LEA

Administration and Police Organization

Police - one of the pillars of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime within the society.
         - comes from Latin "politia"-civil administration which itself derives from the ancient Greek
police "city"

Administration - an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives

and plans and internal operating efficiency.

Organization - a group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives.

Police Organization - a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration
engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace
and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.

Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a law, regulation or command.

Law Enforcement Agency - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws.

Objectives - refer to the purpose by which the organization was created. Refer to the goals of
the organization.

Supervision - means the act of watching over the work or tasks of the members of the
organization to ensure that desired results are achieved.

Management - the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal
groups in order to achieve objectives. Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower,
material,money,equipment,
supplies and time).

Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization. Serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward and obedience
upward, through the department.

Authority - the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions
within an organizational hierarchy. Must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of
individuals.
A particular position within the organization. Carries the same regardless of who occupies that
position.

Management/Administrative Functions

1. Planning 5. staffing
2. Organizing 6. Reporting
3. Directing 7. Budgeting
4. Controlling
Principles of efficient Management

* Division of work - work specialization can increase

   efficiency with the same amount of effort.

* Authority and Responsibility- authority  includes the

   right to command and the power to require
   obedience. One can not have authority without
   responsibility.

* Discipline - necessary for an organization to function

   effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary
   process depends upon the quality of its leaders.

* Unity of Command - subordinate should receive

   orders from one superior only.

* Scalar Chain - the hierarchy of authority is the order

   of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
   organization. Shows the vertical hierarchy of the
   organization which defines an unbroken chain of
   units from top to bottom describing explicitly the
   flow of authority.

Organizational Units in the Police Organization

1. Functional Units
   
   Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a
    large department; comprised of several divisions.

    Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

    Section - functional unit within a division that is

    necessary for specialization.

    Unit - functional group within a section or the

    smallest functional group within an organization.

2. Territorial Units

    Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is

    assigned for duty.

    Route - a length of streets designated for patrol

    purpose, also called line beat.

    Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes

    whether foot or motorized.

   

Sector - an area containing two or more beat,

    route or post.

    District - a geographical subdivision of a city for

    patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
 
    Area - a section or territorial division of a large city
    each comprised of designated districts.

EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city

POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government

POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1.  HOME RULE THEORY
- policemen are regarded as servants of the
community, who rely for the efficiency of their
functions upon the express needs of the people
- policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
preservation of public peace and security.
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
- policemen are regarded as state or servants of the
higher authorities
- the people have no share or have little participation
with the duties nor connection with the police
organization.

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD CONCEPT
- police service gives the impression of being merely a
suppressive machinery
- this philosophy advocates that the measurement of
police competence is the increasing number of arrests,
throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than
trying to prevent them from committing crimes
2. MODERN CONCEPT
- regards police as the first line of defense of the
  criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention
- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number
  of crimes
- broadens police activities to cater to social services
  and has for its mission the welfare of the individual
  as well as that of the community in general.

EARLY POLICING SYSTEM

1. KIN POLICING
- the family of the offended individual was expected to
  assume responsibility for justice
- the family of the victim was allowed to exact
  vengeance
2. EGYPT
- ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them
- created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose
duties include guarding of the tombs and apprehending
thieves
- introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors.
3. ROME
- created the first organized police force called
VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the
city), which had the primary task of firefighting and
policing
- the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehendinng
  thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting
  down runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to
  maintain order in the streets
- the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and
  looked for disturbances of the peace while they
  patrolled the streets
- created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a
  special force of guards used by Roman Emperors as the
  Emperors' personal guards
- as personal guards of the Emperor, their primary duty
  was to protect the Emperor from assassination and
  other forms of attack against the Emperor.
4. ENGLAND
a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL PLEDGE SYSTEM
- required all males aged 12 and above to join a group
  of nine to form a TYTHING
- members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN
- a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten tythings
- the primary task of the things was to protect their
  village from thieves and animals
- tythings were later organized into SHIRES
- a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE REEVE,
  which is the origin of the word “sheriff”
- their duty was to apprehend offenders
b) PARISH CONSTABLES
- a parish official charged with controlling crimes
- appointed to serve for one year
- duties included organizing watchmen to guard the 
  gates

- during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE AND

  CRY”, a call to arms where the rest of the parish
  would stop what they were doing and come to the aid  
  of the constable.

MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

1) ENGLAND
    a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men
        organized to arrest offenders.
      - organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in  
        London,in 1749 in London, England.
      - the name was adopted from the name of the street
        where the office of Henry Fielding was located.
      - when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he was
        replaced by his blind brother, John Fielding
    b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
      - the law that created the first modern police force in
        London England, called the Metropolitan Police  
        Service.
      - this law was passed through the initiative of Sir
        Robert Peel, a member of the Parliament
      - the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service
        is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New  
        Scotland Yard

SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father of modern policing system.

2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

    a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
     - created in 1845 in New York, USA
     - recognized as the first modern style police   
       department in the US.
     - the largest police force in the world
     - modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of
       London
    b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
     - the oldest police department in the US
     - the first night watch was established in Boston in
       1631.
     - formally founded in May, 1854.

AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his
contributions in the development of the field of criminal justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which
served as the basic guide in the administration of the
police organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.
Important Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera -  the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946

Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.

HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT ACT OF
1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION
ACT OF
1998 and RA 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL 

     GOVERNMENT (DILG)
    - formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
    - reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION: - consist of:

a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
    1) provincial governors
    2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

  - the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA

    6975
  - headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
    President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the
    President
  - the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)
    Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
      a) Undersecretary for Local Government
      b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order
  - No retired or resigned military officer or police
    official may be appointed as Secretary within one
   (1) year from date of retirement or resignation
  - the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the
    National Police Commission
 

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

1. Assist the President in the exercise of general
    supervision over local governments;
2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies,
    rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
    supervision over local governments and on public    
    order and safety;
3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other
    issuance's implementing laws on public order and
    safety, the general supervision over local 
    governments and the promotion of local autonomy
    and community empowerment and monitor compliance
    thereof;
4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local
    governments, law enforcement and public safety;
    Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and
    projects to promote peace and order, ensure public
    safety and further strengthen the administrative,
    technical and fiscal capabilities of local government
    offices and personnel;
5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet
    local emergencies arising from natural and man-made
    disasters; Establish a system of coordination and
    cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and
    the Department, to ensure effective and efficient
    delivery of basic services to the public;
6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the
    performance of police functions, a police force that
    is national in scope and civilian in character.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP) was in charge with external security while the
DILG was in charge with internal security
- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
is now in charge with both internal and external
security with the PNP as support through information
gathering and performance of ordinary police
functions.

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

- an agency attached to the DILG for policy
   coordination
- shall exercise administrative control and
   operational supervision over the PNP.
VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM
"We envision the National Police Commission as a
highly dynamic, committed and responsive administering and
controlling body, actively and effectively facilitating the
evolvement of a highly professional, competent,
disciplined, credible and trustworthy PNP"

MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"To administer and control the Philippine National
Police with the end in view of maintaining a highly
professional, competent, disciplined, credible and
trustworthy PNP”

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NAPOLCOM

A. Exercise administrative control and operational
    supervision over the Philippine National Police (PNP)  
    which shall mean the power to:
  1. Develop policies and promulgate a police manual
      prescribing rules and regulations for efficient
      organization, administration, and operation, including
      criteria for manpower allocation distribution and
      deployment, recruitment, selection, promotion, and
      retirement of personnel and the conduct of qualifying
      entrance and promotional examinations for  
      uniformed members;
  2. Examine and audit, and thereafter establish 
      standards for such purposes on a continuing basis,
      the performance,activities, and facilities of all police
      agencies throughout the country;
  3. Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;
  4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and compile
      statistical data for accurate assessment of the crime
      situation and the proper evaluation of the efficiency 
      and effectiveness of all police units in the country;
  5. Approve or modify plans and programs on education 
      and training, logistical requirements, communications,
      records,information systems, crime laboratory, crime
      prevention and crime reporting;
  6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National
      Appellate Board, personnel administrative actions 
      involving the demotion or dismissal from the service
      imposed upon members of the Philippine National 
      Police by the Chief of the Philippine National Police;
  7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional
      Appellate Boards, over administrative cases against
      policemen and over decisions on claims for police    
      benefits;
  8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment, 
      and uniforms and, after consultation with the 
      Philippine Heraldry Commission, for insignia of ranks,
      awards, medals of honor;
  9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in 
      matters pertaining to the discharge of its own
      powers and duties,and designate who among its 
      personnel can issue processes and administer oaths
      in connection therewith;
  10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on 
        the established criteria for manpower allocation,
        distribution and deployment and their impact on the
        community and the crime situation, and thereafter
        formulate appropriate guidelines for maximization of
        resources and effective utilization of the PNP 
        personnel;

  11. Monitor the performance of the local chief

        executives  as deputies of the Commission; and
  12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and
        irregularities.

B. Advise the President on all matters involving police

     functions and administration;

C. Render to the President and to Congress an annual 

     report of its activities and accomplishments during the
     thirty (30)days after the end of the calendar year, 
     which shall include an appraisal of the conditions
     obtaining in the organization and administration of 
     police agencies in the municipalities, cities and 
     provinces throughout the country, and 
     recommendations for appropriate remedial   
     legislations;

D. Recommend to the President, through the Secretary,

    within sixty (60) days before the commencement of
    each calendar year, a crime prevention program; and

E. Perform such other functions necessary to carry out  

    the provisions of R.A. 6975, as amended, other 
    existing laws and Presidential issuance's, and as the 
    President may direct.

COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM
1. One chairperson
2. Four regular commissioner
3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member
Note:
    * shall serve a term of office of six (6) years
        without reappointment or extension
    * three of the four regular commissioners shall come
       from civilian sector and not former members of the
       police or military
   

* the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the

       law enforcement sector either active or retired
    * at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners
       shall be a woman
    * from among the three regular commissioners from 
       the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be
       chosen
    * the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive
       Officer of the Commission
    * refer to the organizational structure of the
       NAPOLCOM

Important dates in the history of modern Philippine Policing

 1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission established the Philippine
constabulary on august 8, 1901.
 1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was established at the sta.lucia barracks in
Intramuros on february 17, 1905.
 1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was transferred to Baguio City.
 1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed academy for officers of the
Philippine constabulary.
 1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael Crame from Rizal Province,
became the first Filipino chief of the Philippine constabulary.
 1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary was renamed Philippine
Constabulary Academy.
 1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became the present day Philippine Military
Academy. 
 1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing and organized national police
force of the country pursuant to commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO
no. 389 dated December 23, 1950. This decree integrated local police forces into the
Philippines constabulary operational and organizational set up.
 1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of 1966. This law also created the
Police Commission (POLCOM).
 1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police Commission.
 1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police Integration Law of  1975. The
Integrated National Police was established with the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus
under the Department of national Defense. The NAPOLCOM, originally under the office
of the President was transferred to the Ministry of National defense.
 1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to the office of the President
pursuant to E.O 1040.
 1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated national Police directly under the
command, supervision and control of the President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM
with the powers of administrative control and supervision over the Integrated National
Police.
 1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990 establishing the Philippine National
Police under a reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). A
new National Police Commission was created under the DILG.
  1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on February 25, 1998, otherwise known
as the Philippine National Police reform and reorganization act of 1998. This act
strengthened and expanded NAPOLCOM,s authority over the PNP to include
administration of police entrance examination and conduct pre-charge investigation
against police anomalies and irregularities and summary dismissal of erring police
members.

