Group 8 (Semblante, Lague, Peras, Rama) T-Test: Value

Group 8 (Semblante, Lague, Peras, Rama)
T-TEST
● Type of inferential statistics.
● Used to determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each
other and is often used in hypothesis testing.
● Is a parametric test of difference - implies that it makes the same assumptions about
data as other parametric tests.
● Assumes data as:
○ Independent
○ (Approximately) normally distributed
○ Have a similar amount of variance within each group being compared.
(Homogeneity of variance)
● T-Score - the ratio between the difference between two groups and the difference within
the groups. The smaller the T score, the more similarity there is between groups.
○ A large t-score implies that the groups are different
○ A small t-score implies that the groups are similar.
Types of T-Test
There are three main types of t-test, which are categorized into one-sample and two-sample
techniques, namely:
1. One Sample Technique

a. One Sample T-Test
■ Tests the mean of a single sample or group against a known mean, a
hypothesized or predetermined population parameter, or with a standard
value.
■ Example Usage:
1. Comparing the average salary of nurses within a company with a
value that has known to represent the national average for nurses.
2. Comparing the acidity of a liquid to a neutral pH or 7.
2. Two Sample Technique
a. Two Sample T-Test / Independent T-Test
■ Utilizes two separate independent sample means to be compared.
■ Is used if the sample or groups come from two different populations.
■ Example Usage:
1. Comparing the salaries of nurses and physicians to evaluate
whether there is a difference in their salaries.
2. Comparing the means of two different species, or people from two
separate cities.
b. Paired Sample T-Test / Dependent T-Test
■ Is used to compare the means of two variables in a single group at
different times (e.g. one year apart).
■ Is used if the means/scores come from a single group.
■ Essentially connected - they are tests on the same person or thing.
■ Example Usage:
1. Could be used to see if there is a statistically significant difference
between starting salaries and current salaries among the general
nurses in an organization.
2. Measuring or comparing results before and after an experimental
treatment.
3. Two blood pressure measurements on the same person using
different equipment.
When choosing a type of t-test to utilize, you will need to consider whether the groups being
compared come from a single population or two different populations, and whether you want to
test the difference in a specific direction.
Performing a T-Test
A. One Sample Technique
● One Sample T-Test
- where x bar is the sample mean, s² is the sample variance, n is the sample size, µ is the
specified population mean and t is a Student t quantile with n-1 degrees of freedom.
Example :
Consider 20 first year resident female doctors drawn at random from one area, resting systolic
blood pressures measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer were:
128 127
118 115
144 142
133 140
132 131
111 132
149 122
139 119
136 129
126 128
From previous large studies of women drawn at random from the healthy general public, a
resting systolic blood pressure of 120 mm Hg was predicted as the population mean for the
relevant age group.
For this example:

Single sample t test H o : μ = 120 → t = t crit
H i : μ ≠ 120 → t ≠ t crit
Sample name: Systolic BP
Sample mean = 130.05
Population mean = 120
Sample size n = 20
Sample sd = 9.960316
95% confidence interval
Df (n-1) = 19
t = 4.512404 or 4.512
t crit = 2.093
Therefore, the t score of the systolic BP among 20 first year resident female doctors is
4.512 with a resting systolic blood pressure of 120 mm Hg was predicted as the
population mean for the relevant age group.
A null hypothesis of no difference between sample and population means has clearly
been rejected.
B. Two Sample Technique

● Two Sample T-Test / Independent T-Test
Example :
Calculate an independent samples t test for the following data sets:
Data set A: 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6
Data set B: 1,2,4,5,5,5,6,6,7,9

