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21st Century Journalism: International Edition Belgrade - Bratislava - Budapest - Bucharest - Prague - Zürich
21st Century Journalism: International Edition Belgrade - Bratislava - Budapest - Bucharest - Prague - Zürich
A Practical Guide
International edition
Belgrade - Bratislava - Budapest – Bucharest – Prague – Zürich
[Impressum]
Visit www.21stCenturyJournalism.com for updates of the book and for the best
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ISBN 978-963-7714-25-2
Preface
„21st Century Journalism” was preceeded by a general study of the Eastern European online market, where
we analysed the threats and opportunities in our industry. Based on this study, we invested an additional 3-
month team work involving a group of online experts to summarize trends and best practices.
Online journalism is a moving target, therefore the booklet will be updated according to the needs. This is not a
bible, just a starting point to provide tailor-made education for editorial boards. The internet is a global
phenomenon, but usage patterns are changing from culture to culture, so we emphasize country particularities
in this material.
„21st Century Journalism” training is targeted to journalists open to meet the challenges of online world and
devote time to in-work training. The first courses have already been successfully completed in Romania and
Hungary, others are being planned. In addition to train on-job journalists, the material has also been presented
to students of Budapest University of Economics and Nepszabadsag-Ringier School of Journalism. During the
trainings it turned out that students require written and illustrated material for further thinking. This booklet
fulfills this need, but it is not intended for self-study.
Training online journalism is a mutual learning between students and teacher. Therefore this a living material
building on feedbacks and interactions of the training sessions. In addition we received a lot of inspiration from
consultants and experts. The authors appreciate all comments and cooperation initiatives.
Budapest, 2007.
Laszlo Turi & Andras Nyiro
[email protected] & [email protected]
5
Credits
Author and editor: Laszlo TURI, New Media Research & Development, Ringier AG. - Graduated in
humanities, with 12 years of experience in multimedia development. Among other positions in new
media, he worked in the mobile content development team of T-Mobile Hungary.
Concept: Andras NYIRO, Director of New Media Research & Development, Ringier AG. - Known as
one of the most influential characters in the development of Hungarian new media culture. Founder of
seminal multimedia and internet magazines, former director of mobile content services at T-Mobile
Hungary.
Newspaper trends: Patrick BERTSCHY, Ringier AG. - Graduated in law, with journalist experience at
German and French speaking Swiss newspapers and magazines. He also hold other positions in
Swiss publishing industry.
Special thanks
Petr BEDNAR, Online Director, Ringier Czech Republic and Slovakia
Stephane CARPENTIER, Art Director, Ringier AG
Laurentiu CIORNEI, Content manager of www.evz.ro
Gábor FLÓRIÁN, layout
György JUHÁSZ, Director of Online Department at Ringier Hungary.
Zoltán KAPRINAY, Regional Content Manager, Ringier e-media
Pál LÉDERER, Director of Online Department at Népszabadság.
Dezső ORBÁN, Senior developer of Ringier e-media services.
Béla PAPP, Managing Director of Ringier Hungary.
Ferenc PÉCSI, dotkommentar.hu
Claudiu SERBAN, publisher, Ringier Romania
6
Contents
I. Introduction
Newspaper trends
Your newspaper
You will learn about numbers: how to measure success? What are
the key performance indicators in print, online and mobile?
Who reads your newspaper? You will learn more about readers’
segmentation, about their expectations and about their special
needs and habits.
9
1447 Gutenberg
1556 „Notizie scritte” - a regular, paid government publication in Venetia
1700 Local news appears. Earlier just European news. Content controlled
via censorship, instead of publishing licences.
1814 Instead of hand printing, steam
powered printing. Railway
distribution.
1866 Transatlantic telegraph news 1866 „Reuters”. Sunday papers with popular content („tabloid style”)
1880 Display advertising, reduction of price/copy, growth of sale
1900 1/5 of adults read daily papers, 1/3 read Sunday papers. Daily Mirror -
the 1st tabloid
1922 Radio – regular broadcast 1930 50% of adults read dailies. 50% revenue on advertising. Formulatin of
publishing empires. BBC (1927)
1936 TV – regular BBC broadcast 1937 Print sales starts dropping
1955 ITV (Independent TV, UK) launch, end of BBC’s broadcast monopoly,
ad-revenue based.
1985 Desktop publishing, web 1985 Layoffs due to electronic printing. 1/3 of adults read newspapers.
Symptoms of decline
Sources: Innovations in Newspapers, March-April 2007, http://www.innovationsinnewspapers.com/, Reuters, 26 March, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/,
Photo: Zsolt Veszelovszki.