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS

- functions that carry out the major purposes of the
organization, delivering the services and dealing
directly with the public
- the backbone of the police department
- examples of the line functions of the police are
patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation

2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
- functions that are designed to support the line
functions and assist in the performance of the line
functions
- examples of the staff functions of the police are
planning, research, budgeting and legal advice

3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
- functions involving the logistical operations of the
organization
- examples are training, communication, maintenance,
records management, supplies and equipment management

ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
- those that perform primary or line functions
- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice
control,
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions
  examples are personnel, finance, planning and  
  training.
3. SERVICE UNITS
- those that perform auxiliary functions
- examples are communication, records   
  management,supplies.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of   the members, positions,departments and
  functions or work of the organization

- it is comprised of functions, relationships,

  responsibilities and authorities of individuals within
  the organization

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

1. LINE
- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
- defined by its clear chain of command from the  
   highest to the lowest and vice versa
- depicts the line functions of the organization
- orders or commands must come from the higher l 
   level of authority before it can be carried out
- involves few departments

2. FUNCTIONAL
- structure according to functions and specialized units
- depicts staff functions of the organization
- responsibilities are divided among authorities who 
  are all accountable to the authority above.

3. LINE AND STAFF

- a combination of the line and functional kind
- combines the flow of information from the line
  structure with the staff departments that service,
  advise, and support them
- generally more formal in nature and has many
  departments

ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. AUTHORITY
- the supreme source of government for any  
  particular organization
- the right to exercise, to decide and to command  
  by virtue of rank and position
2. MUTUAL COOPERATION
- an organization exists because it serves a   
  purpose.
3. DOCTRINE
- provides for the organization’s objectives
- provides the various actions, hence, policies,
  procedures, rules and regulations of the org. 
  are based on the statement of doctrines
4. DISCIPLINE
- comprising behavioral regulations
ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding
the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of
orders

2. SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

Factors affecting the span of control:

a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors
b) Nature of the job and work conditions
c) Complexity of task
d) Education and skill of the employees

3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior
   position to a lower-level position.

4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and   
  subordinates
- serves as the framework for the flow of authority
  downward and obedience upward through the
  department

  HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship

 among superiors and subordinates in any given
 organization

5. SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks

SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)

- the designation of certain activities or tasks as     
  ones that must be performed in a highly.
  technological,scientific or precise manner
- areas of police specialization include undercover
  works, crime scene operations, legal advising,
  computer work, SWAT operations and others

SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)

- the designation of particular persons as having
  expertise in a specific area of work
- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the
  requirements through extensive training

6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom    
   on the basis of rank or position and authority.

7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be
   responsible for the effective supervision and   
   control.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally

started during the Spanish period. The establishment of
the police force was not entirely intended for crime
prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as an
extension of the colonial military establishment.

Ancient Roots

The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains to
select
able-bodied young men to protect their barangay
during the night and were not required to work
in the fields during daytime.Among the duties of
those selected were to protect the properties
of the people in the barangay and protect their
crops and livestock from wild animals.

Spanish Period

Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the
regulations
of the Department of State; this was armed
and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police organization discharged
the duties of a port, harbor and river police.

Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – this was a body of rural police by the Royal Decree of 18 January
1836, this decree provided that 5% of the
able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for
three years

Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852
to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of
their work in policing towns,it consisted of a body
of Filipino policemen organized originally in each
of the provincial capitals of the central provinces
of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor
American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine

Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan
Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70of the Taft Commission. This has
become the basis for the
celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.

ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the

Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.

Henry T. Allen - Captain of the 6th US cavalry, a graduate of West Point class 1882. Father of
the Philippine Constabulary.The first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.

ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.

CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of police

 of the Manila Police Department in 1901.

Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
 enacted on October 3, 1901

Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on
December 23, 1940.

Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on

September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission
(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local
police forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police

Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975,enacted on August 8, 1975;

established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces
as components, under the Ministry of National
Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the
President to the Ministry of National Defense
Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality; issued on July 10,
1985

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of
1990,
enacted on December 13,1990; reorganized the
DILG and established the Philippine National Police,
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law
amended certain provisions of RA 6975.

RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009.
- An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary  period for complying with the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system
thereof,amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 and for other
purposes.

1.A primary subdivision of a bureau with a department wide

   responsibility  for providing a specific specialized functions.
     A.Section                           C.Squad
     B.Unit                                 D.Detail         
                                                                           Ans.A
2.A subdivision of a squad
    A.Section                           C.Sector
    B.Unit                                D.Detail
                                                                           Ans. D
3.A subdivision of a unit.
     A.Section                            C.Squad
     B.Unit                                  D.Detail
                                                                            Ans.C
4.A subdivision of a section.
     A.Precinct                            C.Squad
     B.Unit                                   D.Detail
                                                                           Ans.B
5.The primary geographic subdivision of a precinct.
     A.Post                                  C.Section
     B.Sector                                D.Unit            
                                                                           Ans.B

6.The primary subdivision of a sector.

     A.Post                                   C.Unit
     B.Beat                                   D.Sector
                                                                           Ans.B
7.One of several tours of duty.
     A.Detail                                  C.Shift
     B.Post                                    D.Beat
                                                                           Ans.C
8.Fixed geographic location usually assigned to an individual officer
     A.Post                                    C.Shift
     B.Beat                                    D.Section
                                                                           Ans.A
9.The primary geographic subdivision of the patrol operation bureau.
     A. Precinct                              C.Sector
     B.Section                                D.Unit
                                                                           Ans.A
10.It means planning the work of the department and of the
     personnel in an orderly manner.
     A.Plan                                     C.Oversee
     B.Delegate                               D.Organize
                                                                            Ans.D

Memorize the following:

1.Organize - it means planning the work of the department and

   of the personnel in an orderly manner.

2.Oversee - It means that the supervisor ensures that the work

   that has been organized and delegated is satisfactorily
   completed.

3.Delegate - It means giving someone else the responsibility

   and authority to do something.

4.Precinct - the primary geographic subdivision of the patrol

   operation bureau.

5.Post - Fixed geographic location usually assigned to an

   individual officer.

6.Shift - one of several tours of duty.

7.Beat - the primary subdivision of a sector.

8.Sector - the primary geographic subdivision of a precinct.

9.Unit - subdivision of a section.

10.Squad - a subdivision of a unit.

11.Detail - a subdivision of a squad.

12.Section - a primary subdivision of a bureau with a department

    wide responsibility for providing a specific specialized functions.

Patrol Organization and operation

Patrol - from french patrouiller - to paddle, paw about, patrol.

            - keep watch over an area by regularly walking or traveling around or
             through it.
            - a person or group of people sent to keep watch over an area.

Patrol officers - are uniformed officers assigned to monitor specific geographical areas, that is
to move through their areas at regular intervals looking out for any signs of problems of any
kind.

History of Patrol

1. Ancient China - law enforcement was carried out  by prefect. Prefects were  
    government officials appointed by local magistrates who reported to higher
    authorities such as the governors who in turn were appointed by head of state
    usually the emperor of the dynasty.

2. Ancient Greece - publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police.

    In Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves (rod-bearers) was used to guard
    public meetings to keep order and for crowd control and also assisted with
    dealing with criminal, handling prisoners and making arrests.

3. Roman empire - the army rather than a dedicated police organization provided
    security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to provide some extra security.
    Magistrates such as procurators, fiscals and quaestros investigated crime.
    Under the reign of Augustus, 14 wards were created, the wards were protected
    by seven squads of 1000 men called vigiles who acted as  firemen and night
    watchmen. Their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and
    capturing run away slaves. The vigiles were supported by the urban cohorts
    who acted as a heavy duty riot force and praetorian guard if necessary.

  praetorian guard - bodyguards used by roman emperors.

 urban cohorts - were created by Augustus to counter balance the enormous power of
the praetorian guard in the city of Rome and serve as the police force.
 vigiles - (watchmen of the city) - were the firefighters and police of ancient Rome.
 ward - a subdivision of a municipality.

4. Medieval England - the Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order since

    the Norman conquest was a private system of tithing, led by a constable to
    enforce the law.

 tithing - was a grouping of 10 households.

 constable - is a person holding a particular office most commonly in law enforcement.
The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdiction.

5. Spain - modern police in Europe has a precedent in the Hermandus or

    (brotherhood) - peace keeping association of individuals, a characteristic of
    municipal life in medieval Spain. The first recorded case of the formation of the
    hermandad occurred when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to
    police the pilgrim road to Santiago de compostela in galicia and protect the
    pilgrims against robber knights.

6. France - The first police force in the modern sense was created by the
    government of king Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest
    city in Europe.

7. Britain and Ireland - in England, a system of sheriffs, reeves and investigative

    juries to provide basic security and law enforcement.

 Sheriff - is a contraction of the term "shire-reeve" - designated a royal official

responsible for keeping the peace through out  a shire or county on behalf of the king.
 Reeve - a senior official with local responsibilities under the crown. ex., chief magistrate
of a town or district.
 Shire - traditional term for a division of land in the UK and Australia.
 Jury - is a sworn body of people convened to render impartial verdict officially submitted
to them by a court or to set a penalty or judgement.
 Thief taker - a private individual hired to capture criminal.
 Bow street runners - London's first professional police force.
 Henry Fielding - a magistrate educated at Elton college who founded the Bow street
runners originally numbered just six.
 Statute of Winchester - in 1285, obliged the authorities of every town to keep a watch
at the city gates and arrest all suspicious night walkers.
 Sir Robert Peel - prime minister of England from Dec. 1834 to April 1835 and again
From Aug.1841 to June 1846. While home secretary, help create the modern concept of
the police force leading to officers being known as bobbies in England and peelers in
Ireland.
 Patrick Colquhoun - (1745 - 1820) - a Scottish merchant and a magistrate who founded
the first regular preventive police force in England, the Thames river police.

8. In the US - the first city police services were established in Philadelphia in 1751, Boston 1838
and new york 1845.

  August Vollmer - first police chief of Berkeley California. He is sometimes called the
father of modern law enforcement in the US.
               1. He was the first chief to require that  
                   police officers attain college degrees.
                 
            
   2. First police chief to create a motorized
                   force placing officers on   motorcycles
                  and cars so that they could patrol broader
                  areas with greater efficiency .    
              3. He was also the first to use the lie detector
                  in police work.

 O.W. Wilson - studied under August Vollmer. Became Chief of Police of the Fullerton
police department. He also became chief of police of the Wichita police department. He
introduced the following reforms and innovations:

1. requires new policeman to have college education.

2. use of police car for patrol, mobile radios and use of a mobile crime laboratory.
3. he believe that the use of a two way radio allowed better supervision of patrol officers.

What are the 3 main task of supervision?

1. Organize - means planning the work of the
    department and of the personnel in an orderly
    manner.
2. Delegate - means giving someone else the
    responsibility and authority to do something.The
    supervisor confers upon a subordinate officer the
    same authority and responsibility that the
    supervisor possesses to accomplish the specific task
    The supervisor remain responsible for the
    completion of the delegated task.
3. Oversee - means that the supervisor ensures that
    the work that has been organized and delegated is
    satisfactorily completed.

 Community policing - is the process by which an organized group of citizens devoted a time
to crime prevention within a neighborhood. When suspecting criminal activities, members are
encourage to contact the authorities and not to intervene.

Beat patrol - the deployment of officers in a given community, area or locality to prevent and
deter criminal activity and to provide day to day services to the community.

Sting Operations - organized groups of detectives who deceived criminals into openly
committing illegal acts of conspiring to engage in criminal activity.

Hotspots of Crime - the view that a significant portion of all police calls in cities typically radiate
from a relatively few locations.

Models of Policing
1. Neighborhood Oriented Policing - a philosophy of
    police suggesting that problem solving is best done
    at the neighborhood level, where issues originate
    not at a far-off central headquarters.

2. Pro Active Policing - aggressive law enforcement

    style in which patrol officers take the initiative
    against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to
    occur.
3. Problem Oriented Policing - a style of police
    management that stresses pro active problem
    solving instead of reactive crime fighting.
4.Community Oriented Policing - programs designed
    to bring the police and the public closer together
    and create more cooperative working environment
    between them.
5. Reactive Policing - the opposite of Pro Active
    policing where the police wait for crime to occur.

Blue Curtain - describes the secrecy and insulation

from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture.