Confidence interval = 95%
Step 1: Sum the two groups:
A: 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 35
B: 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 9 = 50 (To find the mean and standard

deviation)
Step 2: Square the sums from Step 1:
35 = 1225
50 = 2500
Set these numbers aside for a moment.
Step 3: Calculate the means for the two groups:
A: (1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6)/10 = 35/10 = 3.5
B: (1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 9) = 50/10 = 5
Step 4: Square the individual scores and then add them up:
A: 11 + 22 + 22 + 33 + 33 + 44 + 44 + 55 + 55 + 66 = 145
B: 12 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 55 + 55 + 66 + 66 + 77 + 99 = 298
Step 5: Insert your numbers into the following formula and solve:
(ΣA) 2 : Sum of data set A, squared (Step 2).
(ΣB) 2 : Sum of data set B, squared (Step 2).
μA: Mean of data set A (Step 3)
μB: Mean of data set B (Step 3)
ΣA 2 Sum of the squares of data set A (Step 4)

ΣB 2 : Sum of the squares of data set B (Step 4)
nA: Number of items in data set A
nB: Number of items in data set B
Step 6: Find the Degrees of freedom (nA-1 + nB-1) = 18
(10-1)+(10-1) = 9=9= 18
Step 7: Look up your degrees of freedom (Step 6) in the t-table. If you don’t know what your
alpha level is, use 5% (0.05).
18 degrees of freedom at an alpha level of 0.05 = 2.10.
Step 8: Compare your calculated value (Step 5) to your table value (Step 7).
The calculated value of -1.79 is less than the cutoff of 2.10 from the table. Therefore t crit >
-1.79. As the t crit is greater than the t-score , we cannot conclude that there is a difference
between means.
● Paired Sample T-Test / Dependent T-Test
Example :
Suppose a sample of n students were given a diagnostic test before studying a particular
module and then again after completing the module. We want to find out if, in general, our
teaching leads to improvements in students’ knowledge/skills (i.e. test scores). We can use the
results from our sample of students to draw conclusions about the impact of this module in
general.
Let x = test score before the module, y = test score after the module
To test the null hypothesis that the true mean difference is zero, the procedure is as follows:
NOTE : For this test to be valid the differences only need to be approximately normally
distributed. Therefore, it would not be advisable to use a paired t-test where there were any
extreme outliers.
Example
Using the above example with n = 20 students, the following results were obtained
Confidence interval = 95%

Calculating the mean and standard deviation of the differences gives:
Sd = √ ∑(41−2.05)2
20
= 2.837
t= 3.231
t crit = 2.093
The calculated value of 3.231 is greater than the cutoff of 2.093 from the table. As the t crit is
less than the t-score , then t is in the critical region.
A null hypothesis has clearly been rejected.
Interpreting Test Results

● T-value: A t-value of 0 indicates that the sample results exactly equal the null
hypothesis. As the difference between the sample data and the null hypothesis
increases, the absolute value of the t-value increases.
● Degrees of freedom: Degrees of freedom are related to your sample size. It shows how
many ‘free’ data points are available in your test for making comparisons. The greater
the degrees of freedom, the better your statistical test will work.
● A statement of the alternate hypothesis (Ha). The Ha is that the difference is not 0.
● The 95% confidence interval. This is the range of numbers within which the true
difference in means will be 95% of the time. This can be changed from 95% if you want a
larger or smaller interval, but 95% is very commonly used.
● The mean petal length for each group.

· One Sample T-test
- If the absolute value of the t-test statistics (t) is greater than the critical value, then the
difference is significant. Otherwise, it is not.
Note: The t-test can be used only when the data are normally distributed
a. Two Sample T-test / Independent T-Test
difference is significant. Otherwise, it is not.
Note: The test can be used only when the two groups are samples (A and B) being
compared follow bivariate normal distribution with equal variances
difference is significant.
Note: The test can be used only when the difference d is normally distributed.
Presenting the Results of a T-test
The basic format for reporting the result of a t-test is the same in each case (The color blue
means you substitute in the appropriate value from your study
t ( degrees of freedom) = the t statistic
Here are some examples:

a. One Sample T-test
● United fans reported higher levels of stress (M= 83, SD= 5) than found in
the population as a whole, t (48) =2.3
● Coffee drinkers spent more time awake (M= 17.8, SD=1.4) than the
population norm, t ( 28) =2.6
a. Two Sample T-test / Independent T-Test
● The 25 participants who received the drug intervention (M = 480, SD =
34.5) compared to the 28 participants in the control group (M = 425, SD =
31) demonstrated significantly better peak flow scores, t ( 51) = 2.1
● There was no significant effect for sex, t (38) = 1.7, despite women (M =
55, SD = 8) attaining higher scores than men (M = 53, SD = 7.8).

