Date Created/Last updated: November 12, 2020

Spanish Style Guide

We’ve prepared this style guide as a tool for translators working on TWB projects in Spanish.

It describes certain principles that we expect our translators to use when they translate content into
or from Spanish.

The Translation Quality section of our forum also contains important material about TWB Quality
Strategy and Error typology.

If you have any comments or questions about this style guide or about a specific translation task,
please contact your project officer. You can also leave a message in our Kató Community forum for
your fellow translators or our staff to see. Here’s a great Welcome Pack to get you started on how to
use the forum!

Note: The examples in this guide are for reference only. Please, use your own writing style. The
intention is to convey the meaning of the source text correctly and in such a way that the audience
can easily understand the message.
Contents
The Five Quality Categories at TWB 3
Accuracy 3
Fluency 3
Spelling 4
Punctuation 5
Grammar 5
Terminology 7
Glossaries 7
Inconsistencies 8
Style 8
Inclusive Language 8
Word Choice 9
Tone 9
Language Variant 9
Intended Audience 9
Design 10
Date and Time format 10
Numbers 10
Lists 11
Bibliography 11
Tags in Kató TM 12
Variables 13
Domains and Specific Instructions 13
Technical 13
Medical 14
Further Reading and Acknowledgements 14
The Five Quality Categories at TWB
The five quality categories are:

● Accuracy
● Fluency
● Terminology
● Style
● Design

Accuracy
Translate the source document accurately, without adding or removing any information.

● Avoid over-translation or under-translation.

● Translate the meaning of the text clearly and concisely, using terms that target readers will
understand.
● Use a phrase or sentence to translate a word that doesn’t exist in the target language.
● Use as few words as possible to convey the source document meaning.

Fluency
Follow the target language norms and conventions so you create a target document that flows in a
natural way.

● Unidiomatic phrasing is not only a problem of style or grammar; it can also affect the
communicative impact of the message making the reader feel confused or doubtful.
● When translating each segment in Kató, always try to bear in mind the whole paragraph. A
segment might seem well translated, but, if you read it among the rest of the sentences of the
paragraph, it might sound weird or have an inconsistent style (e.g. addressing the reader with
“tú” and then with “usted”, or using the imperative in one sentence and the infinitive in the
next one when providing guidelines, etc.).
● It is also advisable to read and revise your own Spanish translation once it’s ready (without
reading the source text at the same time) to spot any fluency errors or inconsistencies. If
possible, we recommend downloading the Spanish file from Kató TM and checking it
externally.
Spelling
● Capital letters
● Do not follow English capitalization rules. The guidelines below are not comprehensive. For
further information, click on the links added in each case.
● Do NOT use initial capital letters for the following words: people’s titles or positions (e.g.
director, ministro de Seguridad), names of ethnic groups (e.g. los aztecas, la cultura mochica),
diseases (e.g. poliomielitis, ébola, enfermedad del Ébola [proper noun]), medicines (e.g.
paracetamol, ibuprofeno), and atmospheric events (e.g. huracán, el tifón Sanba).
● Titles of articles, presentations, chapters or sections of documents, etc.: use an initial capital
only on the first word (e.g. Introducción a la gestión de proyectos). When the title is cited in a
text, enclose it between quotes to determine its length (e.g. En el capítulo 5, “Seguridad
alimentaria: indicadores clave”, se describen los indicadores más importantes).
● Titles of books: use an initial capital only on the first word and enclose them between quotes,
because it is not possible to add italics in Kató (e.g. “Diccionario de la lengua española”).
● Institutions, organizations, administrative departments, political parties, conferences,
conventions, treaties, conventions, agreements, laws, etc.: use an initial capital on every
significant word. For example: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Área de Control de Calidad,
Asociación de Asistentes Sociales, II Simposio Nacional de Agricultura, Encuentro de
Comunicación Popular, la Convención de Ginebra, la Declaración Universal de los Derechos
Humanos.
● Programmes, plans, projects and courses: use an initial capital on every significant word (e.g.
Programa de Asistencia Nutricional, Plan Operativo General). HOWEVER, if the title is too long,
use an initial capital only on the first word and enclosed it in quotes to determine its length
when mentioned in a text (e.g. Durante la ejecución del “Proyecto de suministro de agua
potable y saneamiento en pequeñas comunidades rurales” se detectaron problemas en
distintos tramos de la red).
● Administración, ejército, estado, gobierno, iglesia, policía, parlamento, universidad, etc.:
these words written in lower case refer to common nouns or a group of people. However,
when written with an initial capital letter, they refer to institutions. For example: “El Gobierno
provincial ejecutará este programa de asistencia”, “La Iglesia se opone a la aprobación de la
ley”, “Se están realizando obras de mantenimiento en la iglesia [edificio]”. You can find more
information here.