Cynicism - the belief that most peoples actions are motivated solely by personal needs and
selfishness.

Civilian Review Board - ex. PLEB - organized citizen groups that examine police misconduct.

Watchman - style of policing characterized by an emphasis on maintaining public order.

Fleeing Felon Rule - the oldest standard relating to the use of deadly force.

Beats - designated police patrol areas.

Internal Affairs - unit that investigates allegations of police misconduct.

Deadly Force - police killing of a suspect who resists arrest or presents a danger to an officer or
the community.

Booking - the administrative record of an arrest listing the offenders name, address, physical
description, date of birth, time of arrest, offense and name of arresting officer. It also include
photographing and fingerprinting of the offender.

Line Up - placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of being viewed and identified by a
witness.

Stop and Frisk - the situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run
their hands lightly over the suspects outer garments to determine if the person is carrying a
concealed weapon. Also called Inquiry of Pat Down.

Foot Patrol - police patrol that takes officer out of cars and puts them in walking beat to
strengthen ties with the community.
Excited Delirium - an overdose of adrenaline that can occur in heated confrontation with the
police.

* Patrol reduces crime by creating an  impression of

   omnipresence.

Responding to Crime - total response time is comprised of four dimensions.

1. Discovery Time - interval between the commission
    of the crime and its discovery.
2. Reporting Time - interval between the discovery
    of the crime and when it is reported to the police.
3. Processing Time - interval between receiving the
    call and dispatching the  officers for service.
4. Travel time - the amount of time it takes for the
    police to travel to the scene of the crime.

The Phantom Effect - "residual deterrence" most people believe that the police is present even
when the are not in sight.

Sworn Date - the date that  a sworn employee took the oath of office for their position.

Advantages of Foot/Bicycle Patrol

1. Increased personal contact between the police and
    citizen.
2. Increased observation ability.
3. Increased ability to gather information
4. Economical

Advantages of Motorized Patrol

1. Increased speed and mobility
2. Increased conspicuousness
3. Availability of additional equipment
4. Increased transportation capability
5. Deceased response time
6. Communications

Basic Preventive Patrol Methods Utilized by an Officer

1. Frequent check and contact with business premises
2. Frequent check of suspicious persons
3. Fluctuating patrol patterns
4. Maintenance of visibility and personal contact
5. Daily individual patrol and community action plan

Factors to be Considered in Becoming Familiar with the Community

1. General population information
2. Appropriate geographical information
3. Recent criminal activity
4. Specific factors that may influence patrol functions
    ex. location of hospitals, high crime areas,
    community habits.

How to Prepare for a Normal Patrol Shift

1. Gathering information through crime reports and
    briefings
2. Gathering needed materials ex. report forms,
    citation books
3. Obtaining and checking equipment
4. Planning work around identified priorities
5. Preparing daily patrol and community action plan

What an Officer on Night time Patrol  Should be Looking for

1. broken glasses
2. open doors and windows
3. pry marks
4. suspicious vehicles
5. persons on foot
6. differences in normal lighting (on or Off)
7. unusual sounds
8. access to roof tops or upper floors

Definition of Terms
1. Section - a primary subdivision of a bureau with a
    department wide responsibility for providing  a
    specific specialized functions.
2. Unit - a subdivision of a section usually small in 
    size with personnel assigned to perform a
    specialized activity, one or two employees
    performing assigned
    work.
3. Squad - a subdivision of a unit.
4. Detail - a subdivision of a squad.
5. Precinct -the primary geographic subdivision of
    the patrol operation bureau.
6. Sector - the primary geographic subdivision  of a
    precinct, supervised by a sergeant.
7. Beat - the primary subdivision of a sector.
8. Watch/Shift - one of several tours of duty.
9. Post - a fixed geographic location usually assigned
    to an individual officer.
10.Task Force - an adhoc work group normally
     established by bureau commander to respond to a
     specific incident or series of related incidents. Task 
     Force assignment is temporary.
11.Chief of Police - overall commander of the
     department.
12.Chain of Command - a fundamental component
     of proper supervision.The chain of command
      requires that each employee reports and is
      accountable to   only one direct supervisor.
Police Operational Planning

Police Operational Planning - the act of determining policies and guidelines for police
activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
operations in the department. Involves strategies or tactics, procedures, policies or guidelines.

Operational Planning - the use of rational design or patten for all departmental undertakings
rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. The preparation and development
of procedures and techniques in accomplishing each of the primary tasks and functions of an
organization.

Police Planning - an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources

to meet anticipated service demands. The systematic and orderly determination of facts and
events as basis for policy formulation and decision making affecting law enforcement
management.

Planning - the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be
attained; involves the determination of a course of action to take in performing a particular
function or activity. The process of developing methods or procedures or an arrangement of
parts intended to facilitate the accomplishment of a definite objective. The process of deciding in
advance  what is to be done and how it is to be done.

Plan - an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal or

objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment. A method or way of doing
something in order to attain objectives and provides answers to the 5Ws and 1H.

Strategy - a broad design or method or a plan to attain a stated goal or objective.

Tactics - are specific design, method or a course of action to attain a particular objective in
consonance with strategy.

Procedures - are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.

Policy - a course of action which could be a program of

actions adopted  by an individual, group, organization or government or the set of principles on
which they are based.

 case operational plan (COPLAN) - a definite target - specific activity conducted in

relation to an intelligence project under which it is affected. Several case operations may
fall under one intelligence project.- refers to a preparatory plan on how to carry out a
case operation which is the last resort to pursue intelligence objectives when normal
police operations fail.

 command post/holding area - area where case conferences, briefings and debriefings
are being conducted by the responding agencies.
 dragnet operation - is a police operation purposely to seal off the probable exit points of
fleeing suspect from the crime scene to prevent their escape.
 Management or Administrative Functions
  1. Planning
  2. Organizing
   3. Directing
  4. Controlling
  5. Staffing
  6. Reporting
  7. Budgeting

Guidelines in Planning
  1. What - mission/objective
  2. Why  - reason/philosophy
  3. When - date/time
  4. where - place
  5. How  - strategy/methods

Characteristics of a Good Plan

  1. A Plan must have a clearly defined objective
  2. A Plan must be simple, direct and clear
  3. A Plan must be flexible
  4. A Plan must be attainable
  5. A Plan must provide standards of operation
  6. A Plan must be economical in terms of resources
      needed for implementation.

Types of Plan
  1. Procedural/Policy Plan
  2. Operational Plan
  3. Tactical Plan
  4. Administrative/Management Plan
  5. Extra-Departmental Plan

Intelligence

Definition of Terms:

Intelligence Agency - is a government agency responsible for the collection,analysis or

exploitation of information and intelligence in support of law enforcement,national
security,defense and foreign policy objectives.

Intelligence Officer - is a person employed by an organization to collect,compile and analyze

information which is used to that organization.

Counter Intelligence - refers to effort made by intelligence organizations to prevent hostile or

enemy intelligence organization from successfully gathering and collecting intelligence against
them.

Human Intelligence - category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided
by human sources.

Dead Drop/Dead Letter Box - is a method of espionage trade craft used to pass items between
2 individuals using a secret location and thus not require to meet directly.

Live Drop - 2 persons meet to exchange items or information.

Dead Drop Spike - is a concealment device used to hide money,maps,documents,microfilm
and other items.

Cut-Out - is a mutually trusted intermediary,method or channel of communication,facilitating the

exchange of information between agents.

Espionage/Spying - involves a government or individual obtaining information that is

considered secret of confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.

Agent Handling - is the management of agents,principal agents and agent networks by

intelligence officers typically known as case officers.

Case Officer - is an intelligence officer who is trained specialist in the management of agents
and agent network.

Agent - acts on behalf of another whether individual,organization or foreign government, works

under the direction of a principal agent or case officer.

Cryptography - is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the
presence of third parties called adversaries.

Eaves Dropping - Is the act of secretly listening to the private conversation of others without
their consent.

Propaganda - is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a

community toward some cause or position.

Flip - apprehended criminals who turn informants.

Snitches - jailhouse informants.

Means of Information Gathering

1.Overt
2.Covert

Intelligence Cycle - is the process of developing unrefined data into polished intelligence for
the use of policy makers.
  1. Direction - intelligence requirements are
      determined by a decision maker to meet his/her
      objective.
  2. Collection - is the gathering of raw information
       based on requirements.
  3. Processing - converting the vast amount of
      information collected into a form usable by
      analyst.
  4. Analysis - conversion of raw information into
      intelligence. It includes:
          (1) integrating
          (2) evaluating
          (3) analyzing data and preparing intelligence
               product.
  5. Dissemination - is the distribution of raw or
      finished intelligence to the consumer whose needs
      initiated the intelligence requirement.
  6. Feedback - is received from the decision maker
      and revised requirement issued.

Evaluation - systematic determination of merit, worth and significance of something or

someone using criteria against a set of standards.

Collation - is the assembly of written information into a standard order.

Crime Triangle
1. the offender
2. the victim
3. the location

Crime Intelligence - information compiled, analyzed and/or disseminated in an effort to

anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity.

Strategic Intelligence - information concerning existing patterns or emerging trends of criminal

activity designed to assist in criminal apprehension and crime control strategies for both short
and long term investigative tools. 

Tactical Intelligence - information regarding a specific criminal event that can be used
immediately by operational units to further a criminal investigation plan tactical operations and
provide for officer safety.

Open Source - refers to any information that can be legitimately obtained e. free on request,
payment of a fee.

Source - the place or person from which information is obtained.

Intelligence Assessment - is the development of forecasts of behavior or recommended

courses of action to the leadership of an organization based on a wide range of available
information sources both overt and covert.

Intelligence Analysis - is the process of taking known information about situations and entities
of strategic, operational, or tactical importance, characterizing the known and with appropriate
statements of probability. the future actions in those situations and by those entities.

Cryptanalysis - from the Greek word Kryptos-hidden and Analyein-to loosen or to unite - is the
art of defeating cryptographic security systems and gaining access to the contents of encrypted
messages without being given the cryptographic key.
Industrial Security
RA no. 5487 - (as amended by PD no. 11) - Private security agency law.

Private Detective Agency - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission conducts or
carries on or holds himself out as conducting or carrying on a detective agency or detective
service.

Private Detective - any person who is not a member of a regular police agency or armed forces
who does detective work for hire,reward or commission.

PADPAO - Philippine Association of Detective and Private Agency Operators.

Watchmen/Security Guard - person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure
either residential or business establishment or both or any building,compound or area for hire or
compensation or as an employee thereof.

Security Agency - any person, association, partnership or corporation who recruits, trains,
muster ,furnishes, solicit individuals or business firms, private or government owned or
controlled corporation to engage his services or those of its watchmen.

Who May Organize Security Agency

1. Any Filipino Citizen or a corporation, partnership or association.
2. With a minimum capital  required by law.

  In case of corporation, association, or partnership - must be 100 % owned and

controlled by Filipino citizen.
 No person shall organize or have interest in more than one agency.

Qualification of an Operator or Manager of a Security Agency:

1. At least 25 years of age
2. College graduate and/or commissioned officer in the
    inactive service of the AFP
3. Good moral character
4. No previous record of any conviction of any
    crime/offense involving moral turpitude
5. Not suffering from any of the following
    disqualifications:

1. dishonorably discharged or separate from the AFP

2. mentally incompetent
3. addicted to the use of narcotic drugs
4. habitual drunkard
  An elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on account of
the function of their respective offices in the implementation and enforcement of the
provision of RA 5487 and person related to such government employees by affinity or
consanguinity in the third civil degree shall not hold any interest, directly or indirectly in
any security guard agency.

Basic Qualification of a security Guard

  1. Filipino citizen
  2. High school graduate
  3. Physically and mentally fit
  4. Not less than 21 nor more than 50 years old
  5. At least 5'4" in height
  6. Not suffering from any disqualification under RA
      5487

 Veterans shall be given priority in employment as security guard or private detective.

