This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C1567 − 13

Standard Test Method for

Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of
Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate
(Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1567; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method permits detection within 16 days of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
potential for deleterious alkali-silica reaction of combinations C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
of cementitious materials and aggregate in mortar bars. The Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
cementitious materials are composed of various proportions of Specimens)
hydraulic cement, pozzolans and ground granulated blast- C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
furnace slag. gregates

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C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
1.2 The test results are only valid for the specific combina- and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
tions of pozzolan, slag, and reactive aggregates tested. C128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
1.3 This test is not suitable for evaluating the potential for and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
deleterious reaction of combinations of hydraulic cement and C150 Specification for Portland Cement
aggregate (that is, in the absence of pozzolans or ground C151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic
granulated blast-furnace slag). Cement
C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this C490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination of
standard. Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the Concrete
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Concrete
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau- Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
tionary statement is given in the section on Reagents. Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- for Test Methods for Construction Materials
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
Mortars
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
Mixtures
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
C09.50 on Aggregate Reactions in Concrete. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published February 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1567–11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1567-13. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C1567 − 13
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Ag- content > 4.0 % sodium oxide equivalent (5-7). It is recom-
gregates (Mortar-Bar Method) mended that such materials be tested using Test Method
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of C1293.
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
5. Apparatus
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water 5.1 The apparatus shall conform to Practice C490, except as
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test follows:
Sieves 5.2 Sieves—Square hole, woven-wire cloth sieves, shall
conform to Specification E11.
3. Terminology
5.3 Mixer, Paddle, and Mixing Bowl—Mixer, paddle, and
3.1 Definitions: mixing bowl shall conform to the requirements of Practice
3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete or C305, except that the clearance between the lower end of the
aggregates, see Terminology C125. paddle and the bottom of the bowl shall be 5.1 6 0.3 mm.
3.2 relative density (OD), n—as defined in Test Methods
5.4 Tamper and Trowel—The tamper and trowel shall con-
C127 or C128, for coarse and fine aggregates, respectively.
form to Test Method C109/C109M.
4. Significance and Use 5.5 Containers—The containers shall be of such a nature
4.1 This test method provides a means for evaluating the that the bars can be totally immersed in either the water or 1N
ability of pozzolans and ground granulated blast-furnace slag sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The containers shall be
to control deleterious internal expansion due to alkali-silica made of material that can withstand prolonged exposure to 80
reaction when used with an aggregate intended for use in °C and must be resistant to a 1N NaOH solution (see Note 1).
concrete. It is based on the Accelerated Test Method developed The containers must be so constructed that when used for
at the National Building Research Institute (NBRI) in the storing specimens, the loss or gain of moisture is prevented by
Republic of South Africa (1-4).3 tight-fitting covers, by sealing, or both (see Note 2). The bars
in the solution must be placed and supported so that the
4.2 This test method has been developed for evaluating solution has access to the entire surface of each bar; therefore,
combinations of certain cementitious materials with a single ensure that the specimens do not touch the sides of the
aggregate source in a mortar of standard proportions. It yields container or each other. The specimens, if stood upright in the
an empirical result, which is utilized to compare to criteria solution, shall not be supported by the metal gage stud.
within some specifications to accept or reject the combination
of materials being evaluated for a particular application. NOTE 1—The NaOH solution corrodes glass or metal containers.
NOTE 2—Some microwave-proof food storage containers made of
Currently this method has no standard procedure for testing polypropylene or high-density polythylene have been found to be accept-
fine and coarse aggregates proposed for use in concrete able.
together in a single batch of mortar, nor for varying the 5.6 Oven, or Water Bath—A convection oven or water bath
proportions of the constituent materials of the mortar beyond with temperature control maintaining 80.0 6 2.0 °C.
the relative proportions of the individual cementitious material
constituents to each other, as the significance of these practices 6. Reagents
have not been determined nor have appropriate limits been 6.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)—USP or technical grade
established for evaluating the results of tests conducted using may be used, provided the Na+ and OH- concentrations are
these modifications. shown by chemical analysis to lie between 0.99N and 1.01N.
4.3 Results obtained using this test method may overesti- 6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
mate the reactivity of some types of aggregates if used in to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming
service with the same pozzolans or slag and hydraulic cement to Type IV of Specification D1193.
of low alkali content.
6.3 Sodium Hydroxide Solution—Each litre of solution shall
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4.4 Different levels of pozzolan and ground granulated contain 40.0 g of NaOH dissolved in 900 mL of water, and
blast-furnace slag may require testing to determine the amount shall be diluted with additional distilled or deionized water to
required to reduce expansion to an acceptable level. Pozzolans obtain 1.0 L of solution. The volume proportion of sodium
and ground granulated blast-furnace slag may be tested sepa- hydroxide solution to mortar bars in a storage container shall
rately or in combination. be 4 6 0.5 volumes of solution to 1 volume of mortar bars. The
4.5 It is recommended to test the same aggregate and volume of a mortar bar may be taken as 184 mL. Include
hydraulic cement (without pozzolans and slag) using Test sufficient test solution to ensure complete immersion of the
Method C1260. mortar bars.
6.3.1 Warning—Before using NaOH, review: (1) the safety
4.6 This test method may underestimate the expansion of
precautions for using NaOH; (2) first aid for burns; and (3) the
cementitious systems containing pozzolans with an alkali
emergency response to spills, as described in the manufactur-
er’s Material Safety Data Sheet or other reliable safety litera-
3
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of ture. NaOH can cause very severe burns and injury to unpro-
the text. tected skin and eyes. Suitable personal protective equipment

