Mechanical Engineering Design

ME3431

Part 1

Dr. Naeim Farouk Mohammed

A ssociate Professor
 Engineering design
‫اﺑﺗﻛﺎر‬
Engineering design is the process of devising a system,
component, or process to meet desired needs.

Mechanical design means the design of components and

systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products,
structures, devices and instruments.

Mechanical engineering design includes all mechanical

‫اوﺳﻊ‬
design,
‫اﻟﺗﺧﺻﺻﺎت‬
but it is a broader study because it includes all the
disciplines of mechanical engineering, such as the
thermal fluids and heat transfer sciences too.
 Innovation vs. Invention
Invention Innovation
A device or process originated A new improvement to an
after study and experiment existing device or process

Invention

Innovations
 Define
Improve problem
& goal

Create and test Research

prototype

Choose a Imagine
solution Possible
solutions
the Engineering Design Process might involve asking the following
questions or making the following decisions:

1. ASK 2. IMAGINE
• What is the problem? • What are some solutions?
• What have others done? • Brainstorm ideas.
• What are the constraints? • Choose the best one.

3. PLAN 4. CREATE
• Draw a diagram. • Follow your plan and create it.
• Make lists of materials you will • Test it out!
need.

5. IMPROVE
• Talk about what works, what doesn't, and what could work better.
• Modify your designs to make it better.
• Test it out!
After you improve your design one, you may want to begin the
Engineering Design Process all over again to refine your technology.
Or you may want to focus on one step. The Engineering Design
Process can be used again and again!
OR research
 Define problem and goal

• Identify and describe

the issue and the
ultimate objective

• Consider:
– What do you want to accomplish?
– What are the requirements?
– Are there any limitations?
– Who is the customer?
 ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ Research
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬
• Gather information and investigate existing
technologies related to the problem
• Talk to individuals who share this problem and could
benefit from possible solutions

Use resources to help research including: Internet,

Library, newspaper, etc.

Keep info found through all steps of the design process

and add to it
 Brainstorm and Generate
Creative Ideas
• Brainstorm ideas.
‫ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
• Be creative and build upon the ideas of others.
• Explore and compare many possible designs within
your group.
• Be open-minded!

Develop as many creative ideas as possible

1. No idea is a bad idea

2. Document all ideas
3. Combine ideas to create new ideas
4. Do not evaluate
 Analyze Potential Solutions / Choose a solution

• What materials and tools are needed?

• Consider environmental, cultural, time, and financial
issues and constraints.
• Select the most feasible idea and assign team tasks.
 Develop a Solution

Technical Drawings
– Drawings that provide technical information
necessary to produce a product.
• material, size, shape
• assembly, if necessary
 Create & test prototype

• Build a protoype
– Protoype - an operating version of a solution. It is
often made with different materials (cheaper and
easier to work with) than the final version. They
allow you to test your solution and supply feedback.
– Push yourself and the group for creativity,
imagination, and excellence in design.
 Construct and Test a Prototype
•Construct a testable prototype
•Plan prototype testing
• Performance
• Usability
• Durability
•Test prototype
• collect test data
• analyze test data
•Test Report
If a testable prototype cannot be built or test data analysis
indicates a flawed design, the designer must return to a
previous step of the design process.
Evaluate the Solution

•Evaluate solution effectiveness

•Reflect on design
• Recommend improvements
•Optimize/Redesign the solution
•[Return to prior design process
steps, if necessary]
• Revise design documents
•Project Recommendations
Does the solution solve the
problem?
If not, the designer must
return to a previous step of
the design process.
 Questions with answers
1/ What is the first step of the engineering design process
a. Identifying the problem
b. making a prototype
c. Research
d. communicate

2/ In engineering, the design process begins when…

a. information about an existing product is gathered by an
engineer
b. an engineering design team comes up with ideas for a new
product
c. a design engineer recognizes the need for a solution to a
problem
3/ Identifying the “target population occurs during which step of
the engineering design loop?
a. Identify the Need
b. Research the Problem
c. Develop Possible Solutions

4/ When finding the solution to an engineering design problem,

there is/are usually…
a. only one possible correct solution
b. a very limited number of possible correct solutions
c. many possible correct solutions
5/ This is the "test model" of the product
a. cost-benefit analysis
b. Prototype
c. Summary
d. photograph

6/ This step follows creating the prototype in the engineering

design process
a. test and evaluate
b. Research
c. identify the problem
7/ After you have identified the problem, what should you do next?
a. Research
b. communicate your results
c. build a prototype
d. run a test

Answers :