 Person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be employed as
security guard or private detective.
 Private detective, detective agency, security guard, security agency must first obtain
license from the PNP.
 Employees employed solely for clerical or manual work need not be licensed.
 The license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place in the
agency office.
 The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation of all private detective
and security guard agencies.
 The City/Municipal Mayors has the power as director of the City/Municipal civil defense
to deputize private detective and security guards to help maintain peace and order or
prevent or arrest law violators in case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity.
They shall take orders from the Chief of Police for the duration of the fire, inundation,
earthquakes, riots or other emergency.
 A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess firearms.
 Firearm must not be higher than .45 caliber.
 Agency is entitled to possess firearm not exceeding one firearm for every security guard
in its employ.
 Security guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or shotgun.
 Firearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of duty in proper
uniform within the compound of the establishment except when he escorts big amount of
cash or valuables in or out of said compound.
 The Chief PNP shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and paraphernalia to
be worn by the security guards.
 Uniforms must be different from the PNP/AFP.
 Salary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribe by law.

Limitations and Prohibitions on a Security Agency

1. No agency operating in the City of manila and
    suburbs may employ more than 1000 watchmen or
    security guards.
2. No agency operating in other cities and first class
    municipalities may employ more than 500 watchmen
    or security guards.
3. No agency operating in municipalities other than
    first class may employ more than 200 watchmen or
    security guards.
4. No person, corporation, partnership or association
    may organize more than one agency in any one city
    or municipality.
5. No agency shall offer, render or accept services to
    gambling dens or other illegal enterprises.
6. The extent of the security service being provided
    by any security agency shall not go beyond the
    whole compound or property of the person or
    establishment requesting the security service
    except when they escort big amount of cash.

Who can Issue rules and regulations to carry out the purpose of RA 5487? ans. the chief
PNP, in consultation with the Philippines Association of Detective and Protective Agency
Operators.

What are the penal provisions for violation of RA5487 or its implementing rules? ans.
1. Suspension, fine or cancellation of license to
    operate with the forfeiture f bond filed with the
    Chief PNP.
2. Imprisonment ranging from 1 to 4 years and fine, in
    the discretion of the courts.

Physical security - describes the measures that are designed to deny access to unauthorized
personnel from physically accessing a building, facility, stored information and guidance on how
to design structures to resist potentially hostile acts.
                                 - a system of barriers placed between a potential intruder and the material
or installation to be protected.

Security - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury, destruction,
intimidation or fear. Freedom from fear or danger or defense against crime.

Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the potential
intruder and the matter to be protected. Protective device against hazards, threats, vulnerability
and risks.

Purpose/Goals of Physical security

1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings

2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards

How to deter potential intruders

 1. install warning signs -
2. build fences
3. put vehicle barriers
4. install vehicle height restriction
5. implement restricted access point
6. install sight lighting and trenches

How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - access control at the

1. gates
2. doors
3. locks

How to detect intrusion

1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv

Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a fire brigade.

Notable security guards:

1.  Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the resignation of
US president Richard Nixon.

Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use of physical
barriers, architectural design and enhanced security measures of a particular location.

Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the
control of its residents.

Demography - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

Principles of Physical Security

1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the
    property in order to benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a
    number of variable factors and therefore may be
    achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth
    resulting to accumulated delay time which may lead
    to the apprehension of the intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.

2 Kinds of Barriers
1. Natural
2. Artificial

5 Types of Barriers

1. Human 4. Energy/Electrical/Electronic
2. Animal 5. Structural
3. Natural

3 Line of Defense
1. Perimeter Barrier - 1st line of defense.
2. Building Exterior - 2nd line of defense.
3. Interior Controls - 3rd line of defense.

Perimeter Barrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized persons.
Other Purposes
1. It defines the boundary of the property to be
    secured.
2. It creates a physical and psychological deterrent
    to unauthorized entry.
3. It delays intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension
    of intruders.
4. It assists in a more efficient and economical
    employment of guards.
5. It facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian
    and vehicular traffic.
Components:
1. Types of Fencing (solid/full view)
2. The top guard
3. Types of Protective Alarms Systems
4. Types of Protective and Emergency Lighting's
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Building Exterior - Components:

1. walls
2. Doors
3. Windows
4. Roof Openings
5. Fire Escapes
6. Protective Alarm Systems
7. Protective and Emergency lightnings
8. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Interior Controls - Components:

1. ID Systems
2. Protective Alarm Systems
3. Protective Emergency Lighting's
4. Communication Systems
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers
6. Restricted Areas (storage areas/utilities)
7. Access Control
8. Key Control
9. Emergency Plans
10.Guards

Natural barriers or features - such as cliffs,ravines,and rivers which delay or make more
difficult to entry of intruders.

Barriers - any line of boundary and separation,natural or artificial,places,or serving as limitation

or obstruction.Anything that bars,keep out,obstruct progress,or prevents encroachment or
intrusion.

Structural barriers - features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to
delay the intruder.ex.walls,ceilings,locks,safe,windows.

Human barriers - guards,charges of quarters,office personnel,shop workers etc. who stand

between the intruder and the matter to be protected.

Animal barriers - usually guard dog.ex. trained German shepherds used as guards,goose,and
turkeys can also be included.

Energy barriers - usually electrical or electronics devices used to provide assistance to guard
personnel.ex. protective lightnings,anti intrusion devices.

Full view fence - it is designed primarily to prevent physical access between two
areas.Constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the fence.

Physical Security Features:

1.Natural barriers - natural terrains features must be
   considered from the stand point of their values to
   intruder as cover and concealment.Normally the
   first type considered very often we have to accept
   and work around them.
2.Fences
   a. solid fence - one is constructed in such a way that
       visual access through the fenced structure is
        denied.
   b. full view fence - constructed in such a way that
       usual access is permitted through the fence.

Advantages of a full view fence

1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to
    keep area surrounding of the installation under
    observation.
2. it does not create shadows which would provide
    cover and concealment for the intruder.

Disadvantages of a full view fence

1. It allows visual access to the installation,its
    personnel,its guard and its activities.
2. It allows the intruders to become familiar with the
    movements and the time schedule of the guard
    patrols thereafter allowing him to pick the time for
    attempting penetration which would most
    advantageous to the intruder.

Advantages of solid fence

1. Denies visual access of the installation of the
    intruder.
2. Denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
    familiar with the personnel,activities and the time
    schedule of the movements of guards in the
    installations.

Disadvantages of solid fence

1. It prevents the guards from observing the area
    around the installation.
2. It creates shadows which may be used by the
    intruder for cover and concealment.

Minimum acceptable requirements for fence used security barriers

1. Height - 8 feet at a minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom - not to exceed 2 inches.If the
    fences are not tight then it should extend even
    closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension
    of 4X4 inches.
4.Steel fence post - the round type should at least be
    2 inches at the smallest diameter.
5. Fence post - should be set in concrete or in firm
    soil using commercial drive anchors to a depth of 3
    feet and the maximum distance post is 10 feet.
6. Fence top (Top Guard) - there should be something
    on the top of the fence to deter persons attempting
    to go over fence.ex.use of barb wire overhang.The
    arms holding the barbwire should be extended at 45
    degree angle in the direction of the expected
    approach.
7. Fence area - it should be declared trees and
    vegetation  and debris of other materials which
    would offer concealment of the intruder or would
    aid him in scaling the fence.
8. Fence Gates - gates should be limited to the no.
    necessary for efficient and sage operation of the
    installation.
9. Fence Opening - all opening in the fence in excess
    of 96 inches must be locked barbed or screen in
    such a way that they may be interlocked  and
    opened from the inside  and only by selected
    personnel.
10.Multiple fence - is used should at least be 10 feet
    apart  and the overhang on the top of the inner
    fence should point inward.

4 Basic functions that must be accomplished by the guard system

1. Detect intruders
2. Sound alarms
3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4. Identify authorized personnel

Personnel Control Identification

2 Types of identification
1. Personal Recognition - is the most effective
2. Artificial Identification - badges,passes etc.

System of Employment of Personnel Control Identification

1. Pass system - a method used by security to screen
    visitors or person admitted into building premises.
2. Single pass or Badge system - the least expensive
    and the least secure.
3. Group pass and Badge system - one ID for one
    group.
4. Multiple pass system - separate pass is required for
    access to various areas in need ex.color coding
5. Spot magnetized identification passes - a code may
    be placed in the device and when passes through a
    machine,the code on the device is read,if it contains
    wrong code or no code at all,it will alarm.
6. Access list - it contains the names of authorized
    persons or personnel and is checked against
    identification cards such as drivers licenses,draft
     registration etc.

Visitor control - the measures used would depend on the sensibility of the installation but could
include the following:
1. Escort - expensive but most secure
2. Time traveled - if there is a long delay or time lapse
    between the departure and arrival,the visitor may
    be required to show cause for the delay.
3. Visitors logs - should contain identifying data,
    reasons of visit,time in and hour etc.
4. Visitors entrances - separate access for visitors and
    separate for employees .

Utility and maintenance personnel - escort system could be used.If these people visit the
installations on a regular basis some of the systems previously could be used.
Package control - there should be provisions made to check packages being taken in and taken
out.

Photography - extreme caution must be exercised in areas where classified information is

displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation.

Vehicular control and identification

* Most common identification is for registering at the headquarters or gates and putting of sticker
on the windows of the vehicles.
* For visitors,the following systems are used:
   1. Escort
   2. Driver pool - the most secure but the most
       expensive.In this system,car is driven by qualified
       driver employed by the installation from the
       entrance to its destination and after the 
       conclusion of the business of the visitor.car is
       driven back to the installations entrance.
   3. Time travel - used in less sensitive installations
   4. Grid system - a very complicated system.The
        installation is divided into grid ad squares like a
        map.Each square is given a no. or letter
        designation.The visitor is then given a map and
        shown the route to take to his destination and
        should not deviate from the prescribed route,
        otherwise he could be stopped and questioned
        by the guards.
  5. Search of vehicles - sign should be put at the
       entrance to the installation that any vehicle
       entering is subject to search anytime.

Types of Protective Alarm Systems

1. Central station system - the control station is
     located outside the installations.When the alarm is
     sounded by a subscriber, the central station
     notifies the police or protection agency.
2. Property system - the control system is located
    inside the installations with its own firefighter,law
    enforcer,ambulance,or bomb disposal unit.
3. Local alarm - the signalling is near the alarm itself.
    When the intruder enters the installation,the alarm
    goes off scaring the intruder.Purpose is just to
    scare not to apprehend intruder.
4. Auxiliary alarm - the installation owned the
    protective alarm with a unit in the nearest police
    station so that in case of need,direct call is possible.
 
Kinds of Alarms
1. Intrusion alarm - any detecting devices using
    electric and their combinations to signal an alarm
    when actuated.
2. Laser beam alarm - a laser emitter floods the wall or
    fence with a beam so that when this beam is
    disturbed  by a physical object,an alarm is activated
3. Photocell alarm - an invisible or visible beam is
    emitted and when disturbed,it activates an alarm
    or mechanical device that opens a door or lift
    movable barriers,activated by light.

Basic component of an alarm system

1. Annunciation - the heart of the system of the
    detecting device and is the component that
    activates the triggering unit.
2. Transmission - it transmit what is detected.
3. Triggering device - the one which emits those aural
    or visual signals or both.

Security Survey - The detailed check and audit of what an installation or plant does not have in
relation to its protection from hazards.

Security Inspection - a precess where physical

examination is conducted to determine compliance with established security policies and
procedures as a result of security survey.

Purpose of security survey

1. To determine existing state or condition of security
2. To locate weaknesses and possible defense
3. To determine degree of protection required

Security hazards - an act or condition which result in a situation conductive to a breach of the
protection system and the subsequent loss or compromise of defense,information,company
secrets,or damage to property,personnel,or facilities.

Hazards - exposure to loss or injury.