Punctuation
● Follow Spanish punctuation rules. This means that, in some instances, it might be appropriate
to change some English punctuation marks for better fluency in Spanish, for example, it might
 be better to replace a comma with a semicolon, or a period with a comma (and therefore
merging two segments in Kató TM).

In this list of resources you will find the link to the online version of the “Ortografía de la lengua
española (2010)” and other helpful resources.

● Em Dash (—)
● Em dashes1 can be used to enclose clauses, in a similar manner to commas, and they are
always used in pairs. Be careful not to confuse them with hyphens (-) or en dashes (–). Never
suppress the closing dash, even if it comes at the end of the sentence and is followed by a
period, and do not leave spaces between the dashes and the clause they affect. For example:
Se recomienda combinar métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos —encuestas, cuestionarios y
entrevistas con informantes clave—.

● Quotation marks
● For translations into European Spanish, use angle quotes («»). For a quotation within a
quotation, use double quotes (“ ”) 2.
● For translations into Latin American Spanish, use double quotes (“ ”). For a quotation within
a quotation, use single quotes (‘ ’).
● Never use double or single straight quotes (" ", ' ').

● Parenthesis
● Remember to use parentheses, and not commas, to enclose information such as a date or a
place name —province, state or country— following another one. For example: “Nació en San
Pablo (Brasil)”, “Austin (Texas, Estados Unidos de América)”, “Año Internacional de las
Lenguas Indígenas (2019)”.

Grammar
● Plain Language
● In order to provide clear and accessible information through our translations, we recommend
applying plain language guidelines when possible, such as:

1
To type an em dash, press and hold the Alt key and then type 0151 on the numeric keypad on Windows, or
press simultaneously the shift, option, and minus keys on Mac.

2
To type the different quotation marks, you can use the keyboard shortcuts below.
On Mac, press “Option+\” or “Option+Shift+\” for opening or closing angle quotes; “Option+[” or
“Option+Shift+[” for double opening or closing quotes, and “Option+]” or “Option+Shift+]” for single opening or
closing quotes.
On Windows, while keeping the Alt key pressed, type the appropriate code on the numeric keypad: “Alt+174”
or “Alt+175” for opening or closing angle quotes, “Alt+0145” or “Alt+0146” for opening or closing single quotes,
and “Alt+0147” or “Alt+0148” for opening or closing double quotes.
 o Use meaningful verbs and the active voice, instead of excessive nominalization or passive
voice.
o Add linking words, if necessary, to clarify the logical relation between sentences or clauses.
o Split a sentence if it is long and includes confusing dependent clauses.
o For more guidelines and examples about Spanish plain language, click here.

Plain Language Examples

realizamos una evaluación evaluamos
información que se encuentra disponible información disponible
existen algunos indicadores no actualizados algunos indicadores no están actualizados
para incidir en el fortalecimiento del programa para fortalecer el programa

● Gerunds
● It is correct to use gerunds as adverbial adjuncts (e.g. “Se presentó temblando”; “Vino
corriendo”) or to refer to actions happening simultaneously (e.g. “Paseando me encontré con
Gloria”) or prior to the action of the main verb (e.g. “Habiendo llegado a la casa, me encontré
con Gloria”). However, their excessive use may obscure the meaning of the text. Here you will
find more information on their correct use.

● Prepositions
● This is a problematic topic as there are no precise rules and, if not used appropriately, the text
may become unidiomatic or unclear.
● Sometimes, prepositions are optional (cumplir [algo] o cumplir con [algo]) or more than one
is correct (e.g. entrar en/a). However, pay special attention to those cases where not using a
certain preposition implies a grammatical error (e.g. *carece acceso a agua potable 🡪 carece
de acceso a agua potable), or when it affects the meaning (e.g. optar a [‘aspirar a conseguir
algo'] is different from optar por ['escoger']).
● If in doubt, look the word —verb, noun, adjective, etc.— up in these dictionaries: DPD
(includes explanations of the prepositional complement of verbs) or in Clave (this dictionary
provides examples where you can check the prepositions used).