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 C1567 − 13
must always be used. These include full-face shields, rubber immediately, store each such portion individually in a clean
aprons, and gloves impervious to NaOH. Gloves must be container provided with a tight-fitting cover.
checked periodically for pinholes. 8.3 Selection and Preparation of Cement:
8.3.1 Hydraulic Cement—Use a hydraulic cement meeting
7. Conditioning
the requirements of Specification C150 (Note 3). In addition,
7.1 Maintain the temperature of the molding room and dry the autoclave expansion in Test Method C151 shall be less than
materials at not less than 20 °C and not more than 27.5 °C. The 0.20 %.
temperature of the mixing water, and of the moist closet or
moist room, shall not vary from 23 °C by more than 2 °C. NOTE 3—The alkali content of the cement has been found to have
negligible (3) or minor (8) effects on expansion in this test.
7.2 Maintain the relative humidity of the molding room at 8.3.2 Preparation of Cement—Pass cement for use in this
not less than 50 %. The moist closet or room shall conform to test through an 850-µm (No. 20) sieve to remove lumps before
Specification C511. use.
7.3 Maintain the storage oven or water bath in which the
8.4 Selection of pozzolan or ground granulated blast-
specimens are stored at a temperature of 80.0 6 2.0 °C.
furnace slag—Use one, or a combination, of the following:
8. Sampling and Preparation of Test Specimens 8.4.1 Fly ash or natural pozzolan meeting the requirements
of Specification C618.
8.1 Selection of Aggregate—Process materials proposed for 8.4.2 Silica fume meeting the requirements of Specification
use as fine aggregate in concrete as described in 8.2 with a C1240.
minimum of crushing. Process materials proposed for use as 8.4.3 Ground granulated blast furnace slag meeting the
coarse aggregate in concrete by crushing to produce as nearly requirements of Specification C989.
as practical a graded product from which a sample can be
obtained. Grade the sample as prescribed in Table 1. The 8.5 Preparation of Test Specimens:
sample shall represent the composition of the coarse aggregate 8.5.1 Number of Specimens—Make at least three test speci-
as proposed for use. mens for each cementitious materials-aggregate combination.
8.1.1 When a given quarried material is proposed for use 8.5.2 Preparation of Molds—Prepare the specimen molds in
both as coarse and as fine aggregate, test only a selection of the accordance with the requirements of Practice C490 except, the
fine aggregate, unless there is reason to expect that the coarse interior surfaces of the molds shall be covered with a release
aggregate has a different composition than the fine aggregate. agent (see Note 4). A release agent is acceptable if it serves as
If such a difference is expected and if the differences might a parting agent without affecting the time of setting of the
significantly affect expansion due to reaction with the alkalies cement and without leaving any residue that will inhibit the
in cement or from the environment of service, test the coarse penetration of water into the specimen.
aggregate in a manner similar to that employed in testing the NOTE 4—TFE-fluorocarbon tape complies with the requirements for a
fine aggregate. mold release agent.
8.2 Preparation of Aggregate—Grade aggregates to provide 8.5.3 Proportioning of Mortar—Proportion the dry materi-
a sample meeting the requirements given in Table 1. Crush als for the test mortar using 1 part of cementitious materials
aggregates in which sufficient quantities of the sizes specified (hydraulic cement plus pozzolan or ground granulated blast-
in Table 1 do not exist until the required material has been furnace slag) to 2.25 parts of graded aggregate by mass for