Two General Categories of Security Hazards

1. Human hazard - caused by human 
    action.Ex.sabotage,pilferage,theft
2. Natural Hazard - caused by natural phenomena.

Types of Human Hazards

 

1. Human carelessness   5. Subversion

  2. Accident   6. Sabotage
  3. Disaffection   7. Espionage
  4. Disloyalty   8. Pilferage
  9. Theft   10.Vandalism

Protective Security - measures taken by an installation or unit to protect against

sabotage,espionage or subversion and at the same time provide freedom of action in order to
provide the installation or unit with the necessary flexibility to accomplish its mission.

3 Aspects of Security
   1. Physical Security - measures taken to prevent
       physical access or entry to an installation.
   2. Personnel Security - measures taken to insure
       that only authorized personnel have access to
      classified documents or information.
   3. Document and Information Security

Types of Security
   1. Physical Security - the most broad.
   2. Industrial Security - security of business
       installations and industrial plants.
   3. VIP Security - protection of high level officers and
       important personnel.
   4. Bank Security - security of money and assets
        stored or in transit.
   5. Hotel Security - security for hotel guest and their
       personal belongings and property as well as
       properties of the hotel.
   6. Document security - protection of vital records
       from loss or unauthorized access.
   7. Communication Security - measures to prevent or
       delay the unauthorized person in gaining
       information through communication.

Physical Security 
  * Protective barrier - is the physical type of security.
  * Barrier - any structure or physical device capable
     of restricting,deterring,delaying illegal access into
     installations.
  * Perimeter barrier - a medium or structures which
     define the physical limits of an installation or area
      to restrict or impede access thereto.Any physical
      barrier used to supplement the protection of the
      inside perimeter.
  * Inside Perimeter - a line of protection adjacent to
     the protected area and passing through points of
     possible entry into the area.ex. doors and windows
  * Outside perimeter - a line of protection but some
     what removed from the protected area.ex.fence

Types of Perimeter Barrier Opening

  1. Gates and Doors
  2. Elevators
  3. Air intakes,Exhaust tunnels
  4. Clear Zone
  5. Top Guard
  6. Guard Control Stations
  7. Tower
  8. Barrier maintenance
  9. Sign and Notices

Protective Alarms - supplemental physical barriers in a form of sound that cause alarm
installed indoors or outdoors in an installation.

Types of Alarm Systems

 

1. Metallic foil wire

  2. Ultrasonic Detection Device
  3. Vibration Detection Device
  4. Microwave Motion Detection Device
  5. Audio Detection Device
  6. Photo Electric or Electric Eye
Kinds of Alarms
  1. Bill Traps
  2. Foot Rail Activator
  3. Knee or thigh button
  4. Foot button
  5. Double squeeze button

Protective Lighting - provide illumination on areas to be secured that adds psychological

deterrence.

Types of protective Lighting

  1. Stationary luminary - consist of series of fixed
       luminaries to flood given area continuously
       Example: glare protection type
  2. Standby Lighting - provides continuous lighting
       through manual operations.
  3. Movable Lighting - stationary or portable manually
      operated  search lights.
  4. Emergency Lighting - duplication of existing
      lighting system that is utilized in the event of
      electric failure.

Types of Lighting Equipment

  1. Street lights - used in parking areas
  2. Search Lights - highly focused incandescent lamps
      used to pinpoint potential trouble spot.
  3. Flood Lights - project light in a concentrated beam
      used in boundaries and fences.
  4. Fresnel Lights - wide beam units primarily used to
      extend illumination in long horizontal strips to
      protect approaches to perimeter barrier.

Protective Locks and Keys

  1. Lock - a mechanical,hydraulic,electrical or 
      electronic device designed to prevent entry into a
      building,room,container or hiding place and to
      prevent the removal of items without the consent
      of the owner.
  2. Padlock - portable and detachable lock having or
      sliding hasp that passes through a staple ring.
 

3. Peterman - A term used in England for lock picker,

      safe cracker and penetrators of restricted areas
      or rooms.

Types of Locks
  1. Lever locks - used in cabinets,drawers,safe
      deposit box.
  2. Disc-Tumble Locks - used in car doors.
  3. Warded Locks - offer little security,used only to
      provide privacy.
  4. Combination Locks
  5. Card Operated Locks
  6. Electromagnetic Locks
  7. Code operated Locks

Types of Keys
  1. Master Key - a special key of opening a series
      locks.
  2. Grand Master Key - a key that will open
       everything in a system involving two or more
       master key groups.
  3. Change Key - a key to a single lock within a master
      keyed system.
  4. Sub Master Key - a key will open all lock with a
      particular area or grouping in a given facility.

Types of Security Cabinets

  1. Safe
  2. vault
  3. File Room

Protective Cabinets - considered as the third line of  defense against unauthorized persons.

Key Control - a system of controlling keys devised and  regulated for disposal,storage and
withdrawals.

Close-in Security Formations

  1. One Man Security - 360 degrees coverage.
  2. Two Man Security - Each guard has 180 degrees
       coverage.
  3. Three Man Security - has equal areas of coverage
  4. Four Man Security
  5. Five Man Security - modified diamond.
  6. Six Man Security - (defensive circle) too much
      crowd requires arm lock formation.
      Note: Six Man Security is the most effective.

Defensive In Depth Barriers

  1. Outer Ring - securing sidewalks,in front of
       quarters or offices,covering all entrances,front,
       center,side and rear.
  2. Middle Ring - security covering inside quarters,
      office,residence,all stairways and elevators.
  3. Inner Ring - immediately outside the high risk
      personnel door or the one closest to the VIP.

1.  The amount and nature of the demands of the police service
         A.Clientele
         B.Purpose
         C.Time
         D. Process                                                 Answer: C

2.  The PNP has a program which ensures the deployment of

      policemen in busy and crime prone areas.  This is called
          A.    patrol deployment program
          B.    roving patrol program
          C.    patrol and visibility program
          D.    police patrol program                        Answer: C

3. All regional appointments of commissioned officers commence

     with the rank of: 
          A.    Senior Police Officer I
          B.    Inspector
          C.    Police Officer III
          D.    Senior Inspector                               Answer: B

4.  In busy and thickly populated commercial streets like those

      in Divisoria, police patrol is very necessary.  Since there
      are several types of patrol, which of the following will you
      recommend:
          A.    Horse patrol
          B.    Mobile patrol
          C.    Foot patrol
          D.    Helicopter patrol                       Answer: C

5.  It is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation,

      analysis, and interpretation of all available information which
      concerns one or more aspects of criminal activity and which is
      immediately or potentially significant to police planning.
          A.    Investigation       
          B.    Information
          C.    Data
          D.    intelligence                                Answer:  D                 

6.  These are work programs of line divisions which related to

      the nature and extent of the workload and the availability
         of resources.
          A.    administrative plan           
          B.    operational plan
          C.    strategic plan
          D.    tactical plan                                      Answer:   B       

7.  It is the premier educational institution for the police,

      fire and jail personnel.
          A.    Philippine Military Academy
          B.    Development Academy of the Philippines
          C.    Philippine College of Criminology
          D.    Philippine Public Safety College         Answer: D

8.  A crew which is assigned to a mobile car usually consist of

          A.    a driver and intelligence agent
          B.    a driver and traffic man
          C.    a driver and a recorder
          D.    a driver, recorder and supervisor     Answer: D

9.  An industrial complex must establish its first line of

     physical defense.  It must have
          A.    the building itself           
          B.    perimeter barriers
          C.    communication barriers
          D.    window barriers                                Answer:B

10. All of the following are members of the People’s Law

       Enforcement Board (PLEB), EXCEPT:
          A.    Three (3) members chosen by the Peace and Order 
                  Council from among the respected members of the
                  community.
          B.    Any barangay Captain of the city/municipality concerned
                  chosen by the association of the Barangay Captains.
          C.    Any member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod/Pambayan
          D.    A bar member chosen by the Integrated bar of the
                  Philippines (IBP)                                Answer: D
                                                  
11. It is the circumspect inspection of a place to determine its
       suitability for a particular operational purpose.
          A.    Inspection       
          B.    Surveillance
          C.    Survey
          D.    Casing                                               Answer: C

12. In the civil service system, merit and fitness are the primary
       considerations in the
          A.    two-party system   
          B.    evaluation system
          C.    promotional system
          D.    spoils system                                    Answer: C
13. In the de-briefing, the intelligence agent is asked to discuss
      which of the following:
          A.    his educational profile and schools attended
          B.    his personal circumstances such as his age, religious
                  affiliation, address, etc.
          C.    his political inclination and/or party affiliation
          D.    his observations and experiences in the intelligence  
                                                                           Answer: D

14. It is a natural or man-made structure or physical device which is

       capable of restricting, determine, or delaying illegal access to an
       installation.
          A.    alarm                   
          B.    wall   
          C.    barrier
          D.    hazard                                               Answer: C

15. What form of intelligence is involved when information is obtained

       without the knowledge of the person against whom the
        information or documents may be used, or if the information is
        clandestinely acquired?
          A.    covert                
          B.    overt   
          C.    active
          D.    underground                                     Answer: A

16. The provincial Governor shall choose the provincial Director from
       a list of ___________ eligible recommended by the Regional
       Director,       preferable from the same province, city,
       municipality.
          A.    three (3)   
          B.    five (5)
          C.    four (4)                                         
          D.    Two (2)                                              Answer: A

17. Republic Act 6975 provides that on the average nationwide, the
       manning levels of the PNP shall be approximately in accordance
       with a police-to-population ratio of:
          A.    one (1) policeman for every seven hundred (700)
                  inhabitants.
          B.    one (1) policeman for every one thousand five hundred
                  (1,500) C.inhabitants.
          C.    one (1) policeman for every five hundred (500)
                  inhabitants.
          D.    one (1) policeman for every one thousand (1,000)
                  inhabitants.                                      Answer: C

18. In disaster control operations, there is a need to establish a

       ______where telephones or any means of communication shall   
          A.ensure open lines of communication.
          B.command post           
          C.operations center
          D.field room                                              Answer:B

19. Registration of a security agency must be done at the _______.

          A.Securities and Exchange Commission
          B.National Police Commission
          C.Department of National Defense
          D.PNP Criminal Investigation Group         Answer:D

20. The cheapest form of police patrol.

          A.    Bicycle Patrol
          B.    Foot Patrol
          C.    Motorcycle Patrol
          D.    Helicopter Patrol                               Answer: B    

21. The budget is a _________________ in terms of expenditure

       requirements.
          A.tactical plan           
          B.financial plan   
          C.work plan
          D.control plan                                           Answer: B

22. The term used for the object of surveillance is a subject while the
       investigator conducting the surveillance is:
          A.rabbit                   
          B.surveillant
          C.traffic enforcement
          D.patrol                                                    Answer: A

23. It is a police function which serves as the backbone of the police

       service.  In all types of police stations, there is a specific unit
        assigned to undertake this function in view of its importance.
          A.vice control           
          B.criminal investigation
          C.traffic management
          D.patrol                                                    Answer: D

24. It is the weakest link in security chain.

          A.managers               
          B.Barriers
          C.Personnel
          D.inspections                                            Answer:

25. Which of the following is considered as the most important factor

       in formulating an effective patrol strategy?
          A.training of station commander
          B.adequacy of resources of the police station
          C.rank of the patrol commander
          D.salary rates of police personnel            Answer: B
26. Who among the following have summary disciplinary powers over
       errant police members?
          A.District Director           
          B.Provincial Director
          C.Chief of Police
          D.Chief, PNP                                             Answer: D

27. You are the Patrol Supervisor for the morning shift.  You don’t
       have enough men to cover all the patrol beats.  Which of the
       following will you implement?
          A.    assign roving mobile patrol with no foot patrol
          B.    assign mobile patrols only in strategic places
          C.    maintain your patrolmen at the station and just wait for
                  calls for police assistance
          D.    assign foot patrol in congested and busy patrol beats but
                  assign a roving mobile patrol to cover beats which are not
                  covered by foot patrol                     Answer: B
                                                           