1/ a , 2/ c , 3/ a , 4/ c , 5/ b , 6/ a , 7/ a
 Homework 1
1/ Today, almost all cars have seat belts. How does improving the
design of seat belts help people the most?
a. It decreases injuries to passengers in cars
b. It increases the speed at which cars can travel
c. It increases the comfort of passengers in cars.
d. It decreases the cost of cars

2/ Which of the following events is an important part of the

engineering design process?
a. evaluating design constraints
b. testing and evaluating models
c. designing and building models
d. all of these
3/ Rob and his team have been chosen to build a wind turbine at a
local mountain. The turbine needs to generate electrical energy and
withstand the harsh winter environment of the mountain. Rob and
his team have done their research on the problem. What is the next
step?
a. Create a prototype of the wind turbine.
b. Develop possible solution(s) for the turbine.
c. Test the wind turbine on the mountain.
d. Redesign a new solution for the turbine.
4/ Below are listed the eight steps of the engineering design
process—not in the correct order! Fill in the blank boxes in the
graphic on the next page with the letter of each step to show the
usual order.
a. Test and evaluate the solution
b. Develop possible solution(s)
c. Identify the need or problem
d. Research the need or problem
e. Construct a prototype
f. Redesign
g. Communicate the solution
h. Select the best possible solution(s)
5/ Peter and John are having a discussion about the definition of
the words “constraint” and “specifications”. Justin states that
constraints are things that you can use when making a new
product. Kaleb disagrees and says that constraints have nothing to
do with making a new product. Which of the following statements
best describes the term “constraints”?
a. Constraints are restrictions of items which can’t be used,
limitations on time, and limitations of design.
b. Constraints are the required materials, design, and the amount of
time needed to develop a product.
c. Constraints are examples of prototypes.
d. The research which is done to determine information that should
be used in the development of new products.
 software fits into two categories:

engineering-based and non-engineering-specific. Some examples of

engineering-based software for mechanical engineering
applications—software that might also be integrated within a CAD
system—include finite-element analysis (FEA) programs for analysis of
stress and deflection, vibration, and heat transfer (e.g., Algor, ANSYS,
and MSC/NASTRAN); computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs
for fluid-flow analysis and simulation (e.g., CFD++, FIDAP, and Fluent);
and programs for simulation of dynamic force and motion in
mechanisms (e.g., ADAMS, DADS, and Working Model).

Examples of non-engineering-specific computer-aided applications

include software for word processing, spreadsheet software (e.g.,
Excel, Lotus, and Quattro-Pro), and mathematical solvers (e.g., Maple,
MathCad, MATLAB,3 Mathematica, and TK solver).
Code of Ethics for Engineers
 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ETHICS

Engineering is the process of developing an efficient mechanism

which quickens and eases the work using limited resources, with the
help of technology.

Engineers turn ideas into reality; i.e. they create useful products and
systems (through design and manufacturing/construction)

Ethics - also called moral philosophy the discipline concerned with

what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. The term is also
applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles.

Ethics are the principles accepted by the society, which also equate to
the moral standards of human beings. An engineer with ethics, can
help the society in a better way.
Where do ethics come from?

•From God
•Islam teaches that: “whoever saves the life of one, it shall be as if he
had saved the life of all mankind.” (Qur’an)

•From an abstract world where concepts exist in some way

•From agreement between people

•From a consideration of duty, or virtue

•From a consideration of the consequences of various actions

Engineering code of ethics…their origins

companies and professional societies have drafted codes of ethics to

which their members are required to commit

The codes tend to be very similar

Examples of Code of Ethics

The NSPE–National Society of Professional Engineers

The ASME–American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The IEEE

Personal Ethics -everyday examples

• Software piracy
• Copying of homework or tests
 An example code of ethics
Personal Code of Ethics
Integrity – I will be honest in everything I do – always forthright –
always sincere – always reliable – always dependable

Caring – I will care about others – always considerate – always fair –

always willing to help those in need – never ridicule or intentionally
hurt others

Excellence – I will do the best at everything I do – always strive for

excellence – never accept mediocrity – never procrastinate

Attitude – I will maintain a positive attitude – always respectful –

always loyal – always humble – never arrogant

Courage – I will stand up for what is right – never give in to negative

peer pressure – never allow fear of failure to prevent trying
NSPE– National Society of Professional
Engineers
Engineering is an important and learned profession.

