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Review of Related Literature: Integrated School Department
Review of Related Literature: Integrated School Department
Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
CHAPTER II
intranets. It introduces the framework for the case study that comprises the main focus of
In families where there is a high level of conflict and animosity between parents,
children are at a greater risk of developing emotional, social and behavioral problems, as
According to Paul Simon(2016), “the mother and child reunion, is only a motion
away.” The mother and child reunion is a very close bond. The parent-child relationship
is qualitatively different than all of our other relationships between parenting styles and
parent characteristics, and the contexts in which families operate. These factors mix
relationships.
relationships. This involves the dynamic and complex patterns of sensitive mutual
domains. As Dr. Bornstein notes, “when interactions with caregivers fall out of
distress”.
According to Stevenson & Crnic (2015); Crnic et al (2009), Mothers and fathers
share some childrearing attributes and effects, but also differ in important ways that
create unique relationship qualities. Both mothers and fathers of children with borderline
intellectual functioning have more negative controlling parenting (child aged 5-6) than
did parents of typically developing children. In turn, those children with borderline
paternal behavior is predicted by earlier child behavior while negative maternal behavior
According to Bates (2012), Parental warmth and controlling, in a positive way are
the two most important parental attributes that help to create positive effects. In research
terms, this is parental effect and sensitivity. Positive emotional reactivity and self-
parenting to child development under normal circumstances and even greater benefits in
the face of risk. There are certain risk factors that are unique to parent-child relationships.
The relationship processes involved may depend on where the risk resides … in the child
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
(e.g. developmental disability, prematurity, and behavior problems), the parent (e.g.
children (aged 3-5) while maternal health is protective for 5year old. One of
to 8.
According to McAdams et al. (2013), there are several researches designs capable
of assessing genetic overlap between parenting and child traits. Child twin studies are the
most commonly used, comprising twin children and their parent(s). Biometric analyses
can reveal the extent to which child genetic factors involved in child behavior correlates
with those involved in parental behavior. Where correlations are found, this indicates that
children's genes involved in their own behavior are also involved in evoking responses
presence of evocative rGE does not preclude the possibility that parent and child behavior
are influencing one another but highlights that their etiologies overlap. Child twin studies
have demonstrated that associations between parenting and offspring phenotypes are
the best and the worst in a person. We do everything possible, from trying various
parenting hacks to attending positive parenting workshops, to raise our kids well. But in
the end, everything boils down to the kind of relationship a parent shares with the child –
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
the better the relationship, the better the upbringing can be. A parent-child relationship
(PCR) is one that nurtures the physical, emotional, and social development of the child.
It’s a unique bond that every child and parent experience, enjoy and nurture.
children are accepted or rejected by peers, whether they make friends, and how fully they
of the same species when they interact with each other. Both humans and animals engage
in social behavior; social interaction can be both verbal and nonverbal. Generally,
children who display kindness and caring will make more friends and will be liked; those
who are antisocial in their interactions will not. Antisocial behavior is defined as
Children and adolescents with poor peer relationships, on the other hand, face a
families that children experience differ in many important ways, the number of children
waiting times for the conclusion of inquiries into the death of loved ones, it has been
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
claimed. Among two-parent families, there are these in which both parent work, those in
which divorced parents have married, or those with gay or lesbian parents.
Parental Conflict
Conflict between parents, not just the event of parental separation or divorce, is a
key factor explaining why some children fare better than others when parental
relationship breakdown (Pryor and Roger, 2011; Coleman and Glenn, 2009).
Research over the last decade has provided deeper insight into not only the
outcomes for children of exposure to destructive conflict but also how children are
affected and why some children appear more vulnerable or resilient than others. In other
words, there is more of an understanding of ‘why, when, and how’ parental conflict
affects some but not all children (Cumming and Davies, 2010).
Until recently it could be argued that shared genes may explain this
designed studies using samples of children and parents who are not genetically related
provide evidence that this is not the case. Rather, family environmental factors such as
development irrespective of whether parents and children are genetically related or not
Sulking or the ‘silent treatment’ (Ablow and Measelle, 2009); getting caught up in
There is emerging evidence that children can learn behaviors that are helpful in
their relationship with others from observing parents handling conflict well, however
further research is required to confirm and expand our understanding of this (McCoy et
al., 2009).
turn undermines parenting and the parent-child relationship, leading to negative outcomes
Conflict between parents affects children in two key ways. How children
understand, experience and respond to conflict between parents is also important, each
with implications for the parent-child relationship and, in turn, children’s development
the impact on younger children and the interplay age and developmental stage and how
that affects children’s responses to conflict. This may also mean that older children have
become more sensitive to conflict because they have been exposed to it for a longer
period of time compared to younger children. Children’s temperaments can also serve to
temperament are more vulnerable to the impact of conflict between parents (Whiteside-
Mansell, 2009).