11
<H2>Newspaper trends
12
Tabloid: 380x300 mm
(halfsize of broadsheet) Berliner or midi: 470x315 mm Broadsheet: 600x380mm
Attracting younger readers is the main reason for the Guardian’s change to a „Berliner” format, with colour
throughout. Young and especially female readers are put off by the unwieldiness of broadsheets, and both
the Times and the Independent have seen a bounce in circulation since turning tabloid. Going all the way
however, says Carolyn McCall, chief executive of Guardian Newspapers, would have meant dumbing
down the front page by including fewer headlines.
From: The Economist, September 10, 2005.
14
2005
Context:
Continuously declining
circulation: 19.3% between 2000
and 2003
It was decided to reduce size but
to keep exactly the same stories
than the broadsheet version.
Dual production for 8 months
16
More:
Colour and pictures
Friendly and surprising
Dynamic
Magazin like
Sales increase even after the
end of dual production.
Source: The Format Change Phenomenon (WAN Strategy report vol. 4., 5 June 2005.) and
http://www.newsdesigner.com/archives/002647.php
17
IM (Hungary), 2006
<H3>Blurring boundaries
000011001001111111
In the digital world text, image and sound are described by 0 and 1. All this content is
produced by computers, everything can be easily mixed. The traditional boundaries of
genres and media types are blurring or disappearing.
20
Newspaper or magazine?
De Morgen, a Belgian broadsheet redesigned and
switched to berliner format in April, 2006. The most
important new design elements:
Internet
Subscription
Sold copies
Advertisement
In newspaper business model there are three main revenue streams:
subscription, sold copies and advertising. During the last century the
emphasis shifted from subscription towards sold copies and
nowadays towards advertisement.
Today’s freesheets and internet publications are free for the readers Free, the new trend:
and are purely financed by advertisements. Internet
Low-cost flights
White-label products
Tesco, Wal-Mart, etc.
Buyer communities
25
Freesheet
Strengths Weakness
Easy acquisition
Quick readability
Lower quality due to lack of
Free daily Low editorial costs
lack of original content?
Reach new readers
Response to digital media
The free daily newspaper distributed through public transport was introduced in 1995
in Sweden. There are now free newspapers in 49 countries: 40 million copies are read
by at least 60 million people daily. Their readership is much younger than that of the
traditional newspaper. Most free newspapers are published as tabloids.
Source: World Association of Newspapers http://www.wan-press.org, „Newspaper Innovation” blog, http://www.newspaperinnovation.com/
26
El Crack 10 in Spain 2003 thelondonpaper in London 2006 CASH daily in Switzerland 2006
Source:
Online Press Gazette, 17 Aug, 2006,
http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/article/170806/murdoch_rothermere_london_fr
ee_newspaper_war
27
http://metro.hu
http://citiyam.com
Print circulation
1 Viewers complain
over Brits jokes
3
Air force demotes
Playboy poser
The information world is led by tabloid topics.
Even on the notoriously serious BBC, the most popular pages are talking rather about emotion
and popular stories than seriousness and politics.
32
<H2>YOUR READERS
34
Internet 30 35 40 142
unique
phone subscriptions
US media audit numbers
is already based
on a combined
indicator of print
and online reach. Sold copies x reader/copy unique visitors
Source: Newspapers
by the Numbers,
2006, by Newspaper
Association of
America
Total reach*
* Overlapping is limited by the fact that switching between media is often inconvenient for customers. For example print readers
often have no chance to browse the internet just when they meet the display ad of a website. And the difference of target group
demographics is also an obstacle: for example young mobile users rarely buy „old-fashioned” print edition just to find more details.
36
Distribution of
traffic during
the day.
Daily statistics of webaudit.hu, the Hungarian Internet audit. Each line is a separate site.
Other webmarket audits:
Austria: http://www.oewa.at/
France: http:/www.ojd.com/engine/
Germany: http://ww.ivw.de/ Research questions:
UK: http://www.abce.org.uk
1. What is the ranking of your site in your local
USA, international: http://www.nielsen-netratings.com
internet market?
Online view statistics in Ringier countries: 2. What is the correlation or difference of daily
Czech Republic: http://online.netmonitor.cz/ola2.php peaks in your site and that of average internet
Hungary: http://webaudit.hu/index.php?content=12
usage?
Romania: http://www.traffic.ro/login/
Slovakia: http://www.iaudit.info/sk/?country=SK 3. In average how many articles were read by a
Serbia: no audit single reader yesterday?