28. The father of organized military espionage was:
          A.    Akbar                   
          B.    Alexander the Great   
          C.    Genghis Khan
          D.    Frederick the Great                           Answer: B

29. Which of the following is the most common reason why informer
       can give information to the police?
          A.wants to be known to the policeman
          B.monetary reward
          C.as a good citizen
          D.revenge                                                Answer: B

30. To improve delegation, the following must be done, EXCEPT:

          A.    establish objectives and standards
          B.    count the number of supervisor
          C.    require completed work
          D.    define authority and responsibility   Answer: C

31. What administrative support unit conducts identification and

       evaluation of physical evidences related to crimes, with emphasis
       on their medical, chemical, biological and physical nature.
          A.    Logistics Service       
          B.    Crime Laboratory   
          C.    Communication and Electronic service
          D.    Finance Center                                 Answer: B

32. Those who are charged with the actual fulfillment of the agency’s
       mission are ________.
          A.    staff                   
          B.    supervision   
          C.    management
          D.    line                                                    Answer: D
33. When the subject identifies or obtains knowledge that the
       investigation is conducting surveillance on him, the latter is:
          A.    cut out                 
          B.    sold out
          C.    burnt out
          D.    get out                                             Answer: C

34. Small alley like those in the squatters area of Tondo can be best
       penetrated by the police through:
          A.    foot patrol               
          B.    mobile patrol   
          C.    highway patrol
          D.    helicopter patrol                                Answer: A

35. Some of the instructions in foot surveillance are the following,

       EXCEPT
          A.    stop quickly, look behind
          B.    drop paper, never mind what happens to the paper
          C.    window shop, watch reflection
          D.    retrace steps                                    Answer: B

36. On many occasions, the bulk of the most valuable information

       comes from:
          A.    business world           
          B.    newspaper clippings
          C.    an underworld informant
          D.    communications media                      Answer: B

37. Highly qualified police applicants such as engineers, nurses and

       graduates of forensic sciences can enter the police service as
       officers through:
          A.    regular promotion           
          B.    commissionship
          C.    lateral entry
          D.    attrition                                              Answer: C

38. Police Inspector Juan Dela Cruz is the Chief of Police of a

      municipality.  He wants his subordinates to be drawn closer to the
      people in the different barangays.  He should adopt which of the
      following projects?
          A.    COPS on the blocks       
          B.    Oplan Bakal
          C.    Oplan Sandugo
          D.    Complan Pagbabago                         Answer: A

39. What should be undertaken by a Security Officer before he can

       prepare a comprehensive security program for his industrial
       plan?
          A.    security conference           
          B.    security check   
          C.    security survey
          D.    security education                            Answer: C

40. This patrol method utilizes disguise, deception and lying in wait
       rather than upon high-visibility patrol techniques.
          A.    low-visibility patrol           
          B.    directed deterrent patrol
          C.    decoy patrol
          D.    high-visibility patrol                           Answer: A

41. It enforces all traffic laws and regulations to ensure the safety of
       motorists and pedestrians and attain an orderly traffic.
          A.    Civil Relations Unit       
          B.    Traffic Operations Center
          C.    Traffic Management Command
          D.    Aviation Security Command              Answer: C

42. A method of collecting information wherein the investigator

       merely uses his different senses.
          A.    observation           
          B.    casing
          C.    research
          D.    interrogation                                     Answer: A

43. In stationary surveillance, the following must be observed,

       EXCEPT
          A.    never meet subject face to face
          B.    avoid eye contact
          C.    recognize fellow agent
          D.    if burnt out, drop subject                 Answer: C

44. Pedro is a thief who is eying at the handbag of Maria.  PO1

       Santos Reyes is standing a few meters from Maria.  The thief’s
       desire to steal is not diminished by the presence of the police
       officer but the _______________ for successful theft is.
          A.    ambition               
          B.    feeling
          C.    intention
          D.    opportunity                                       Answer: A

45. Graduates of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are

       automatically appointed to the rank of:
          A.    Senior Superintendent       
          B.    Inspector
          C.    Senior Police Officer 1
          D.    Superintendent                                 Answer: C

46. PNP in-service training programs are under the responsibility of

        the:
          A.    PNP Directorate for Plans
          B.    PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine
                  Development
          C.    PNP Directorate for Personnel and Records Management
          D.    PNP Directorate for Comptrollership   Answer: C

47. One way of extending the power of police observation is to get

       information from persons within the vicinity.  In the police work,
       this is called:
          A.    data gathering            
          B.    field inquiry
          C.    interrogation
          D.    interview                                           Answer: B

48. Dogs have an acute sense of _______________ thus, their

      utilization in tracking down lost persons or illegal drugs.
          A.    smell                   
          B.    hearing
          C.    eating
          D.    drinking                                              Answer: A

49. Intelligence on _________________ makes heavy use of

      geographic information because law enforcement officials must
      know exact locations to interdict the flow of drugs.
          A.    Logistics               
          B.    Human Cargo Trafficking
          C.    Narcotics Trafficking
          D.    Economic resources                          Answer: C

50. Which of the following is most ideally suited to evacuation and

       search-and-rescue duties?
          A.    motorcycle               
          B.    helicopter       
          C.    patrol car
          D.    bicycle                                               Answer: B

51. A method of collection of information wherein the investigator

       tails or follows the person or vehicle.
          A.    research               
          B.    undercover operation
          C.    casing
          D.    surveillance                                       Answer: C

52. This is a person who does detective work for hire, reward or
       commission, other than members of the AFP, BJMP, provincial
       guards, PNP or any law enforcement agency of the government.
          A.    Secret Agent               
          B.    “Tiktik”
          C.    Private detective
          D.    Undercover                                       Answer: C
                                      
53. The uprightness in character, soundness of moral principles,
       honesty and freedom from moral delinquencies is referred to as
          A.    integrity               
          B.    loyalty                   
          C.    discretion
          D.    moral                                                 Answer: A
                                      
54. Going east while foot patrolling and turning right after reaching
       the end of your beat and turning right after reaching the other
       end of the road and again turning right until you completed the
       cycle by reaching back to your origin of patrolling.  What patrol
       pattern have you applied?
          A.    clockwise                
          B.    straightway
          C.    counter clockwise
          D.    free-wheeling                                   Answer: A
                                      
55. Which theory of patrol state that police visibility increases the
       opportunity to apprehend criminals by soothing them and letting
       them believe that their crimes will not be detected?
          A.    low profile theory   
          B.    high visibility   
          C.    theory of omnipresence
          D.    team policing                                     Answer: A

56. Without air force capability, patrol operation that covers large
       park areas, grassy fields or wooded areas requires the use of
          A.    bike patrol               
          B.    horse patrol
          C.    marine patrol
          D.    helicopter patrol                                Answer: B

57. Which of the following refers to the long range planning?

          A.    Intermediate               
          B.    Strategic
          C.    Medium
          D.    short                                                 Answer: B

58. The operational plan which is designed to met everyday or year 

       round needs is called
          A.   meeting unusual needs       
          B.   extra office   
          C.   regular operating programs
          D.   special operating programs               Answer: C

59. Which of the following is the oldest type of patrol?

          A.    horse                       
          B.    foot
          C.    canine
          D.    police                                                 Answer: B
60. The act of expelling a squatter by the legal process is called:
          A.    demolition               
          B.    squadron
          C.    eviction
          D.    tear down                                         Answer: C

61. Which of the following is not a commissioned officer?

          A.    Inspector                 
          B.    senior superintendent       
          C.    asst. chief
          D.    chief superintend                              Answer: C

62. Which of the following words has the same meaning as the word
       credibility?
          A.    ability               
          B.    capacity
          C.    believability
          D.    vulnerability                                      Answer: C
                                     
63. Which of the following best defines the word self-reliant?
          A.    observation           
          B.    crime prevention
          C.    called for service
          D.    criminal apprehension                        Answer: C

64. All but one are the primarily line operation in police organization
          A.    patrol               
          B.    records
          C.    investigation
          D.    traffic                                                Answer: C

65. Criminals can hear the sound of the helicopter coming and so
       element of surprise is lost which is one of the ______________
       of air patrol:
          A.    advantages               
          B.    features
          C.    disadvantages
          D.    import                                                Answer: C

66. What is the patrol used to locate prowlers, burglars hiding in

        large buildings or stores, and the control of unruly crowds and
        riots?
          A.    foot                       
          B.    horse
          C.    bicycle
          D.    dog               .                                   Answer: D

67. Which of the following laws established the Police Organization

       under the DILG?
          A.    R.A.     5487           
          B.    R.A.    8551
          C.    R.A. 1174
          D.    R.A.    6975                                      Answer: D

68. Who is the most important officer in the police organization?    

          A.    investigator
          B.    patrol officer
          C.    traffic officer
          D.    The Chief of Police                            Answer: B

69. Which of the following is the oldest warning device?

          A.    trumpet           
          B.    horn   
          C.    radio
          D.    siren                                          Answer: A

70. What type of cover uses actual or true background?

          A.    artificial               
          B.    multiple cover   
          C.    natural
          D.    cover within a cover                 Answer: C

71. What is the principle of organization suggesting that

       communication should ordinarily go upward and downward
       through establish channels in the hierarchy?
          A.    Chain of Command           
          B.    Span of Control
          C.    Unity of Command
          D.    Delegation of Authority                    Answer: A             

72. What is the optional retirement for officers and new officers of
       the police service?
          A.    15 years               
          B.    25 years
          C.    30 years
          D.    20 years                                            Answer: D

73. Governors and mayors, upon having been elected and having
       qualified as such, are automatically deputized as representatives
        of the
          A.    NAPOLCOM            
          B.    DND
          C.    PLEB
          D.    none of these                                    Answer: A

74. It is constitutionally and legally mandated to administer and

       control the Philippine National Police. 
          A.    DILG                   
          B.    DND 
          C.    NAPOLCOM
          D.    DFA                                                   Answer: C

75. It is the central receiving entity for any citizen’s  complaint

       against the members and officers of the PNP.
          A.    DILG                  
          B.    NAPOLCOM 
          C.    PLEB
          D.    IAS                                                    Answer: C

76. When we say that a commander is directly responsible  for any

       act or omission of his subordinates  in relation to the
       performance of their official duties, we are referring to:
          A.    chain of command              
          B.    delegation of responsibility
          C.    Command responsibility
          D.    span of control                                 Answer: C

77. A police strategy which aims to directly involve members of the

       community in the maintenance of peace and order by police
       officers.
          A.    Integrated Police System        
          B.    Comparative Police System 
          C.    Police Visibility
          D.    Community Oriented Policing  System(COPS)    Answer: D

78. No person in an organization can do all the tasks necessary for

      accomplishing group objective.  Also, no one should exercise all
       the authority for making decisions.  This refers to
          A.    chain of command        
          B.    command responsibility  
          C.    unity of command
          D.    delegation of authority                    Answer: D

79. Under RA 6975, a police officer is entitled to a longevity pay

       equivalent to how many percent (%) of his monthly basic salary
       for every five years of service, to be reckoned from the date of
       his original appointment in the police, fire, jail or other allied
       services? 
          A.    2 percent                         
          B.    5 percent
          C.    10 percent
          D.    15 percent                                         Answer: C

80. This term refers to the period when a police officer is actively
       engaged in the performance of his duty. 
          A.    off duty         
          B.    off limits  
          C.    on call
          D.    on duty                                             Answer: D

81. The act of temporarily denying an officer the privilege of

       performing his police duties in consequence of an offense and
       violation of rules and regulations.
          A.    dismissal                    
          B.    restriction           
          C.    suspension
          D.    reprimand                                          Answer: C

82. The credential  extended by the Civil Service

        Commission/National Police Commission for the purpose of
        conferring status for permanent appointment  in the police
        service.
          A.    police credibility         
          B.    police visibility   
          C.    Criminology Board Examination
          D.    police patrol examination 
          E.    police eligibility                                   Answer: E

