Ucsp Q2 PDF

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III- Central Luzon
PURA ACADEMY, INC.

Pura, Tarlac
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE
SOCIETY AND POLITICS
QUARTER 2
KINSHIP
How Society is Organized
In the end of this module students will:

1. Understand and discuss the composition of society based on the groups that compose it;
2. Identify and define the different types of groups in society
3. Explain the role that social groups play in the formation of identities, values, attitudes and
beliefs
4. Describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behavior in society
A. INTRODUCTION
Groups: The Heart of Interactions

Groups are among the most stable and enduring of social units. They are
important both to their members and to the society at large. Through encouraging
regular and predictable behavior, groups form the foundation upon which society
rests. Thus, a family, a village, a political party a trade union is all social groups.
DISCUSSION
A social group is consists of two or more people
who interact with one another and who recognize themselves
as a distinct social unit. The definition is simple enough, but it
has significant implications. Frequent interaction leads people
to share values and beliefs. This similarity and the interaction
cause them to identify with one another.
Identification and attachment, in turn, stimulate more
frequent and intense interaction. Each group maintains
solidarity with all to other groups and other types of social
systems.
Social Aggregate
A social aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the
same time, but who otherwise do not necessarily have anything in common, and
who may not interact with each other.
A social aggregate is different from a social group, which refers to two or
more people who interact regularly and who have things in common, like a romantic
couple, a family, friends, classmates, or coworkers, among others. A social aggregate
is also different from a social category, which refers to a group of people defined
by a shared social characteristic, like gender, race, ethnicity, nationality,
age, class, etc.
Every day we become part of social aggregates, like when we walk down a
crowded sidewalk, eat in a restaurant, ride public transit with other passengers, and
shop in stores. The only thing that binds them together is physical proximity.
A social category is a collection of people that have certain characteristics or
traits in common, but they tend not to interact with each other on a regular basis. For
example, teenagers is a social category because they are all within a particular age
range and share certain characteristics.
Factors That influence Groups

- Motivational base shared by individual
- Size of group
- Type of group goals
- Kind of group cohesion
Social Organization- is a process of bringing order and significance into human

social life. It has its roots in social interaction.
According to McGee (1977:132) there are certain identifying characteristics of
social organizations:
- Differentiation in statuses and roles on the basis of sex, age and ability which
may be observed in the activities of different types of people.
- Recurrent connection between sets of activities and the repeated tendency for
one type of social activity to follow regularly after another.
- A system of norms and values govern the social activities.
- Control: some person controls the behavior of others, and a system of sanctions
maintain orderly behavior.
- Repeated activities and behavior.
Social structure
It is the organized set of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized
relationships that together compose society. Social structure is both a product of
social interaction. It also refers to independent network of roles and the hierarchy
of statuses which define the reciprocal expectations and the power arrangement of
the members of the social unit guided by norms.
Primary and Secondary Groups
 Primary Group- is a small, intimate and less specialized group whose
members engage in face-to- face and emotion based interactions over
extended period of time. ( family, close friends, work-related peers, class
mates and church groups)
 Secondary Groups are larger. Less intimate and more specialized groups
where members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented
relationship for a limited time. (example employees treat their colleagues as
secondary group since they know that they need to cooperate with one
another to achieve a certain goal.)
In-groups and Out-groups
A self-categorization theory – it proposes that people’s appreciation of their
group membership is influenced by their perception towards people who are not
members of their group.
 An in-group is a group to which one belongs and with which one feels a sense
of identity. An out-group is a group to which one does not belong and to which
he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
 Reference Group
A group to which an individual compares himself or herself. Such group
strongly influence an individual’s behavior and social attitude. It is considered a
source of role models since the individual uses it as a standard for self-assessment.
 Network
Refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or groups. These are
interconnections, ties , linkages between people, their groups, and the larger social
institutions to which they all belong to. Modern societies feature more expansive,
diverse and overlapping social networks than primitive ones.
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1. My Group As a mirror of Myself
From among the many groups that you have had, past and present choose one that
you think provided you the most memorable impacts. Describe the group in column
A, then enumerate the impacts it had on you as a social person.
A B
The Group …. its lasting impact on me as a person
ACTIVITY 2: ENUMERATION
Enumerate five reasons wherein you can call a person “kabarkada” or “ka-tropa”?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 3: TRUE OR FALSE
Write BEST if the statement is TRUE and FRIEND is it is FALSE.

_______________ 1. Frequent interaction leads people to share values and beliefs.
_______________ 2. A family, a village, a political party a trade union are considered
social groups.
_______________ 3. A social category refers to two or more people who interact
regularly and who have things in common.
_______________4. Every day, we become parts of social aggregates.
_______________5. Secondary group is more intimate than primary group.
Activity 4: Me and My Reference Group
Identify one Reference Group of yours and explain how this group influence
your behavior and social attitude as an individual.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
At the end of this module the student can:

- Explain the function of the family
- Define kinship, marriage and household
- Enumerate and explain the different forms of kinship by blood, kinship by
marriage and kinship by rituals
- Discuss the different types of families
- Summarize recent changes in the family as an institution
INTRODUCTION
CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:

KINSHIP
The bond of blood or marriage binds people together in a group. According to
the Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system includes socially recognized
relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These
relationships are the result of social interaction and recognized by society
The most basic bonds are those based on marriage and reproduction. Kinship
refers to these bonds, and all other relationships resulting from them. Thus, the
institution of kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based
on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal).
DISCUSSION
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
 Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on
blood is considered as the most basic and general form
of relations. This relationshipis achieved bu birth or
blood affinity.
 Descent Systems Kinship
is reckoned in a number of different ways around the
world, resulting in a variety of types of descent
patterns and kin groups. Anthropologists frequently
use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships to make
them more understandable.
 Descent refers to a biological relationship. Societies recognize that children
descend from parents and that there exists a biological relationship between
parents and offspring.
 Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
 Unilineal Descent
This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female.
Both males and females are of a unilineal family, but descent links are only
recognized through relatives of one gender.
The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to

as patrilineal and matrilineal.
 Patrilineal Descent Both males and females belong to their father's kin group
but not their mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to
their children. A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal
line. The red people in the diagram below are related to each other
patrilineally.
 Matrilineal Descent
The form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. When using this
pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to
the same female ancestor. While both male and female children are members
of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only daughters can pass on the
family line to their offspring. The green people below are related to each
other matrilineally.
 Bilineal Descent When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent principles
are combined
Kinship by Marriage
 Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life.
 Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable

connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of
propagation till after the birth of offspring.
 Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.
 Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production and

maintenance of children.
 According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that

define the rights, duties, and privileges of husband and wife with respect to
each other.
Monogamy and Polygamy
 Monogamy- refers to the marriage of sexual partnering practice where the

individual has only one male of female partner or mate.
 Polygamy- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual
mate. It can be polygyny (a man has multiple partner) or polyandry (a
woman has multiple mate).
Endogamy and Exogamy
 Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class,

or social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for
marriage or for other close personal relationships.
 Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe
Polygamy is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage".

It is a marriage pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at
a time. Ex: Tiwi (North Australia)
Two different types of Polygamy:
Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual partner at
a time. Ex: Mormonism
Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry, there
are many variations on the marriage style. fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal)
secondary marriage (Ex: Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)
Four major residence patterns:
Neolocal Residence is most common with North American couples. This is where
the couple finds their own house, independent of all family members.
Patrilocal Residence is most commonly used with herding and farming societies.
It’s where the married couple lives with the husband’s father’s family. By living with
the husband’s family, it lets all the men, (the father, brothers, and sons) continue to
work together on the land.
Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural groups. It’s where the
couple moves to live where the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship
systems.
Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies however in this case

the couple moves to live with the husband’s mother’s brother. They live with the
most significant man, his uncle because it’s who they will later inherit everything
from.
.
Ritual Kinship Compadrazgo
 Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood

Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism, confirmation, and
marriage. The godparents were then tied to the parents as co-parents. Ideally, co-
parents should be a married couple; they were preferred because their unions were
typically more stable and they were more likely to be able to provide a home for the
child should the need arise.
Family and The Household
 Nuclear Family
A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children.
The main issue for children is to help them understand that their two-parent,
heterosexual family is a fine family, and is one kind among many other kinds of
families
 Extended Family A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play

major roles in the children’s upbringing. This may or may not include those
relatives living with the children. These family members may be in addition to
the child’s parents or instead of the child’s parents.
 Conditionally Separated Families A family member is separated from the

rest of the family. This may be due to employment far away; military service;
incarceration; hospitalization.
Politics of Kinship
Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where
kin genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal leadership. It is the
traditional pattern of bequeathing political power family members.
Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle: blood is
thicker than water. It asserts that power should be distributed among family
members.
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Identification
Identify the term being described or referred to in each statement.

_____________________1. A family member is separated from the rest of the
family.
_____________________2. It is where the couple moves to live where the wife grew
up.
_____________________3. involves one woman having multiple husbands,
_____________________4. It is where the married couple lives with the husband’s
father’s family.
_____________________5. It is commonly found in tribal societies across the world
where kin genealogy is applied to determine the system of
communal leadership.
Activity 2. VENN DIAGRAM
Compare and Contrast Consanguineal and Affinal kinship using a

VENN DIAGRAM.
Activity 3. KINSHIP DIAGRAM
Illustrate Your own kinship Diagram using a Patrilineal Descent pattern.
Activity 4. SHORT RESPONSE
1. Which type of marriage is culturally significant or accepted in our society?

Why Do You Think So?
2. In your observations, which type of residency is usually practiced? Which is a

practical choice for you?
End of Week 1
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
TOPICS:
1. Social and Political Organizations (Types of political organizations)
2. Types of Authority and Legitimacy
3. The State and its four elements
4. Government and its forms
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:
Through discussion and the module, the
learners are able to:
1. Analyze social and political structures
2. Differentiate the types of political organizations and authority and legitimacy.
3. Distinguish between a state and a nation.
4. Define state and Identify the 4 elements of states including its forms,
manifestations and qualifications.
5. Define government and identify its forms.
A. INTRODUCTION
Can you imagine life without leaders or governments? You may wonder in that
scenario is even possible. In this module, you will learn how other societies organize
their political lives that may be distinct from what you are aware of.
This module is divided into four (4) main parts:
 The first part discusses the types of political organizations created by
humans.
 The second part discusses the types of authority and legitimacy present in
human societies that allow for the rise of leaders.
 The third part discus ses the State and it’s four (4) elements (people, territory,
government and sovereignty) which technically pertains on how a state is
defined and differentiated from other related concepts, how is it created or
originated and how it manifests its duties and responsibilities to the citizen.
 The last part discusses the government and its forms which pertains on the
meaning, functions and duties of the government to the political community.
Ultimately, an activity will follow at the very last part of this module.
DISCUSSION:
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

ORGANIZATIONS
(Types of Political
Organizations)
• Political organization – is any entity that is
participating in a political process. Elman Service (1962),
a political anthropologist, identified four (4) types of
sociopolitical organizations which are identified based
on their economic orientation.
Types of Political Organizations:
1. Bands – is the least complex form of political
organization, as it has neither a rigid form of governance
nor a structured form of leadership. A band typically consists of 20-50
individuals who are usually related to one another by virtue of kinship..
2. Tribes – is a political organization that consist of segment lineages. This type
of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per family cluster or segment..
3. Chiefdoms – the ancient Mayans were known for complex and elaborate
political system that incorporated religion, kinship, and politics. The Mayan
political organization is an example of a chiefdom, as it embodied its
characteristics that include a political leader with an advisory council, a
leader who exercises power that is based on legitimacy, and the existence of
social stratification.
4. States and Nations - State level political systems first appeared in societies
with large-scale intensive agriculture. They began as chiefdoms and then
evolved into more centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their
populations grew into tens of thousands of people.
Pyramid of Power in Ancient States
C. TYPES OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