Switzerland: netreport.wemf.ch/suche_alpha.html
37
Google Analytics
38
Sold copies:…
Usage Unique visitors: …. Number of users:… Number of video
Subscribers:… Visits:…. downloads:….
Number of downloads:…
Readers per copy….
Market
position
Mark the position of 12345 12345 12345 12345
your publication or
enter the correct
number
<H1>Genres and
channels
42
You know very well how to write news, stories, interview and commentaries. Building
on this knowledge we explain you how these genres change when you publish on web
or on the small screen of the mobile phone.
News: the classic rules of news are the same in print, internet and mobile. You will
learn the differences: how to change the structure of news in an environment where
there are no deadlines.
Story telling: you will get an overview on what kind of interactive and multimedia
possibilities are offered by the internet. Learn more about experienced multimedia
story tellers.
Commentary: everybody is talking about blogs. You will understand what is a blog
and how to use it in your own work.
43
<H2>GENRES OF
JOURNALISM
44
journalist must be
Genres and the objective
journalist’s role
reporting news, news feature
„A 30-minutes TV news programme does not contain more text than an average
newpaper page. The length of an average TV news story is not more than 30-40
seconds, that is 4-6 printed line.”
Update
Write your
Keep your
story for next Be faster than your competitors
news always
morning
up-to-date
Time
Mind the Inconvenient:
deadline to 15 min / estimated 3 6 sec/shot,
1-2 hours/day
deliver the daily newspaper min per 30 sec / news
by breakfast session
reading
Space Bandwith,
Text and Page size,
Scrolling resolution schedule
visuals must fit layout
the page scrolling
Content
Competition services of
The next issue Maintain aggregators, mobile
operators Channel surfing
must also be readers’ loyalty news stolen
sold
<H2>NEWS: STYLE,
STRUCTURE
48
List, explain the key features that make news valuable in mass media.
Give examples.
Threshold Proximity
A big story is one that has an 1 dead Briton Elite nations, persons
extreme effect on a large Stories concerned with
is worth
number of people. Where the global powers
immediate effect of an event is 5 dead Frenchmen,
more subtle, the threshold 20 dead Egyptians, rich, powerful, famous
may be determined by the 500 dead Indians and and infamous persons
amount of money involved. 1000 dead Chinese. receive more attention.
(Mc Lurg’s law)
Negativity
Bad news is more exciting Continuity
than good news. Bad news A story that is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia.
receives more attention This is partly because the media organizations are
because it shocks us and already in place to report the story, and partly because
creates discussion. For previous reportage may have made the story more
instance, "what should be accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous)
done about crime”?
No word-by-word
Readers find Inconvenient, small No way to re-read,
Usability reading, just
images first. interface. unless recorded.
scrolling
Think of examples!
52
ars
resumed and detailed here. Short sentences, one
ch
paragraph contains only one idea. Sub headings
0
must also be informative.
00
0-2
Context – helps the reader to better understand the Context
50
meaning of the provided information.
1
x.
Ma
Links – Must be inherent part of the article. The text
of the links must be meaningful.
Inverted pyramid
Eyetracking heatmap of a
webpage. People rarely read web
pages word by word; instead, they
scan the page, picking out
individual words and sentences.
Tips…. (cont.)
http:// news.google.com
Hawking's small step toward space
BBC News, UK - 27 minutes ago
Famed astrophysicist flies weightless
Canada.com, Canada - 41 minutes ago
Stephen Hawking Takes a Buoyant Ride on a Zero-Gravity Flight
Washington Post, DC - 1 hour ago
Hawking takes off for zero gravity A 2005 poll by the Pew Research Center reported that the
Melbourne Herald Sun, Australia - 2 hours ago percentage of Americans saying they can believe most of what they read in
Space, here I come - Hawking their daily newspaper dropped from 84 percent in 1985 to 54 percent in 2004.
ic SouthLondon.co.uk, UK - 2 hours ago
For televised news, whether broadcast or cable, the results are unfortunately
Hawking enjoys weightlessness on jet flight
Ireland Online, Ireland - 3 hours ago similar. What is the cause of this apparent skepticism? Why has our trust in
Vomit Comet flight is his first step towards space the news eroded while our cynicism about it seems to grow?
Guardian Unlimited, UK - 3 hours ago One answer I’d suggest is that the explosion of information itself has
Hawking researches free-floating joy overwhelmed us. […] …news, information comes to us from a staggering
Boston Globe, MA - 4 hours ago
multiplicity of sources. Today, in the United States, there are about 1,700 daily
Hawking floats, flips sans gravity
Kansas City Star, MO - 4 hours ago
and 6,800 weekly newspapers; more than 1,600 broadcast television stations;
Hawking gets taste of zero-gravity and nearly 8,500 cable systems.