83. In the history of our police force, who was the first Director
       General of the Philippine National Police (PNP)?
          A.    Gen. Cesar Nazareno            
          B.    Gen. Raul Imperial  
          C.    Gen. Umberto Rodriquez
          D.    Gen. Recaredo Sarmiento                Answer: A

84. The premier educational institution for the training, human

       resource development and continuing education of all the
       personnel of BJMP, BFP and PNP.
          A.    PNPA                    
          B.    PCCR    
          C.    PNTC
          D.    PPSC                                                  Answer: D

85. Under the law, the city/municipal jail warden should have a rank
       of __.
          A.    Inspector                 
          B.    Chef Inspector 
          C.    Senior Inspector
          D.    Superintendent                                 Answer: C

86. The required rank for the Chief of Jail Bureau. 

          A.    Chief Superintendent       
          B.    Director  General  
          C.    Director
          D.    Deputy Director General                   Answer: C

87. It exercise supervision and control over the provincial jails.

          A.    BJMP 
          B.    Bureau of  Prisons  
          C.    Department of Justice
          D.    Provincial Government                      Answer:  D

88. The required rank for the head of the Fire Bureau.
          A.    Chief Superintendent            
          B.    Director General   
          C.    Director
          D.    Deputy Director General                   Answer: C

89. It exercise supervision and control over all city and municipal
       jails.
          A.    BJMP               
          B.    Bureau of Prisons    
          C.    Department of Justice
          D.    Local Government                             Answer: A

 90. The annual reservation percentage quota for women in the  PNP
          A.    25%                  
          B.    5%   
          C.    10%
          D.    20%                                                  Answer: C

91. Which of the following administers and attends to cases

       involving crimes against chastity?
          A.    CIDG                    
          B.    DSWD
          C.    Women’s Desk
          D.    Homicide Division                              Answer:    C

92. They are automatically deputized as NAPOLCOM representatives

       to exercise supervision and control over PNP units. 
          A.    Chief of Police             
          B.    Judges       
          C.    Local Government Executives
          D.    Fiscals                                               Answer: C

93. They have the authority to recommend to the Provincial

       Director the transfer, reassignment of PNP members outside
       of their town residences.
          A.    Regional Directors         
          B.    Priests 
          C.    Chiefs of Police
          D.    Mayors                                              Answer: D

94. The head of a local peace and order council is the __.
          A.    judge                    
          B.    chief of police  
          C.    mayor
          D.    governor                                           Answer: C

95. The utilization of units or elements, of the PNP for the

       purpose of protection of lives and properties, enforcement of
       laws and maintenance of peace and order.
          A.    employment                 
          B.    deployment   
          C.    assignment
          D.    designation                                        Answer: A

96. The orderly and organized physical movement of elements or

       units of the PNP.
          A.    employment           
          B.    deployment        
          C.    assignment
          D.    designation                                        Answer: B

97. One of the following exercises control and supervision over the
       PNP units during elections.
          A.    NBI           
          B.    Ombusdman
          C.    COMELEC   
          D.    DILG                                                  Answer: C

98. The number of eligible for which the Regional Director may
       recommend for Provincial Director to the governor is __.
          A.    2          
          B.    3  
          C.    5
          D.    4                                                        Answer: B

99. Who is the current Chief of the PNP?

         A.   Nicanor Bartome
         B.   Nicanor Bartomeo
         C.   Nick Bartolome
         D.   Nicanor Bartolome                               Answer: C

100. The current PNP deputy director General for Administration is

         A.    Arturo Cacdac Jr.
         B.    Emilito Sarmiento
         C.    Rommel Heredia
         D.    Alexander Roldan                               Answer: A

101. Registration of a security agency as a corporation must be processed at what

        particular government agency.
             A. PNP SAGSD
             B. NAPOLCOM
             C. DND
             D. SEC                                                    Answer: D

102. Minimum age requirement for security manager or operator of a security

        agency.
             A. 25 years old
             B. 30 years old
             C. 35 years old
             D. 40 years old                                      Answer: A

103. He exercises the power to revoke for cause licenses issued to security
        guards.
             A. Chief PNP
             B. DILG Usec
             C. NAPOLCOM chairman
             D. DILG Secretary                                  Answer: A

104. Refers to a natural or man made structure which is capable of delaying

        illegal access to facility.
             A. Wall
             B. Fence
             C. Barriers
             D. Beach fronts                                      Answer: C

105. It refers to means and ways that personnel and employees making them
        security conscious.
             A. Security Promotion
             B. Security Education
             C. Security Investigation
             D. Security Seminar                                Answer: B

106. Industrial management must establish the first line of physical defense,
         it refers to
             A. Perimeter barriers
             B. The building itself
             C. Door,Locks,Window barriers
             D. Entry points where security guards are located Answer: A

107. Physical security is a system of barriers placed between the potential

        intruder and the object matter to be protected.As criminologists,this is
        simply a denial of
             A. Opportunity to commit the offense
             B. Opportunity to the object of protection
             C. Access to the object of protection
             D. Criminal instinct to surface in the potential offender Answer: C

108. Weakest link in the security chain.

             A. Security Guards
             B. Manager
             C. Barriers
             D. Personnel                                          Answer: D

109. Perimeter barriers,protective lighting and ______ system are known in

        industrial security as physical security.
             A. Guarding
             B. Reporting
             C. Relieving
             D. Accounting                                         Answer: A

110. This is an additional outward inclined fixed structure usually barbed wires
        placed above a vertical fence to increase physical protection from intruders
        of a certain area,this is known as
             A. Cellar Guard
             B. Tower Guard
             C. Top Guard
             D. Top Tower                                          Answer: C

111. The exterior and interior parallel area near the perimeter barrier of an
         industrial compound to afford better observation and patrol movement is
         known as
             A. Protective zone
             B. Clear zone
             C. Twilight zone
             D. Patrol lane zone                                 Answer: B

112. Protective guarding in a compound can be done by the use of electronic

        hardware,human guards and even animals.In England,an owner to protect his
        compound used this and they are not only effective but also the cheapest to
        maintain.This man is using
             A. Doberman
             B. Tame Tigers
             C. Geese
             D. Duck                                                   Answer: C

113. The government agency that issues licenses for private and government
        security guard is
             A. PNP SOSIA
             B. Mayors office
             C. PNP FEO
             D. PNP SAGSD                                        Answer: D

114. If access is limited only to unauthorized personnel,this particular place is

        referred to as
             A. Compromise area
             B. Restricted area
             C. Danger area
             D. Exclusive area                                    Answer: B

115. First measure undertaking before a comprehensive security program for an

        industrial plan could be developed.
             A. Security education
             B. Security check
             C. Security survey
             D. Security Inspection                           Answer: C

116. A security of a plant or industrial fim is also known by other terms except
             A. Robbery evaluation
             B. Vulnerability
             C. Risk Assessment
             D. Security Audit                                    Answer: B

117. Today there are 3 categories of security guards belonging to the blue army.
             A. Government security guards
             B. Company guards
             C. Agency guards
             D. Body guards                                      Answer: D

118. Whether to put up its own security guard organic to the firm or hire
        contractual agency guards have their individual merits and disadvantages.To
        determine which type of guarding system an industrial firm will require
        management must consult
             A. A security consultant not connected to or owning a security agency
             B. A military intelligence officer
             C. A police officer
             D. A security agency owner                   Answer: A

119. As a security officer,you can not prevent nor protect natural hazards like
        storm,earthquakes,floods and the like.In order to reduce the disastrous
        effects of these natural hazards you will
             A. Call PAGASA and inquire when the next storm is coming
             B. Alert your guards when hazards occur
             C. Not take any concern of such hazards
             D. Prepare a disaster or emergency plan
                 for these hazards for the firm           Answer: D

120. Practical exercise or test of a plan or activity to determine its

        effectiveness is called
             A. Sham drill
             B. Fire drill
             C. Dry run
             D. Evacuation plan                                Answer: C

121. The main reason for a personnel security investigation is

             A. To weed out undesirable employees
             B. To check loyalty og rmployees to the organization
             C. To determine the character and reputation  of certain employees
                  secretly tagged as risks.
             D. Preclude assignment to sensitive positions for those who are
                 security risks.                                    Answer: D

122. In an industrial firm there is a need for document secuurity.As security

        officer,you can advice management on this aspect although this is not
        totally your assigned work.Document security is not a prtection of vital
        records from
             A. Authorized handless
             B. Theft or loss
             C. Compromise or destruction
             D. Unauthorized access                         Answer: A

123. As a security chief of an industrial firm,inventory shows that pilferage is

        rampant in the warehouses.What will be your choice of action
             A. To resign sd you have failed your job
             B. Deploy intelligence men in pilferage prone areas to catch the culprit
             C. Prepare your protective plans and confer with management for their
                 immediate implementation
             D. Tighten checking at exists of vehicles of the compound/complex
                                                                            Answer: B

124. There are many types of electronic and elctric protective devices available
        for security buildings,storehouses and compounds.One of the ff: is true
             A. Electronics/electrical devices provide total protection for the place
                  to be safeguarded
             B. Types of alarms needed can best be given by the dealers of said
                 devices
             C. Each building or compound requires particular electronic/electrical
                  protective devices
             D. Electronic/electrical devices eliminate human guards  Answer: C

125. The management of keys used in plant office or business organization  to

         prevent unauthorized access is referred to as
             A. Security key control
             B. Lock control
             C. key control
             D. Key management                               Answer: C

126. It is defined as system of barriers placed between the matters protected

        and the potential intruder
             A. Computer security
             B. Personnel security
             C. Document security
             D. Physical security                                Answer: D

127. This type of alarm system utilizes a station located outside the compound
             A. Auxilliary system
             B. Proprietary system
             C. Central alarm system
             D. Local alarm system                             Answer: C

128. It is installed as part of the building which holds up to 10,000 cubic

        meters of essential items.At least 12 ft. in height with enough ventillation
        and fire proof of atleast onw hour.
             A. Protective cabinet
             B. File room
             C. Vault
             D. Safe                                                   Answer: B

129. It is the susceptibility of a plant or establishment to damag,loss or

        disruption of operations due to various hazards.
             A. Risk analysis
             B. Risk assessment
             C. Relative vulnerability
             D. Relative criticality                               Answer: C

130. It refers to the importance of the establishment with reference to the

        national economy and security.
             A. Risk analysis
             B. Relative vulnerability
             C. Risk assessment
             D. Relative criticality                              Answer: D

131. The association of all licensed security agencies operators

             A. POAPAD
             B. PADPAO
             C. PODPAO
             D. PAOPAD                                             Answer: B

132.Who among below can own or operate security agency?