• The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers
accord him or her with it. This leads to a discussion on the reasons that leads
rise and how they maintain power over individuals.
• According to Max Weber, a 20th century sociologist, every leader
has some form of justifications as to why he or she should be accorded
with such power. He organized these
reasons into three categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional and
charismatic.
1. Rational-legal Authority – is achieved by a leader through the
process of following established codes and procedures governing the
allocation and distribution of power and resources within society. They
are either elected or appointed and they follow what is written in the
constitution (e.g. Duterte → follows and implements the 1987
Constitution).
2. Traditional Authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights

the right of a leader to rule based on the inheritance of the title.
People under the leadership
of a ruler with
traditional authority accept the
latter’s exercise of power as it has
been the status quo in the society
since their forefathers. E.g. Rule
of Monarchs.
3. Charismatic Authority – creates a type of leadership that is based on
personal attachment of the subordinates to the ruler whose
characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be
extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural. Due to this, most of the
ruler’s followers are devoted to him or her without
regard as to whether the authority of the ruler is accepted within the legal
framework of the society. E.g. Nelson Mandela (During the Apartheid in South
Africa 1948-1990’s).
D. The S t a t e a nd i t ’s fo ur ( 4) e l e me nt s
1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE AND A NATION
State (Synonymous to COUNTRY) Natio
- It is a community of persons (1. n
- is a population having a common language
people) more or less numerous, and literature, a common tradition and
permanently occupying a definite history, common customs, and a common
portion of (2) territory, independent of consciousness of rights and wrongs,
external control, and possessing an inhabiting a territory of a geographic
organized (3) government to which unity. A society of men is said to constitute
the great body of inhabitants render a nation when they feel conscious of their
habitual obedience (4. common racial or cultural or sentimental
sovereignty). solidarity among themselves. In sum, a
Note: It simply means that the absence of nation exists where its component atoms
any of these elements will not make a state believe it to be a nation.
a- state.
A political concept; membership in a - An ethnic/cultural concept; membership in
state is called citizenship. a nation is called Nationality
- Note: You may change your citizenship
but not your Nationality (See Article 4 of
the Philippine Constitution).
Cannot be controlled by other countries May or may not be controlled by
(external) since it has legitimate external control (foreign countries). In
authority to control himself. E.g. our Philippine history especially during
Bullying of China in the Spanish and
the West Philippine sea depicts a violation American occupation, the Philippines is still
and endangers the sovereignty of the considered as a “Nation” vying the facts that it
Philippines as a sovereign state and to has only composed of people and territory but
decide on what to do on its own resources without legitimate government and
provided
May in our
consists national patrimony.
of different races sovereignty.
One race or origin
• “A single state may consist of one or more nations or people
e.g. 1 State = Philippines; Nations = Ilocano, Bisaya, Muslim, Igorot, etc.
• and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states.”
E.g. 1 Nation = Arab nations; States = Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.
• What is a nation-state? "It is one where the great majority are conscious of a common
identity and share the same culture". The nation state is an ideal in which cultural
boundaries match up with political ones. (e.g. South Korea, Iceland, Japan, and Portugal)
2. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

a. Divine Right Theory – holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by
God to govern the people
b. Necessity or force theory – maintains that states must have been created through
force
c. Paternalistic theory – attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family
d. Social Contract theory – asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate
and voluntary compact among people to form a government of their own.
▪ Social Contract Theory proponents
1. Thomas Hobbes 2. John Locke 3. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Thought People must People are born with natural The only good gov’t
create gov’t in rights, but give up some is one formed out of
exchange for law freedom to protect these rights free will by people, to
and order protect the people
Government Absolute Self-gov’t Indirect Democracy Self-gov’t Direct
Favored Monarchy Democracy
Quotes “In a state of “All mankind… being all equal “Man is born free,
nature, life is and independent, no one and everywhere he is
solitary poor, nasty ought to harm another in his life, in chains.”
brutish and short” health, liberty or possessions.”
▪ DOCTRINE OF PARENS PATRIAE - means father of the country. This doctrine has been
defined as the inherent power and authority of the state to provide protection to the persons and
property of the persons non-sui juris. Non-sui juris persons are those who lack the legal capacity
to act on his own behalf like the child or the insane persons.
3. THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

• A state is a very powerful entity. Even from the earliest history, the state commands
supreme authority to enforce its will upon the people. These powers are inherent in
nature and the foundation of its existence. No state can exist without these powers,
because it through these powers that state derive its authority.
a) Eminent Domain – the power of the state or of those to whom the power is delegated
to take or expropriate private property for public use upon payment of just
compensation.
*Conditions for or limitations of the exercise of eminent domain:
i. Existence of public use
ii. Payment of just compensation
iii. Observance of due process of law in the taking
b) Police Power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to
persons and property
*Basis of police power:
i. The welfare of the people is the supreme law (salus populi est suprema lex)
ii. So, use your own so as not to injure another’s property (sic utere tuo ut alienum
non laedas)
iii. Illustrations of police power (Public health, Public morals, Public safety, and
General welfare and convenience)
c) Power of taxation –the power of the state to impose charge or burden upon persons or
property or property rights for the use and support of the government.
4. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE
a) People - are the inhabitants of the state. It is the entire body of those citizens of the state
who are vested with political power for political purposes. There is no specific number of
people required in order that a state be considered as one.
• However, it is important that the number must be numerous enough to be self-sufficient
and to defend themselves and small enough to be administered. To date, the smallest
state in
terms of population is Vatican City with 826 citizens, who are mostly clerics and some
Swiss
guards. On the other hand, China is the largest state with 1.3 billion population.
Philippine population as of 2016: 102,250,133 (12th in the world)
b) Territory - is a fixed area or surface of the earth where the inhabitants of a state live and
where they maintain a government of their own.
• There are three components of territory: a) the land mass otherwise known as the
terrestrial domain, b) the internal and external waters, which make up the maritime and
fluvial domain;
and c) the air space above the land and waters, which is called the aerial domain.
• For the sake of practicality, a territory must neither be too big as to be difficult to
administer and defend nor too small as to be unable to provide for the needs of the
population. The smallest state is Vatican City. It spreads across 0.17 square miles or
.43 square kilometer. It would actually fit in Rizal Park in Manila. The biggest state is
Russia with its total land area of
6,592.735 square miles.
• A state may increase or decrease its territory by the acquisition of further territory
through either (a) discovery and occupation; or (b) conquest; or (c) accretion; or (d)
prescription; or (e) cession through gift, exchange, or purchase. It may decrease
through its loss. The increase or decrease does not affect the personality of the state.
What is important is there still exists a portion of its territory as an abode for its people.
For your information. The scope of the Philippine territory is found in Article I of
the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
c) Government - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated,
expressed and carried out.
Question: Can a state exist without government? “A state cannot exist without a
government (since you cannot call it as a state if one element is missing), but it is
possible to have a government without a state (situate the separatist movements or the
rebels who wants to create their own government separate from the established Philippine
government).”
d) Sovereignty – is referred to as the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which
any state is governed. It has two manifestations:
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to command, and enforce
obedience to its
will from the people, within its territorial
jurisdiction;
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to carry out its activity without
interference from other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence
E. GOVERNMENT AND ITS FORMS

1. Difference between Government and Governance
GOVERNME GOVERNANCE
It is a group of peopleNTwho rule or run the administration It is the exercise of power/ authority
of a country. In other words, it may be said that a by political leader for the well-being
government is the body of representatives that governs at their country’s citizens or subject.
and controls the state at a given time. Government is the - Refers to the manner of steering/
medium through which the power of the state is governing and or directing and
employed. controlling a group of people/ the
• Comes from the Greek word “kybernan” which state.
means
“to control/to steer”.
2. Functions of Government
• Constituent functions - are those which constitute the very bonds of society and are
compulsoryin nature.
Examples are keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property;
the fixing of the legal relations between man and wife, etc.
• Ministrant functions - are those that are undertaken only by way of advancing the
general interests of society and are merely optional. Examples are public works, public
education, public charity, health and safety regulations and regulations of trade and
industry.
3. The Constitution - is the fundamental organic law of a State which contains the principles on
which the government is founded and regulates the division and exercise of sovereign powers.
▪ A body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are
habitually exercised.
▪ “that written instrument by which the powers of government are established, limited,
defined and distributed.”
▪
Constitution: Its Nature and Functions
- Serves as the supreme or fundamental law (Constitution of Sovereignty)
- Establishment of the basic framework of government (Constitution of Government)
- Protection of the people from government abuses (Constitution of Liberty)
▪ Constitution distinguished from statute
a) A constitution is a law give \n directly by the people while a statute is enacted by the
people’s representative (E.g. Phil. Congress)
b) A constitution is the fundamental law of the state on which all other laws or statute
are based
c) A constitution cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body while a

statute may abolish by the same body
▪ Amendment or Revision of the Philippine Constitution

- The process to change the constitution begins with a proposal from a legislative body
like our Philippine Congress or directly by the people to amend or revise it. Thus, there
are three (3) methods with which a proposal can be made for change, contained in the
1987 Philippine Constitution:
(1) By a Constitutional Convention (ConCon) called for the purpose;

(2) By Congress, as a Constituent Assembly (ConAss), upon a vote of three-fourths of
all its members, voting separately;
(3) By the people directly, through initiative upon petition of the required number of
voters.
BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OUR CONSTITUTION
a. Recognition of the Almighty God f. Government through suffrage
b. Sovereignty of the people g. Separation of powers
c. Supremacy of civilian authority over the h. Independence of the judiciary

military
d. Separation of Church and State i. Rule of the majority
e. Guarantee of human rights j. Government of laws and not of men

History of the Philippine Constitution:
O Malolos Constitution (1899)
O Commonwealth and the Third Republic (1935)
O Japanese Sponsored Republic (1943)
O Martial Law Constitution (1973)
O Freedom Constitution (1986): The 1987 constitution of the Philippines
Constitutional Convention
President Corazon Aquino
Proclamation No. 3 of
Article
O Issued on March 25, 1986
O Promulgated Freedom Constitution for the Philippines
The Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

O Framers of the Philippine Constitution
O Purposes for the establishment of the Philippine Government
O From the latin word preambulare or “to walk before”
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and
our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
4. Three Branches of Government (Phil. government)
▪ The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is

equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
▪ Embracing the concept of separation of powers, the constitution provides for a president,
who is simultaneously head of government and chief of state, a separately elected vice
president,a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary.
▪ THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS - Under the principle of co-equal and

coordinate powers among the three (3) branches, the officers entrusted with each of these
powers are not permitted to encroach upon the powers confided to the others . If one
department goes beyond the limits set by the Constitution, its acts ar e null and void. The
adoption of this principle was motivated by the belief that arbitrary rule would result if the
same person or body were to exercise all the powers of the government.
▪ PRINCIPLE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES - Each department is given
certain powers with which to check the others.
5. Forms of Government
A. ARISTOTLE'S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT (According to # of rulers)
• Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and student of Plato, classified
government into three. They are:
Number of Rulers IDEAL SELF (-) ITEREST

i. ONE (+)
1. MONARCHY 2. TYRANNY
ii. FEW 3. ARISTOCRACY 4. OLIGARCHY
iii. MANY 5. DEMOCRACY 6. MOBOCRACY
Government based on rule by one

1. Monarchy - is a form of government in which only a single ruler governs.
The monarch rules for the benefit of the people
a. Absolute Monarchy – In this type of monarchial government, the

monarch exercises absolute powers. He wields executive. Legislative,
J, powers. With absolute and tremendous power, he rules an iron hand.
He holds the throne by hereditary right., and most especially,
according to King James I of England, 1603 – 1625 divine right “that
kings are not only lieutenants on earth, but they are looked at by God
as divine
b. Limited Monarchy – distribution of power, Ruler rules in accordance
with a constitution
- In limited monarchy, the monarch is willing to part with some of his
powers and delegates them to some government agencies. For
example, the legislative power is exercised by the legislative body,
the judicial power by the court, and the executive the power by the
king himself. He rules in accordance with law, especially the
constitution. E.g. Japan
2. Tyranny - He rules for his own benefits and ego, accumulates wealth and
satisfies his lust for power. Such a ruler is not legitimate and the people
has the right and the duty to remov e him
in power.
▪ Dictatorship is a form of government ruled by a person who comes
from military or civilian class. During the period of stress or
emergency in the past, the people were sometimes vested
tremendous emergency powers in a military commander, to be
withdrawn after the
emergency vanished. But the ambitious dictator with many
pretensions would insist that the emergency still existed.
1
ii. Government based on rule by few
3. Aristocracy – It Is defined from the Greek etymology, aristo which
means best and kratia or kratus, rule. In essence, therefore, aristocracy
is a government by the “best” members of the community.
▪ This implies that the aristocrats are presumably men of the highest
intelligence and integrity.
They belong to the elite classes. Their social status, wealth and political
power are inherited. These qualities correspond to that of Plato’s
philosophy – viewed the ideal state as governed wise and devoted
rulers.
4. Oligarchy - The wealthy few in the government or the oligarchs, believe
that the most important requisites to the claim of power are wealth, good
social position and education. They use the
government to economic empires for themselves and for their families.
iii. Government based on rule by many.