Reuters.uk, UK - 5 hours ago There are also some 13,000 radio stations, along with the newest
Physicist Hawking gets taste of zero-gravity development in radio technology, satellite radio services. Most of these media
Reuters - 5 hours ago
outlets, in some way or another,
Stephen Hawking floats in a zero-gravity jet.
The Age, Australia - 7 hours ago provide news as part of their daily fare; some of them are based on a 24-hour-
Stephen Hawking to fly weightless a-day news model, often with other programming (often entertainment
Hindu, India - 7 hours ago oriented) bracketing the
Hawking takes zero-gravity flight newscasts. And that doesn’t even begin to count the web-based versions of all
BBC News, UK - 9 hours ago
these media, along with the independent Internet …
Stephen Hawking Flies Weightless
Guardian Unlimited, UK - 9 hours ago
Hawking Flies Weightless Aboard Jet Source: Journalism’s crisis of confidence, A Report of Carnegie Corporation of
Discovery Channel - 10 hours ago New York, http://www.carnegie.org/pdf/journalism_crisis/journ_crisis_full.pdf
Hawking Flies Weightless Aboard Jet
San Francisco Chronicle, CA - 12 hours ago .
58
Newsreaders on the
„…credibility is important for Web users, since it
internet welcome is unclear who is behind information on the Web
mainstream journalism and whether a page can be trusted. Credibility can
and expert openion, but be increased by high-quality graphics, good writing,
same time wish to and use of outbound hypertext links. Links to other
express their own view of sites show that the authors have done their
homework and are not afraid to let readers visit
the story other sites. „ - Jakob Nielsen
Below we describe a simple role play that can be used in teaching news
sourcing and news writing for online and mobile services.
Police: I I I I
Ambulance: II
Trainer or experienced journalist makes up a story about a breaking news
event, eg. a major accident in the city. He acts as a spokesperson for various Fire patrol: II
news sources: eg. police, ambulance, public transportation company, etc.
Students act as news editors of some radio on news site and their task is to City transport: III
call the spokesperson and get information. They have to tell what kind of
spokesperson they wish to speak to, introduce themselves and raise one Taxi company: I
question per call. This is an example: „I am calling city ambulance station. My
name is Bill of the local radio. Please, give me information on the victims of the Blackboard is used to show the
accident.” progress of the role play.
Trainer should simulate the respective spokesperson’s approach: „Our car has
just arrived to the locality. Please, call five minutes later.” Even a local
eyewitness can be simulated by the trainer. If students run out of ideas trainer
should drop some information that provokes further questions.
Trainer is recommended to indicate the number of questions on the
blackboard in order to show the progress of the exercise.
Trainer should define timing: eg. due to the programme schedule of the radio,
sourcing must be completed in 20 minutes. After that students have 15
minutes to write the news story in maximum 6 to 8 sentences with a title of
maximum 4 words.
At the end of the exercise students read out their news story and the trainer
evaluates them and gives further tips and advices. Advices should include
guidelines for style, structure, phraseology.
60
REPORTING, STORY
JOURNALISM
63
vázlat
Types:
Multimedia storytelling
Investing in multimedia
Before undertaking any large story project be sure to ask:
Who is the target audience for this story?
What do we hope to accomplish in telling this story to them?
Then use this decision-tool to see which approach to storytelling is best supported by the research in these
studies:
Does the story concern elaborate or unfamiliar processes / procedures?
Yes – 1 point
No – no points
Is the level of interest in the topic high enough that people would be willing to figure out story navigation?
Yes – 1 point
No – no points
Does the story have value beyond the first few weeks? Is it likely to be a topic in the news again?
Yes – 1 point
No – no points
Is entertaining the audience more important than simply informing?
Yes – 1 point
No – no points
Is it important that the audience be able to recall specific facts from the story?
Yes – no points
No – 1 point
If the story is told in separate components, it is essential that all the components be viewed by the audience?
Yes – no points
No – 1 point
Do you hope the audience recalls where they saw the information?
Yes – 1 point
No – no points
If you get five or more points, then you should strongly consider an interactive story approach.
„Backpack” journalist:
Tools:
Video camera, PC-based video editor
Voice recorder, sound editor
Digital still camera, image editor
Web editor tool
70
A téma
71
Watch some of Trevis Fox’s best videos, then guess his replies to the below
questions. The videos are available on washingtonpost.com
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/photo/bestofthepost/foxtravis/index.html)
Do you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you work with the same
material for both?
Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web?
What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried?
What about the role of video journalist within the paper and Website?
Are there compelling pieces like that that you decide not to cover?
What impact do you expect from technical changes?
Do you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you
work with the same material for both?
The video screen is smaller on the computer monitor, therefore we should
shoot tighter. But shooting tight is a good technique, whether you are
shooting for television or for film. People typically sit closer to their
computer screens than to their televisions, so proportionally the Web
video looks bigger. I don't think it makes any difference…. you should
have everything on a tripod to be stable because any sort of camera
shake would cause the pixels to be refreshed, which would slow down
your processor,
Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web?
On television you want it to be fast moving because you don't want
anyone to click on their remote control and go to the next channel, right?
You want to keep their attention all the time. Whereas on the web you
don't want someone to go to a different Website. Obviously you want it to
be tight and you want it to be fast moving.
What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried?
Took the various media and combined them in a way that was logical,
using a blog for user feedback and conversation; using the panoramas to
give you a sense of place; and using videos to give you a sense of
people, the character, the location, and then combing the two to give you
a full picture of the story….. a good model--not covering news on a day in
and day out basis but the kind of stories that have legs and can go on for
several weeks, several months, several years even.
INTERVIEW
75
What is an interview?
An interview is a conversation between two people
who often have different aims.
The interviewer is looking for something that will Recommendations:
interest his audience.
The interviewee may be trying to make a particular - questions should not be too general;
point.
- several questions should not be put at the
The best interviews elicit the sort of answers that same time;
satisfy both these aims.
- should not be too long;
- should not trigger "yes" or "no" answers;
Basic types of interview
- should not suggest the answer;
1. The news interview - this is where the reporter just
wants the facts. Perhaps you've just witnessed a - should not be hypothetical or rhetoric.
car accident or an armed robbery. The questions
you will be asked are factual ones: Who, Where, Questions such as: "What do you think
When and What happened? about...?", "What do you have to say about...?",
2. The information interview - this is an amalgam of "What is new in...?", "What do you have to
facts and opinions. Perhaps you have been invited add?" are considered inappropriate.
to give your views on a social or ethical issue. More
time is spent on answering questions such as: How
and Why?
3. The in-depth interview - this is usually done
completely on the interviewee's wavelength. These
interviews deal with very personal matters, for
instance, celebrity interviews or people with a story
to tell.
Online interview?
washingtonpost.com
1. Choose a hot topic of your forums. All communities have their own heated debates. This can either
be politics, lifestye, ethics or any kind of every-day issue.
2. Invite a person who is famous and has got a definite view in this debate, but open to alternative
views.
3. Prepare your guest to very straight questions and recommend him or her to give at least a short
reply to as many questions as possible.
4. Announce the interview in advance, you may even use a teaser campaign for this within the forum
and ask the members to collect and post their questions.
5. Make the arrangements in a way that your guest arrives at least an hour before the announced time
of the online interview. Use this time to show the guest the preliminary questions arranged by the
main topics. Use a web camera and ensure a typist whose only task is to type the guest’s answer.
6. During the interview when you post a question, mention all the members who posted questions in
this topic. Do not forget that you are only a moderator, the interview is actually run by the members
of the forum.
7. Filter only the most extreme and intolerable notes which are against the constitution. Posts that are
aggressive but not against law, should not be filtered out, but ignored in the interview.
8. After the interview immediately start to work on an edited version of the text. Reverse the order of
comments to serve those who did not have a chance to follow the interview live.
9. Ask your guest to follow up the forum for a while and add comments if needed.
78
COMMENTARY
79
http://www.blogger.com
Blogging has become a new media and communication tool. A blog is a personal diary. A daily
pulpit. A collaborative space. A political soapbox. A breaking-news outlet. A collection of links.
Your own private thoughts. Memos to the world.
80
Display the
blog in a good
position in
your menu. Editors of
Compact,
with their
You can read the full own blogs.
debate about the topic.
If Horia feels it
necessary, he answers
readers’ comments.
Short, personal
commentary
pointing out to a Readers can
debated issue. comment the
article of
Horia.
http://compact.info.ro
81
What is a blog?
http://www.nolblog.hu/
Newspaper sites
Blog sites
Participation inequality
In most online communities, 90% of users are lurkers who never contribute, 9% of users
contribute a little, and 1% of users account for almost all the action.
