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Assessment of Small Hydropower Potential in The Ciwidey Subwatershed, Indonesia: A GIS and Hydrological Modeling Approach
Assessment of Small Hydropower Potential in The Ciwidey Subwatershed, Indonesia: A GIS and Hydrological Modeling Approach
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HYDROPOWER: GIS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELING
are mostly in mountainous regions, remain barriers that Company (2005) and Pravin (2012) provide a basic, simple,
complicate the assessment effort and make it time consum- and understandable introduction to SHP.
ing, and lead to the requirement for large capital budgets.
However, with the advancement of remote sensing and
geospatial mapping technology together with hydrological
STUDY LOCATIONS
modeling, it is possible to optimize the assessment of SHP
potential. GIS can help with topography and spatial analysis, The Ciwidey subwatershed, Upper Citarum has been
and recent hydrological modeling (Moradkhani et al., 2009 selected as the analogical study location illustrating the use
on Devi et al., 2015) can be used to predict the basin sys- of GIS and hydrological modeling to assess SHP potential.
tem’s behavior and to understand complex hydrological pro- The study region covers a catchment area of around 204 km2
cesses within various climate possibilities. Studies of water with elevations ranging from 624 to 2,425 m a.s.l dominated
resources assessment and climate change impact are indeed by agricultural land and rice farms alongside some low-
the most popular studies of hydrological modeling particu- density residential areas (Figure 1). The river originates at
larly for planning and disaster risk purposes, e.g., HEC- Wayang Windu Mountain and flows through Bandung City,
HMS for simulating flood inundation in Bago Basin, a major regional city. The Ciwidey subregion has a tropical
Myanmar (Zin et al., 2015) and Soil Water Assessment Tools climate with a mean temperature of 18–25°C. The average
(SWAT) for assessing climate change impact in Laos annual precipitation is 2,000–2,500 mm. Records show that
(Sayasane et al., 2016) . Yet, in this study, GIS and hydrolog- more than 85% of the precipitation is concentrated in the
ical modeling were used to assess the HPP potential. Previous rainy season (September–December) and transition periods
researchers have either introduced the use GIS alone or GIS (January–April) leaving the dry season of June, July, and
and hydrological modeling together as powerful tools to pro- August with little rainfall. In regards to SHP planning,
vide a potential assessment study of hydropower. Dealing empirical records show that during the years 2006–2013, the
with the energy security in the country, some Indian research- precipitation amount in the study location is considered
ers have shown big interest as discussed within Kusre et al. large enough. The number of wet months (with monthly
(2010), Patil et al. (2013), and Goyal et al. (2015) who rainfall of more than 100 mm) is 9 months and average
developed a similar methodology to SWAT to estimate the monthly precipitation is greater than 150 mm. Such high
SHP potential in India in four river catchment areas within precipitation, which also identically occurred in the tropical
Kopili, Bennihalla, and Mahanadi basin. On the other hand, Indonesian regions, implies a high discharge particularly for
another hydrological modeling approach of HYDREEMS SHP generation.
was also used by Toyoda et al. (2015) to evaluate the poten-
tial of SHP generation in Japan. Using the GIS and manual
DATA AND METHODOLOGIES
Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) mea-
surement, Das and Paul (2006), Feizizadeh and Haslauer
(2012) and Setiawan (2015) worked on SHP development in In accordance with GIS tools, particularly ArcGIS or
Himalayan Region of India, Tabriz Basin of Iran and QGIS, SWAT comes as an interface program. SWAT is a
Kalimantan, Indonesia, respectively. physically based long-term hydrological simulation model
Departing from the above discussion, it can be seen that
the SHP potential assessment through GIS and hydrological
modeling becomes necessary considering the urgency of the
increasing energy demand and the need to overcome the low
energy access of the Indonesian rural areas. The utilization
of water resources for energy needs with minimal ecosystem
interruption also has been an advantage of SHP. Here, the
tools of GIS and SWAT were chosen as the main methodol-
ogies. There are several objectives of this study as follows:
(a) identifying SHP potential sites using GIS; (b) assessing
and estimating the potential power generation through SHP
in study areas combining GIS with hydrological modeling.
In this study, the formula of SHP potential (pE–SHP) (kW) is
outlined in Equation (1).
pE SHP water g Q H (1)
where ρ is the water density (kg m–3), g is the acceleration
due to gravity (9.8 m s–2), Q is the dependable discharge
(m3 s–1), H is the head (height difference) or elevation drop
(m), and η is the efficiency constant (0.8) (Nasir, 2014).
Through GIS and hydrological modeling, this study aims to Figure 1. Overlaid maps of land use and sub-basin distribu-
determine the potential sites of SHP according to H and Q. tion in Ciwidey subwatershed, Indonesia. Areas are covered
Head is the distance that a given water source has to fall by agriculture land, rice fields, and some low density urban
before the point where power is generated while Q rep- settlements. 29 subbasins were identified in the Ciwidey
resents the dependable amount of water to be converted into subwatershed areas through spatial analyst tools in ArcGIS.
electricity. Some literatures, e.g., Tokyo Electric Power Numbers denote each subbasin
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N. ROSPRIANDANA AND M. FUJII
Table I. List of necessary datasets in this study. All maps were projected to UTM/WGS 84 zone 48S
No. Type of Data Specification Source Description
Shuttle Radar Topographic
1 DEM (Digital Elevation Model) Resolution 30 m USGS Earth Explorer Mission 1 Arc-Second Global
(tiff file)
Geospatial Information
2 Land use 1:25,000 Land use classification (.shp file)
Agency of Indonesia (2010)
Department of Agriculture,
3 Soil type 1:250,000 Soil type (.shp file)
Republic of Indonesia
Water Resources Agency of
4 Daily precipitation 9 stations (2006–2013) Precipitation in mm
West Java, Indonesia
5 Max. and min. daily temperature Temp. in °C
6 Relative humidity Global Weather SWAT Fraction
2 stations (2006–2013)
7 Average wind speed Database (CFSR, 2016) Speed in m s–1
8 Solar irradiation MJ m–2
1 station Water Resources Agency of
9 River discharge m3 s–1
(monthly, 2009–2012) West Java
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HYDROPOWER: GIS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELING
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N. ROSPRIANDANA AND M. FUJII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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