● Proper nouns
● Do not translate the names of brands, companies, applications or websites unless there is
already a translation. You can find more information here.
● Organizations’ names. Please do not translate organizations’ names. Instead, search on the
Internet whether they already have a Spanish version of their website and their name or not,
and follow the guidelines below.
 Organizations that already have an official translation of their name: use exactly the same
translation and abbreviation that they use in their website (do not create a new abbreviation).
For example:
a) Translated name and abbreviation: “International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC)” > “Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR)”; “En 2018, el CICR llevó a cabo
actividades en más de 90 países en todo el mundo”.
b) Translated name but English abbreviation: “Inter-agency Network for Education in
Emergencies (INEE)” > “Red Interagencial para la Educación en Situaciones de
Emergencia (INEE, por sus siglas en inglés)”; “La INEE apoya a sus miembros a través
de varias funciones clave”.
Organizations with no translation: use the organization’s original name and abbreviation, if
they have one, e. g. “Trócaire” > “Marco estratégico de Trócaire para el período 2016-2021”.
Organizations' names and abbreviations: write the abbreviation (if the organization has one)
in parentheses next to the full form of the name at the first occurrence in each document or
chapter. Thereafter, do not alternate between the spell-out form and the abbreviation in the
Spanish text, choose and use only one of them consistently.
If in doubt, please contact the project officer or leave a message in the Kató Community
forum.

● Countries’ names. Follow the standard UN designation. It can be checked here.

● Abbreviations & Acronyms
● The first time a term is mentioned, add the abbreviation or acronym in parentheses and use
it thereafter. Repeat this process at the beginning of each chapter or section of the document.
● Be careful not to use too many abbreviations as it will affect the readability of the text.
● Avoid using abbreviations for terms that only appear a few times in the text, and use only
standard abbreviations.
● Onomatopoeia
● If there is an onomatopoeia in the source text, use an equivalent one in Spanish (eg. “crish…
crash...”, “muuuuu”, “¡plas!”). It is not necessary to apply any special punctuation or format.
If it is repeated, it can be separated by commas (eg. “ja, ja, ja, ja”, “toc, toc”) or with hyphens
when perceived as a continuous sound. It’s also usual to repeat a vowel or letter for emphasis
(eg. “brrruuum”, “shhhhh”). Here you will find more information and a list of the most
common ones. You can find more helpful resources here.

Terminology
Familiarize yourself with any special words, terms, or other units that you need to translate in a
particular way. Use those words and terms consistently throughout the target document.
Glossaries
You may need to use specific glossaries and terminology. This will be automatically displayed in the
glossary tab in Kató TM. Familiarize yourself with the glossary entries and use them consistently. You
can learn more about the glossary here.

● Some organizations may have a Spanish version of their website or translated resources that
can be used as reference to judge the most appropriate translation of a term. However, be
careful as these resources may be outdated or may contain errors.
● You can check this list of resources for glossaries on different topics or post a comment in the
Kató Community forum of the project for feedback from other translators.

● IATE term base

● In the glossary tab you may see entries from IATE (EU's terminology database). In these cases,
it is important to check the entry's domain, as it may not be relevant to the particular
translation you are working on and its reliability level (from “reliability not verified/1 star” to
“very reliable/4 stars”). Always evaluate whether the suggested term translation is correct.
Also, you should assess if it is appropriate for the Spanish variant of the project or if it would
be more idiomatic to use a synonym.

Inconsistencies
Keep your translation consistent and coherent throughout the document. This applies to many
aspects, such as terminology or structure, for example. In projects with multiple translators working
in parallel, make sure you document and communicate your decisions to your colleagues using the
forum thread for the project. It is also a great place to interact with them and ask any questions you
may have.

Style
Write the translation in a style that is linguistically and culturally appropriate for the target audience
and which respects the intent of the original.