             A. A Filipino citizen
             B. Anyone provided he knows the job
             C. An alien but living in the Philippines
             D. All of them                                         Answer: A

133. A licensed issued to operate security agency or company forces.

             A. Business license
             B. License to engage in business
             C. License to operate
             D. All of them                                         Answer: C

134. R.A. No. 5487 governs the operation of

             A. Private detective
             B. Company security
             C. Private security forces/agencies
             D. All of them                                         Answer: D

135. A fact-finding prove to determine a plant adequacy and deficiency all

        aspects of security with the corresponding recommendation.
             A. Security audit
             B. Security survey
             C. Security inquiry
             D. Security operations                           Answer: B

136. Barrier which includes but not limited to wall,fences,grill etc.

             A. Structural barriers
             B. Man made barriers
             C. Physicalo barriers
             D. Natural barriers                                 Answer: B

137. One who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity
        and has little fear of detection.
             A. Systematic
             B. Outsider
             C. Casual
             D. Insider                                               Answer: C

138. A barrier which includes but not limited to mountains,cliffs,ravines etc.

             A. Energy
             B. Human 
             C. Natural
             D. Animals                                              Answer: C

139. Issued by the security guard for personnel to be admitted to the company.
             A. Duress code
             B. Pass system
             C. ID
             D. Access list                                          Answer: B

140. In a close-in security formations, a one man security covers

             A. 360 degrees
             B. 180 degrees
             C. 45 degrees
             D. 90 degrees                                        Answer: A
 
141. A mechanical device of supplying water which can be manual or motor driven.
             A. Stand pipe
             B. Fire extinguisher
             C. Fire hydrant
             D. Fire pump                                           Answer: A

142.Intrusion alarm devices are designed to ______ and not prevent criminals from
       trespassing and should be used normally as an independent adjunct and not
       a replacement of the human guard forces.
             A. Detect
             B. Deterred
             C. Provide
             D. Impeded                                            Answer: A

143. An authenticated list of personnel given to security allowing entry to

        compound or insttllation or part thereof.
             A. Pass system
             B. ID
             C. Access list
             D. Duress code                                      Answer: C

144. The act or condition affecting the safe operation of the facility caused
         by human action,accidental or intentional.It includes sabotage,espionage,
         pilferae and theft,disloyalty,disaffection and subversive activities.
             A. Electronic hazard
             B. natural hazard
             C. Artificial hazard
             D. Human hazard                                    Answer: D

145. Example of the Security Communication system.

             A. Telephone
             B. Paging system
             C. Radio
             D. All of them                                         Answer: D

146. The revised rules and regulations governing the organization and operation
         of private detective and private security agencies and company security
         forces throughout the country.
             A. Private security law
             B. International law
             C. Private law
             D. Security law                                       Answer: A

147. A metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items
         in an office or installation.
             A. Steel cabinet
             B. Drawer
             C. Basket
             D. Safe                                                   Answer: D

148. A heavily constructed fire and burglar reistant container usually a part
        of the building structure used to keep and protect cash,document and
        negotiable instruments.
             A. Basket
             B. Vault
             C. Steel cabinet
             D. Concrete coffin                                   Answer: B

149. Steal or plastic pipes located in the building from the lowest to the top
        floor with water under pressue for use in case of fire.
             A. Lowering pipe
             B. Wet pipe
             C. Top pipe
             D. Stand pipe                                          Answer: D

150. Who among below are exempted from pre-licensing training?

             A. AFP and PNP retirees
             B. Graduate of ROTC basic or advance
             C. AFP and PNP veterans
             D. All of the above                                  Answer: D

151. Tenure of security personnel is based on

             A. Can be extended by the client
             B. The service contract between the agency and the client
             C. Labor only contracting between the agency and the guard
             D. Tenure provided by the labor code                 Answer: B

152. Before private security agencies render security services to its clients,
        there must be a contract that must bind them,it is called
             A. Contract service
             B. Service contract
             C. Security contract
             D. Security service contract                   Answer: D

153. Which below is a qualification for the operator or manager of security

        agency.
             A. Commissioned officer of AFP or PNP,inactive or retirees
             B. At least 25 years of age
             C. Filipino citizen
             D. All of them                                         Answer: D

154. A security force maintained and operated by any private company for its
        own security requirements only.
             A. Insular security force
             B. Company security force
             C. Government security unit
             D. Private security unit                           Answer: B

155. A person who offers or renders personal services to watch or secure a

         residence or business establishment or both is
             A. Watchman
             B. Security guard
             C. B only
             D. B and A                                              Answer: D

156. Include all the security measures designed to prevent unsuitable individuals
        or persons of doubtful loyalty to the government from gaining access to
        classified matter or to any security facility and to prevent appointment
        or retention as employees of such individuals.
             A. Security personnel
             B. Employee security
             C. Personnel security
             D. Both A and C                                      Answer: C

157. It is an inquiry into the character,reputation,discretion and loyalty of

        individual in order to determine a perons suitability to be given security
        clearance.
             A. BI
             B. LAC
             C. NAC
             D. PSI                                                     Answer: D

158. Consist of the investigation  of the background of an individual but

        limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal life which are
        deemed pertinent to the investigation.
             A. PSI
             B. PBI
             C. CBI
             D. BI                                                       Answer: B

159. A thorough and complete investigation of all or some of the circumstances

        or aspect of a persons life is conducted.
             A. PSI
             B. PBI
             C. CBI
             D. BI                                                        Answer: D

160. Among the following,which is the least expensive and least secure personnel
        control identification system?
             A. Multiple pass system
             B. Group pass and badge system
             C. Spot magnetized identification pass
             D. Single pass or badge system             Answer: D

161. Factors considered in background investigation except:

             A. Integrity
             B. Character
             C. Personal prestige
             D. Loyalty                                               Answer: C

162. Motives that cause people to be disloyal

             A. Character
             B. Revenge
             C. Moral
             D. Reputation                                          Answer: B

163. Weakness that makes people susceptible to pressure

             A. Jealousy
             B. Weakness of character
             C. Close relative in foreign land
             D. All of them                                          Answer: D

164. A security unit maintained and operated by any government entity.

             A. Insular security force
             B. Company security force
             C. Government security unit
             D. Private security agency                     Answer: C

165. Cosnsist of the investigation of the background of a person particularly

        all the circumstances of his personal life
             A. PSI
             B. PBI
             C. CBI
             D. BI                                                       Answer: C

166. Any person,association,partnership,firm or private corporation,who contracts

        recruits,trains,furnishes or post any security guards to do its functions.
             A. Insular security force
             B. Company security force
             C. Government security unit
             D. Private security agency                     Answer: D

167. Shall be responsible to the detachment commander as far as his shift is

        concerned.
             A. Officer in charge
             B. Shift in charge
             C. Security guard on duty
             D. Assistant detachment commander     Answer: B

168. Before a security guard can practice his profession,he shall possess
        a valid security license,What is this license?
             A. Firearm license
             B. License to operate
             C. Drivers license
             D. Security guard license                        Answer: D

169. How many firearms issued for every two guards employed by the security
        agency is alowed by law?
             A. 4
             B. 3
             C. 2
             D. 1                                                          Answer: D

170. Firarms of security agency should be covered with firearms license issued
        by the PNP through its Firearm Explosive Division under the civil security
        group renewable every
             A. 4 years
             B. 3 years
             C. 2 years
             D. 1 year                                                Answer: D

171. The aspect of security which involves the application of security measures
        For the protection and safeguarding of classified information,
             A. Top secret
             B. Information security
             C. Personnel security
             D. Documents security                            Answer: D

172. Refers to assigned inforamtion by one of the four classification categories

             A. Reclassify
             B. Classified
             C. Declassify
             D. Security clearance                             Answer: B

173. Refers to the administrative determination that an individual is eligible

        for access to classified matter.
             A. Reclassify
             B. Classified
             C. Declassify
             D. Security clearance                             Answer: D

174. Means loss of security which results from an unathorized persons obtaining
        knowledge of classified matter.
             A. Vulnerability
             B. Criticality
             C. probability
             D. Compromise                                       Answer: D

175. These are information and material,the unauthorized disclosure of which

         would cause exceptional grave damage to the nation,politically,economically
        or from a security aspect,this category is reserved for the nations closest
        secret and is to be used with great reserve.
             A. Restricted matters
             B. Secret matters
             C. Confidential matters
             D. Top secret matters                             Answer: D

176. These information and material,the authorized disclosure of which would

        endanger national security,cause serios injury to the interest or prestige
        of the nation or of any governmental activity or would be of great
        advantage to a foreign nation.
             A. Restricted matters
             B. Secret matters
             C. Confidential matters
             D. Top secret matters                             Answer: B

177. These information and material,the unauthorized disclosure of which while

        not endangering the nationa security would be prejudicial to the interest
        or prestige of the nation or any government activity or would cause
        administrative embarassment or unwarranted injury to an individual or would
        be of the advantage to a foreign nation.
             A. Restricted matters
             B. Secret matters
             C. Confidential matters
             D. Top secret matters                             Answer: C

178. It is information that in some special way relates to the status or

        activities of the possessor and overwhich the possessor asserts ownership.
             A. Transmission secutity
             B. Trade secret
             C. Patents
             D. Proprietary information                     Answer: D

179. It maybe a formula for a chemical compound,a process of manufacturing,

        treating or preserving materials,a pattern for machine or device or a
        list of customers.
             A. Transmission security
             B. Trade secret
             C. Patents
             D. Proprietary information                     Answer: B

180. It is the protection resulting from the application of various measures

        which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining
        information through communication.
             A. Transmission security
             B. Cryptographic security
             C. Communication security
             D. All of the above                                 Answer: C

181. That component of communication security which results from the provisions
        of technically sound crypto system and their proper use.
             A. Transmission security
             B. Cryptographic security
             C. Communication security
             D. All of the above                                 Answer: B

182. A system which uses words as the smallest element.

             A. Transposition system
             B. Code
             C. Concealment
             D. Cipher                                                 Answer: B

183. A system that manipulate 1,2 or 3 characters at a time.

             A. Transposition system
             B. Code
             C. Concealment
             D. Cipher                                                 Answer: D

184. It is the potential damage or loss of an asset.

             A. Adversary
             B. Risk
             C. Security hazard
             D. Criticality                                            Answer: B

185. It is the impact of a loss as measured in financial terms.

             A. Adversary
             B. Risk
             C. Security hazard
             D. Criticality                                            Answer: D

186. Eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business,government or

        industrial environment for which the risk manager has responsibility.
             A. Risk self-assumption
             B. Risk spreading
             C. Risk avoidance
             D. Risk avoidance                                   Answer: C

187. It is an act of spying.

             A. Saboteur
             B. Espionage
             C. pilferer
             D. Sabotage                                           Answer: B

188. It is one of the most annoying and common human hazards which security
        has to deal with.
             A. Casual pilferage
             B. Systematic pilferage
             C. Pilferage
             D. None of the above                            Answer: C

189. One who steals with pre conceived plans and takes always any or all types
        of items or supplies for economic gain.
             A. Casual pilferage
             B. Systematic pilferage
             C. Pilferage
             D. None of the above                            Answer: B

190. What date is the Republic Act No. 5487 or the private security agency law
        passed?
             A. June 13, 1999
             B. June 13, 1969
             C. June  7, 2009
             D. June 31, 1969                                   Answer: B

191. A natural hazards or acts of god.

             A. Calamity
             B. Phenomenom
             C. Disaster
             D. Force majeure                                   Answer: D

192. A restricted area where visitors are limited in movement and are usually
        escorted.
             A. Exclusive area
             B. Limited area
             C. Restricted area
             D. Protected area                                  Answer: B

193. A structure placed above a vertical fence to increase protection from

        intruder.
             A. Guard house
             B. Clear zone
             C. Tower guard
             D. Top guard                                           Answer: D

194.A conference similar to entrance conferenc,this is only done after the

       completion of security survey.
             A. Entrance conference
             B. Briefing
             C. Debriefing
             D. Exit conference                                 Answer: D

195. It is the lost that would be sustained if a given target or combination of

        target where totally removed,destroyed or both.
             A. Risk reduction
             B. Probable maximum loss
             C. Risk transfer
             D. Possible maximum loss                       Answer: D

196. Refers to the amount of loss a target would be likely to sustain through
        theft and robbery.
             A. Risk reduction
             B. Probable maximum loss
             C. Risk transfer
             D. Possible maximum loss                       Answer: B

197. A term used in England for lock pickers,safe crackers and penetrators of
         restricted rooms or area.
             A. Superman
             B. Peterpan
             C. Batman
             D. Peterman                                           Answer: D

198. The badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific areas is issued
         to an employee who keeps it in his possession until his authorization
         terminates.
             A. Pass system
             B. Pass exchange system
             C. Single pass system
             D. Multi pass system                                Answer: C

199. Company owned alarm system with a unit in the nearest police station so that
        in case of need, direct call is possible.
             A. Auxiliary alarm
             B. Proprietary system
             C. Local alarm system
             D. Central station station system            Answer: A

200. The system consists of ringing up a visual or audible alarm system near the
        object to be protected.
             A. Auxiliary alarm
             B. Proprietary system
             C. Local alarm system
             D. Central station system                        Answer: C