5. Democracy – “power of the people”, political power is exercised by a
majority of the people,
“A government of the people, by the people and for the people”
Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos, which means people’
and kratia or kratos,which means rule.
2 TYPES:
a. Direct Democracy – One in which the will of the state is formulated
or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a
mass meeting or primary assembly. (e.g. Ancient Athens.
b. Indirect Democracy – one in which the will of the State is
formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small
and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their
representatives. (e.g. Philippines today)
6. Mobocracy – “In transition Government”

• Mob – disorganized kind of crowd that causes instability. Over the years,
the Aristotle's polity became synonymous with representative
government or democracy and his perverse form of polity was
renamed as mob rule or anarchy.
B. AS TO CENTRALIZATION OF POWERS
i. Unitary Government – the control of national and local affairs is
exercised by the central or national government (e.g. Philippines)
ii. Federal Government – the powers of government are divided between
two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs (e.g.
USA)
2
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Arrange the Jumbled Letters.
1. DERALEF ____________________
2. RAGCHILYO ____________________
3. YCRACSIRAT ____________________
4. BESRIT _____________________
5. TTIIOONNCSU _____________________
Activity 2.ENUMERATION
1. 3 Branches of the government
2. 2 types of democracy
3. 4 elements of Stat
Activity 3. Research Work
Getting to know Your Government Officials
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
President: Governor:
Vice- President: Vice- Governor:
Cabinet Secretaries: Mayor:
Vice-Mayor:
Barangay Captain:
SK Chairman:
3
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
Senate President:
Other Senators:
Other Senators: 1.
1. 2.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 5.
5. 6.
6. 7.
7. 8.
8. 9.
9. 10.
10. 11.
11. 12.
12.
House Speaker:
1st District of Tarlac
Congressman:
JUDICIAL BRANCH
Chief Justice:
14 Associate Justices:
End of Week 2
4
INTRODUCTION:
FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY
Education is the most crucial aspect of society which should be given

considerable attention in order for it to become a powerful tool in making
every individual a catalyst of change. Changes is very important in socially
progressive and functional community.
In this lesson, you will:
1. List the major functions of education; and
2. Appreciate the value and importance of education in our community.
DISCUSSION
The Functions of Education
Functional theory stresses that education serves in
fulfilling a society’s various needs and feasibly the most
important function of education is socialization. The French
sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), established the
academic discipline of sociology, characterized schools as
“socialization agencies that teach children how to get along
with others and prepare them for adult economic roles”.
A second function of education is social integration.
For a society to work, functionalists say, people must
subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values. As this
development was a goal of the system of free, compulsory education that
developed in the nineteenth century.
A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and
motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged. Depending on how
they are identified, children are taught at the level that is thought to suit them best.
In this way, they are presumably prepared for their later stations in life. Whether
this process works as well as it should, is an important issue, and we explore it
further when we discuss school tracking later in this chapter.
Social and cultural innovation is a fourth function of education. Our scientists

cannot make important scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up
with great works of art unless they have been educated in the many subjects they
need to know for their chosen path.
Importance of Education
Educational institutions are important in reproducing the existing belief

system and practices of a particular society. It accomplishes this goal by
allotting to the individual learners the roles they need to fulfill as adult
members of society.
Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education
could cure ills. He believed that education is the great equalizer by giving the
people the knowledge and technical skills to participate in national
development. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that
5
determines one’s future status. Hence, many people believe in education-
based meritocracy or the belief that education is the great equalizer and the
key to succeed. Filipinos, for example, believe in value of education that they
are willing to sacrifice everything just to finish college (Lanuza and Raymundo
2016, p.81).
Activity 1. Directions:
Complete the bubble map by writing words associated with the middle phrase –
function of education in society and explain
Activity 2. Direction:
Fill-up the given column below about the function of education in society and
answer in a separate paper or notebook.
Word or Phrases Definition Real-Life Example

Education is socialization
Education is social integration
Education is social placement
Social and cultural innovation
6
Activity 3. Short Response
Direction: Make your answer brief but meaningful.
1. Explain the belief that education is the great equalizer and the key to
succeed in life.
2. As an individual why we need to have an education?
Assessment
Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is

wrong.
__1. A second function of education is social integration.
2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions in a society.
3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of
the society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade
school, students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as
bright and motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged.
5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and
standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ
widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads
to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
6. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed
that education could cure ills
7. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that
contributes both manifest and latent functions.
8. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of
the society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
9. Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform different
functional roles in society.
10. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s
future status.
End of week 3
7
Social and Political Stratification
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define Social and Political Stratification;
2. Examine social stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives; and
3. Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using
sociological perspectives.
INTRODUCTION
https://www.slideshare.net/happynezzabolongaita/ucsp-social-and-political-stratificationv
Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. Karl Maxx looked at it in terms wealth produced in relation to the ownership
of means of production. For example, if you are the owner of the company you get
most of the profits gained by your company’s operation compared to that of your
employees. Wealth may refer to money, properties, a and similar tangible resources.
Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. Karl Maxx looked at it in terms wealth produced in relation to the
ownership of means of production. For example, if you are the owner of the
company you get most of the profits gained by your company’s operation
compared to that of your employees. Wealth may refer to money, properties, and
similar tangible resources.
Max Weber, on the other hand, differentiates them into three: wealth, power ,and
prestige. Individual’s social standing can be measured, all at once, based on their
relative access to these three.
Class system
As discussed earlier, under the class system, individuals are

positioned according to their access to the means of production and
contribution to productive labor. People with higher income tend
to have children who also have higher income.
. Parents who can afford to send their children to better schools
are promoting the future advantage of their children. To talk about
the class system is to talk about the ways in which individuals from
a definite family background can advance to a relatively better
economic position than their parents. In most class system,
education has become the accepted means to advance one’s social
mobility.
8
Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to success.”
This is supported by the theory of education-based meritocracy proposed chiefly
by American sociologists Daniel Bell in the 1960s. In this theory, education is
supposed to be the great status equalizer. Education provides much needed
capital to climb the economic ladder. Hence, many Filipino families will sacrifice
anything for their children to finish a college degree. This practice is based on the
belief that our society is an “open” society that allows the movement of individuals
from a lower class to a relatively higher class.
When people are allowed and are capable of moving from one stratum or
class to another class, it is called social mobility. According to Bruce and Yearley
(2006), social mobility “signifies the movement of people between positions in a
system of social stratification a middle-class occupation) or be
According to Peter Saunders (1990), the term “stratification” has been
borrowed by sociologists from the science of geology. Stratification, in geology
refers to the accumulated strata of rock that form the earth’s surface. In sociology,
while strata do not constitute communities, according to Max Weber, status groups
normally are communities. Status refers to life chances that are determined by
social honor or prestige.
People who belong to status groups usually form exclusive communities
with clear boundaries. They distinguish themselves from the “outsiders” by the use
of the derogatory terms of “us” versus “them.”
Bases of Class According to Karl Marx and Max Weber
Karl Marx Max weber

Economic Structure Power Wealth Prestige
Material prosperity, Political or social Material Widespread

ownership of the authority or prosperity respect and
means of control, admiration felt for
productions especially that someone due to
which is his/her
exercised by a achievements or
government quality
9
10
11
12
13
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1 Short Response
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What is Social Stratification?
2. Explain the different systems of stratification.
3. Define social mobility
14
ACTIVITY 2: FORM A WORD
Directions: Arrange the letters to form a word. After forming a word, please
write the meaning of the word you have formed. All of this words are taken from
this module. Be careful in arranging.
1. ACETS
2. PICILTAOL
3. ONTSARITIFACTI
4. MSUFCNITNOLIA
5. CTCOILNF
6. ALOICS
7. ICYSBMLO
8. YTOERH
9. UORPGS
10. ESCEVERSPIF
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Answer the following questions. Choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
1. It describes the socioeconomic level of society as “layers” with the wealthiest
and most powerful citizen being at the top.
a. functionalism theory c. social stratification
b. conflict theory d. political stratification
2.It is the system of stratification that impose the rigid boundaries between social
groups.
a. caste system b. closed system c. open system d. class system
3. People who are born into this system of society are socialized to accept their
standing for the rest of their lives.
a. class system b. closed system c. caste system d. open system
4. People are free to move from one social class to another and achieve higher
status in life. What system of stratification do they belong?
a. class system b. open system c. closed system d. caste system
5. This system of social stratification mainly based on achievement allowing more
flexibility in social roles, and better interaction.
a. closed system b. open system c. class system d. caste
system
6. Social stratification is influence by economic forces and relationships in society
are defined by factors of production.
a. Conflict theory c. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution
7. Social role that has greater functional purpose will result in greater reward.
8. Inequality causes workers to experience alienation, isolation and great misery
due to powerless status.
15
9. This perspective explains how people’s social standing affects their everyday
interactions.
10. People appearance reflect on their perceived social standing.
End of Week 4
16
Government Programs and Initiative on Local, National and Global in
Addressing Social Inequalities
.
After going through this module, learners are expected to:
1.understand Social Inequality and global inequality;
2.define laws of Person with Disability; and
3.learn about different programs initiated by the government to
address social inequality.
INTRODUCTION:
In the previous chapter, you learned about the social and political stratification; the
concept and forms; its theoretical perspective and the mobility to transfer from one
class to another.
This lesson’s focus is Social inequality .What is social inequality? It is the
existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social status or
positions within a group or society social. A similar situation is faced by the lesbian,
gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community (LGBTQ), who are often
discriminated and ridiculed by society which considered them aberrations or
forms of deviancy.
DISCUSSION
Human rights are rights inherent to all human

beings. No matter what our nationality is, what color our
skin is, what status we have in the society, etc., we are all
equal. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent
and indivisible.
Ethnic minorities are also discriminated. They are often
discriminated by the people who do not understand their
cultures and traditions.
There are policies crafted by the legislators to address
this social inequality. Some of which are: Indigenous
People’s Rights Act that protects the rights of cultural communities; the law that
protect the rights of the person with disabilities (PWD). RA 10754 – An Act
Expanding the Benefits and Privileges of Persons with Disability (PWD); and the
like. Why discrimination still exist?
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
Inequality does not exist only in localities and states but also among states.
There are states that are influential, wealthy and powerful. This leads to a situation
of global inequality; where poor has less power and rich is powerful.
Global inequality (also sometimes referred to as international inequality) can be
defined as the unequal distribution of material resources and income across
countries. Apart from economic figures, global inequality may also refer to the
access to medical care and also to education. According to the global wealth report
of Global Suisse, half of the worldwide wealth is owned by the richest 1% of
17
people. This also implies huge international inequality which has many adverse
consequences.
The following are the important global inequality facts:

1. In 2018, the richest 26 people owned as much wealth as the 3.8 billion
poorest people, Half of humanity lives of less than 5.50 USD per day in 2018.
2. Global wealth worldwide amounts to 361 trillion USD in 2019
3. There are 47 million millionaires worldwide in 2019
4. The average wealth per capital amounts to 70,849 USD in 2019
5. It is estimated that total global wealth increases to 459 trillion USD until 2024
6. 56% of the worldwide population owns wealth less than 10,000 USD in 2019
7. Less than 11% of the global population owns more than 100,000 USD in
wealth in 2019.
8. The 10% richest people own 84% of overall global wealth in 2019
9. The richest 1% of people owned around 45% of overall global wealth in 2019
The following are the causes for global Inequality
Political goals Consumption behavior and Natural
Exploitation of poor countries disasters.
Tax avoidance
Lack of education
Lack of innovation
Gender inequality
Insecurity regarding property rights
Low investment incentives for firms
Low living quality
Regional factors
Conflicts, Famine
18
The effects of global inequality are:
Health effects 6. Poverty
Social tensions 7. Starvation
Increased probability for conflicts 8. Lack of access to education
Frustration 9. Bad working conditions
Drug use 10. Radical movements
11. Migration
Solutions for Global Inequality:
1. Better access to education 7. Improve worker’s rights
2. Financial subsidies 8. Establish minimum wages
3. Create incentives for firms to locate
to poor areas 9. Convince others
4. Increase incentives for innovation 10. Increase national stability levels
5. Worldwide support 11. Improve trade policies
6. Global wealth tax 12. Change consumption behavior
Global inequality is a big problem that has many severe adverse effects for poor countries
and the people living in those regions. Global inequality can be either caused by human actions or
also by natural circumstances.
In order to fight international inequality, it is crucial that countries all over the world work
together and share their newest research findings with each other.
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Analyze and answer the following questions
Base on the pictures below, what is your insight about your rights that you enjoyed? Do you have an
experience like those kids on the pictures? Describe each picture and tell if they are enjoying their rights
or not.
A.
_______________________
B.
_____________________________________
2
C.
__________________________________
D.
__________________________
E.
____________________________________
3
Activity 2: Think and Post:
The Happy Moments with my Family and Friends!
This activity encourages social media sharing to express social rights as a responsible citizen.
People nowadays find it more interesting to post their happy moments with their family and
friends through Facebook or any social media platform. This is an example of expressing their
right as an individual. Post on your Facebook account one happy event with your family; a
birthday, baptism, or any happy gatherings that you shared and enjoyed with your family. I will
go over your Facebook to check it.
Activity 3: Check your understanding.