There are about 1.1 billion Internet users, yet only 55 million users (5%) have weblogs
according to Technorati. Worse, there are only 1.6 million postings per day; because
some people post multiple times per day, only 0.1% of users post daily.
Although participation will always be somewhat unequal, there are ways to better
equalize it, including:
Long Tail
The importance of niche markets is growing in the
new economy. We have to be present with products
on both side of the curve. Big hits provide high
visibility, on the long tail side the newspaper will
generate loyalty.
User generated content, citizen journalism, blogs
are on the long tail. None of these services will
generate big hits, but will tie readers to our brands. In
the head of this diagram we have to see the articles
written by journalists.
When you are posting an entry in the blog of your newspaper, you are in fact talking to two
groups of audiences: on the one hand you are talking to the loyal readers of your
newspaper brand, on the other hand you should expect readers who find your entry via
search engines. The below tips work for both groups.
Keep your pages short. Because blogs tend to feature short bursts of content, with each
entry on its own page, by nature they are optimized for easy finding via web search engines
like Google. Therefore one of the most important optimization principles is to keep your
pages short and highly topical.
Keep your pages on-topic. It is important to stay on-topic with each entry. People don’t
have a lot of time, and they like to land on Web pages that are clearly about one thing. That
goes for blog entry pages as much as for any other type of page.
Be mindful of keywords. Search engines match Web pages to keywords people search
for. If you want better visibility in search engines, use the keywords you think your readers
would be searching with. Don’t use them arbitrarily or indiscriminately: write your entries to
the point, so that they are clearly topical to your readers and to the search engines.
Make your entry titles count. Blogs are famously informal and personal, but you miss an
important chance to optimize your entry pages by not putting key topical words in your
titles. And your readers might thank you for being clearer in your headings, too.
First you will go through on the tips&tricks of news editing on the internet. You will
learn how to use efficiently international and local news sources and you will also
read about citizen reporting which is a new source for journalists.
Story management: all what you learnt so far about news and channels will be put
together. You will understand how online and mobile can reinforce the success of
print. Best practice examples are showing the advantages of the integrated
multimedia journalism.
Mobile: Read a short outlook about news on the small screen of the mobile phones.
Usability background: your webpage is in strong competition with the others for the
eyeballs. You have less then 2 minutes to convince readers that your page is worth
coming back and visiting regularly. Overview of usability studies.
88
News aggregators
http://hirlista.hu
Google News:
Relies on the collective judgment of online
news organizations to determine which
stories are most deserving of inclusion and
prominence on the News homepage.
Personalized alert: e-mail, RSS
Citizen reporting
How does a Blog differ from mainstream news?
That being said, blogs can often do a better job at reporting what’s
happening than traditional sources. A good example of that was
Interdictor’s Live Journal blog (http://mgno.com/). There was more
accurate coverage during hurricane Katrina
(http://interdictor.livejournal.com/98501.html) than on any of the
major three news networks.
Best practice:
In April 16, 2007 one student of Virginia Polytechnic Institute killed 32 fellow-students. The tragedy happenned in
a large, technology oriented community of young people, who were left for some hours without mainstream official
information about hyperlocal events.
In the absence of any official information from police on the identity of the killer, internet detectives claiming to be
in-the-know have been calling attention -- on message boards and online aggregators like Digg -- to the
LiveJournal blog of a particular 23-year-old gun maniac in Virginia. Even Fox News started writing about the
blogger.
It's easy to see why this rumor would get traction. The man's blog features photos of him holding firearms, as well
as dark hints of obsessive love, and confirmation that he attends Virginia Tech. Within a few hours over 150
people have entered angry comments on the blog.
The story was revealed by Wired magazine. They intentionally did not name or link to the blogger, to maintain the
credit of their media. Instead the journalist searched for the blogger’s phone number and called it. Few hours later
the blogger posted a message, and explained why he let the rumor live for so long:
„My original intention was to wait until I got AdSense on my site and donating all the proceeds to Charity.
However, this situation has now spiraled out of control. I am now confirming that I am not the shooter.”
Each major
sports
newssource has a
news feed. You
can find it usually
under the name 1. Original news
„RSS”. appears on
autosport.com
With RSS newsfeeds not only sources, but competitors and your own channels should also be followed.
Download Feedreader here: http://www.feedreader.com/download
94
„And now, for just a moment, I would like you to imagine what
today’s life would be without all that. What life would be
without Google... and how much more time we’d be spending
on solving our problems.”
http://translate.google.com
95
Function How?
Currency
10 USD in HUF
exchange
teaspoons in 1 litre - Eg.