● As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit

the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
● Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for
all people.
● Engineers must perform under a standard of professional
behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical
conduct.
Fundamental Canons
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. Avoid deceptive acts.
6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully
so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the
profession.
Rules of Practice
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of
the public.
a. If engineers’ judgment is overruled under circumstances that
endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or
client and such other authority as may be appropriate.

b. Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that

are in conformity with applicable standards.

c. Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the

prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized or
required by law or this Code.

d. Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in

business ventures with any person or firm that they believe is
engaged in fraudulent or dishonest enterprise.
e. Engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of
engineering by a person or firm.

f. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code

shall report thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when
relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper
authorities in furnishing such information or assistance as may be
required.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence.

a. Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by

education or experience in the specific technical fields involved.

b. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or

documents dealing with subject matter in which they lack
competence, nor to any plan or document not prepared under their
direction and control.

c. Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for

coordination of an entire project and sign and seal the engineering
documents for the entire project, provided that each technical
segment is signed and sealed only by the qualified engineers who
prepared the segment.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and
truthful manner.

a. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports,

statements, or testimony. They shall include all relevant and
pertinent information in such reports, statements, or testimony,
which should bear the date indicating when it was current.

b. Engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are

founded upon knowledge of the facts and competence in the
subject matter.

c. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on

technical matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties,
unless they have prefaced their comments by explicitly identifying
the interested parties on whose behalf they are speaking, and by
revealing the existence of any interest the engineers may have in
the matters.
4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents
or trustees.
a. Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of
interest that could influence or appear to influence their
judgment or the quality of their services.

b. Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise,

from more than one party for services on the same project, or for
services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances
are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.

c. Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable

consideration, directly or indirectly, from outside agents in
connection with the work for which they are responsible.
d. Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employees
of a governmental or quasi-governmental body or department shall
not participate in decisions with respect to services solicited or
provided by them or their organizations in private or public
engineering practice.

e. Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a

governmental body on which a principal or officer of their
organization serves as a member.
5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
a. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit
misrepresentation of their or their associates’ qualifications. They
shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their responsibility in or for the
subject matter of prior assignments. Brochures or other
presentations incident to the solicitation of employment shall not
misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees,
associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments.

b. Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit, or receive, either directly or

indirectly, any contribution to influence the award of a contract by
public authority, or which may be reasonably construed by the public
as having the effect or intent of influencing the awarding of a
contract. They shall not offer any gift or other valuable consideration
in order to secure work. They shall not pay a commission,
percentage, or brokerage fee in order to secure work, except to a
bona fide employee or bona fide established commercial or
marketing agencies retained by them.
case study
 case study 1
Engineer A, a mechanical engineer with no mechanical vehicle
parking design experience, receives a solicitation in the mail with the
following information:
"Engineers today cannot afford to pass up a single job that comes by -
including mechanical vehicle parking projects that may be new or
unfamiliar.
Now - - thanks to a revolutionary new CD-ROM - designing any
mechanical vehicles parking project is as easy as pointing and clicking
your mouse - no matter your design experience. For instance, never
designed a mechanical vehicle parking before? No problem. Just point
to the 'mechanical parking design' window and click.
Simply sign and return this letter today and you'll be among the first
engineers to see how this full-featured interactive library of standard
design can help you work faster than ever and increase your firm's
profits."
Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities
mechanical parking Design Services.
Question:

Was it ethical for Engineer A to offer mechanical parking design

services under the facts presented?
 Answer
Conclusion:

It was not ethical for Engineer A to offer facilities design and

mechanical parking services under the facts presented.

Code
1/ Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence.

2/ Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by

education or experience in the specific technical fields involved.

3/ Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

 Case study 2 (HW2)

automotive design companies requires that the position of

mechanical designer (M.D) be filled by a P.M.E (a professional
mechanical engineer). The first appointee to the position was not a
M.D. and was therefore deemed unqualified to continue in the
position. The company management office met and decided to
appoint Engineer A, a M.D. with experience and educational
background solely in the field of electrical engineering. Engineer A
accepted the position.
The duties and responsibilities of the position of M.D include
research and design of a company's new products and systems but do
not include preparation of engineering or reviewing documents.
Question:

Was it ethical for Engineer A to accept the position

 Answer
Conclusion:

It was unethical for Engineer A to accept the position

Code
1/ Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence.

2/ Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by

education or experience in the specific technical fields involved
 Case study 3 (HW1)
Automobile agents in city A is sue the Vehicle manufacturer
company Y for not response to replace defective parts .
manufacturer attorney hires Engineer C to inspect the vehicle and
give expert testimony in support of the company. Engineer C
discovers serious defects in the vehicle which he believes
constitute an immediate threat to the safety. The Automobile
agents suit has not a mentioned these safety related defects. Upon
reporting the findings to the attorney, Engineer C is told he must
maintain this information as confidential as it is part of a lawsuit.
Engineer C complies with the request of the attorney.
Question:

Was it ethical for Engineer C to conceal his knowledge of the safety-

related defects ?
system of units
 system of units
MKS system of units
This is the system of units where the metre (m) is used for the unit of
length, kilogram (kg) for the unit of mass, and second (s) for the unit
of time as the base units.