1. Why do people need to have human rights?
2. Define Human Rights.
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social status or positions
within a group or society.
a. socialization b. environment c. social inequality d. politics
2. It is an act on expanding the benefits and privileges on person with disability (PWD).
a. RA 10458 b. RA 16114 c. RA 10754 d. RA 61425
3. It is an act of providing for the Rehabilitation, Self-Development and Self Reliance of Disabled
person.
a. RA 7277 b. RA 7728 c. RA2777 d. RA 6778
4. This situation exists where poor is powerless and rich is powerful.
a. global inequality b. social inequality c. uncertainty d. poverty
5. Which of the following are the effects of global inequality:
a. Health effects, social tensions, and increased probability for conflicts
b. United nation cooperation on the law of safety
c. Education, church and convention
d. Hospital, malls and airports
4
6. These financial institutions are also positioned to have enormous influence in the policy
directions of the countries that are indebted to them since they can dictate economic policies to
comply with their conditions for loans.
a. The Philippine National bank
b. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and Asian
Development Bank (ADB)
c. The Philippine Stock Exchange
d. The Rural Banking Corporation
7. Which of the following are solutions for Global Inequality:
a. better access to education, Financial subsidies and Create incentives for firms
to locate to poor areas
b. Socialization plays no part in personality formation in individuals
c. Education, church and convention
d. Laws, government, bilateral and transnational
8. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Socialization plays no part in personality formation in individuals.
b. Large-scale complex societies that are not culturally homogenous usually
have unanimous agreement about what should be the shared norms.
c. Successful socialization can result in uniformity within a society.
d. b and c
9. This is also referred to as the declaration of rights or a charter of rights. It is a list of the most
important rights of the citizens of a country.
a. bill of rights b. bill of internet
b. bill of divorce d. bill on electricity
10. Global inequality can be either caused by_________________
a. human actions or also by natural circumstances c. society with no wealth.
b. poor races. d. poor government.
End of week 5
5
Culture and Society in the
Globalizing World
At the end of the lesson, learner is expected to:
1. Explain the changes brought about by modernization while being critical of the Western dominated
definition of modernization;
2. Identify the changes that culture undergoes during the period of globalization;
3. Critically examine the Westernizing influence of globalization on local non-Western cultures; and
4. Discuss the positive ways in which globalization is able to widen the cultural horizons of people
around the world.
INTRODUCTION:
There are factors that influence Filipinos' decision to

buy;Filipinos love freebies;Filipinos shop around,
loyal to brands;TV remains main source of product
info and Advertising influence brand
DISCUSSION
Culture and Social Change Modernization and cultural change
John Calvin an influential French theologian and
pastor during the Protestant Reformation
Sociologist argues that….
i. society evolves and develops

primarily due to social and
CULTURE ii. the significant role played by cultural
forces like religion.
economic factors
Max Weber provided an interesting analysis that showed how

capitalism in the West could have not developed were it not for the push
given by Calvinist ethics.
Calvinism shaped the work ethics of entrepreneurs and capitalists

during the early part of capitalist industrialization. Calvinism created
anxiety among the believers that could only be relieved through hard–
work, total devotion to work, avoidance of idleness, and renunciation
of worldly pleasures. Furthermore, Calvinist doctrine of predestination
(i.e., the doctrine that teaches that God already preordained some
people to be saved), led its members to equate prosperity in this world
with salvation. Hence, the cultural ethos generated by the teachings of
Calvinism supplied the work ethic necessary for capital accumulation
during the incipient growth of capitalism.
6
Weber’s culturalist theory of the emergence of capitalism in the West became
one of the pillars for the development of modernization theory.
In the 1960s… many social scientists, governments, and policy makers
believed in the theory of modernization. According to this view, based on
evolutionary theory of culture, all societies undergo a process of change in the
direction of greater complexity and progress.Walt Rostow (1916–2003)
proposed earliest formulation of modernization theory. Walt Rostow (1916–
2003), an American economist and political theorist, proposed five stages of
development.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/e9/Walt_Rostow_19
68.jpg/1280px-Walt_Rostow_1968.jpg
5 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Rostow’s 5 Stages of
growth
Dependent on Global Economy or Stage 5: High Mass
Market Managing Economies Consumption
Consumer oriented durable goods,
flourish, service sector becomes
Dependent on Growth and
Stage 4: Drive to Maturity
Developed Economies
Diversification, innovation, less
reliance on imports investments
Stage 3. Take Off Dependent on Sub-urban

Industrialization, growing investments,
Economy
regional growth, political change
Stage 2. Transitional Stage Dependent on Social Appreciation of

Specialization, surpluses, infrastructure Education and Skill Development
Stage 1. Transitional Society Dependent on Rural

Subsistence, barter, agriculture Economy
https://i2.wp.com/revisesociology.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/rostows-five-stages-growth.jpg?resize=640%2C480&ssl=1
Demographic research requirement using Rostow’s model prior to Product

Launch Dr. Krishnan
Umachandran
Activity 1.
List down the things you use daily, from food, shampoo, school supplies, music, and TV programs.
Identify each item whether it is imported or not. (Write down your answer on your activity notebook)
Process Questions:
1. How did you get to know about these products?
2. Do you believe that Filipinos have neo-colonial consciousness, that is, they prefer imported
products rather than local ones? Prove your point.
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7
Activity 2.
Base on your own understanding, answer the following questions in your activity notebook. Read
Annex A for further reading on the five stages of development by Rostow.
1. Are Rostow’s 5 Stages of growth still ideal for today’s economies?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
2. Must an economy follow these 5 stages to achieve sustainable economic growth?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
3. Can technology transfer or technology acquisition enable an economy skip early stages
stipulated by Rostow and still achieve sustainable growth?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Globalization and Culture
Cultural homogenization is the process whereby spaces between nations become porous because
of the accelerated phase of diffusion of information, people, capital, and goods. Immersed in computer-
mediated technologies, people’s relationships and forms of interaction around the world increasingly
have become unconstrained by geography and are no longer necessarily local or
national in nature.
Roland Robertson (1992) defines globalization as ‘the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. Globalization
process intensifies the consciousness of the people that cultures are intricately
linked on the global scale. This is globality—as opposed to globalism— that
equates globalization with simple spread of Western-style liberal democracy and
unhampered market forces of capitalism. With globalization has come the idea of
a world culture, that is, the universality of particular cultural traits, whose spread
is a consequence of globalization.
Cultural universalism refers to cultural elements, such as the Internet, fast food
https://www.dur.ac.uk/images/I
from McDonald’s, and Nike sneakers. Technological objects such as “iPhone” and
AS/2018_revisions/Fellows1819
/Fellows1011/ProfRRobertson.j
“Android” are known all over the world although many people do not possess them. Scientific ideas
pg
have the same status.
World polity theory was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations,
structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of interrelated interdependent
units, it is a theory of transnational interaction and global social change
Fear of consumerism leads many sociologists to invent new words to characterize this corporate
process of homogenization of the world like:
“Coca-Colonization” “McDonaldization” by “Disneydization” by

by Kuisel, (1993) Ritzer (2008) Bryman (2004)
“Starbuckization”- prompted by the phenomenal spread of Starbucks worldwide

8 (Ritzer 2010, p. 36).
Cultural Homogenization-Ours is a consumers’ society, in which culture, in common with the rest of
the world experienced by consumers, manifests itself as a repository of goods intended for
consumption, all competing for the unbearably fleeting and distracted attention of potential clients, all
trying to hold that attention for more than just the blink of an eye.
“Globalization” a kind of cultural homogenization is called which is defined “as the imperialistic
ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations. (Ritzer 2011, p. 172).
Ritzer popularized the word McDonaldization.
The best example given by Ritzer on globalization of nothingness are the malls. The structure of the
malls can easily be adapted and transported to other localities yet allowing for local choice of goods,
services, and commodities to be served and displayed. Malls have created a culture of “malling.”
Cultural heterogenization as hybridization
As globalization intensifies cultures become hybridized. Hybridization denotes a wide register of

multiple identity, cross-over, pick-’n’-mix, boundary- crossing experiences and styles, matching a world
of growing migration and transnational families, intensive intercultural communication, everyday
multiculturalism and erosion of boundaries. In optimistic takes on hybridity, ‘hybrids were conceived as
lubricants in the clashes of culture; they were the negotiators who would secure a future free of
xenophobia’ (Papastergiadis 1997, p. 261).
A Filipino-American, for example, may find himself or herself in Seoul, South Korea watching
American soap opera dubbed in Korean language while eating Mediterranean food.
Hybridity has always been with us. But the pace of mixing accelerates and its scope widens in
the wake of major structural changes, such as new technologies that enable new phases of intercultural
contact. Scholars who support cultural heterogenization does not deny that there is some truth in claims
as to global cultural homogenization, – that is, the whole world becoming culturally similar in some
ways. But this is not the whole story, for forms of cultural heterogenization—things becoming more
culturally complex—are also part of, and are produced by, globalization processes (Back, et al. 2012,
p.122).
People do frame their thinking—especially thinking about themselves and who they are—within
global frames of reference. They are compelled to see themselves as just one part of a much greater
global whole. In this view, cultural globalization is ambivalent: it can either encourage a cosmopolitan
consciousness and open attitude towards the wider world and all the different cultures and groups within
it, or it can involve the creation of negative feelings towards people from other cultures, involving racist
and ethnocentric attitudes.
Eric Hobsbawm (1982) puts this analysis in good light: …somewhere on the road between the
globally uniform coke-can and the roadside refreshment stand in Ukraine or Bangladesh, the
supermarket in Athens or in Djkarta, globalization stops being uniform and adjusts to local differences,
such as language, local culture or... local politics (p. 2, as quoted in Back 2012, p. 122).
9
Activity 3. Easy Interview and essay.
Conduct an interview to your parents and answer the questions below.
1. Cultural differences are often expressed in the “generation gap.” List 10 things that you and your
parents share and believe together (religion, education, and family values) as well as those that
you disagree with (music, clothing, and love relationships,).
Good traditional Filipino Values Filipino values that should be

discarded
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Things that I Believe Things that my Parents Things that we both
but my parents don’t believed but I don’t believe in
believe in believe in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Process questions:
1. How will you explain these differences based on the lesson?
2. List the things you think are good about traditional Filipino values (example: resiliency,
“kasipagan,” and family ties). List also those traditional values that you think should be
discarded (example: ningas kugon, family ties, and mamaya na habit).
3. Explain your answer why you like or want to discard the Filipino values you listed above.
10
Activity 2
Directions: Supply the missing word or phrase on the 5 stages of development by Rostow.
11
ASSESSMENT
Directions. Multiple Choice. Select the correct answer from the choices given. Write your
answer on your activity notebook.
1. _________________ is the process whereby spaces between nations become porous because
of the accelerated phase of diffusion of information, people, capital, and goods.
A. Globalization C. Cultural homogenization
B. Economy D. Diversity
2. _________________ proposed earliest formulation of modernization theory

Weber’s culturalist theory of the emergence of capitalism in the West became one of the
pillars for the development of modernization theory.
A. Walt Rostow C. Weber
B. John Calvin D. Max Payne
3. ______________ was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations,

structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of interrelated
interdependent units.
A. World Economy C. World Politics
B. World Polity D. World Bank
4. _______________shaped the work ethics of entrepreneurs and capitalists during the early part
of capitalist industrialization.
A. Weberism C. Rowtowism
B. Calvinism D. Capitalism
5. Cultural universalism refers to cultural elements, such as the Internet, fast food from
McDonald’s, and Nike sneakers.
A. Culturalization C. Socialization
B. Globalization D. Cultural universalism
End of week 6
12
Economy, Society ,Cultural and Political Change

1. analyze economic organization and its impact on the lives of people in the society;
2. examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives;
3. identify characteristics of the systems of stratification;
THE ECONOMY AS FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL LIFE

INTRODUCTION
The importance of economic structure Karl Marx, the father of scientific

socialism, famously stated in his a preface to a critique of political
economy the most controversial assertion in sociology:
“in the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that
are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of
production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material
forces of production. The sum total of these relations of production
gstati
constitutes the economic structure of society—the real foundation, on which
ANd9
H6rz rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite
uyZ
forms of social consciousness.
DISCUSSION
SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION AS SOURCE OF INEQUALITIES
Some sociologists, however, extend the definition of class to include not only
access to the means of production like land, capital, and technologies but
also to the prestige attached to one’s social position. Hence, some
sociologists, writing along the Weberian tradition, use the term stratification.
When regularly recognized social differences (of wealth, color, religion,

ethnicity or gender, for example) become ranked in some hierarchical
manner, sociologists talk about strata (Bruce and Yearly 2006, p. 290).
Max Weber defined class as a category of individuals who:
1. Have in common a specific causal component of their life chances

in so far as
2. This component is represented exclusively by economic interests
in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and
3. It is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor
market.
“I believe that ownership of property is crucial to the definition of class. Where class referred to
social differences based on economic divisions and inequalities, status designated the
differentiation of groups in the “communal” Sphere in terms of their social honor and social
standing”. ---Max Weber
Caste System as a system of social stratification differs from class in its rigidity
and in the basis of legitimacy. It is also called a closed system in contrast with
the class system that is relatively open. Membership of castes is ascribed rather
13 than achieved, and social contact between castes is heavily constrained and
ritualized. Unlike in the class system, in the caste system the positions of people
are already determined at the moment they were born.
Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to
success.” This is supported by the theory of education-based
meritocracy proposed chiefly by American sociologists Daniel Bell in
the 1960s.
In this theory, education is supposed to be the great status equalizer.

Education provides much needed capital to climb the economic ladder.
Hence, many Filipino families will sacrifice anything for their children to
finish a college degree. This practice is based on the belief that our
society is an “open” society that allows the movement of individuals
from a lower class to a relatively higher class. When people are allowed
CsOjy
AAC
niel%
and are capable of moving from one stratum or class to another class, it
is called social mobility
The Class system

As discussed earlier, under the class system, individuals are positioned
according to their access to the means of production and contribution to
productive labor. People with higher income tend to have children who also
have higher income. Parents who can afford to send their children to better
schools are promoting the future advantage of their children. To talk about
the class system is to talk about the ways in which individuals from a definite
.
family background can advance to a relatively better economic position than
their parents. In most class system, education has become the accepted
means to advance one’s social mobility.
Social mobility“ signifies the movement of people between positions in a

system of social stratification. In modern societies this means the movement
of people between social classes is defined by occupational scales. It may
occur between generations (as when a girl born into a working-class family
achieves a middle-class occupation) or be the ups-and downs of an individual
career” (p. 283).- Bruce and Yearley (2006)
Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002), a French sociologist, who dealt

extensively with class inequalities by arguing that capital, in its classic
Marxist usage, does not refer only to economic assets but also includes
cultural, symbolic, and social capital. Cultural capital refers to the
forms of knowledge, educational credentials, and artistic taste that a
person acquires from family background, which give them higher
status in society.
Social capital refers to resources based on group membership,
relationships, and networks of influence and support. Bourdieu (1984)
described social capital as “the aggregate of the actual or potential
resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more
or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and
https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/
compressed.photo. goodreads.com/books/1480166440l /24851764.jpg
recognition.” In traditional societies, for instance, individuals are recruited in a bureaucracy on the
basis of blood relations. In his book distinction (1984), Bourdieu refers to symbolic capital as “the
acquisition of a reputation for competence and an image of respectability and honourability…” (p.
291)
14
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Directions:
Create a comic strip of how you perceive the difference between a wealthy family (owner of a
mall), middle class family (both parents are professionals), and poor family (both parents are
high school graduates)
Middle Class Family
Poor Family
ACTIVITY 2 Differentiate me.