Inclusive Language
● Pay special attention when referring to specific groups of people not to use language that
reinforces stereotypes or discrimination of any kind, not just gender-based (e.g. *los médicos
y las enfermeras > personal de la salud).
● We recommend using gender-inclusive language in our Spanish translations. Avoid using
gender bias expressions and the masculine form with a generic meaning or to address the
 reader. Below you will find some grammatical strategies that should be applied carefully and
constantly assessing the readability of the text.
o Rephrase the noun phrase: los argentinos > la población argentina, los refugiados > las
personas refugiadas, los investigadores > el equipo de investigación, todos > todas las
personas o cualquiera; desempleo entre los jóvenes > desempleo juvenil; los enfermeros >
el personal de enfermería.
o Rephrase the sentence: “Sea el primero en publicar un comentario” > “Publique el primer
comentario”; “fue inscrito” > “se inscribió”.
o You can also use collective nouns (e.g. la ciudadanía, la infancia), neutral nouns (e.g.
personas, víctimas, especialistas) and neutral determiners (e.g. cada participante).
o The mention of both genders (e.g. “los padres y las madres”; “los cuidadores y las
cuidadoras”) is appropriate when addressing the reader directly. It is also appropriate to
make both women and men visible, and when referring to groups of people. However, if
this strategy is overused the text would become unclear and complicated to read. Try to
use the strategies above first.
o The slash (e.g. los/las trabajadores/as) is frequently used in forms, polls or administrative
documents, but it should not be overused as it affects style and readability.
o Please check this guideline with clear explanations and examples.

Word Choice
● Use words that convey the meaning clearly in words that are familiar to the target audience.
Avoid jargon when unnecessary (e.g. abrogar > derogar; ácido desoxirribonucleico > ADN;
afidávit > declaración jurada; disfagia > dificultad para tragar).
● Use a style that is culturally appropriate, by substituting words/phrases that are offensive or
unfamiliar (e.g. *discapacitados > personas con discapacidad; *ancianos > personas mayores).
● Always use the polite forms of pronouns and verbs unless otherwise indicated in the project
instructions. To keep consistency, the use of “usted” is preferred when translating “you”.
● Avoid slang and idioms.
● Use the standard translation of abbreviations for brands, organizations, or companies, if
available.

Tone
● Understand the author’s feelings, mood and attitude, and reflect that tone in the target
document.
Language Variant
● Always check the project description for information on the target audience, and translate
into variants you have a full competence in. Otherwise, the Spanish translation will not be
idiomatic. If in doubt, contact the project officer.
● Sometimes there are requests for translations into Latin American Spanish that might be
targeted at a linguistically diverse audience. Most significant differences among these Spanish
variants are lexical, especially, in informal and oral registers that can be overcome by using a
more formal register and avoiding the use of regionalisms. Another important difference lies
in the way we address each other (vos, tú, usted), so we recommend the use of the formal
“usted” whenever appropriate. Being aware of our own variant will help us identify those
localisms that we might need to change. However, we do not strive for a neutral variant that
is not spoken by native speakers, but for a Spanish text that is accessible and easy to
understand by a large and diverse Latin American audience.

● Spanish-Mexico/Spanish-Colombia/Spanish-Latin America. The “Spanish-MEXICO” or

“Spanish-COLOMBIA” language variants will be used in Kató Platform for revisions and
translations into Mexican or Colombian Spanish, but also into Latin American Spanish (it is not
possible to create tasks in Kató with Latin American Spanish as a target language). Thus, before
claiming a revision or translation into Mexican or Colombian Spanish, please check the project
description to make sure which language variant you should use. If in doubt, please contact
the project officer.

Intended Audience
● Try to understand the intended audience of the content, and change the style and tone
accordingly. You can find this information in the project details, or ask your Project Officer in
the Kató Community forum thread.

Design
Aspects of the presentation of a translation, such as length, format, conventions applied, etc.

Sentences in Spanish tend to be longer than in English. However, if the target segment is significantly
longer than the source segment, please check that this doesn't create any format misalignments or if
it's possible to be more concise.

Date and Time format

● Dates. Use the day-month-year order, e.g. 2 de julio de 2020 or 2/7/2020. Try to avoid using
months abbreviations, unless there are character/length restrictions.
 ● Time. Use the 24-hour format, e.g. “a las 19:00”, “a las 17:35”, “9:00-13:00”.
● The use of the h symbol is optional, except when it replaces the zeros in cases like “a las 22 h”.
Do not forget to leave a non-breaking space3 between the figures and the h symbol.
● Click here for more information on time format.