CGS system of units

This is the system of units where the centimetre (cm) is used for
length, gram (g) for mass, and second (s) for time as the base units.

International system of units (SI)

There are seven fundamental SI units, namely: metre (m) for
length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for time, ampere (A)
for electric current, kelvin (K) for thermodynamic temperature,
mole (mol) for mass quantity and candela (cd) for intensity of
light. Derived units consist of these units.
Failures resulting from static loading, variable loading
and fatigue failure. Material selection for strength and
rigidity
Tensile Strength, Su
The peak of the stress-strain curve is considered the ultimate tensile
strength (Su). sometimes called the ultimate strength or simply the
tensile strength. At this point during the test, the highest apparent
stress on a test bar of the material is measured. As shown in Figures.

The curve appears to drop off after the peak. However, notice that the
instrumentation used to create the diagrams is actually plotting load
versus deflection rather than true stress versus strain.
Yield Strength

That portion of the stress-strain diagram where there is a large

increase in strain with little or no increase in stress is called the yield
strength

The strength of a material is determined by a tensile test

Modulus of Elasticity in Tension

The stress is obtained from σ=P/A , where P is the load and A

represents the original cross-sectional area
Percent Elongation

𝐋𝐟 − 𝐋𝐨
𝐄𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐋𝐨
Shear Strength, Syg and Sus

Both the yield strength and the ultimate strength in shear

are important properties of materials. We will use the
following estimates:

Sy
Sys = = 0.50 Sy = yield strength in shear
2

Sus = 0.75 Su = ultimate strength in shear

Stress-strain curves of different types of materials.
Each and every material draws its own characteristic stress-strain
curve, which allows us to determine what applications are suitable for
its use. Each material’s curve exhibits different points of transitions,
from elasticity to plasticity and finally to breakage.

Plastics deform more easily because they succumb to dislocations

more easily than ductile materials do. There are also brittle materials,
which have absolutely no concept of yield stress.

A ductile material like iron

Poisson's Ratio, v
 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑜
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝜀𝑎
𝐿𝑂
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑜
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝜀𝐿
𝐿𝑂
−𝜀𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠s𝑖𝑜𝑛′𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 𝑣
𝜀𝑎

When a material is subjected to a tensile strain, there is a simultaneous

shortening of the cross-sectional dimensions perpendicular to the
direction of the tensile strain. The ratio of the shortening strain to the
tensile strain is called Poisson's ratio, usually denoted by v. (The Greek
letter mu, |JL, is sometimes used for this ratio).
Typical ranges of values for Poisson's ratio are 0.25-0.27 for cast
iron. 0.27-0.30 for steel, and 0.30-0.33 for aluminum and titanium.
Modulus of Elasticity in Shear, G

The modulus of elasticity in shear (G) is the ratio of shearing

stress to shearing strain.

This equation is valid within the elastic range of the material.

Flexural Modulus

Another stiffness measure often reported, particularly for plastics, is

called the flexural modulus, or modulus of elasticity in flexure.
Hardness

Hardness may be broadly defined as the resistance to permanent

surface indentation or penetration.

Machinability

Machinability is related to the ease with which a material can be

machined to a good surface finish with reasonable tool life.

Impact Energy

is the ability of a material to absorb applied energy without failure.

Fatigue Strength

Parts subjected to repeated applications of loads or to stress

conditions that vary with time over several thousands or millions of
cycles fail because of the phenomenon of fatigue.

Creep
When materials are subjected to high loads continuously, they may
experience progressive elongation over time. This phenomenon
called creep.
 formula

The following formula computes the stretch due to a direct axial

tensile load or the shortening due to a direct axial compressive load:
 Example 1
For a bronze alloy , the stress at which plastic deformation begins
is 275 MPa , and the modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa

(a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen

with a cross-sectional area of 325 mm2 without plastic deformation?

(b) If the original specimen length is 115 mm, what is the maximum
length to which it may be stretched without causing plastic
deformation?
Solution
(a) This portion of the problem calls for a determination of the
maximum load that can be applied without plastic deformation (Fy).
Taking the yield strength to be 275 MPa.