Direction:
At this point, give keywords that you can associate and/ or differentiate from class and statu
CLASS STATUS
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
15
Politics
What does politics mean? Why does politics bear a negative connotation especially when used by
well-known politicians, celebrities, and media practitioners? What is the relationship between
power and politics? Where does power lie? Who wields power? Who seizes power? What does it
mean to be political? What does it take to be politicized? What are the possible ways in which
politics and empowerment can mean something meaningful and fruitful for the majority?
POLITICS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
All known societies are organized in ways that facilitate and maintain the everyday life and culture
of different social groups. This means that the morality made up of norms, mores, and folkways that
people live by are part of an organized system of “ways of doing and mixing” Are ways of living in
a world where each individual needs to mix with other people. In other words, there are rules,
unwritten or written, that guide people’s ways of socializing. This way of inhabiting the world is
conceptualized as social relations. Power is a nominal term or another word we use to refer to social
7
relations. This means that the rules for relating socially are observed depending on one’s position
in society. This is why all social relations are power relations. This why politics is not even choice
that those who can get into. Politics is part and parcel of social life. It shapes the way people live
and die.
6
ORIGINS OF THE PHILIPPINE MODERN STATE
Modern principalia: “a continuity of leadership recruitment

from a tiny minority of elite families and, in spite of
“democratic” Elections, members of these families get
elected again and again.” –dante simbulan
pg
The ruling elite or the plutocracy refers to any given society’s economic and political elite. In this
context, the melding of economic and political power is decisive in the formation of the Philippine
state and the different regimes or governments that have historically made it up. In an ideal world,
governance only requires political acumen or the ability to wield political capital effectively. But
the history of colonialism and neo-colonialism has shaped the confluence of economic and political
power in shaping the life of a nation.
Each province in the Philippines is almost always ruled by political dynasties that rule not only
the political life, they also shape and control ordinary people’s economic and social life.
Throwback in history
The Principalia is a product of Spanish colonialism that morphed into the modern principalia
all throughout American colonialism and neo-colonialism, up to the institution of the modern
Philippine state.
Caciquism is a system of rule introduced by the Spanish colonizers who ruled the
Philippines from 1571-1898. While leaders of Barangays and Datus already existed in the social
organization of the various regions in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao before Spanish colonial rule,
these sophisticated system of organization was used by the Spanish colonizers against the
colonized.
The Spanish colonizers introduced Caciquism or the rule of the cacique or chief
through local leaders like the datos and cabezas de barangay. In other words, local chiefs were
recruited to the Spanish colonial government as local collaborators. They were compensated
through the encomienda system, or land grants to local caciques.
16
In the Bonifacio-led 1896 katipunan revolution, the Principalia played a counter-intuitive
role. The 1896 revolution was inspired by the reform movement initiated by the Ilustrados, they are
intellectual segment of the Principalia who are alienated from the practices and interests of this elite
group. They are the young intellectuals who studied in Europe a midst the Philippines’ colonization
of Spain. Their exposure to the literature on the enlightenment and the different revolutions in the
west, foremost of which is the French revolution, these alienated young intellectuals would come
home to the country to become propagandists of the reform movement against Spanish colonialism.
From this movement, the revolutionary katipunan was born and eventually won the revolution
against Spanish colonialism.
During the United States colonization of the Philippines, the campaign to pacify
revolutionary anti-colonial forces ensued. The principalia during this period was comprised of pro-
American upper class Filipinos, who in December 12, 1900, came together, all 125 of them, to
organize the Federalista party.
As part of the pacification campaign, local Filipino elites were also appointed by Americans
in different positions in the bureaucracy culminating in the commonwealth period. This period
marked the institutionalization of the modern Principalia as pillars in the establishment of state
institutions in the so-called post-colonial period. This segment of the Principalia has its roots from
the land-owning Principalia that collaborated with Spanish colonizers.
This is how the modern Principalia became the local ruling elite that occupy seats in
local government units, congress, senate, and the Malacanang palace. Contemporary
Philippine politician’s preference for foreign investors, partnerships with big business, and us
military forces is a disposition that has its historical roots in the making of the modern Principalia
which now comprise the modern Philippine state.
The phenomenon of making profits out of one’s seat in government or what is known as
bureaucrat capitalism is a logical trajectory of governance that was instituted during colonial rule,
and whose substance and bases (economic power based on land, and later on, entanglement with
foreign interests) have yet to be eliminated to make Philippine politics a practice of genuine
democracy.
ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Write your answer in your activity notebook.

As i observed. List down below names of politicians in your municipality/province/city and
opposite their names is their positions.
Ex. Manuel Hipolito – mayor
Name elected position in politics
1. ____________________ - ________________________
2. ____________________ - ________________________
3. ____________________ - ________________________
4. ____________________ - ________________________
5. ____________________ - ________________________
Process questions:
1. Are there multiple positions occupied by the same clan/ relatives or families? Yes or no
2. How are political dynasties formed and maintained?
3. Why do they get elected? Does winning elections any indicator of the people’s will?
4. In such conditions, can there be genuine democracy?
17
ACTIVITY 4
Direction: Answer the processed questions cited in the basic block list.
1. What is good governance for you?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
2. Essay: Should we abolish the pork barrel system? (300 words only)
18
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Identify what is asked in the following items. Write your answers in your activity
notebook.
…the majority and minority parties represent almost exclusively the intelligentsia and
what we would call the Philippine plutocracy, and that the needy classes have no
representation in these parties and for these reasons they have neither voice nor vote,
even only as minorities, in the formulation of governmental policies…”
1.______
symbolic capital as “the acquisition of a reputation for competence and an image of

respectability and honorability…” (p. 291)
2. ______
Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to success.”

3.______
“I believe that ownership of property is crucial to the definition of class. Where class
referred to social differences based on economic divisions and inequalities, status
designated the differentiation of groups in the “communal” sphere in terms of their
social honor and social standing”.
4. _____
“In the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that are
indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond
to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production.
5._____
1 2 3 4 5
End of week 7
Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great job!
19
REFERENCES
A. BOOK
Maria Ella Atienza, Et. Al.Date.Understanding Culture, Society And Politics: Edition, C & E
Publishing Inc.
Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology London: G.Allen &
Unwin.1915.
Renard, John. The Handy Religion Answer Book Detroit: Visible Ink Press 2002.
Antonio P. Contreras Ph.D, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz PhD, Dennis S. Erasga, PhD ,Cecile C. Fabrigon, PhD Cand, Project
Director: Ronald B. Mactal, PhD. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Phoenix Publishing House 2016.
B. INTERNET SOURCES.
(https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pontifical-and-royal-university-of-santo-tomas-the-
catholic-university-of-the-philippines/the-contemporary-world/lecture-notes/final-ucsp-module-
very-good/5432381/view, n.d.)
(https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SHS-Core_Understanding-Culture-
Society-and-Politics-CG.pdf, n.d.)
(https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm, n.d.)
(https://kupdf.net/download/module-ucsp_59b64d97dc0d60ef328ceb25_pdf, n.d.)
DepED Alternative Delivery Mode
20
ECONOMIC AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
TOPICS:
1. Historical Overview of Economy
2. Economic Processes and Systems
3. Relationship of State and Markets
4. Non-state institutions and its typologies
5. Interrelationship of Government and Non-state Institutions
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Through discussion and the module, the learners are able to:
1. Analyze economic organization and its impacts on the lives of people in the society.
2. Recognize other forms of economic transaction such as sharing, gift exchange,
and redistribution in his/her own society.
3. Identify the functions of non-state institutions in society.
4. Evaluate the impact of interventions of non-state institutions in the process of governance
of state.
21
A. INTRODUCTION
The societal world has been through several changes, advancements, and innovations since
the dawn of the Neolithic stage. Consequently, these changes have greatly affected the social,
cultural, political, and most especially economic aspect of societies. Due to various and
numerous technological improvements, the whole economic processes have also been
developed.
In this module, you will be able to have a better understanding of some of the significant
facets of the economy – the various economic systems, banks, and other economic entities. You
will also come across different business organizations. Furthermore, you will be able to
understand the relationship between the state and market. Lastly, the succeeding sections of this
module discuss the elements of non-state institutions in relation to their background, features, and
functions.
II. DISCUSSION
THE ECONOMY: HISTORICAL

OVERVIEW
❖ Economy - is the social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution,
and
consumption of goods and services.
• As an institution, the economy operates, for better or worse, in a generally
predictable manner. Goods are commodities ranging from necessities (food,
clothing, shelter) to
luxury items (cars, swimming pools, yachts). Services are activities that benefit others
(for
example, the work of priests, physicians, teachers, and computer software
specialists).
• The economies of modern high-income nations are the result of centuries of
social change. We turn now to the three technological revolutions that reorganized
production
and, in the process, transformed social life
22
1. Agricultural Revolution - The earliest human societies were made up of hunters and
gatherers living off the land. In these technologically simple societies, there was no distinct
economy. Rather, producing and consuming were part of family life.
• When people harnessed animals to plows, beginning some 5,000 years ago, a
new agricultural economy was created that was fifty times more productive than
hunting and gathering.
2. Industrial Revolution - By the mid-eighteenth century, a second technological revolution
was under way, first in England and then in North America. The development of industry
was even
more powerful than the rise of agriculture in bringing change to the economy.
Industrialization
changed the economy in five fundamental ways:
a. New sources of energy. Throughout history, “energy” had meant the muscle power
of people or animals. But in 1765, the English inventor James Watt introduced the steam
engine. One hundred times more powerful than animal muscles, early steam engines soon
drove heavy machinery.
b. Centralization of work in factories. Steam-powered machines soon moved work from
homes to factories, the centralized and impersonal workplaces that housed the machines.
c. Manufacturing and mass production. Before the Industrial Revolution, most people
grew or gathered raw materials such as grain, wood, or wool. In an industrial economy,
the focus shifts so that most people work to turn raw materials into a wide range of
finished products such as processed foods, furniture, and clothing.
d. Specialization. Centuries ago, people worked at home, making products from start to
finish. In the factory, a worker repeats a single task over and over, making only a small
contribution to the finished product.
e. Wage labor. Instead of working for themselves, factory workers became wage
laborers working for strangers, who often cared less for them than for the machines they
operated.
3. Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society - By about 1950, the nature of
production was changing once again.
• The postindustrial era is marked by a shift from industrial work to service work.
Driving this change is a third technological breakthrough: the computer. In
general, there have been three significant changes:
a. From tangible products to ideas.
b. From mechanical skills to literacy skills.
c. From factories to almost anywhere.
23
Fig. 1: Evolution of Economy
Figure 1 is an illustration of how economy started from the ancient times up to the modern
times, as it highlights the money-driven economy represented by casinos more than the
simplistic hunting
tradition.
C. ECONOMIC PROCESSES
ECONOMIC PROCESSES
1. Reciprocity
• In most situations, when you give something away, you expect something in return.
• This economic process entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often on
an individual basis.
• In reciprocity, there are no goods and services lost because it is a circular process
wherein you just receive and return the favor.
• Barter is the most common form of reciprocity, as this process includes the exchange of
• commodities between individuals.
➢ According to Marshall Sahlins (1965), there are three major types of
reciprocity.
Table 1: Sahlins’ Types of Reciprocity (1965)
2. Transfers
• When resources from one individual or organization are given to another with
no expectation of return. E.g. Transfer of financial aids, government subsidies, and
social security.
3. Redistribution
• Economic redistribution occurs when the resources of one, several individuals, or
groups are collected and distributed proportionally or equally to participating
members. E.g.
progressive income tax systems and charity donations.
• For instance, progressive income tax systems allow for a process of ensuring that the
poorer members of society are given ample resources to cover their basic needs
through the
imposition of higher taxes among the wealthy.
• On the other hand, when wealthy people make charity donations, they get similar
effects that are highly beneficial for them. These donations can affect their social
conscience or
social image, allowing them to gain public recognition and admiration.
• In less complex societies, this can be seen in the form of a tribute, a process where
members of society give gifts to their chief, expecting that the latter would ensure their
group’s economic a and political security.
24
• The marriage tradition of patrilineal societies known as bride price, or the
transferring of wealth from the man’s family to the woman’s family as a form of gift prior to
the wedding is an example of how redistribution occurs on a micro level. E.g. Bride price in
Vanuatu.
Figure 2: Bride price in Vanuatu in the South Pacific Ocean
4. Market Transactions
• Market is referred to as the exchange of goods and services that involves buying and
selling processes.
• Market is about making money, capital, income, and growth (Women and Economy,
2011).
• Humans have several needs and wants that are deemed as bases of market sellers
for producing goods and services.
• After the production of goods and services, everything is brought to the market for
the purpose of selling.
• Buyers are then expected to purchase the available market supplies (goods and
services) for the purpose of consumption and satisfying their needs.
• The key element that separates market transactions from reciprocity and redistribution
is the use of standardized currency. It simply means that you cannot buy a can of soda
from the grocery by giving a chicken that you raised in your backyard.
D. ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
• Each country, through its government, would take various actions so that resources would
be properly allocated and wealth as much as possible, be equally distributed. To meet
such goals, states have adopted different economic systems.
1. Traditional Economy – is the economic system whereby the means of production is based
on traditions, practices, and even beliefs of the people. In this kind of economy, the people
employ the same practices which were also by their forefathers. E.g. Manual way of farming
2. Command Economy – the means of production is owned and controlled by the government.
The government decides what, how much, and for whom to produce.
• This particular system is seen in countries like North Korea and China, because their
governments do not only regulate but also have direct control over the economy.
3. Market Economy – the means of production in this economic system is controlled by private
enterprises. Free trade is evident. Here, the government does not directly control the market
forces.
• The role of government is to regulate economic activities and provide the society what
the market does not offer, such as infrastructure, health, education, and defense.
Countries that apply capitalism like United States strongly adhere to this economic system.
25
4. Mixed Economy – This is a combination of the three other economic system. A mixed
economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of a market economy
with elements
of a planned economy, free markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with
public enterprise. E.g. Iceland, Sweden, France, etc.
* Economic System prevalent in the Philippines: The Philippines has a mixed economic
system because the three economic systems are seen in the country. However, the one that
that is prevalent is the market economy. Businesses are owned by private entities and not
by the state.
On the other hand, the government regulates the different aspects of the market by
enacting laws, issuing licenses before a business could actually operate.
E. RELATIONSHIP OF STATE AND MARKET

