25°C, and for O2 and N2. The theoretical
combustion equation of CsHIs air is
ii; h29S K
Substance
kJ/k mo I kJ/kmol
Thus,
It yiel~s
The adiabatic flame temperature is obtained from a trial and error solution. A first guess is obtained by
dividing the right-hand side of the equation by the total number of moles, which yields 5,646,081/(8 + 9 +
47) = 88,220 kJ/kmol. This enthalpy value corresponds to about 2650 K for N2. Noting that the majority
of the moles are N2, T p will be close to 2650 K, but somewhat under it because of the higher specific heat
ofH2O.
By interpolation, Tp = 2395 K
If the fuel is burned with stoichiometric amount of pure O2, the combustion equation would be
Thus,
14-66
It yields
Byextrapolation, Tp = 3597 K
14-67
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
14-93 Liquid octane is burned with 200 percent excess air during a steady-flow combustion process. The
heat transfer rate from the combustion chamber, the power output of the turbine, and the reversible work
and exergy destruction are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Combustion is complete. 2 Steady operating conditions exist. 3 Air and the combustion
gases are ideal gases. 4 Changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Analysis (a) The fuel is burned completely with the excess air, and thus the products will contain only C02,
H2O, N2, and some free O2. Considering 1 kmol of CgH1g, the combustion equation can be written as
,
CgH1g +3a1h(02 +3.76N2~8CO2 +9H2O+2athO2 +(3X3.76ath)N2
where ath is the stoichiometric coefficient and is determined from the O2
Q
balance,
C8H18 :
Substituting, Air I
200%excess
CsHIS +37.5(02 +3.76N2~8C02 +9H20+2502 +14lN2 air 1300 K
8 aIm
The heat transfer for this combustion process is determined from the
energy balance Ein -Eoul ::::l1Esystem applied
gases
~\ -
Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we 950 K
have h = h(7). From the tables, 2atm
.m 0.8 kg/min -3 .
,
N=- -=
(()( ) ( )()) =7.018xlO kmoVmm
M 8 12 + 18 1 kg/kmol
Thus,
QOUI= NQou, = (7.018 x 10-3 kmollminXl09,675 kJ/kmol) =770 kJ/min
14-70
Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions
Substituting,
Wout =: (8X59,522 -40,070)+ (9 X48,807 -33,841)+ (25X42,033- 29,652)+ (141X40,1 70- 28,501)
=: 2,320,164 kJlkmol CSH18
WOU!
= Nwou! = ~.018x 10-3 kmollmin}2,320,164 kJ/kmo1)= 16,283 kJ/min = 271.4 kW
Sgen
where the entropy of the products are to be evaluated at the turbine exit state. The CsHIs is at 25°C and 1
atm, and thus its absolute entropy is 5.. H =360.79 kJ/krnol. K (Table A-26). The entropy values listed in
~ 18
the ideal gas tables are for 1 atrn pressure. The entropies are to be calculated at the partial pressure of the
components which is equal to Pi = YiP IOlaJ,where Yi is the mole fraction of component i. Also.
Nj Yj
s;(T,1 atm) Ruln(y;P m ) N .s.
I I
C8HI8 1 1.00 360.79 17.288 343.50
O2 37.5 0.21 220.589 4.313 8,110.34
-B2- 141 0.79 206.630 15~329 26,~
Sp = 42,267.48 kJ/K
Thus,
and
x destruction
=ToSgen =(298 K)(50.59 kJ/min .K)=15,075 kJ/min =251.2kW
Wrev
= W + X destruction
= 271.4 + 251.2 = 522.6 k W
14- 71