Numbers
● It is recommended to express cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 in words. However,
depending on the text type, it is possible to use figures to be more precise and concise.
● At the beginning of a sentence, do not use figures for numbers (try to rephrase or use words).
● Decimals. Use a comma to separate decimals (e.g. 4,5).
● For large numbers use figures and a non-breaking space as a thousand separator when the
number has more than four figures (e.g. 8500, 1823, 15 300, 150 210).
● Millions and billions should be translated as follows: 2 millions > 2 millones; 1.5 millions > 1,5
millones; 3 billions > 3000 millones; 4.5 billions > 4500 millones.
● Do not use expressions like “10 mil” or “3 mil millones” as these are incorrect.
● In number ranges use prepositions (e.g. “entre 13 y 35”, “entre el 65 y el 80 %”, “entre el 70 %
y el 90 %”, “de 11 a 26”). When this is not appropriate, use a hyphen without leaving any
spaces before or after it (e.g. 13-15, 65-85 %, 1998-1999, las páginas 5-20).
● Symbols, abbreviations and numbers: numbers should be expressed in figures if they are
followed by a symbol or abbreviation (e.g. “5 km”, but “cinco kilómetros”, “20 °C”, “45 págs”.)
Remember to insert a non-breaking space between the number and the symbol.
● Currency symbols are written after the number and leaving a non-breaking space between
the number and the symbol in Spain (e.g. “40 $”, “40 USD”), but before the number in Latin
America (e.g. “$40”, “USD 40”).
● You can check the following resources for further reading on billions, “mil”, millones, ordinals,
and currencies.
Lists
● Lists set out in columns can be punctuated in different ways in Spanish and in English. Thus,
for consistency, use the punctuation guidelines below.
● Lists with short and simple items (one word or short phrases): do not add any punctuation
at the end of each item (even if the source text does) and write them in lower case.
● Lists with longer phrases or phrases with punctuation: use a semicolon after each item and
write then in lower case. At the end of the last item use a period.
● Lists with sentences: use a period at the end of each sentence (even if there isn’t one in the
source text) and begin each of them with a capital letter.
● Mixed lists with short, and complex items: use the punctuation corresponding to the latter.

3
A non-breaking space between two words is used to keep those words always together (and not break into a
new line). To insert this character, press “Ctrl+Shift+space” on Windows or “Alt+space” on Mac.
 Examples:
El proceso incluye las siguientes etapas:
— planificación
— implementación
— evaluación
El proceso incluye las siguientes etapas:
1. evaluación y análisis de las necesidades e información disponible;
2. planificación estratégica, que responda a los objetivos establecidos;
3. implementación y supervisión.

Estas normas tienen por finalidad:

1) Establecer principios comunes para los que trabajan en el área de protección de la niñez
y fortalecer la coordinación entre ellos.
2) Mejorar la rendición de cuentas en el trabajo de protección de la infancia.
3) Proporcionar una síntesis de buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas hasta la fecha.
Bibliography
● If there is already an official Spanish translation of the cited bibliography, we should use it
without any modifications. Otherwise, it should be left in English.
● The bibliographic data should be included in the target text in following order:
1. Author’s surname and name, or institution’s name followed by a comma.
2. Title of the book, chapter, document or article within quotes.
3. Name of the magazine or publication (if applicable), volume number, edition number, place
of publication, publisher, year of publication, and number of relevant pages (if some of this
information is not mentioned in the source text, you do not need to add it in the
translation).

Examples:
DELBECQUE, Nicole, “La posición del sujeto gramatical: implicaciones para la enseñanza del
español como lengua extranjera”, “Revista española de lingüística aplicada”, Vol. 3, 1987.
ECO, Umberto, “Decir casi lo mismo. La traducción como experiencia”, Barcelona,
Debolsillo,2009.
Tags in Kató TM
● Tags contain layout and formatting information that will be applied to the target text, and
they are used in pairs —an opening and a closing tag— enclosing the text they affect.
● Before confirming a segment, please check if there is any warning message and try to fix it, or
click on this warning icon on the top-right corner to go directly to any segment with tag
issues.
 ● Due to grammar and punctuation differences between languages, sometimes it is necessary
to place tags in a different order and, in this case, the warning message can be ignored.
● Be careful not to add extra line breaks (), as this will add a line between target text sentences.
● Depending on the file extension, you can also download the Spanish translation to check if
formatting has been correctly applied.
● Below you will find a table explaining the different tag issues you may face and how to fix
them. The same source sentence was used in each example:
“The <g id=“1”>speed of transmission</g> is an <g id=“2”>important</g> difference between the two
viruses.”  “The speed of transmission is an important difference between the two viruses.”
Tag issue Translation Target text with tag errors
Tag order mismatch La <g id=“2”>velocidad de transmisión</g> La velocidad de transmisión marca
(tags placed in a different marca una diferencia <g id=“1”>importante</g> una diferencia importante entre
position) entre ambos virus. ambos virus.
Tag mismatch La <g id=“1”>velocidad de transmisión</g> La velocidad de transmisión
(tags missing or extra tags marca una <g id=“2”>diferencia importante marca una diferencia importante
added ) entre ambos virus. entre ambos virus.
La <g id=“1”>velocidad de transmisión</g> La velocidad de transmisión
Tag ID mismatch
marca una <g id=“1”>diferencia</g> importante marca una diferencia importante
(the same tag may have
entre ambos virus. entre ambos virus.
been used twice)