• State and market are two different institutions, but they are interrelated and both perform
critical functions.
• The State, as the one that directs the nation as a whole, has a greater role in the attainment
of economic progress. Through its government, the state must be able to create laws, policies,
and programs that would be of real benefit to the nation. It is vital that the state is able to protect
its institutions from possible pressures that major actors of the market may cause.
• The State, being more dominant entity and as the protector of the welfare of the people,
must be able to regulate economic activities so as not to pose threat to the economy.
F. NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS AND ITS TYPOLOGIES

❖ Non-state Institutions – are institutions not related to the components of state.
These institutions function with minimal intervention from state institutions.
• Although states possess the official political power in a given territory, the
capacity of non-state institutions to affect the political and economic trajectory of a
society cannot
be discounted.
• These non-state institutions include the following: banks and corporations,

cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, and developmental
agencies and
international organizations. These non-state institutions are equally capable
of
influencing policy formulation and implementation.
1. Banks and Corporations – There are several financial institutions that aid people in terms of
money and investments. In these institutions, everything is associated, related, and linked
to money and financial transactions.
• Banks – are known as the financial institutions that are authorized under the law to safe-
keep monetary deposits.
* Financial institutions are categorized in 5 form

Financial Institution Description
1. Commercial • Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be in the
Banks form of credit card, debit card, and check.
• Provides business, individual, and personal loans, enabling commercial
banks to earn interest
• Subjected to more regulations e.g. BDO, BPI, etc.
2. Investment • Financial intermediaries that perform a variety of services for
Banks businesses and some governments.
• Issue securities to the investing public. Make markets, facilitate
mergers,
and other corporate reorganizations.
• Act as broker for institutional clients
• Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as the Securities
and
Exchange Commission, FINRA and the US Treasury.
• Subjected to fewer regulations
26 E.g. PNB Capital and Investment Corporation, BPI Capital
Corporation
3. Insurance • Aid individuals and companies in terms risk management and
Companies wealth preservation
• Capable of earning profit and paying claims, through their large
number
of insurances
e.g. Pru Life Insurance Corp. of U.K., Philippine American Life
4. Brokerages and
• Intermediaries in the transaction between buyers and sellers for
General
the Insurance
purpose Company, Inc., etc.
of security
• Commission-based earnings e.g. BPI Securities (BPITrade)
5. Investment • Help individuals invest funds or money with other investors to
companies/cor manage portfolios of security
porations • Purchase securities indirectly through a package product such
as mutual fund
e.g. Loan Star Lending Group Corporation
2. Cooperatives and Trade Unions – have the primary role of promoting labor welfare and
good
industrial relations. They are organizations which comprises workers and laborers with
common goals, purposes, and interests. They mostly concern employment relations,
decency, and welfare. E.g. Kilusang Mayo Uno (Trade Union), Goodwill Advocacy
Cooperative, etc.
3. Transnational Advocacy Group – serves as international catalysts for change. Aiming to
achieve international changes toward policies and practices. E.g. Green Peace which is
popular for its members’ active and alternative engagement of the public and concerned
agencies in
relation to environmental
issues.
• The pressure that transnational advocacy groups (TAGs) create in state institutions, and
at times to the general public, creates a negative image. Evans (2008) argue
that
“transnational networks and corporations are considered the bad guys, whereas
the
nongovernment organizations are the good guys.
• The issues being catered by the TAGs are human rights, consumers’ rights, women’s
rights,
international peace and environmental issues.
4. Developmental Agencies – are organizations with specific aims and goals. The common
denominator among these organizations is the term development. These agencies
concentrate on the growth, progression, and advancement of specific societal concerns,
which can be infrastructure or social institutions.
❖ Major types of Organizations that are considered as Developmental Agencies:
a. International Organizations (NGOs) – Coppee (2011) stated that “one of the important
roles
of international organizations is to translate agreed-upon values into rights and
obligations.”
• The central role of international organizations is essentially to provide support
and assistance through organized framework to international cooperation. This
cooperation
aims to be developed across several institutions over time. The United Nations (UN)
is a
premier example based from its
aims.
• They concentrate mostly on the distribution of equitable health and social
development. Also, these organizations have diverse networks that enable them
to
provide and exchange support across different borders and localize their
implementations of international policies. E.g. UN and its specialized agencies,
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU), etc.
27
b. Nongovernmental Organizations – mostly working in limited territories, NGOs are
often characterized by their intensive collaboration with local stakeholders to improve
their beneficiaries’ conditions.
• Este (1992) defined NGOs as “those nonprofits, often voluntary, organizations that
carry a broad range of social development functions with and on behalf of people.
The vast majority of these organizations exists outside of government and, thus,
their programs emanate more from the expressed needs of people rather than from
governments.”
• NGOs also aims to promote social change through their initiatives and
organizational methods. Many NGOs have targeted their efforts toward population
groups that tend
to be undeserved by governmental programs, including women, the aged,
physically and mentally disabled persons, the poor, and various social groups
that have been
marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity, caste, and social class. E.g.
Philippine
Red cross, Children’s Mission Philippines, etc.
G. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

• Governments are faced with varying demands from its constituents. When governments
are unable to address such demands and their related issues, non-state institutions
create
responses to facilitate government intervention through policy campaigns or even
actual
delivery of demanded services and products.
1. Economic Alliance – Aims to promote economic improvement and, at the same time,
resolve issues concerning closed economies. The main objective is to produce
economic policies that lead to economic diversity and growth. The ASEAN Economic
Community (AEC) is one of the more recent examples of economic alliances formed
by countries to promote economic stability and sustainability in their region.
2. National security – is a state or condition where our most cherished values and
beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare
and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously
enhanced. The maritime dispute between China and the Philippines over the Panatag
Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) and the Spratlys has been the cause of threat to the national
security of both countries.
3. Disaster Mitigation and Risk Reduction – One of the areas where non-state
institutions are actively involved in its disaster response. In situations where logistical
support is lacking, non-
state institutions often become the first responders in areas devastated by disasters.
In the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda, Leyte and other neighboring provinces
received support
from both state and non-state institutions.
4. Social Development – entails productivity, better efficiency, accomplishment, and
innovations. The pursuit of public health equity, or equal access to health systems, is
one of
the foci of international organizations such as UN Development Program (UNDP) and
World
Health Organization (WHO). Human rights and social justice is the focus of
organizations such as Amnesty International, Save the Children, and International
Justice Mission. All of
these examples highlight the clamor for social development.
IV. REFERENCES:
• Aguilar, M., et al. (2016) Society, Culture and Politics. Quezon City: The Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
• Alejandria-Gonzalez, M. (2019) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Module. Second
Edition. Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
28
• Henslin. (2006) Essentials of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach, United States of
America: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Macionis, J., Sociology, United States of America: Pearson
MODULE 9: EDUCATION, HEALTH, AND RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS: ITS FORMS
AND FUNCTIONS AS INSTITUTIONS
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the learner will be able to:
a) Differentiate functions of education as it affects the lives of the people in the society;
b) Discuss the functions of religion in a society and for an individual;
c) Differentiate the perspectives in understanding the concept of health
II. DISCUSSION A. Education

➢ The school is one of the universal symbols for education. It is a place where learners of varied
ages, backgrounds and needs are brought together to learn.
➢ Education is a process of acquiring and equipping people with knowledge and skills and values
that will allow him or her to actively participate in varied social tasks and activities.
➢ Education is also a systematic process of transmitting knowledge and skills that are necessary
in the performance of one’s roles in the society.
➢ Education can be formal, informal and non-formal.
29
Formal Education is:
a. An institutional activity b. Chronologically
graded structure c. Uniform
d. Subject-oriented e. Full time
f. Leads to certificates, diplomas, degrees
30
Informal Education is:
a. Life-long process
b. Individual learns from daily experiences
c. Individual learns from exposure to the environment at home, at work, at play, etc.
31
Non-formal Education is:
a. Flexible
b. Life, environment and learner-oriented
c. Diversified in content and method
d. Built on learner participation

e. Mobilizes local resources f. Enriches human and
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
and Politics
Quarter 2- Module 7
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Overview
General Instructions
Content
What I Need To Know
What I Know
What’s In
What’s New
What Is It?
What’s More
Several Political Stratification
The Concept Of Social Stratification
Systems Of Stratification
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Social Mobility
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
Answer Key
References
32
OVERVIEW
Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Social and Political Stratification. This module will help you
understand Social and Political Stratification; identify the characteristics of the system of stratification; and examine the
concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspectives. The module is self –
instructional and allows you to learn in your own space, at your own pace. So, relax and enjoy learning.

Lesson
7
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

This module will help you understand Social and Political Stratification; identify the characteristics of the system of
stratification; and examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological
perspectives.
33
Objectives:
1. Define Social and Political Stratification;
2. Examine social stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives; and
3. Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspectives.
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you already know.
WHAT I KNOW?
INSTRUCTION: Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Mark a check ( ) if the statement corresponds to whether T (True) or F (False).
Statement T F
1. Social means relating to society or to the way society is organized.
2. Caste system means that people are free to move from one social class to another
3. Closed system means they have the rigid boundaries between social groups.
4. Socialization becomes more healthy when we share our ideas and thought with other people.
5. Conflict theory explains that social role has a greater functional purpose will result in greater reward.
Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of this module.
WHAT’S IN?
In the previous chapter you learned that Primary education is a right of every child and it is the responsibility of the
state and parents to ensure that every child is provided with a satisfactory level of education.
WHAT’S NEW?
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Identify five (5) traits that you posses and state which of these you inherited from your parents. Which of these you
can change as you grow up?
2. Compare yourself with your best friend. Describe how different or similar you are from them?
WHAT IS IT?
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
https://www.slideshare.net/happynezzabolongaita/ucsp-social-and-political-stratificationv
Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing. Karl Maxx looked at it in terms
wealth produced in relation to the ownership of means of production. For example, if you are the owner of the company
you get most of the profits gained by your company’s operation compared to that of your employees. Wealth may refer
to money, properties, and similar tangible resources.
Max Weber, on the other hand, differentiates them into three: wealth, power ,and prestige. Individual’s social standing
can be measured, all at once, based on their relative access to these three. For example, a college professor may have
less power and less wealth, but he/she enjoys a lot of prestige. A government employee may have less wealth and less
prestige, but he/she may have more power. Political stratification can be related to norms, values, class structures,
status groups, associations, and laws, which structure the relations between individual.
Bases of Class According to Karl Marx and Max Weber
Karl Marx Max weber
Economic Structure Power Wealth Prestige
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Material prosperity, ownership of the means of productions
Political or social authority or control, especially that which is exercised by a government
Material prosperity
Widespread respect and admiration felt for someone due to his/her achievements or quality
35
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Directions: Write your answer in your activity notebook
1. What is Social Stratification?
2. Explain the different systems of stratification.
3. Define social mobility.
WHAT I CAN DO?