produced. In the case of aggregates containing insufficient aggregates with a relative density (OD) at or above 2.45. For
amounts of one or more of the larger sizes listed in Table 1, and aggregates with a relative density (OD) below 2.45, determine
if no larger material is available for crushing, the first size in the aggregate proportion as follows:
which sufficient material is available shall contain the cumu- D
lative percentage of material down to that size as determined Aggregate Proportion 5 2.25 3
2.65
from the grading specified in Table 1. When such procedures
are required, make a special note thereof in the test report. where:
After the aggregate has been separated into the various sieve D = relative density (OD) of test aggregate.
sizes, wash each size with a water spray over the sieve to 8.5.3.1 For aggregates with a relative density (OD) equal to
remove adhering dust and fine particles from the aggregate. or greater than 2.45, the quantities of dry materials to be mixed
Dry the portions retained on the various sieves and, unless used at one time in the batch of mortar for making three specimens
shall be 440 g of cementitious material and 990 g of aggregate
made up by recombining the portions retained on the various
TABLE 1 Grading Requirements sieves in the grading prescribed in Table 1. Use a water-cement
Sieve Size Mass, % ratio equal to 0.47 by mass (see Note 5).
Passing Retained on
4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 10 8.5.3.2 For aggregates with a relative density (OD) less than
2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 25 2.45, the quantities of dry materials to be mixed at one time in
1.18 mm (No. 16) 600 µm (No. 30) 25 the batch of mortar for making three specimens shall be 440 g
600 µm (No. 30) 300 µm (No. 50) 25
300 µm (No. 50) 150 µm (No. 100) 15 of cementitious material and mass of aggregate shall be 440 g
multiplied by the aggregate proportion determined in 8.5.3.
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 C1567 − 13
This aggregate mass shall be made up by recombining the remainder of the bars. Place all specimens made with each
portions retained on the various sieves in the grading pre- unique cementitous materials-aggregate combination in a sepa-
scribed in Table 1. Use a water-cementitious material ratio rate container with sufficient 1N NaOH, at 80.0 6 2.0 °C for
equal to 0.47 by mass (see Note 5). the specimens to be totally immersed. Seal the container and
return it to the oven or water bath.
NOTE 5—Ruggedness tests indicated that mortar bar expansions were
less variable at a fixed water-cement ratio than when gauged to a constant NOTE 6—The reference bar should be read prior to each set of
flow (3). specimens since the heat from the mortar bars may cause the length of the
8.5.3.3 If silica fume or metakaolin are used, a high range comparator to change.
water reducer (HRWR), meeting the requirements of Specifi- 9.3 Subsequent Storage and Measurement—Make subse-
cation C494/C494M Type F, shall be used (if necessary) to quent comparator readings of the specimens periodically, with
provide adequate dispersion and workability of the mixture. at least three intermediate readings, for 14 days after the zero
The water-cementitious material ratio shall remain 0.47 by reading, at approximately the same time each day. If readings
mass and the amount of HRWR shall be that to obtain a flow are continued beyond the 14-day period, take at least one
of 6 7.5 percentage points of a control mortar without silica reading per week. The procedure is identical to that described
fume or metakaolin as determined in accordance with Test in the 9.2, except that the specimens are returned to their own