● The results from the pre-test (M = 13.5, SD = 2.4) and post-test (M =
16.2, SD = 2.7) memory task indicate that the presence of caffeine in the
bloodstream resulted in an improvement in memory recall, t (19) = 3.1
● There was a significant increase in the volume of alcohol consumed in the
week after the end of semester (M = 8.7, SD = 3.1) compared to the week
before the end of semester (M = 3.2, SD = 1.5), t ( 52) = 4.8
Notes
o The abbreviations M and SD stand for mean and standard deviation, respectively.
o If your t-test is one-tailed, you need to say so.
o No need to provide a formula for t.

o Degrees of freedom are N - 1 for the single sample and dependent measures t- tests;
and (N1 - 1) + (N2 - 1) for the independent t-test.
o If you are hypothesis testing, then remember to restate your hypothesis.

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Group 8 (Semblante, Lague, Peras, Rama)

1. One Sample Technique

For this example:

B. Two Sample Technique

Data set A:​ 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6

Data set B:​ 1,2,4,5,5,5,6,6,7,9

Step 1:​ Sum the two groups:

B: 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 9 = 50 (​To find the mean and standard

Step 2:​ Square the sums from Step 1:

Set these numbers aside for a moment.

Step 3: ​Calculate the ​means ​for the two groups:

A: (1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6)/10 = 35/10 = ​3.5

Set these numbers aside for a moment.

Set these numbers aside for a moment.

(ΣA) 2 : Sum of data set A, squared (Step 2).

(ΣB) 2 : Sum of data set B, squared (Step 2).

μA: Mean of data set A (Step 3)

μB: Mean of data set B (Step 3)

ΣA 2 Sum of the squares of data set A (Step 4)

nA: Number of items in data set A

nB: Number of items in data set B

Step 6:​ Find the ​Degrees of freedom​ (nA-1 + nB-1) = 18

(10-1)+(10-1) = 9=9= ​18

18 degrees of freedom at an alpha level of 0.05 = 2.10.

Confidence interval = 95%

A null hypothesis has clearly been ​rejected.

Interpreting Test Results

A. One Sample Technique

B.​ ​Two Sample Technique

a. ​Two Sample T-test / Independent T-Test

b.​ ​Paired Sample T-Test / Dependent T-Test

Presenting the Results of a T-test

t (​ ​degrees of freedom​) = ​the ​t​ statistic

Here are some examples:

A.​ ​One Sample Technique

b. Paired Sample T-Test / Dependent T-Test

o If your ​t​-test is one-tailed, you need to say so.

o No need to provide a formula for ​t​.

o If you are hypothesis testing, then remember to restate your hypothesis.

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Data set A: 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6

Data set B: 1,2,4,5,5,5,6,6,7,9

Step 1: Sum the two groups:

B: 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 9 = 50 (To find the mean and standard

Step 2: Square the sums from Step 1:

Step 3: Calculate the means for the two groups:

A: (1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6)/10 = 35/10 = 3.5

Step 6: Find the Degrees of freedom (nA-1 + nB-1) = 18

(10-1)+(10-1) = 9=9= 18

A null hypothesis has clearly been rejected.

B. Two Sample Technique

a. Two Sample T-test / Independent T-Test

b. Paired Sample T-Test / Dependent T-Test

t ( degrees of freedom) = the t statistic

A. One Sample Technique

o If your t-test is one-tailed, you need to say so.

o No need to provide a formula for t.