ACTIVITY 2: FORM A WORD
Directions: Arrange the letters to form a word. After forming a word, please write the meaning of the word you have
formed. All of this words are taken from this module. Be careful in arranging, your answer is equivalent to five points
each. Goodluck !!!
1. ACETS
2. PICILTAOL
3. ONTSARITIFACTI
4. MSUFCNITNOLIA
5. CTCOILNF
6. ALOICS
7. ICYSBMLO
8. YTOERH
9. UORPGS
10. ESCEVERSPIF
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Answer the following questions. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your activity
notebook.
1. It describes the socioeconomic level of society as “layers” with the wealthiest and most powerful citizen being at the
top ?
a. functionalism theory c. social stratification
b. conflict theory d. political stratification
2.It is the system of stratification that impose the rigid boundaries between social groups.
a. caste system b. closed system c. open system d. class system
3. People who are born into this system of society are socialized to accept their standing for the rest of their lives.
a. class system b. closed system c. caste system d. open system
4. People are free to move from one social class to another and achieve higher status in life. What system of stratification
do they belong?
a. class system b. open system c. closed system d. caste system
5. This system of social stratification mainly based on achievement allowing more flexibility in social roles, and better
interaction.
a. closed system b. open system c. class system d. caste system
6. Social stratification is influence by economic forces and relationships in society are defined by factors of production.
36
7. Social role that has greater functional purpose will result in greater reward.
8. Inequality causes workers to experience alienation, isolation and great misery due to powerless status.
9. This perspective explains how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions.
10. People appearance reflect on their perceived social standing.
Economy, Society, and Cultural Change
After this module, the students are expected to:
- analyze economic organization and its impact on the lives of people in the society;
- examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives;
- identify characteristics of the systems of stratification;
- discuss the process of economic globalization and its consequences;
- suggest ways to address global inequalities;
- identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies;
- describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the physical, social, and
cultural environment; and
- identify the social goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving these goals.
Motivation
Divide the class into three groups. Then ask them to create a skit and present to class a
dramatization of the difference between a wealthy family (owner of a mall), middle class family
(both parents are professionals), and poor family (both parents are high school graduates). Focus
on the behavior of the families during dinner.
37
The Economy as Foundation of Social Life
38
The Importance of economic structure Karl Marx, the father of scientific socialism, famously stated
in his
A Preface to a Critique of Political Economy the most controversial assertion in sociology:
In the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that are
indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production
correspond to a definite stage of development of their material forces of
production. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the
economic structure of society—the real foundation, on which rises a legal and
political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social
consciousness. The mode of production of material life determines the social,
political and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of
men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being
that determines their consciousness.
System of Stratification as Source of Inequalities
Some sociologists, however, extend the definition of class to include not only access to the
means of production like land, capital, and technologies but also to the prestige attached to one’s
social position. Hence, some sociologists, writing along the Weberian tradition, use the term
stratification. When regularly recognized social differences (of wealth, color, religion, ethnicity
or gender, for example) become ranked in some hierarchical manner, sociologists talk about
strata (Bruce and Yearly 2006, p.
290). Max Weber defined class a category of individuals who (1) “have in common a specific
causal component of their life chances in so far as (2) this component is represented exclusively
by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and (3) it is
represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor market.” He was close to Marx’s
view because he believed that ownership of property is crucial to the definition of class. But
Weber’s sociology distinguished status from class as the two principal bases of social
stratification. Where class referred to social differences based on economic divisions and
inequalities, status designated the differentiation of groups in the “communal” sphere in terms
of their social honor and social standing. For Weber and his followers, status groups are
differentiated less on the basis of wealth but by the kind of shared lifestyle they have.
It is well known that Weber saw class as only one aspect of the distribution of power in society. So,
while
a physician belongs to the middle class, being a member of a professional group of physicians
also means having an elite status that gives a member social prestige. Caste Caste system as a
system of social stratification differs from class in its rigidity and in the basis of legitimation. It is
also called a closed system in contrast with the class system that is relatively open. Membership
of castes is ascribed rather than achieved, and social contact between castes is heavily
constrained and ritualized. Unlike in the class system, in the caste system the positions of people
are already determined at the moment they were born. In his famous essay on “The Future Results
of British Rule in India,” Karl Marx characterized the Indian castes as “the most decisive
39
impediment to India’s progress and power.” Marx correctly argued that the caste system of India
was based on the hereditary division of labor, which was inseparably linked with the unchanging
technological base and subsistence economy of the Indian village community.
40
This is exemplified in the caste system where high-class caste sets itself apart from the outcast.
Whereas
Karl Marx defined class in relation to the ownership of the means of production or property, Weber
framed class in terms of life chances in the market. In the market, one can increase one’s life
chances or economic opportunities by having more prestige or social honor. These prestige and
honor are often not acquired by merits but through birth to a status group. Being a member of a
royal family, for instance, is not acquired but inherited. Yet, like Marx, Weber believed that it is
property or the lack of property which are decisive in determining the individual’s chances in
competing in the marketplace. In contemporary sociology, it is Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002), a
French sociologist, who dealt extensively with class inequalities by arguing that capital, in its
classic Marxist usage, does not refer only to economic assets but also includes cultural, symbolic,
and social capital. Cultural capital refers to the forms of knowledge, educational credentials,
and artistic taste that a person acquires from family background, which give them higher status in
society. A physician has a higher cultural capital compared with an ordinary office clerk. Parents
provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the attitudes and knowledge needed
to succeed in the current educational system. Middle class families prefer to send their children
to exclusive private schools so their children can acquire higher cultural
41
capital. Social capital refers to resources based on group membership, relationships, and
networks of influence and support. Bourdieu (1984) described social capital as “the aggregate of
the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or
less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.” In traditional
societies, for instance, individuals are recruited in a bureaucracy on the basis of blood relations.
In his book Distinction (1984), Bourdieu refers to symbolic capital as “the acquisition of a
reputation for competence and an image of respectability and honourability…” (p. 291). A
celebrity has a higher symbolic capital than an ordinary individual. She can utilize that symbolic
capital to run for political office. These forms of capital constitute the resources of a person’s
habitus, which refers to the personal psychological dispositions of a person that are shaped by
these forms of capital and family background, while also modifying them in the light of
engagement with the social world. Bourdieu defines the habitus as “an acquired system of
generative schemes objectively adjusted to the particular conditions in which it is constituted”
(Bourdieu
1977, p. 95). A person can combine these forms of capital and transform or activate them to gain
advantage in the social field. A middle class student, for instance, can hire a tutor for his/her
subjects. A middle class family can only do this because it has economic resources. In this
example, a middle class family converts economic resources to cultural and symbolic capital. In
return, this conversion will serve as an asset and resource for a middle class student in achieving
better scholastic performance in school. In the case of students coming from the lower class, the
cultural and symbolic capitals they acquire from college education are transformed into assets in
applying for employment.
42
43
shadows going from one body to another. The souls not only passed between human beings but
into, plants, animals and inanimate objects as well.
Tylor the Animist
Tylor was an animist. He reasoned primitive man arrived at his animistic belief to help him explain
the causes of sleep, dreams, and death. There naturally aroused a need to distinguish between an
individual who was awake and one who was asleep, or an individual who lived and one who did
not. Also there was a need to give a reason for the pictures some saw when they slept. The spirits
were the early man’s explanations. Tylor was criticized by another British anthropologist Robert
Ranulph Marett (1866-1943).
Robert Ranulph Marett (1866-1943)
He was convinced that primitive man had not developed the intellectual to form even such simplistic
explanations as Tylor proposed. Marett suggested early religion was more emotional and
intuitional in origin. He theorized that early man recognized some inanimate objects because they
had some particular characteristic or behaved in some unusual way which mysteriously made them
seem alive. He believed early man treated all animate objects as having a life and will of their own.
But they never distinguished the soul as separate from the body, and could enter or leave the body.
Marett conceded early man possessed the belief of animism. But it developed from the idea that
some objects seemed to be alive like man.
Examples
➢ It is insignificant how men and women gained the belief that a spirit or soul resides in all objects.
It is historically evident that they did. Trees and plants were worshiped as totems or because of
their usefulness and beauty.
➢ In many cultures certain trees and plants have been feared. In some ancient cultures
“trees were generally regarded as maternal deities or forest spirits. To be respected even when
their lives were sacrificed for human use (pagan woodcutters never felled a tree without first
begging its forgiveness).
➢ Female tree spirits live on in myth and folklore as dryads. It was the Greek version of the
tree-worshiping druid priestesses.”
➢ Plants and trees have been considered sacred by themselves because, as some have thought,
they are home to certain spirits.
➢ Both the soma plant of India and the coca shrub of Peru are worshiped for the intoxicating
properties of the products made from them. Field crops, thought to harbor spirits of infertility, has
been honored by ancient tribesmen and peasants throughout Europe. Traces of these cults can still
be found.
➢ The above describes nature worshipers among which many occultists are numbered. They view
life as being in everything, and everything, even man, supporting life. Life is sacred — all life.
➢ “One of the foremost characteristics of Neo-Paganism (or occultism) is the return to the ancient
idea that there is no distinction between the spiritual and material, sacred and secular.” Everything
is still one as it was to primitive man.
➢ Also Buddhism share the idea of an anima in every object.
Animism has a new meaning. Its origin is the publications of Irving Hallowell an anthropologist.
❖ It is a religious word which is the opposite of science. In some old cultures the word was also
used as the anima of animals.
The term theism, first introduced by Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688), derives from the Greek word
theos meaning “god”. It refers to any belief system that incorporates the existence of a deity. A
deity is a supernatural being thought of as holy, divine or sacred. Though they take a variety of
forms, deities are
44
often expressed as taking human form. They are usually immortal, and are commonly assumed to
have personalities, consciousness and intellects comparable (albeit superior) to those of humans.
Typically, deities do not reveal themselves directly to humans, but make themselves known
through their effects in the world. They are thought to dwell mainly in otherworldly or holy places
like Heaven, Hell, the sky, the under-world, or in a supernatural plane or celestial sphere.
Due to the ubiquity of theistic traditions, Emile Durkheim saw the deities as an extension of human
social life. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossini contends that when humans began
living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small
groups, morality can be enforced by social forces like gossip or reputation. However, it is much
harder to enforce morality using social forces in larger groups. He indicates that by including ever
watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and
building more cooperative groups.
When only one deity is recognized, the faith tradition is called monotheism. Typically,
monotheistic traditions conceive of God as omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and active in
governance and organization of the world and the universe. The most prominent modern-day
monotheistic religions include Christianity, Islam and Judaism.
In contrast to monotheism, Deism is the belief that at least one deity exists and created the world,
but that the creator(s), though transcendent and supreme, does/do not alter the original plan for
the universe. Deism typically rejects supernatural events (prophecies, miracles and divine
revelations) prominent in organized religion. Instead, deism holds that religious beliefs must be
founded on human reason and observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal
the existence of a supreme being as creator.
Faith traditions involving more than one deity are called polytheistic. Hard polytheism recognizes
multiple gods as being distinct and separate beings. Examples include the Egyptian and Greek
religions, as well as certain schools of Hinduism. Soft polytheism views multiple gods as being
connected under the umbrella of a greater whole. Some forms of Hinduism like Smartism/Advaita
Vedanta are considered soft polytheistic traditions. Polytheism can also be subdivided according
to how individual deities are regarded: Henotheism is the belief that while only one deity is
worshiped other deities may exist and other people are justified in worshiping those other deities.
Monolatrism refers to the belief that there may be more than one deity, but that only one is worthy
of being worshipped.
C. Health and its Determinants (as defined by World Health Organization /WHO) Health
According to World Health Organization:
Health refers to a state of complete physical, intellectual, emotional, behavioral, social and spiritual
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
❑ Lifestyles – the living/behavioral pattern of a person or a group according to its interest,