To fix these errors, delete any misplaced, duplicated or extra tag, place the cursor where the tag should be
inserted, press the key < (a list of available tags will be displayed) and click on the tag you need to insert.
La <g id=“1”>velocidad de La velocidad de
More/fewer white spaces transmisión</g>marca una diferencia transmisiónmarca una diferencia
next to tags <g id=“2”>importante </g> entre ambos virus. importante entre ambos virus.

To fix this issue, just delete or add a space between the tags and the previous/following words.

● Often, it is useful to know what layout or formatting the tags will apply to the target text to
phrase the translation appropriately. Click this icon <> under the input field to expand the
view of tags in Kató (here you will find further guidance). Below is a list of the most frequently
used tags and their meaning.

<p> </p> Indicates the beginning or ending of a paragraph.

<strong></strong> or <b></b> Opening and closing tags for bold text.
<i> </i> or <em> </em> Opening and closing tags for italics.
<ul> </ul> Indicates the beginning or ending of an unordered list.
<li> </li> Indicates the beginning or ending of each list item.
<img src="xxx.jpg" alt="xxx"> Inserts an image.
 Inserts a link in the text enclosed by the opening and
<a href="https://www.translat
closing tags (you can copy and paste the URL in your
orswithoutborders/"> </a>
browser to check the link if you need to).

Variables
● Variables are placeholders that will be automatically replaced with a particular phrase or
number by the system. As they may have different formats, the project manager will indicate
in the project description how to recognize them and will remind you not to translate them.

Source Text Translation

%{username} completed the course. %{username} completó el curso.
Complete el curso antes del {end_date}.
Complete the course before {end_date}. (Note that it is necessary to add a preposition
for the target text to be correct).
Completed {progress}% of the course. Completó el {progress} % del curso.
(Note that here the percentage symbol is not
part of the variable and is separated from it by a
non-breaking space).

Domains and Specific Instructions

Translators without Borders and its Partners classify content in Domains. Specific recommendations
for your language in each of these domains are set out below. If a specific domain is not listed, then
please follow the general recommendations.

Technical
● Understanding the target audience is key for translating technical documents. If the target
audience is the general population, use simple language and avoid jargons. If the content is
for professionals, the translation may include technical terms that are common.

Medical
● Accuracy is paramount in the translation of medical texts, as these are used for saving lives.
When translating public messages, announcements, signs, etc. use a simple language and
avoid using complicated medical terms. However, if the content is for professionals or experts,
you may use the type of special language or terms that can be understood by the target
audience.
● Make sure you find the correct meaning for any term to be translated. Medical texts usually
include a lot of acronyms or abbreviations that require specialized dictionaries. If you have
 doubts regarding the meaning of an acronym or term, post a question in the Kató Community
forum thread and leave a comment in Kató for the reviser.

Further Reading and Acknowledgements

Below are the sources consulted to build these guidelines, together with material that may be of
interest to translators and revisers.

● List of resources: List of online glossaries and dictionaries.

● Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española, Espasa Calpe, Madrid.
● Real Academia Española, Ortografía de la lengua española, Espasa, Madrid, 2010.
● Real Academia Española, Nueva gramática de la lengua española, Espasa, Madrid.
● Real Academia Española, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Espasa, Madrid, 2005.
● Fundéu BBVA (Fundación del Español Urgente)
● Real Academia Española, Diccionario panhispánico del español jurídico
● UNTERM (United Nations Terminology Database)
● ONU Mujeres, Guía para el uso de un lenguaje inclusivo al género.
● Alicia Agnese, Hilando fino … con el gerundio, elcastellano.org, 2020.
● Dirección General de Traducción (Comisión Europea), Cómo escribir con claridad, 2012.