202 teaspoons in a litre.
Unit
This works even with very
exchange
old, obscure or scientific
units.
http://www.google.com/
define:word - Gives
Definition dictionary defintions for
(English) words.
link:yoursite.com - A list of
sites that link to your site. If
Web they are credible, the site
reference may also be credible -
although that is hardly a
guarantee
http://maps.google.com
96
30 additional
Google
search
tricks
More Google
services What are they
working on
actually at
Google?
97
News Cycle:
Amount
of information Conclusion
Review of the event, the consequences and the entire
report published.
sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd
Follow-up
Follow-up news about the event is generated, other relations
to other topics presented, open question answered.
sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd
Development
The event is explained, first backgrounds and relations with other topics researched and presented
sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd
Entry
All available information about the event is reported.
sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd
Event Time
What is a NewsDesk?
A NewsDesk is an interdisciplinary
team that:
leads all editorial processes,
decides on content (topic,
quantity, quality, point in time),
is responsible for the graphic
presentation,
uses cross-media synergies
and potentials in an optimised
way.
In a NewsDesk team, all relevant
sub-processes for the crossmedia
publication process are integrated.
CNN channels
CNN newsroom is publishing on a lot of
TV broadcast
channels.
Internet services
A detailed study reveals that the use of
Web (cnn.com)
these channels is governed by a well-
designed priority that ensures CNN’s lead RSS
in the news media. Desktop alert, ticker
SMS breaking news alert is used to Pipeline (premium video on
distribute the very first wire version of the demand)
story, basic facts only. By the time alerts CNN video (free streaming video)
are distributed, the wire (Reuters) version E-mail
is published on web and WAP. Podcast audio and video
On WAP version bulleted highlight and Transcripts
detailed source references are ignored Offline versions (on DVD, VHS,
and sometimes even the text of the story fax, e-mail)
is slightly modified. Front page headline Mobile services
text is used also for RSS and desktop CNN Mobile TV
alert.
SMS breaking news alerts
As soon as CNN is ready with its own
CNN mobile news (WAP)
version of the story, the web and WAP
versions are replaced with a new text PDA (AvantGo)
referring to own sources. Follow-up can CNNtoGO (for US mobile
also be based on local news agencies. customers)
101
21:03
Reuters published breaking news, only two
sentences (reuters.com)
21:20
Breaking news on cnnmobile.com WAP site.
Source: Reuters
21:40
Breaking news published on cnn.com, still based
on Reuters.
21:48
An Air Mauritania flight landed in the
Canary Islands after it was hijacked SMS alert is sent to subscribers. RSS and
Thursday by a man who was subdued by desktop alerts based on the headline text.
passengers.
16:22
All details of the hijacking, based on AP
102
Story highlights
* Passenger plane hijacked from Mauritania in WestAfrica
* Plane lands at airport in Canary Islands, territory of Spain
* One person arrested, government reports
* Earlier reports say gunfire occurs
LAS PALMAS, Spain (Reuters) -- The hijacking of an Air Mauritania plane Thursday ended in the Canary
Islands, a Spanish government official told RNE national radio.
An Air Mauritania Boeing 737 passenger plane with 71 passengers and eight crew members aboard was
hijacked after take off from the airport in Nouakchott, Mauritania’s capital, Mauritanian officials said.
A single suspect was arrested, Spanish media said. Emergency services earlier said several people had
been wounded by gunfire. No further details were immediately available.
"Fortunately the hijacking incident has ended favorably," Jose Segura, a government representative in the
Canary Islands, told RNE.
Earlier, a police officer at Nouakchott airport said the plane had been hijacked on a flight to the northern
Mauritania port town of Nouadhibou and had flown instead to Dakhla in Western Sahara to take on fuel.
The Canary Islands, off the northwest coast of Africa, are a territory of Spain.
105
Story highlights
• NEW: Air Mauritania flight landed safely in Canary Islands
• Canaries official: Plane had 71 passengers and 8 crew
• Hijacker arrested; his identity not yet released
LAS PALMAS, Spain (CNN) -- A man armed with two pistols hijacked an Air Mauritania flight Thursday but was
subdued by two passengers, a Spanish official said.
The plane landed safely in the Canary Islands and no one was hurt, the official said.
The senior Spanish government source said a man had been trying to commandeer the Boeing 737 to Paris. He was
arrested by the civil guard after the jet landed at Gando Airport, the source told CNN.
Jose Segura, the central government's chief representative in the Canaries, told Ser, a Spanish radio station, that the
plane was carrying 71 passengers and eight crew members.