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
development, may explain why some children are greater short- and long-term risk for
negative outcomes as a result of living with high levels of inter-parental conflict and
differentiating between children who are at greater risk of poor outcomes, for example,
some children’s nervous systems help them to regulate their feelings and responses to
conflict more effectively than other children (El Sheikh and Erath, 2011).
have been developed and assessed over recent years, though few have focused directly on
couple conflict alone. One approach is to support couples in developing their parenting
skills in order to prevent or minimize the ‘spillover’ of conflict into parenting. However,
programmes which deal with parenting alone are insufficient. Rather, parent education
programmes are more effective with parents in conflict if they include a couple
relationship component compared to those which deal only with parenting issues (Cowan
et al., 2011).
include behavioral skills training (Pinquart and Teubert, 2010). Programmes that
specifically target couple conflict can help reduce destructive and increase constructive
conflict behaviors when they combine an information component and skills training
relationship outcomes. However, the effect appears to diminish over time and couples
may need help in adopting relationship skills in everyday interactions, especially for
al., 2010).
communication and conflict resolution (Dolan et al., 2010). Although the extent to which
programmes focus on conflict and the stage of intervention vary across programmes, a
Tembert, 2010). However, few programmes assess whether there is also an impact on
circumstances and requirements of different groups. Some couples and individuals may
benefit from programmes delivered in a group setting where they can share and learn
from others and normalize their experiences (Cowan et al., 2010). However, other
couples may prefer the greater flexibility, anonymity, and accessibility that self-directed,
on-line programmes can offer. Although recent evidence indicates that a web-based self-
Practitioners and those in regular contact with parents are in a prime position to
identify families either at risk of or struggling with conflict. In so practitioners can help to
raise awareness about the impact of conflict between parents on children. They are also
well placed to signpost parents to helpful sources of support or even deliver more
the nature of the support provided by practitioners, they are likely to benefit from training
in identifying signs of relationship distress, information on conflict and its impact on the
family, and in signposting parents to other forms of support. A few couples seek support
them belong to a broken family or single-parent family. This family stress causes a lack
of parental support and guidance which results in adolescents’ emotional and behavioral
problems. These behaviors affect adolescents’ health, emotional, and social status. Most
of them exhibited poor self-esteem. Because of having low self-confidence, they are
having problems in socialization. Problem in making friends and keeping friends was a
common dilemma in terms of their social status. There are few adolescents cope
positively by engaging themselves in sports. On the other hand, some of them shared
their insights and gave their best pieces of advice to adolescents experiencing the same
situation. They uttered that adolescents must be optimistic. They have to express their
emotions in order for them to lessen their loneliness. Instead of dwelling to negative
people, they should engage themselves in sports or any organization that will help them
to discover their self-worth. Accepting reality and their situation will help them to free
from emotional distress. But the most important is to love their selves.
Family plays a crucial role in molding one’s personality, belief, and capability.
Everything about a man mostly relies on the state of the family he belonged. The way he
acts towards other people could be accounted to the people whom he often mingles with.
Living under the same roof might as well add to the reasons how dependent he is to his
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
family. Even so, since every individual has this reliance on his family, any adversity
would definitely affect his whole- being. Such devastating matters regarding family
relationships like parent’s separation could give a severe impact on the people concerned,
Nowadays, many are involved in a broken family. It is very usual for people to
think that teenagers doing such nasty acts are rooted in family disorientation. Even
countless studies show that child’s mislead life is blamed to separated parents. According
to Eschica (2010), children with separated parents do not perform well in school which is
a very terrifying incident because a school that is an institution for learning is failing to
children and youth. The causes of juvenile delinquency from most theories have focused
on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from affluent
homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes because of the lack of
Also according to him, families have also experienced changes within the last 25
consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in
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St. Alexius College
Integrated School Department
General Santos Drive, Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines
Catalano, and Hawkins, states that teenagers are at risk for anti-social behavior. They
become aggressive and violent. Thus, at an early age, they are already involved in
criminal behavior. This is due to lack of parental attachment. Likewise, teenagers’ anti-
social behavior also depends on the quality of their attachments to parents and other
their behavior may become deviant as well. The social development model suggests that
interaction with anti-social peers and adults promotes participation in delinquency and
substance abuse.
Coping Strategies
According to Smith, Martin M., Saklofske, Donald H., et.al (2016) certain coping
strategies alleviate stress and promote positive psychological outcomes, whereas others
exacerbate stress and promote negative psychological outcomes. However, the efficacy of
any given coping strategy may also depend on personal resiliency. This study examined
reconceptualise or find solutions to the problem causing distress (e.g., action planning,
According to Ballesteros, D. & Whitlock, J.L. (2009) stress can be a result of both
positive and negative experiences, and it is a necessary part of our daily lives. From an
evolutionary standpoint stress was necessary for survival (i.e., imagine hunting large prey
on which one’s entire tribe is dependent) and some stress continues to be a helpful part of
our modern lives since it motivates us to accomplish tasks or make needed changes. We