(b) The maximum length to which the sample may be deformed

without plastic deformation is determined from Equations
𝜎
𝐿𝑓 = 𝐿𝑜 1+
𝐸
 Example 2
A tensile force of 9500 N is applied to a 12-mm-diameter round bar, as
shown in Figure below. Compute the direct tensile stress in the bar.
 Example 3
For the round bar subjected to the tensile load shown in Figure below,
compute the total deformation if the original length of the bar is 3600
mm. The bar is made from a steel having a modulus of elasticity of 207
GPa.
 Example 4
A short post constructed from a hollow circular tube of aluminum
supports a compressive load of 250 kN (see figure). The inner and
outer diameters of the tube are d1 = 9cm and d2 =13cm, respectively,
and its length is 100 cm. The shortening of the post due to the load is
measured as 0.5 mm. Determine the compressive stress and strain in
the post. (Disregard the weight of the post itself, and assume that the
post does not buckle under the load).
 Example 5
punch having a diameter of 19 mm is used to punch a hole in a 6-mm
plate, as shown in the cross-sectional view (see figure below. If a force
P =125 kN is required, what is the average shear stress in the plate and
the average compressive stress in the punch?
DIRECT SHEAR STRESS

Direct shear stress occurs when the applied force tends to cut
through the member as scissors or shears do or when a punch and a
die are used to punch a slug of material from a sheet.
The symbol used for shear stress is the Greek letter tau (τ).
Direct shear on a key
 Example 6
Figure below shows a shaft carrying two sheaves that are keyed to
the shaft. Part (b) shows that a force F is transmitted from the shaft
to the hub of the sheave through a square key.
The shaft is 2.25 inches in diameter and transmits a torque of 14 063
Ib.in. The key has a square cross section, 0.50 in on a side, and a
length of 1.75 in. Compute the force on the key and the shear stress
caused by this force.
Comment
This level of shearing stress will be uniform on all parts of the cross
section of the key.
The relationship among the power (P), the rotational speed
(n), and the torque (T) in a shaft is described by the equation

In SI units, power is expressed in the unit of watt (W) or its

equivalent, newton meter per second (N • m/s), and the rotational
speed is in radians per second (rad/s).
 Example 7
Compute the amount of torque in a shaft transmitting 750 W of power
while rotating at 183 rad/s.
In the U.S. Customary Unit System, power is typically expressed as
horsepower, equal to 550 ft • Ib/s. The typical unit for rotational
speed is rpm, or revolutions per minute.
But the mo.st convenient unit for torque is the pound-inch (lb • in).
Considering all of these quantities and making the necessary
conversions of units, we use the following formula to compute the
torque (in lb • in) in a shaft carrying a certain power P (in hp) while
rotating at a speed of n rpm.
 Example 8
Compute the torque on a shaft transmitting 1.0 hp while rotating at
1750 rpm.
 CLASSIFICATION OF METALS AND ALLOYS
Various industry associations take responsibility for setting standards
for the classification of metals and alloys. Each has its own numbering
system, convenient to the particular metal covered by the standard.
But this leads to confusion at times when there is overlap between
two or more standards and when widely different schemes are used
to denote the metals.

Order has been brought to the classification of metals by the u.se of

the Unified Numbering Systems (UNS) as defined in the Standard E
527-83 (Reapproved 1997). Standard Practice for Numbering Metals
and Alloys (UNS), by the American Society for Testing and Materials,
or ASTM.
The UNS coordinates designations of the following

The Aluminum Association (AA)

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
The Copper Development Association (CDA)
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

Unified numbering system (UNS)

The AISI uses a four-digit designation system for carbon
and alloy steel
 Torque
The physical quantity which causes an object to begin to rotate or
move in a circle, or (more generally) to change its rate of rotation, is a
torque.
A torque is not a force in the Newtonian sense: it is a moment.

Units: Nm
 Example

t = (40 N)(0.60 m)
= 24.0 Nm, cw
60 cm

40 N
t = 24.0 Nm, cw
Sign Convention for Torque
 cw Negative torque:
clockwise, into page

ccw
Positive torque:
Counter-clockwise,
out of page
Example : An 80-N force acts at the end of a 12-cm
wrench as shown. Find the torque.

r = 12 cm sin 600 t = (80 N)(0.104 m) =

= 10.4 cm 8.31 N m
Example
 Example

A uniform plank, AB, is 8 m long and has mass 30 kg.

Example
Example: Find Ra and Rb .

𝑀=0 -3+ 2(3)- 6(5) + 𝑅𝐵 (6) =0

𝑅𝐵 = 4.5 KN

𝐹=0 +↑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 2 – 6 + 4.5 = 0 , 𝑅𝐴 = -0.5 KN↓

The sign convection for shear force and bending moment is: