Module 1 Intended Learning Outcomes and Topics

➢ Develop a unique form of architecture based on the aspects discussed.

➢ Make a concise comparison of the different factors affecting architecture.
➢ Apply the different factors affecting Filipino Architecture to future practice and design.
TOPICS
➢ Necessity
➢ Climate
➢ Natural Threats
➢ Religion
➢ Culture
INTRODUCTION
"The Philippines is rich in culture, trade and commerce and traditions even before the Spaniards discovered
the Philippines. We have even developed our own handwriting systems, formed little communities with
government, exchanged goods from Chinese, Malay and Indian merchants." There are many factors that
affected the early forms of architecture made by our forefathers namely, climate, religion and culture to
name a few. For a very long time, many Filipinos believe that it is the Spaniards that brought culture and
arts to the Philippines. This course will help us be enlightened about this and will make us realize that the
Philippines is a very rich country in terms of culture, religion, architecture and the arts even before the
Spaniards came.
1.1 Necessity
"Architecture is born out of necessity."
Our ancestors developed farming, cultivation of animals, and the earliest forms of human settlement. The
development of farming and crops helped paved the way to the construction of permanent living spaces.
How farming changed architecture?
Since the discovery of farming, it has been an important determinant of human settlement. Farming made
permanent settlement possible and therefore made a demand for a more permanent form of architecture.
As we study further about the aspects that affect pre-Spanish Architecture in the Philippines, let's take a
look back at the fate of the Ancient Maya Civilization and how farming affected its settlement and collapse.
1.2 Climate
The role of climate in architecture is vital. Climate dictated building forms, orientation and architectural
elements.
Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the
meteorological (Links to an external site.) variables that are commonly measured are temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the
components of the climate system (Links to an external site.), which includes the ocean and ice on Earth.
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and
their currents.
More generally, the "climate" of a region is the general state of the climate system at that location at the
current time.
TROPICAL CLIMATE
Tropical climate is one of the five major climate groups in the Koppen climate classification (Links to an
external site.). Tropical climates are characterized by monthly average temperatures of 18 ℃ (64.4 ℉) or
higher year-round and feature hot temperatures. Annual precipitation is often abundant in tropical climates,
and shows a seasonal rhythm to varying degrees. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates,
a wet season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical climates is normally very small.
Sunlight is intense.
There are three basic types of tropical climates within the tropical climate group:tropical rain forest climate
(Af) (Links to an external site.), tropical monsoon climate (Am) (Links to an external site.) and tropical wet
and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As) (Links to an external site.), which are classified and distinguished by
the annual precipitation and the precipitation level of the driest month in those regions.

The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high temperature,
high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of Central
America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are discussed hereunder, are the most important
elements of the country's weather and climate.
Temperature
Based on the average of all-weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual
temperature is 26.6o C. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature of 25.5oC while the
warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3oC. Latitude is an insignificant factor in the
variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature. Thus, the mean annual
temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters is 18.3oC. This makes the temperature of Baguio
comparable with those in the temperate climate and because of this, it is known as the summer capital of
the Philippines.
The difference between the mean annual temperature of the southernmost station in Zamboanga and that
of the northernmost station in Laoag is insignificant. In other words, there is essentially no difference in the
mean annual temperature of places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao measured at or near sea level.
Humidity
Humidity refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere. Due to high temperature and the surrounding
bodies of water, the Philippines has a high relative humidity. The average monthly relative humidty varies
between 71 percent in March and 85 percent in September. The combination of warm temperature and
high relative and absolute humidities give rise to high sensible temperature throughout the archipelago. It is
especially uncomfortable during March to May, when temperature and humidity attain their maximum
levels.
Rainfall
Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country
varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the
location of the mountain systems.
The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City,
eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of
Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall
is only 978 millimeters.
The Seasons
Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country can be divided into two major seasons:
(1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season, from December to May. The dry
season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry season, from December to February; and (b) the hot
dry season, from March to May.
WEATHER IN THE PHILIPPINES
 WEATHER IN RELATION TO ARCHITECTURE
A little exercise:
The houses below can both be found in the Philippines but in a different weather system, take note of their
differences
1.3 Natural Threats
Threats pertaining to:
1. Wild animals
➢ Since the beginning of time, wild animals and humans are fighting for the top spot in the pyramid of
the food chain
2. Pests and plagues
➢ Plagues and pest’s infestation are a natural phenomenon, it is within the cycle of nature.
3. Non climatic threats such as Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
➢ Threats such as these three occur in a period of time. The only thing humans can do is to protect
their living quarters from these threats by building their houses above ground. Thus, giving birth to
the famous Cube house or Bahay Kubo.
1.4 Religion
Islam and paganism are the main religion in the Philippines before the Spaniards
1.5 Culture
 Module 2 Intended Learning Outcomes and Topics
Intended Learning Outcomes
➢ Familiarize with the different regional indigenous houses in the Philippines
➢ Make an assessment and understanding of the diversity of Filipino Architecture.
➢ Establish the importance of Philippine cultural heritage and identity in shaping modern Philippine
Architecture.
TOPICS
1. Climate
2. Architectural Character
3. Building Materials
4. Indigenous House of tribes

Indigenous Filipino Houses

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Climate
History
Materials
Architectural Character
Pre-Spanish Architecture of Luzon
Bontoc • Ifugao • Isneg/ Apayao • Ivatan • Kalinga • Kankanai •
Pre-Spanish Architecture of Visayas
Mangyan • Tagbanua
Pre-Spanish Architecture of Mindanao
Badiao • Manobo • Maranao • Samal • Tausug • T’Boli • Yakan • Nipa Hut (Bahay-Kubo)
 1. Climate
The provinces in the low lands normally near the sea shores are hotter compare of the places in
the high lands where they established their group in the mountains. During the months of March to
June is the dry season and wet season is from July to October; the rest of the month is the mixture
of both. So as the houses we're built in accordance to what the temperature and weather condition.
History
➢ Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters
➢ 3000 BC, joined by advance agricultural race from Indonesia Barangays as tribal system
➢ Converted to Islam in 1300 AD
➢ Trade center of the orient
Materials
➢ Bamboo
➢ Rattan
➢ Nipa
➢ Wood
Architectural Character
➢ Passive cooling (Naturally ventilated)
➢ Functional
➢ Open

Indigenous Architecture of Luzon

Bontoc (Fayu)
➢ Location: Mountain Area of Cordillera
➢ House within a house shelter for rice, chickens, pigs and people
➢ Plan: square in plan and is designed to facilitate various activities
➢ Granary (falig) - area of 2.00 square meters is elevated on four posts of about 5’-0” high
➢ Has a fireplace located at the rear left corner
➢ On the ground floor (cha-la-noii) the following areas are arranged from the doorway to the rear as
follows• a. Immediately at the left side of the main entrance is a rice threshing room of about 5
square feet in area and sunk about a foot into the ground. Found at the center of this room is the
mortar used for threshing rice.
➢ b. At the right side of the entrance is a bench 4’-O” wide,12’-O” long and l’-O” high where baskets,
utensils and other tools are placed. Chickens are kept underneath this bench
➢ c. Adjacent to the threshing room is the kitchen. With an area of 5 square feet, it is provided with
three concave stove stones hacked by a low stone wall, wooden shelves and water jars.
Structural
➢ Four corner posts and the side walls are built as supports to the roof
➢ Front and side walls are made of wood connected to the posts
➢ Rear wall is made of stone and mud
➢ Roof framing is made up of a ridge post which Is supported by two queen posts
➢ Queen posts are made to rest on a central horizontal beam
➢ Other horizontal beams are provided to support the upper rafters
Decorative Elements
➢ The sleeping compartment is provided with wooden boards or sleeping benches 3-O” x 4-
O” in size.
➢ The board is slightly inclined on one end to allow the sleepers head be elevated. On the
other end is a pole where the sleeper can rest his feet.
➢ Fire can be provided under this pole when the need for warmth arises in the occupant.

Ifugao
➢ Location: Mountains of Cordillera
➢ Built on rice terraces near a spring or grove entry faces down slope
➢ Plan: enclosed structure which is square in plan
➢ rests 2.00 high on four tree trunks as columns
➢ Contains a single room having an area of 4x5M
➢ interior space is used for cooking and sleeping
➢ fireplace is located at the far-right hand corner of the house
➢ Shelves above the fireplace are provided for the storage of palay and firewood
➢ Floor is about 1.50 to 2,00 above the ground made ofwooden planks resting on solid floor joists
which overhang the floor
Structural
➢ posts are buried into a hole dug about half meter into the ground and are further secured by means
of stones placed on each hole
➢ floor girders are carved with mortises on both ends to fit into the pointed upper end of the posts
which act as the tenons
➢ lower part of the waliboards are mortised into the floor joists while the upper part are rabetted
above into a transverse beam
➢ roof is pyramidal covered with reed and grass
Roof framing is made up of rafters resting on a brace above and which in turn is supported by a kingpost.
➢ At the apex of the roof, the grass covering is made loose in order to allow the escape of smoke
coming from the kitchen area.
Decorative Elements
➢ carabao’s skulls and pig’s jaws are used as indication of status and keeping peace with the gods
➢ Ambubulan figure form placed on top of the roof is used as a protection against evil spirits and
lightning and as a sign of asking a favour from the god Kabunyan
➢ These symbolic items rather than the size of his house are used as induations of the Ifugao’s
wealth.

Isneg/ Apayao
➢ Location: Mountain of Apayao and the Northern end of Cordillera
➢ Home of the Isneg boat people; pyramidal or hipped roof; annex on one or both ends; removable
sidings for special occasion
➢ Plan:Elevated at approximately 1.50 above the ground
➢ a single-room rectangular structure designed with three levels
➢ lowest level: datag or xassaran, located at the center of the room
➢ immediate level: ramuyon, occupy three sides of the floor proper (the lowest level)
➢ highest level: tarakip, located on the remaining side of the house is an extension
Structural
➢ Fifteen posts of heavy hardwood are used as supports
➢ Posts are distributed in the following manner
➢ Sinit posts - six of these supports the data g and two support the tarakip
➢ Adixi posts - six of these supports the roof
➢ Atobrobo - a single post supporting the ridgepole
There are no fixed window openings since wall construction system allow occupants to remove few
wailboards in case air is needed for the interior.

Ivatan
➢ Location: Slope of cliffs and villages built along the sides and tops of rocky hills of Batanes Island
Plan
➢ stand directly on the ground to withstand strong winds or typhoons
➢ made up of two houses - the rakuh (big house) consists of the living room and sleeping quarters
and the kusina (kitchen)
Structural
➢ The walls, made of lime and stone, is sometimes embedded with wooden reinforcements in order
to resist the effect of a strong earthquake. The reinforcements run from the house up to the roof
frame.
➢ Doors and windows are provided in the rakuh house but the wall facing the direction of the
strongest winds are left solidly closed.

Kalinga
➢ Location: Steep mountain slope of the Cordillera
➢ Plan: rectangular or octagonal form
➢ octagonal shaped house is called binayon or finatyon
➢ living area is elevated at 1.20 meters
➢ Attic is located underneath the roof which is also used as granary
➢ elevated fireplace is found at the left rear side
➢ flooring of the elevated portions of the house is made of removable reed mats resting on floor joists
Structural

➢ total of 12 posts used as supports to the binayon house

➢ square central portion of the house is defined and supported by four posts while the other eight
posts are distributed on the four corners
➢ The lower part of the wall is made of plaited bamboo or Sawali which rises up to the floor level,
while the upper portion up to the eaves are made of wooden boards rabetted to the exterior floor
➢ the approach to the house is through a ladder which leads to a narrow platform at the front
 Indigenous Architecture of Visayas
Tagbanua
➢ Location: Coastal and Near-Coastal plains and valleys of Central Palawan

Plan

➢ Elevated on stilts about 8’-O” high

➢ usually made of eight levels
➢ Each level corresponds to certain function such as entrance, cooking or hearth, dining, sleeping
and various levels for storage
➢ The highest level usually contains storage space for pillows and blankets

Structural

➢ Since there are various floor levels partitions are unnecessary

➢ The entire house does not have windows

Mangyan
➢ Location: Mountainside or hillside of Mindoro

Plan

➢ communal house is elevated from the ground at 1.50 meters to the surrounding platform
➢ one-room structure measures 6.00 x 10.00 and is rectangular in plan
➢ Palaganan - passageway at the central part of the house leading from the main door
➢ Visitors may sleep along the palaganan but most of the time this is used as an extra storage space
for the families
➢ Individual families are not separated from one another by partitions. Rather, their space allotment
is defined by a mat spread on the floor and also by their individual fireplaces.

Structural

➢ walls are made of the bark of trees and are constructed a meter or less above the floor
➢ Opening allows the occupants to observe the exterior without being seen from the outside
➢ covered by a gabled roof with cogon grass thatching
➢ Roof eaves project 1.00 meter beyond the wall for protection against the cold wind
 ➢ There are no windows. Openings are provided through the space between the flooring and the
underneath surface of the wall

Indigenous Architecture of Mindanao

Badjao
➢ Location: Mindanao and Sulu Region
➢ Plan
➢ Ladder serve as wash area
➢ Mirror symbolize the number of children
➢ Considered houseboats

Manobo
➢ Location: Lowland of Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao, Misamis Oriental, Cotabato

Plan

➢ Flooring is made of withered bark of the mahogany tree or split bamboo

➢ No decorations at all in the Manobo house because the Manobos stay outdoors most of the time
➢ Four or more corner posts are used as main supports to the house
➢ The main house is covered with sun-dried cogon grass gabled roof shaped like an inverted V
➢ The roof for the kitchen is considerably lower than that of the main roof and is placed at right
angles to the main house
➢ The only entrance to the house is located at the kitchen area. The ladder is made of the trunk of
the tree cut with notches to serve as its steps.

Maranao Torogan
➢ Location: Hills, along the river, road or lakeshore of Mindanao
➢ An ancestral house for the datu and his family
Special Parts
➢ Tapaan – found at the Kitchen, made of plaited bamboo used for smoking fish and meat.
➢ Kodal or the carabao corral – found underneath the Kitchen
➢ Gibon or Paga - rooms not exposed to visitors; used as hiding place for the datu’s daughter
➢ Lamin - a tower atop the brogan where the princess and her ladies in waiting hide during occasions
➢ Panggao – datu’s ceremonial bed

Structural

➢ The torogan house is constructed by first putting up the center post called rapuwilih followed by
four corner posts called lukud.
➢ Flouse posts are made from bunga wood and are placed on top of large stones for protection
against the devastating effect of earthquakes
➢ floor beams are supported by 25 thick posts
➢ end beams are called panolong and are ornately carved with piako (fern-like) or naga (dragon-like)
motifs
➢ Walls are made of gisuk wooden panels carved with ornate okir designs

Samal
➢ Location: Coastal waters of Jolo

Plan

➢ consisting of one or more small rooms and a kitchen are built partially above the ground and water
on wooden posts

Structural

➢ Stilts are usually made of bamboo poles while walls are made of wooden boards or sawali
➢ Roof thatching is held securely by placing flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it
Tausug
➢ Location: Coastal water of Tapul, Siasi, Basilan, Malaysian, Borneo, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del
Sur, Cotabato
➢ Bay-smug – their native name for traditional Tausug house

Plan

➢ Elevated above the ground, it consists of the following parts: entrance porch or salos, sleeping
quarters and kitchen
➢ Panran – an open extended platform used as a family area
➢ The kitchen, whose flooring is a foot lower than that of the main house, is a separate area linked to
the main house by a bridge made of bamboo or wooden planks
➢ flooring of the house is made of thin strips of bamboo material
➢ Bilik – sleeping area
➢ Found at the roof top is the tajuk pusung. It is a wood carving in the form of the manuk manuk bird
showing a stylized head and neck of a rooster or a stylized design of a naga dragon

Structural

➢ sleeping area or the bilik is the only room in the house proper and is supported by 9 posts while the
porch and the kusina are supported by separate posts
➢ posts are made of heavy timber or bamboo
➢ Except for the center post, all posts rise up to the roof
➢ Wooden floor beams or hanglad attached to the posts together with other smaller beams support
the floor joists
➢ Beams and girders are joined together either by joints or by tying both members with hijuk vines or
lagtang and haun vines
➢ Walls are made of split bamboo or woven coconut palms wall does not reach up to the roof. An
opening of about 0.45 meters is provided for ventilation
T’Boli
➢ Location: Hilltops and mountaintops in the Lake Sebu area in Cotabato • Plan:
➢ house is built on 6-O” high stilts, built with various levels
➢ with an approximate area of 900 to 1,350 sq. ft.
➢ Lowa - it is the central space used as sleeping area for overnight guests. It has an area of 15e-O” x
20’-0” and 8” lower than the areas alongside it.
➢ BIaba - it is the side area, usually 6’-O” wide, used as working and conversational space.
➢ Desyung - this is located opposite the Iowa and the blaba. This is regarded as the area of honor
because here the head of the house entertains guests and performs rites under a curtained
canopy.
➢ Dofil - located on both sides of the desyung and sometimes elevated at a height of 3’-O” over the
iowa, this is the sleeping quarters for the wives and children of the headman.
➢ Bakdol - this is the entrance to the house
➢ Kohu - this is the hearth made of beaten-earth floor. It has a shelf where pots and pans, baskets
and other utensils are kept.
➢ Dol - this is an area used for the kohu and stair landing.
➢ Fato Hu - located at the rearmost part of the house, it is the utility area.
➢ Kotel - a detached structure located some few feet away from the house which functions as a toilet

Structural

➢ Bamboo is generally used for the house posts

➢ Walls are made of sawali or woven bamboo strips
➢ The low biaba wall is hinged to the floor at its lower side so that it can be opened towards the
outside in case an extended floor area is needed
➢ The dofils are separated from one another by means of a sawali wall which extends up to the roof
Yakan
➢ Location: Mountainous interior of Basilan

Plan

➢ Elevated 2 to 3 meters above the ground

➢ single-room structure rectangular in plan with approximately 50 to 100 sq. mts. floor area
➢ does not have partitions
➢ kitchen is used as the family’s dining area
➢ porch is used for entertaining guests and as a resting place for the household
➢ In the Living room, one will find a cloth-weaving Loom located near the door which leads to the
porch outside
Structural

➢ Posts are made of sturdy wood onto which floor beams are attached
➢ walls are made of sawali or horizontal wooden boards or bamboo poles attached to one another by
rattan lashings
➢ Roof eaves overhang the wall at .50 meters
➢ Doors are oriented towards the east for prosperity while few and small windows are provided
because of the belief that bad spirits cannot pass through the small openings quite easily. A small
window is often provided at the end wall opposite the kitchen.
➢
MIDTERM
2.3 National Commission of Cuture and the Arts
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF THENATIONAL CULTURAL
HERITAGE, STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS (NCCA)
AND ITS AFFILIATED CULTURAL AGENCIES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESThe National Commission
for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines (Filipino (Links to an external site.): Pambansang Komisyon para
sa Kultura at mga Sining, Cebuano (Links to an external site.): Nasodnong Komisyon Alang sa Budaya ug
mga Arte) is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines. It is the overall policy-making
body, coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, development, and promotion of
Philippine arts and culture; an executing agency for the policies it formulates; and task to administering the
National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA) – fund exclusively for the implementation of
culture and arts programs and projects.
2.4 Arts in the Philippines
What is the Philippine about Philippine art?
➢ Genre used to be a major consideration in determining the “Filipino-ness” of a work of art at least in
painting. The idea was that the depiction of scenes of everyday life and the surroundings without
idealizing them was closest in spirit to the Filipino soul and native soil.
How do you define Philippine art?
➢ The art of the Philippines refers to the works of art that have developed and accumulated in the
Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present era. ... The art of the
Philippines can be divided into two distinct branches, namely, traditional arts, and non-traditional
arts.
3.1 Historical Background and
Spanish era Churches in the
Philippines
 Historical Background and Spanish era Churches in the Philippines
HISTORY

➢ The Spaniards discovered the Philippines in search for Spices

➢ The Spaniards established the first city in the Philippines
➢ In 1543 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos renamed the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King
Phillip II of Spain
➢ In 1565, the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established
➢ Introduced Catholicism to Filipinos
➢ In 1571 The Spaniards established Manila at what is now Intramuros, as the capital of the Spanish
East Indies.
➢ Trade flourished because of the Manila – Acapulco Galleon Trade

INTRAMUROS

➢ Literally translates to “within the walls”

➢ Was the seat of power during the Spanish occupation
➢ Houses important government buildings
➢ Attacks from Chinese and local pirates in Manila prompted the construction of the citadel
➢ Construction began under Governor General Santiago De Vera
➢ The walls are designed and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno
➢ Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project
➢ The perimeter of the city is filled with defensive structures

Why Spain kept the Philippines in the first place?

➢ As some historians have suggested, religious or strategic reasons may have been more important.
➢ Some assert that Spain kept the Philippines with the hope of spreading Christianity into China
➢ while others argue that the Philippines’ central location in the Pacific, near the colonies of other
European powers, gave Spain a naval advantage.

ARCHITECTURE

➢ Architecture in the Philippines is the result of natural development enriched with the absorption of
varied social, cultural and religious influences. From the Spanish period to the contemporary times,
its development has been interwoven with foreign features

As a result, Philippine architecture has acquired various definition as follows;

1. A conglomeration of various architectures as a result of the country’s cultural relationship with her
neighbours and various colonizers from the West
2. Regionalized, due to its geographical condition and location
3. Ethnic, due to the affinity it has with the Asian type of culture
 4. Folk, because of the mixture of pre-Western culture and Western culture brought from Spain and
America.
"Folk architecture is the living environment people have created for themselves" -Ar. Gerard Lico

What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899?

➢ Spanish Renaissance architecture

➢ Spanish Baroque architecture
➢ Spanish Colonial architecture
➢ Neoclassical Style

Basic characteristic of “Early Renaissance” architecture

➢ Use of “human scale” (part of humanism)

"Horror Vacui"

Fear of blank spaces

Churrigueresque

➢ refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament

which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th
century and was used up to about 1750, marked by extreme, expressive and
florid decorative detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main facade
of a building. Named after the architect and sculptor

José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725)

 Spanish Colonial Architecture
➢ The combination of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely
expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied
character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain.
Spanish Mission Architecture
 Danao City Church, Cebu
The structure is made from coral stones.
 Neo classical Architecture

Who designed/ planned/ construct churches before “maestro de obras” or “architects” became the
norm in the Philippines?
FRIARS / PRAYLE

➢ Generally, planning and construction of churches in the Philipines were undertaken by the Spanish
friars.
➢ In the book, THE FILIPINO HERITAGE, Fr. Pedro G. Galende, OSA wrote in his article “Angelus in
Stone” that the reason for professional architects in assisting the friars is explained by the
following:

1. Distance of the Philippines from their country

2. Uncertainty of the job
3. Legends and stories about the Philippines
4. Low salary
With the provisions set forth by the Laws of the Indies clearly stated and with experiences learned from
their previous undertakings, the friars, armed with the desire to convert the Filipinos to Christianity took
the task of building the imprints of the Catholic religion.
According to Fr. Pablo Fernandez, O.P. in his book, “History of the Church in the Philippines”, funding
for the construction of the churches came from the following sources:

1. occasional funds from the government;

2. encomenderos who are residents of the area;
3. priest’s savings; and,
4. monetary tribute or contribution and manual labor of the town people

The encomienda was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of
people.

Furthermore, according to Fr. Fernandez, the king of Spain, on his part, provided a new church with:

➢ sacred furnishings;
➢ a chalice with its paten;
➢ a bell
➢ mass wine
➢ aciete (oil) for the sanctuary
➢ support services (repair of the churches, conventos, and cemeteries)
 Arquitectura Mestiza (Bahay na Bato)
Arquitectura Meztiza

➢ A term used to describe the mix of Filipino and Spanish Architecture

➢ Very evident during the 18th century
➢ Used mainly to describe Spanish built houses or “Bahay na Bato”

Bahay na Bato

➢ It is an updated version of the traditional bahay kubo

➢ Its design has evolved throughout the ages, but still maintains the bahay kubo's architectural basis
which corresponds to the tropical climate, stormy season, and earthquake-prone environment of
the whole archipelago of the Philippines and fuses it with the influence of Spanish colonizers and
Chinese traders
➢ Its most common appearance is that of an elevated, overhanging wooden upper-story nipa hut
(with balustrades, ventanillas, and capiz shell sliding windows) that stands on Spanish-style solid
stone blocks or bricks and posts as foundation instead of just wood, bamboo stilts, or timber posts.
Roofing is either Chinese tiled roof or thatch (nipa, sago palm, or cogon), of which many today are
being replaced by galvanized or other modern roofing. It followed the bahay kubo's arrangements
such as open ventilation and elevated apartments used as living space with the ground floor used
for storerooms, cellars, and other business purposes. Like bahay kubo, much of this ground level
was reserved for storage; in business districts, some spaces were rented to shops. Horses for
carriages were housed in stables called caballerizas.
➢ Like bahay kubo, much of this ground level was reserved for storage; in business districts, some
spaces were rented to shops. Horses for carriages were housed in stables called caballerizas

Parts of a Bahay na Bato

1. Zaguan - The ground floor of the Bahay na bato used only for storage

2. Cuadra - Space for the horse stables and carriage or carruaje

3. Entresuelo - Mezzanine; literally meaning "between floors", this is the area where clients, tenants or
estate managers (if the owner was a rich landowner) wait before being admitted to the oficina (office)

4. Escalera – Stairway

5. Caida - Landing on the upper entrance hall; foyer of the second floor; also called "antesala"

6. Sala mayor - Main living room, place for late-afternoon parties called tertulias and dances called bailes

7. Comedor - Main dining hall

8. Coccina – Kitchen

9. Azotea - Open-air balcony beside the kitchen that housed a cistern (aljibe) and the bathroom, and was
usually a work area

10. Cuarto – Bedroom

TOPIC 4.1 American Colonialism
in the Philippines
AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES (1898-1945)
History

• In 1898 the islands were ceded by Spain to the United States alongside
Puerto Rico and Guam as a result of the latter's victory in the Spanish–
American War.

The battle of Manila Bay

• During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, including an

expansion of Philippine cinema and literature.
• Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila which would have
transformed it into a modern city.

City Beautiful Movement

The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture
and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of
introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.

The Burnham Plan

• The 1905 Burnham Plan of Manila recommended improving the city's transit
systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic
district into areas at the outskirts of the city.
• The Burnham Plan included the development of a road system, the use of
waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront
improvements and construction of parks, parkways and buildings.

American contributions to Philippine Society

1. Sanitation
2. Education
3. Health care
4. Leisure
5. Transportation
Excerpts from the book, “Edifice Complex” by Ar. Gerald Lico

• THE DEMISE of the Spanish empire at the end of the 19th Century signaled
the emergence of monumental neoclassicism in the Philippines and signified
the advent of American colonialism and its cultural dominance.
• This style in a way gave continuity to a form of government that shifted from
Spanish to American colonial rule. A military government was soon
established to conduct various modes of pacification in the region.

• The American troops pledged freedom and a more civilized way of life. The
Filipinos, with the exception of those who rebelled, responded with great
optimism.
• To actualize this civilizing scheme, however, Americans had to supplant the
existing cultural system through the establishment of new sociopolitical
criteria under the persuasive theme of “benevolent assimilation”.
• The constructed social environment in the first half of the 20th Century under
the American colonial regime saw the process of Americanization
accomplished through architecture and urban planning, Hollywood cinematic
technology, and public education (“Thomasites”).

"The uncultured were thus converted into the cultured."

• The ideological exposure exerted a tremendous impact on the Filipino

psyche, to a point where local architectural and artistic production generated
artefacts that faithfully replicated American cultural paradigms and icons.
ART DECO IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Art Deco is a type of architecture highlighted by clear lines, geometrical

patterns and vibrant colors. Many of the Art Deco buildings were built in the
1920’s to the 1930’s. There was a revival of Art Deco style in the 1950’s to
the 1960’s.

Famous architects of the era

Pablo S. Antonio

• A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture, he was recognized in some

quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time. The rank and
title of National Artist of the Philippines was conferred on him by President
Ferdinand Marcos in 1976.

Works

Afable Building

• Completed: 1932.
• Architect: Pablo S. Antonio
• Status: Standing and in commercial use but deteriorating.

FEU Building Façade

• Completed: 1930’s
• Architect: Pablo S. Antonio
• Status: Standing and in use.

Luis Maria Z. Araneta

• Zaragoza took up BS Architecture at the University of Santo Tomas where he

graduated in 1936. He placed 7th in the licensure exams in the 1938.
• During the earlier years of his career, Zaragoza had meetings with American
architect Frank Lloyd Wright culminating with a visit to Wright' atelier in
Arizona in the United States in 1956. However, unlike his contemporaries,
Zaragoza looked into European architecture for inspiration instead of drawing
from American architecture.

Works
• Sto. Domingo Church
Juan Arellano

• best known for Manila's Metropolitan Theater (1935), Legislative Building

(1926; now houses the National Museum of Fine Arts), the Manila Central
Post Office Building (1926), the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex (1934), the
Central Student Church (today known as the Central United Methodist
Church, 1932), the old Jaro Municipal Hall (1934) and the old Iloilo City Hall
(1935) in Iloilo, the Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol (1936), the Cebu
Provincial Capitol (1937), the Bank of the Philippine Islands Cebu Main
Branch (1940), Misamis Occidental Provincial Capitol Building (1935),
Cotabato Municipal Hall (1940) and the Jones Bridge during the pre-war era.

Jaro Municipal Hall

• Completed: 1934.
• Status: Renovated in 2017. In government use (National Museum of the
Philippines)

The Metropolitan Theatre

• Completed: 1930
• Status: In Renovation

Andres Luna de San Pedro

• architect who built the first air-conditioned building in the Philippines, the
Crystal Arcade one of the popular tenant of Manila Stock Exchange (previous
site of Paseo de Escolta) Building (now present site of City College of Manila-
Escolta Building Demolished 2016) that was once located on No. 71 Escolta
Street, Binondo, Manila. He was assigned as the city architect of the City of
Manila from 1920 to 1924. His designs were modernist. Some of them were
lost during World War II.

Crystal Arcade

• Inauguration: 1931.
• Status: Damaged in 1945, Demolished, 1964. (PNB Buidling erected in 1966,
also demolished in 2017-2018)
Juan Nakpil

• He studied Engineering at the University of California and later, at the

University of Kansas, where he received his bachelor's degree in Mechanical
Engineering. He then studied Architecture at the Fontainebleau School of
Fine Arts in France upon the recommendation of Jean Jacques Haffner, one
of his professors at the Harvard Graduate School of Architecture.

State Theatre

• Completed: 1930’s.
• Status: Demolished in 2001 (Today: Emerald Circle)

Capitol Theatre

• Inauguration: 1934
• Status: Demolition ongoing (as of February 2018)
5.1 Post War Architecture in
the Philippines (1945-1960s)
 History
➢ The breakout of WW2 left Manila a devastated City
➢ A devastated Intramuros 1945. The Church of San Agustin is the only structure
left standing after the bombing.
➢ Legislative Building, now restored and serving as the National Museum
➢ Manila City Hall, 1945
➢ Post Office, 1945
➢ According to some sources, Manila is the second most devastated city in world
war 2 next only to Warsaw in Paland.
➢ The month-long battle, which resulted in the death of over 100,000 civilians and
the complete devastation of the city, was the scene of the worst urban fighting in
the Pacific theater.
➢ The city's capture was marked as General Douglas MacArthur's key to victory in
the campaign of reconquest.

AFTER WORLD WAR 2

IN 1946, THE INDEPENDENT PHILIPPINES EXPRESSED ITS IDENTITY BY

IMPLEMENTING MODERNISM THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE, STEEL AND GLASS, THE PREDOMINANCE OF CUBIC FORMS,
GEOMETRIC SHAPES AND CARTESIAN GRIDS, AND THE ABSENCE OF
APPLIED DECORATION. IN 1947, A CORPS OF ARCHITECTS AND
ENGINEERS WERE TASKED TO STUDY THE MODERN U.S. AND LATIN
AMERICAN CAPITALS AND FORMULATE A MASTER PLAN FOR MANILA

FAMOUS ARCHITECTS OF THE POST WAR PERIOD

Federico Ilustre

➢ FEDERICO ILUSTRE, CONSULTING ARCHITECT FROM THE 1950’s TO

1970’s, WORKED ON THE BUILDING AT THE ELLIPTICAL ROAD IN Q.C.

➢ HE STARTED HIS CAREER AS A DRAFTSMAN FOR JUAN NAKPIL

➢ HE GRADUATED FROM MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

➢ HE PASSED HIS LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS IN 1937

Quezon memorial monument
THE CENTERPIECE IS THE 65-METER-HIGH ART DECO QUEZON MEMORIAL
MONUMENT, COMPOSED OF 3 PYLONS TOPPED BY WINGED FIGURES
REPRESENTING THE 3 ISLAND GROUPS.
THE 1950’s AND 60’s STAPLE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT WERE THE BRISE
SOLEIL, GLASS WALLS, PIERCED SCREENS AND THIN CONCRETE SHELLS.
THE POST WAR DOCTRINE WAS “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” PROFESSED BY THE “3
RD GENERATION” ARCHITECTS NAMELY, CESAR CONCIO, ANGEL NAKPIL, ALFREDO
LUZ, OTILLO ARELLANO, FELIPE MENDOZA, GABRIEL FORMOSO AND CARLOS
ARGUELLES.
CESAR HOMERO CONCIO, SR.
NOVEMBER 30, 1907
APRIL 27, 2003

FIRST UNIVERSITY ARCHITECT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES. WHEN THE

UNIVERSITY TRANSFERRED TO DILIMAN FROM PADRE FAURA IN THE LATE 1940’s,
CESAR CONCIO WAS TASKED TO CONTINUE WHAT LOUIS CROFT HAS STARTED.

HE IS ALSO ONE OF THE ARCHITECTS SELECTED BY PRESIDENT ROXAS IN 1947 TO

STUDY THE TRENDS IN ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING TO DESIGN THE
BUILDINGS OF THE CAPITAL CITY, ESPECIALLY IN HIS POSITION AS THE CHIEF
ARCHITECT OF UP DILIMAN.
 ANGEL E. NAKPIL
FEBRUARY 20, 1914 NOVEMBER 2, 1980

➢ NEPHEW OF ARCHITECT AND NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES JUAN

NAKPIL

➢ HE GRADUATED FROM THE UST IN 1931

➢ HARVARD TRAINED ARCHITECT

➢ HE SERVED AS THE CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONER OF MANILA DURING THE

POST WAR RECONSTRUCTION YEARS FROM 1947 1949

➢ HE WAS A CHARTER MEMBER OF THE UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE

PHILIPPINES, WHICH WAS FOUNDED IN 1975

THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB BUILDING WAS INAUGURATED ON DECEMBER 30, 1955
WITH PRESIDENT MAGSAYSAY AS SPONSOR ALONG WITH THE SEVERAL CABINET
OFFICIALS AND DONORS. THE NPC BUILDING BECAME A HISTORIC MONUMENT TO
THE IDEAS OF PRESS FREEDOM AND UNITY AMONG COLLEAGUES IN THE COUNTRY’S
NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY. IT WAS DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT ANGEL E. NAKPIL.

ALFREDO J. LUZ

BROTHER OF NATIONAL ARTIST FOR SCULPTURE ARTURO J.

LUZ

AJ LUZ WAS AT THE CUTTING EDGE OF PHILIPPINE MODERNISM IN THE LATE 50’s AND
EARLY 60’s

HIS BODY OF WORK INCLUDES THE MENZI BUILDING ON AYALA AVENUE, THE AMON
TRADING BUILDING ON BUENDIA, THE L&S BUILDING ON ROXAS BLVD. DEWEY BLVD.
MANILA AND THE FIL OIL REFINERY SERVICE BUILDING IN LIMAY, BATAAN.
 OTILLIO ARELLANO (BORN IN MANILA ON 1916)

HE ROSE INTO THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION DURING THE 50’s TO 60’s,

BECOMING THE ONE OF THE ARCHITECTS REPRESENTING THE PHILIPPINES IN SOME
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS

HE WAS ALSO CHOSEN BY IMELDA MARCOS TO RESTORE THE METROPOLITAN

THEATER

AWARDS: PATNUBAY SA SINING AT KALINANGAN, 1970 PRC OUTSTANDING

 ARCHITECT OF THE YEAR, 1977

WORKS: NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION AND PHILIPPINE PAVILLION 1964, NEW

YORK
FELIPE MENDOZA

HE FORMED A PARTNERSHIP WITH GABINO DE LEON AND HOMERO INGLES BUT

FORMED HIS OWN ARCHITECTURAL FIRM IN 1951

AWARDS: PATNUBAY NG SINING AT KALINANGAN, 1976 UAP LIKHA AWARD, 1982 PRC
OUTSTANDING ARCHITECT OF THE YEAR, 1982

WORKS: BATASANG PAMBANSA, THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF THE LATTER-DAY

SAINTS, DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES AND PHILIPPINE VETERANS
BANK
PHILIPPINE VETERANS BANK IN MANILA
THE CONCEPT OF A BANK FOR VETERANS OF WORLD WAR 2 WAS CONCEIVED IN
1956, WHEN A WAR REPARATIONS AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED BETWEEN JAPAN AND
THE PHILIPPINES.
THE PHILIPPINES VETERANS BANK WAS BORN ON JUNE 18, 1963 THROUGH REPUBLIC
ACT. NO. 3518
GABRIEL FORMOSO

STARTED HIS CAREER IN THE 1950’s AND BY THE 1960’s HE WAS ALREADY
SUCCESSFUL AND BECAME THE MOST POPULAR ARCHITECT OF THE RESIDENCES OF
THE POSH MAKATI VILLAGES

HE WAS ALSO ONE OF THE PEOPLE SELECTED IN 1963 TO THE PLANNING AND
WORKING COMMITTEE FOR THE FUTURE PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

AWARDS: PRC OUSTSTANDING ARCHITECT OF THE YEAR, 1979 PATNUBAY NG SINING

AT KALINANGAN, 1977 REPUBLIC OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AWARDS, 1973 UNITED
ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPPINES LIKHA AWARD, 1990.
 CARLOS ARGUELLES

HE STUDIED ABROAD

HE SERVE AS A PROFESSOR IN DESIGN AT THE UST COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

AND FINE ARTS

APPOINTED AS DEAN OF THE UST COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

FROM 1954 TO 1959

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (AIA) AND THE PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF

ARCHITECTS (PIA)

THE GOLDEN AGE OF CONCRETE

THE 1950’s ALSO WITNESSED SPACE AGE AESTHETICS AND SOFT MODERNISM,
WHICH EXPERIMENTED WITH THE SCULPTURAL PLASTICITY OF POURED CONCRETE
TO COME UP WITH SOFT AND SINUOUS ORGANIC FORMS WITH THE USE OF THIN
SHELL TECHNOLOGY. EXAMPLES ARE:

SPACE AGE VICTOR TIOTUYCOS’S UP INTERNATIONAL CENTER AND JOSE

ZARAGOZA’S UNION CHURCH

SOFT MODERNISM CHURCH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE, AND PHIL ATOMIC RESEARCH
CENTER

Union Church of Manila

IN THE 1950’s THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGS WAS LIMITED TO 30 METERS BY
LAW. WITH THE AMENDMENT OF MANILA ORDINANCE NO. 4131, A HIGH RISE
FEVER REDEFINED MANILA’S SKYLINE:

ANGEL NAKPIL’S 12 STOREY PICACHE BUILDING, CONSIDERED AS THE 1 ST

SKYSCRAPER IN PHILS.

CESAR CONCIO’S INSULAR LIFE BUILDING, THE FIRST OFFICE BUILDING TO

SURPASS THE OLD 30 METER HEIGHT RESTRICTION
5.2 Marcosian Architecture
(1965-1986)
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEW SOCIETY
ferdinand Marcos was the 10 th Philippine President and he held on to the position for more than 20 years
(Dec. 30, 1965 Feb. 25, 1986). Although controversies and unsolved cases marred his term, what will also
be forever engraved in Philippine history are his contributions in the area of infrastructure development. In
his inaugural speech of December 30, 1965 he made a promise to make the nation great again and in a
way he did. Infrastructures were built that were unprecedented in the history of our country that provided a
venue for the Filipinos to highlight cultural heritage, propagate arts and culture, generate tourism, improve
health conditions and contribute to economic growth.
NEW SOCIETY
In any of President Ferdinand Marcos’s key speeches, he was most inspiring when he
would talk about his vision of the New Society, or Bagong Lipunan, in which every
individual Filipino could be free to fulfill their potential as human beings.
In such a society, no longer would Filipinos live in poverty, hunger, corruption, mass
deception, and violence. After centuries of colonial oppression, Marcos would declare in
his speeches, it was time for Filipinos to finally live in a way that was worthy of their
dignity.
In his declaration of Martial Law, Marcos made many specific promises in order to
achieve his dream of the New Society. A brilliant statesman and orator by many
accounts, his vision represented a great aspiration for the Filipino people to enjoy happy
and fulfilling lives.
In making these promises, Marcos was astute in not only identifying the ills which had
long plagued Philippine society; he also laid down concrete, ambitious plans to solve
them. Moreover, he recognized the role that every citizen played in building the nation.
In his 1967 SONA, he describes nation-building as a great epic, saying:
Today, the great epic of national development is working itself out in terms of a
thousand acts of courage and faith day after day among our countrymen, and the whole
society is the theatre of action. Everyone sustains this great effort with his own acts of
initiative and courage . . . The whole nation, thus, is involved; and everyone is involved
according to the measure of his commitment to the future of his country.
In the beginning of Marcos’s rule, his was certainly a voice of hope and renewal. With
his call for a brighter future for the Philippines, Marcos captured the hearts of millions of
Filipinos as President of the Republic.
Now, given all these promises, we are called to ask as students of history: Throughout
his 21 years in power, what did Marcos do in order to turn these dreams into reality?
How many of his promises was he able to keep?
 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

BRUTALISM
Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950’s and grew out
of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist building are characterized by their massive,
monolithic and blocky appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured
concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970’s, having been much criticized for being
unwelcoming and inhuman.
TROPICAL MODERNISM
The use of climate adaptive elements in building design and construction.

THE CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES

The development of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) complex resulted from the
Marcos administration’s emphasis on nurturing Filipino culture and “the Filipino soul.” Designed
under the guidance of Architect Leandro Locsin , the complex was built on land reclaimed from
Manila Bay. It became home to the artistic creations of numerous artists such as Hernando
Ocampo, Fernando Zobel, Arturo Luz, Cesar Legaspi, and Vicente Manansala. As the name
suggests, the complex was also the site for many state sponsored cultural activities. The events
ranged from the Miss Universe Pageant in 1974, which led to the construction of the Folk Arts
Theater, to the Manila International Film Festival in 1982, which led to the construction of the
controversial Manila Film Center. Other buildings located in the complex include the Coconut
Palace or Tahanang Pilipino and the Philippine International Convention Center. However, the
construction of the CCP complex took a heavy toll on the government’s coffers because it relied
on loaned resources. Marcos funded the construction of the complex with money from the
Cultural Development Fund, money gathered through Imelda’s fund raising efforts, and money
loaned from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. By 1972, the CCP was
burdened with debt amounting to PhP 63 million from the construction of the theater alone. Not
long after the declaration of martial law, President Marcos instigated a bailout of the CCP, with
the government assuming financial liability of the center.

NATIONAL ARTS CENTER

The National Arts Center is a building complex situated in Mount Makiling Los Baños ,
Laguna , the Philippines . The establishment was inaugurated in 1976. The complex
occupies a total area of 13.5 hectares (33 acres) at the Makiling Forest Reservation The
National Arts Center was established in 1976 by First Lady Imelda Marcos as a
sanctuary for young and aspiring Filipino artists. Its various buildings and facilities are
scattered over 13.5 hectares. The establishment was inaugurated in 1976. Its theater is
the Tanghalang Maria Makiling or the NAC Center which has an audience capacity of
1,000 people. the Makiling Forest Reservation and also houses the Philippine High
School for the Arts. Architect Leandro V. Locsin
 NAYONG PILIPINO
Nayong Pilipino was built from scratch in 1969 through the patronage of former First Lady
Imelda Marcos. It is on its fourth product cycle in almost 50 years. A 32 acre theme park which
is about 10 minute drive from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) that features scaled
down replicas of the country’s top tourist destinations such as Mayon Volcano, the Banaue Rice
Terraces and the Chocolate Hills. It also highlights Filipino creativity in arts and crafts . But after
32 years of operation, Asia’s first theme park was forced to close its doors in 2001 and was
removed from its original site near the Ninoy Aquino International Airport I In 2006 President
Gloria M Arroyo gave Nayong Pilipino a new home in Clark as a major attraction of the
Centennial Expo. In March 2012, the Aquino administration breathed new life into Nayong
Pilipino with a new Memorandum of Agreement between Clark Development Corporation and
the Nayong Piilpino Foundation. The organization that ran the theme park in Pasay, the Nayong
Pilipino Foundation was established through Presidential Decree which was issued by then
President Ferdinand Marcos on November 6, 1972 The theme park itself, besides the Manila
International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino International Airport) was opened in 1970 The theme
park proper covered an area of 22.3 hectares (55 acres) while the whole property associated
with the facility measures 45.9 hectares (113 acres Architect Idelfonso P. Santos

PEOPLE'S PARK
The People's Park in the Sky , often simply called People's Park and originally named Palace in the
Sky , is a historical urban park in Tagaytay Cavite Philippines The park was converted from an
incomplete mansion, known as the palace in the sky. It was built during the Marcos era to host the
visit of US President Ronald Reagan . Work stopped when Reagan canceled his visit. The
incomplete scaffolding of the mansion remained intact Built in 1981 during the Marcos regime, it
was to serve as a guest house for then U.S. President Ronald Reagan who was set to visit the
Philippines. The visit never transpired due to the EDSA People Power and the Marcoses being
ousted. Located within the park is The Shrine of Our Lady, Mother of Fair Love and a doppler
weather radar station maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)
PHILIPPINE HEART CENTER
The Philippine Heart Center was established through Presidential Decree No. 673 issued by
president Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1975. 1975.[ The building is identified with what is referred to as
the Marcoses ' "edifice complex," defined by architect Gerard Lico as "an obsession and
compulsion to build edifices as a hallmark of greatness." greatness."[ The hospital was built using
50% of the national health budget, according to Senator Jose W. Diokno , "while around the
country, Filipinos were dying of curable illnesses like TB [tuberculosis], whooping cough, and
dysentery." dysentery."[ Its original name was the Philippine Heart Center for Asia and was
changed to its current form in 1975. Cardiovascular specialists including Christiaan Barnard
Denton Cooley , Donald Effler , and Charles Bailey practised there. citation needed The first
Director of the PHC was Avenilo P. Aventura (1974 1986), a cardiovascular surgeon who performed
many pioneering operations in the Philippines including the first successful renal transplantation in
1970, the first CABG in 1972, and developed and implanted the first ASEAN bioprosthesis , the
PHCA porcine valve. The first patient to be admitted to the PHC was Imelda Francisco, on April 14,
1975. The hospital building was designed by Architect Jorge Ramos in what has been described as
a Brutalist style
LUNG CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
It was established on January 16, 1981 by President Ferdinand Marcos under Presidential
Decree No. 1823 as a non profit non stock corporation The building is identified with what is
referred to as the Marcoses ' edifice complex defined by architect Gerard Lico as "an obsession
and compulsion to build edifices as a hallmark of greatness The Lung Center was placed under
the administration of the Ministry of Health (now Department of Health ) by President Corazon
Aquino on July 29, 1986, under Executive Order No. 34 The purpose of its creation was to
provide health care that specifically targets lung and pulmonary disease. A fire on May 16,
1998, destroyed much of the LCP's build and equipment. The fire, which started on 2:20 a.m.,
claimed 11 lives with nine more missing Calixto Zaldivar , the director of the Lung Center of the
Philippines, was indicted on October 19, 1999 for criminal negligence . He was accused of
ignoring advice from fire inspectors to install safety equipment at the Lung Center The Lung
Center of the Philippines was reopened on March 1, 1999, and a new LCP building partly
funded by its fire insurance is now under construction
The Lung Center runs one of three monitoring stations run under an air quality monitoring
project in Metro Manila.

NATIONAL KIDNEY AND TRANSPLANT INSTITUTE

The National Kidney and Transplant Institute is a tertiary referral hospital located in Quezon City
Philippines . The hospital opened on January 16, The National Kidney and Transplant Institute,
or NKTI, is a tertiary medical specialty center for renal health. The hospital also offers voluntary
blood services. The hospital was formerly known as the National Kidney Foundation of the
Philippines (NKFP and the National Kidney Institute. Formerly known as the National Kidney
Foundation of the Philippines, the institute was established on January 16, 1981 as tertiary
referral hospital that also offers voluntary blood services.