activities, attitudes, values and principles.
❑ Environmental Factors – one’s belief system about health within the context of culture and
not necessarily biological/medical in nature.
❑ Biomedical Factors –one’s concept about physical health with the person or group relies
on the evidence of establish science.
Different practices and behavior of individuals/groups
in the Filipino context of environmental factor/cultural factors
45
❖ Bughat/Binat - is a Filipino belief about one’s illness that it will take relapse from previous
condition due to the failure of total rest; even taking a bath, doing household chores are even
prohibited.
❖ Buyag/Usog - is an illness which is largely due to the indignant misdemeanor of the person
towards animistic/supernatural elements.
❖ Amok – a mental related illness which attributed to the person being possessed by evil spirits.
❖ Kulam/Barang - an illness inflicted to one unsuspecting individual due to one’s sins through
voodoo or witchcraft.
❖ Lihi - a belief system among Filipino that one’s health can be vigorously attributed to the
providence of supernatural power.
Systems of Diagnosis, Prevention and Healing
❑ Western Medicine – refers to a system of diagnosis in which the medical doctors or other
healthcare professionals treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation or surgery.
❑ Oriental Medicine – a system of diagnosis and treatment by relying on the herbal and other
plants (at times are animal parts) which the liquid matter usually extracted from for healing.
❑ Traditional and Alternative Medicine – alternative medicine includes the more mainstream
and accepted forms of therapy, such as acupuncture, homeopathy, and Oriental practices while the
traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories,
beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not,
used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment
of physical and mental illness. Therefore, the difference is evident on the type of approach.
Health as a Human Right
✓ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 25: - articulates this right to adequate
health: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of
himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care…”
✓ Republic Act 7305 - This Act shall be known as the "Magna Carta of Public Health Workers."
✓ Republic Act 9502 - An act providing for cheaper and quality medicines, amending for the
purpose Republic Act No. 8293 or the intellectual property code, Republic Act No. 6675 or the
Generics Act of 1988
✓ Republic Act 8423 - "Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997" or An Act
Creating the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) to Accelerate
the
Development of Traditional and Alternative
✓ Republic Act 11469 – An act declaring the existence of a National Emergency arising from the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation and a national policy in connection therewith, and
authorizing the President of the Republic of the Philippines for a limited period and subject to
restrictions, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out the declared national policy and
for other purposes. This act shall be known and cited as “Bayanihan to Heal As One Act”.
46
Education, Inc. 2012
47
V. ADDITIONAL
REFERENCES:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8aV--1TMpQ: The Economy of the Philippines
(Documentar
y)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpvE04Nnqyw: Intro to Economic Institution
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_SN-Jz9rBY: Into to Non-state institutions
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJqCupjdiVg: Into to Non-state institutions
• https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/economic-
system/
• https://www2.world-governance.org/article276.html:
48
.
49
N
Culture and Society in the Globalizing World
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
explain the changes brought about by modernization while being critical of the
Western- dominated definition of modernization;
identify the changes that culture undergoes during the period of globalization;
critically examine the Westernizing influence of globalization on local nonWestern
cultures;
and
discuss the positive ways by which globalization is able to widen the cultural horizons of
people around the world
Motivation
List down the things you use daily, from food, shampoo to school supplies, music, and TV
programs. Identify each item whether it is imported or not. How did you get to know about these
products? Do you believe that Filipinos have neo-colonial consciousness, that is, they prefer
imported products rather than local ones? Prove your point.
Culture and Social Change Modernization and cultural change
Culture is an important ingredient in the life of a group of people. While early social scientists
argue that society evolves and develops primarily due to social and economic factors, many
scholars also point out to the significant role played by cultural forces like religion. Max Weber,
a German sociologist, in his classic work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,”
provided an interesting analysis that showed how capitalism in the West could have not developed
were it not for the push given by Calvinist ethics. Calvinists are followers of John Calvin. (1509 –
1564), an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. According
to Weber, Calvinism shaped the work ethics of entrepreneurs and capitalists during the early
part of capitalist industrialization. Calvinism created anxiety among the believers that could
only be relieved through hard–work, total devotion to work, avoidance of idleness, and
renunciation of worldly pleasures. Furthermore, Calvinist doctrine of predestination (i.e., the
doctrine that teaches that God already preordained some people to be saved),
50
led its members to equate prosperity in this world with salvation. Hence, the cultural ethos
generated by the teachings of Calvinism supplied the work ethic necessary for capital
accumulation during the incipient growth of capitalism. Weber’s culturalist theory of the
emergence of capitalism in the West became one of the pillars for the development of
modernization theory. In the 1960s, many social scientists, governments, and policy makers
believed in the theory of modernization. According to this view, based on evolutionary theory of
culture, all societies undergo a process of change in the direction of greater complexity and
progress. The Western model of development is often held up as the showcase on how non-
Western societies or backward societies can catch up with Western development. The earliest
formulation of modernization theory is proposed by Walt Rostow. Walt Rostow (1916–2003), an
American economist and political theorist, proposed five stages of development. The first stage
is known as the traditional society which is associated with the country that has not yet
developed. Majority of the people are engaged in subsistence agriculture and more investments
are channelled to services or activities, such as military and religion. The second stage is called
the precondition for take- off in which the economy undergoes a process of change for building
up of conditions for growth and takes off. It is characterized by the massive development of mining
industries, increase in capital use in agriculture, the necessity of external funding and some
growth in savings and investments. The third stage is called the take-off stage of development
which is sometimes called the economic take-off. It is characterized by dynamic economic growth
which is due to sharp stimulus of economic, political, or technological in nature. The fourth stage
after the take-off stage is the drive to maturity which is concerned with the extension of
modern technology over other sectors of the economy or society. Drive to maturity stage refers to
the period when a country has affectively applied the range of modern technology to the bulk of
its resources. Finally, the fifth and final stage is called the age of high mass consumption where
the leading sectors in the society shift toward durable consumers’ goods and services. This
is called industrialization.
In this view, underdeveloped societies, which are in the first stage, must be able to go through
the five stages in order to be on par with the developed economies of the world. Concomitant with
this view is the assumption that the problem of underdevelopment has to do with the backward
culture of the people. Therefore, they prescribe the introduction of Western ways of knowing and
coping with social change so that people in traditional societies can develop into modern
societies. This is called cultural change through Westernization. In this view culture from the West
must be assimilated to non-Western world through the process of cultural borrowing or diffusion.
Diffusion is the appearance of elements of one people’s culture or practices in another; it was
first mentioned by Edward B. Tylor in Primitive Culture (Morris 2012, p. 76). Impact of
modernization on culture and its discontent Modernization theory as an explanation of social
change promotes Western cultural values, such as individualism and rationalism, and does not
only introduce new technologies from the West. People can only accept and adapt to new
technologies if they have corresponding changes in their cultural values and attitudes. This is the
gist of cultural modernization. People must be willing to embrace change no matter how
destructive it is to the traditional way of life. This destructive and anti-tradition rhetoric of
modernization theory has generated a lot of controversy among its supporters and detractors.
Modernization of culture promotes individualism, consumerism, and the reliance on science as
51
the right attitude to explain the world. These radical shifts tend to be unwelcome among the
older generation that still value the old
52
ways of looking and interpreting the world. But policy makers and governments in developing
countries tell their people that modernization, like birth, is a painful process. It is inevitable,
therefore, it has to be embraced unconditionally.
Globalization and Culture
Cultural homogenization and its critics Globalization is the process whereby spaces between
nations become porous because of the accelerated phase of diffusion of information, people,
capital, and goods. Immersed in computer-mediated technologies, people’s relationships and
forms of interaction around the world increasingly have become unconstrained by geography
and are no longer necessarily local or national in nature. Roland Robertson (1992) defines
globalization as ‘the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world
as a whole’ (p. 8). Globalization process intensifies the consciousness of the people that cultures
are intricately linked on the global scale. This is globality—as opposed to globalism— that
equates globalization with simple spread of Western-style liberal democracy and unhampered
market forces of capitalism. With globalization has come the idea of a world culture, that is, the
universality of particular cultural traits, whose spread is a consequence of globalization. Cultural
universalism refers to cultural elements, such as the Internet, fast food from McDonald’s, and Nike
sneakers. Technological objects such as “iPhone” and “Android” are known allover the world
although many people do not possess them. Scientific ideas have the same status. This
parallels the idea of a “world polity,” that is, the world as a single social system exemplified by
multinational corporations and the United Nations (Rosman, Rubel, and Weisgrau, 2009, p. 23).
World culture, as many critics of global homogenization assert, is nothing but the dominance of
the largest corporations in the world such as retail-oriented Walmart, an American giant
corporation. These giant corporations are spreading the values of consumerism around the
world. Fear of consumerism leads many sociologists to invent new words to characterize this
corporate process of homogenization of the world like “Coca-Colonization” by Kuisel, (1993),
“McDonaldization” by Ritzer (2008), “Disneydization” by Bryman (2004), and “Wal- Martization”
by author (YYYY). The newest is “Starbuckization” prompted by the phenomenal spread of
Starbucks worldwide (Ritzer 2010, p. 36). The spread of consumer culture in a globalized world is
aptly described by Zygmunt Bauman (2011):
Ours is a consumers’ society, in which culture, in common with the rest of the world experienced
by consumers, manifests itself as a repository of goods intended for consumption, all competing
for the unbearably fleeting and distracted attention of potential clients, all trying to hold that
attention for more than just the blink of an eye (p. 14).
This kind of cultural homogenization is called “grobalization” which is defined “as the
imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations, and the like and their desire,
indeed need, to impose themselves on various geographic areas throughout the world” (Ritzer
2011, p. 172). According to Ritzer (2011), the sociologist who popularized McDonaldization,
grobalization involves a variety of sub- processes, three of which – capitalism, Americanization,
as well as McDonaldization – are not only central driving forces in grobalization, but also of
great significance in the worldwide spread of nothingness” (p. 172). By globalization of
53
nothingness, Ritzer refers to those cultural items that spread from the rich countries to the rest
of the world, cultural items that are devoid of any substance or
54
content. Hence, they can easily be assimilated to local cultures. The best example given by Ritzer
on globalization of nothingness are the malls. The structure of the malls can easily be adapted and
transported to other localities yet allowing for local choice of goods, services, and commodities
to be served and displayed. Malls are “nothing” because they can contain anything yet without
any defining content. Among Filipinos who live in urban centers, malls have become both a
regular place for relaxation, shopping, and a nightmare. It is a nightmare for commuters who have
to endure heavy traffic jams especially during holidays and Christmas season. Malls have created
a culture of “malling.” The practice of malling includes a range of activities such as window-
shopping and people-watching, as well as sampling the food courts and going to the movies.
Malls have eclipsed the parks and museums, even the churches, as places that Filipino families
frequently visit. Interestingly, two of the top five biggest malls in Asia are found in the
Philippines, namely, the SM Mall of Asia and the SM North EDSA (located in Quezon City). The SM
Mega mall located in Mandaluyong City, has daily foot traffic of 800,000 people, to talling
292,000,000 people a year (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_
largest_shopping_malls_in_the_world).
Other scholars from neo-Marxist tradition still insist on the continuation of Lenin’s famous analysis
of imperialism as the highest stage of monopoly capitalism. According to Lenin, the leader of the
Russian Bolshevik Revolution, imperialism is the last stage of capitalism where corporations
merge to form large monopolies. David Harvey (2003), an American social geographer, argues
that the “new imperialism” is different from the earlier imperialism described by Lenin in that the
“new imperialism” uses new technologies to consolidate its reach and power. Unlike Hart and
Negri’s Empire, however, Harvey argues that the “new imperialism” is still dominated by the
United States as a world power.
Cultural heterogenization as hybridization
As globalization intensifies cultures become hybridized. Hybridization denotes a wide register of

multiple identity, cross-over, pick-’n’-mix, boundary- crossing experiences and styles, matching
a world of growing migration and transnational families, intensive intercultural communication,
everyday multiculturalism and erosion of boundaries. In optimistic takes on hybridity, ‘hybrids
were conceived as lubricants in the clashes of culture; they were the negotiators who would
secure a future free of xenophobia’ (Papastergiadis 1997, p. 261). A Filipino-American, for
example, may find himself or herself in Seoul, South Korea watching American soap opera
dubbed in Korean language while eating Mediterranean food. Hybridity has always been with
us. But the pace of mixing accelerates and its scope widens in the wake of major structural
changes, such as new technologies that enable new phases of intercultural contact. Scholars who
support cultural heterogenization does not deny that there is some truth in claims as to global
cultural homogenization, – that is, the whole world becoming culturally similar in some ways.
But this is not the whole story, for forms of cultural heterogenization—things becoming more
culturally complex—are also part of, and are produced by, globalization processes (Back, et al.
2012, p.
122). People do frame their thinking—especially thinking about themselves and who they are—
within global frames of reference. They are compelled to see themselves as just one part of a
much greater global whole. In this view, cultural globalization is ambivalent: it can either
55
encourage a cosmopolitan consciousness and open attitude towards the wider world and all
the diff erent cultures and groups within it, or it can involve the creation of negative feelings
towards people from other cultures, involving
56
racist and ethnocentric attitudes. Eric Hobsbawm (1982) puts this analysis in good light:
…somewhere on the road between the globally uniform coke-can and the roadside refreshment
stand in Ukraine or Bangladesh, the supermarket in Athens or in Djkarta, globalization stops being
uniform and adjusts to local differences, such as language, local culture or... local politics (p. 2, as
quoted in Back 2012, p. 122).
EVALUATION
1. Cultural differences are often expressed in the “generation gap.” List all the things that you
and your parents share and believe together (religion, education, and family values) as
well as those that you disagree with (music, clothing, and love relationships,). How will you
explain these differences based on the lesson?
2. List the things you think are good about traditional Filipino values (example:
resiliency,
“kasipagan,” and family ties). List also those traditional values that you think should be
discarded
(example: ningas kugon, family ties, and mamaya na habit). Explain your answer.
on-state actors and World Governance
57

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Republic of the Philippines

PURA ACADEMY, INC.

In the end of this module students will:

Groups: The Heart of Interactions

Factors That influence Groups

Social Organization- is a process of bringing order and significance into human

ACTIVITY 1. My Group As a mirror of Myself

Activity 3: TRUE OR FALSE

Write BEST if the statement is TRUE and FRIEND is it is FALSE.

Activity 4: Me and My Reference Group

At the end of this module the student can:

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:

The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to

 Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable

 Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.

 Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production and

 According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that

Monogamy and Polygamy

 Monogamy- refers to the marriage of sexual partnering practice where the

 Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class,

 Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe

Polygamy is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage".

Two different types of Polygamy:

Four major residence patterns:

Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies however in this case

Ritual Kinship Compadrazgo

 Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood

Family and The Household

 Extended Family A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play

 Conditionally Separated Families A family member is separated from the

Identify the term being described or referred to in each statement.

Compare and Contrast Consanguineal and Affinal kinship using a

Activity 3. KINSHIP DIAGRAM

Illustrate Your own kinship Diagram using a Patrilineal Descent pattern.

Activity 4. SHORT RESPONSE

1. Which type of marriage is culturally significant or accepted in our society?

2. In your observations, which type of residency is usually practiced? Which is a

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

Pyramid of Power in Ancient States

C. TYPES OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

2. Traditional Authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights

2. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

3. THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

E. GOVERNMENT AND ITS FORMS

c) A constitution cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body while a

▪ Amendment or Revision of the Philippine Constitution

(1) By a Constitutional Convention (ConCon) called for the purpose;

BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OUR CONSTITUTION

a. Recognition of the Almighty God f. Government through suffrage

b. Sovereignty of the people g. Separation of powers

c. Supremacy of civilian authority over the h. Independence of the judiciary

e. Guarantee of human rights j. Government of laws and not of men

The Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

4. Three Branches of Government (Phil. government)

▪ The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is

▪ THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS - Under the principle of co-equal and

Number of Rulers IDEAL SELF (-) ITEREST

Government based on rule by one

a. Absolute Monarchy – In this type of monarchial government, the

iii. Government based on rule by many.

6. Mobocracy – “In transition Government”

1. 3 Branches of the government