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Method C1437 using 10 drops of the flow table. If liquid container after measurement.
HRWR is used, the water present in the liquid must be included
in the calculation of the water-cementitious material ratio. 10. Calculation
8.5.4 Mixing of Mortar—Mix the mortar in accordance with 10.1 Calculate the difference between the zero comparator
the requirements of Practice C305. reading of the specimen and the reading at each period to the
8.5.5 Molding of Test Specimens—Mold test specimens nearest 0.001 % of the effective gage length and record as the
within a total elapsed time of not more than 2 min and 15 s expansion of the specimen for that period. Report the average
after completion of the original mixing of the mortar batch. Fill expansion of the three specimens of a given cementitious
the molds with two approximately equal layers, each layer materials-aggregate combination to the nearest 0.01 % as the
being compacted with the tamper. Work the mortar into the expansion for the combination for a given period.
corners, around the gage studs, and along the surfaces of the
mold with the tamper until a homogeneous specimen is 11. Report
obtained. After the top layer has been compacted, cut off the 11.1 Report the following information:
mortar flush with the top of the mold and smooth the surface 11.1.1 Type and source of aggregate,
with a few strokes of the trowel. 11.1.2 Type and source of hydraulic cement,
11.1.3 Type, source, and proportions of pozzolan
9. Procedure 11.1.4 Grade, source, and proportions of ground granulated
9.1 Initial Storage and Reading—Place each mold in the blast-furnace slag
moist cabinet or room immediately after molds have been 11.1.5 Autoclave expansion and alkali content of cement as
filled. The specimens shall remain in the molds for 24 6 2 h. percent potassium oxide (K2O), sodium oxide (Na2O), and
Remove the specimens from the molds and, while they are calculated sodium oxide (Na2O) equivalent (Na2Oeq = %Na2O
being protected from loss of moisture, properly identify and + 0.658 × %K2O),
make an initial comparator reading. Make and record the initial 11.1.6 Average length change in percent at each reading of
and all subsequent readings to the nearest 0.002 mm. Place the the specimens,
specimens made with each aggregate sample in a storage 11.1.7 Any relevant information concerning the preparation
container with sufficient tap water to totally immerse them. The of aggregates, including the grading of the aggregate when it
temperature of the water used to immerse the specimens shall differs from that given in 8.2,
be 23.0 6 2.0°C at the time of immersion. Seal and place the 11.1.8 Any significant features revealed by examination of
containers in an oven or water bath at 80.0 6 2.0 °C for a the specimens during and after test,
period of 24 h 6 2 h. 11.1.9 Amount of mixing water expressed as a mass fraction
9.2 Zero Readings—Remove the containers from the oven of the total cementitious material,
or water bath one at a time. Remove other containers only after 11.1.10 A graph of the length change data from the time of
the bars in the first container have been measured and returned the zero reading to the end of the 16 day period.
to the oven or water bath. The time elapsed between removal 12. Precision and Bias
and return of the specimens to the oven or water bath shall not
exceed 10 min. Remove the bars one at a time from the water 12.1 The following precision statements are taken from Test
and dry their surface with a towel paying particular attention to Method C1260, and are based on tests without pozzolans or
the two metal gage studs. Take the zero reading (see Note 6) of ground slag.
each bar immediately after drying, and read as soon as the bar 12.2 Within-Laboratory Precision—It has been found that
is in position. Complete the process of drying and reading the average within-laboratory coefficient of variation for ma-
within 15 6 5 s of removing the specimen from the water. terials with an average expansion greater than 0.1 % at 14 days
After taking comparator readings, leave the specimen on a is 2.94 % (9) (Note 7). Therefore, the results of two properly
towel until comparator readings have been taken on the conducted tests within the same laboratory on specimens of a

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 C1567 − 13
sample of aggregate should not differ by more than 8.3 % NOTE 7—These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %)
(Note 7) of the mean expansion. limits as described in Practice C670.

12.3 Multi-Laboratory Precision—It has been found that the 12.4 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material for
average multilaboratory coefficient of variation for materials determining the bias of this test method, no statement on bias
with an average expansion greater than 0.1 % at 14 days is is being developed.
15.2 % (9) (Note 7). Therefore, the results of two properly
conducted tests in different laboratories on specimens of a 13. Keywords
sample of aggregate should not differ by more than 43 % (Note 13.1 aggregate; alkali-silica reactivity; length change; mor-
7) of the mean expansion. tar; pozzolans, slag, sodium hydroxide

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

X1.1 There is good agreement in the published literature (2, than 0.10 % at 16 days after casting are indicative of poten-
10-12) for the following expansion limits: tially deleterious expansion. However, the potential for delete-
X1.1.1 Combinations of cement, pozzolan, or ground rious reaction should be confirmed by testing the same com-
granulated blast-furnace slag, and aggregate that expand less bination of materials in concrete (that is, Test Method C1293).
than 0.10 % at 16 days after casting are likely to produce The expansion may be reduced by retesting the material
acceptable expansions when tested in concrete (that is, Test combination using the pozzolan or ground granulated blast-
Method C1293) and to have a low risk of deleterious expansion furnace slag at a higher replacement level.
when used in concrete under field conditions.
X1.1.2 Combinations of cement, pozzolan, or ground
granulated blast-furnace slag, and aggregate that expand more

REFERENCES

(1) Oberholster, R. E., and Davies, G., “An Accelerated Method for et al), Dundee, Scotland, 2001, pp. 167-177.
Testing the Potential Alkali Reactivity of Siliceous Aggregates.” (7) Baxter, S. “Recycled glass in concrete: the good news and the bad

--`,,,``,,,`,,,`,,,`,,``,`,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol 16, 1986, pp. 181–189. news.” Beneficial Use of Recycled Materials in Transportation
(2) Davies, G., and Oberholster, R. E., “Use of the NBRI Accelerated Test Applications, (Ed. T. Eighmy), Virginia, 2001, pp. 747-756.
to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures in Preventing the (8) Hooton, R. D., “Interlaboratory Study of the NBRI Rapid Test Method
Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol 17, and CSA Standardization Status,” Report EM-92, Ontario Ministry of
1987, pp. 97–107. Transport, March 1990, pp. 225–240.
(3) Davies, G., and Oberholster, R. E., “An Interlaboratory Test Pro- (9) Rogers, C.A., “Multi-laboratory Study of the Accelerated Mortar Bar
gramme on the NBRI Accelerated Test to Determine the Alkali- Test (ASTM Test Method C1260) for Alkali-Silica Reaction,”
Reactivity of Aggregates,” National Building Research Institute, Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol 21, 1999, pp. 185–194.
CSIRO, Special Report BOU 92-1987, Pretoria, RSA, 1987, 16 pp. (10) Berra, M., Mangialardi, T. and Paolini, A. E. “Application of the
(4) Oberholster, R. E., “Alkali Reactivity of Siliceous Rock Aggregates: NaOH bath test method for assessing the effectiveness of mineral
Diagnosis of the Reaction, Testing of Cement and Aggregate and admixtures against reaction of alkali with artificial siliceous aggre-
Prescription of Preventative Measures,” Alkali in Concrete, Research gate.” Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol. 16, 1994, pp. 207-218.
and Practice, Copenhagen, 1983, Danish Concrete Association, pp. (11) Bérubé, M-A., Duchesne, J., and Chouinard, D. “Why the acceler-
419–433. ated mortar bar method ASTM C1260 is reliable for evaluating the
(5) Shehata, M.H. and Thomas, M.D.A. “The Effects of Fly Ash effectiveness of supplementary cementing materials in suppressing
Composition on the Expansion of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica expansion due to alkali-silica reactivity.” Cement, Concrete, and
Reaction.” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, July 2000, pp. Aggregates, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1995, pp. 26 - 34.
1063-1072. (12) Thomas, M.D.A. and Innis, F.A. “Use of the accelerated mortar bar
(6) Mehland, I. and Dahl, P.A. “Recycling glass cullet as concrete test for evaluating the efficacy of mineral admixtures for controlling
aggregates: applicability and durability.” Proceedings of the Interna- expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.” Cement, Concrete, and
tional Symposium: Recycling and Reuse of Glass Cullet, (Ed. R. Dhir Aggregates, Vol. 21 (2), 1999, pp. 157-164.

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 C1567 − 13
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
C1567–11, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved January 1, 2013)

(1) Section 9.1 was revised.

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
C1567–08, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved August 1, 2011)

(1) Added new 4.2 to indicate that only one aggregate product
should be tested in a single batch. Renumbered subsequent
paragraphs.

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