Reports differed on the hijacker's nationality, with one senior Spanish government source saying he is Moroccan and
Segura describing him as Mauritanian.
Abass Bass, a representative of the Mauritanian Embassy in Washington, described the incident as a "tentative
hijacking."
"The information we had from Mauritania is that the passengers fought back and they took the hijacker and now
everything is OK," Bass told CNN.
Bass said the flight had been scheduled to be an interior one, from the capital city of Nouakchott to Nouadhibou, in
northern Mauritania, near Morocco.
107
Story Highlights
• NEW: Air Mauritania flight landed safely in Canary Islands
• Canaries official: Plane had 71 passengers and 8 crew
• Hijacker arrested; his identity not yet released
TENERIFE, Spain (AP) -- A fast-thinking pilot, with the help of passengers, fooled a gunman who had hijacked a
jetliner flying from Africa to the Canary Islands, braking hard upon landing then quickly accelerating to knock the
man down so travelers could pounce on him, Spanish officials said Friday.
A lone gunman brandishing two pistols hijacked the Air Mauritania Boeing 737, carrying 71 passengers and a crew
of eight, Thursday evening shortly after it took off from the Mauritanian capital of Nouakchott for Gran Canaria,
one of Spain's Canary Islands, with a planned stopover in Nouadhibou in northern Mauritania.
He wanted to divert the plane to France so he could request political asylum, said Mohamed Ould Mohamed
Cheikh, Mauritania's top police official.
The hijacker has been identified as Mohamed Abderraman, a 32-year-old Mauritanian, said an official with the
Spanish Interior Ministry office on Tenerife, another of the islands in the Atlantic archipelago. He spoke under rules
barring publication of his name. Mauritania has said the hijacker was a Moroccan from the Western Sahara.
The hijacker ordered the pilot to fly to France, but the crew told him there was not enough fuel. Morocco denied a
request for the plane to land in the city of Djala in the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, so the pilot headed
for Las Palmas in Gran Canaria, the original destination.
Speaking to the gunman during the hijacking, the pilot realized the man did not speak French. So he used the
plane's public address system to warn the passengers in French of the ploy he was going to try: brake hard upon
108
Doug De Carlo
111
Logo
Static
content
Automatic tagging via Yahoo’s free
Term Extraction service
Design and its
deployment Domain registration, hosting
(siteground.com)
Freeware Resources:
content
Manager and owner of the concept.
management
system Content editor
(Joomla) Designer
Programmer
All tasks of the site launch were carried out by the
project team. The total outsource cost is USD 100.
112
Risk management
manager
Guys, our project is
delayed. What is your
problem?
programmer
Id Task Resources 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Creation of site concept Manager
2 Domain registration, hosting Programmer
3 Content management system Programmer
4 Design, 1st version Designer
5 Logo Designer
6 Deployment of the design Programmer
7 Selection of dynamic content Content editor
8 Dynamic content feed Programmer
9 Automatic tagging via Yahoo Programmer
10 Book for sale at Amazon.com Content editor
11 Static content Content editor
12 Videoblog on YouTube Content editor
13 Tests, launch all
Weekly breakdown of all the major tasks to launch a site like www.21stCenturyJournalism.com. In reality
the tasks consisted of 1-2 days periods followed by tests, discussions and these often resulted minor
changes in all details.
114
<H2>Site marketing
115
Diffusion of innovations
Some inventions 'take the world by storm' (archetype: the Sony Walkman).
Others seem to fail, lie dormant for decades, but when 'their time has come', their use grows quickly,
even explosively (archetype: the fax machine).
Most achieve slow penetration at first, then their adoption grows more quickly, but later slows down
again.
Extensive Intensive
marketing - marketing – Use it
Required to reach when adoption rate
early adopters: on slows down: find
the Internet viral inner reserves of
marketing is the growth.
most effective.
Earlier adopting individuals tend not to be different in age, but to have more years of education,
higher social status and upward social mobility, be in larger organisations, have greater empathy,
less dogmatism, a greater ability to deal with abstractions, greater rationality, greater intelligence, a
greater ability to cope with uncertainty and risk, higher aspirations, more contact with other people,
greater exposure to both mass media and interpersonal communications channels and engage in
more active information seeking.
Users of Yahoo
mail participate in
marketing the
service.
Example…. (cont.)
You will get for every upload, every invite and every
watch of your video a few Clipser Dollars which will be
transformed in procentual relation of all Clipser Dollars
into real currency, once we've built up our audience and
have a mentionable cashflow.
Check it out now! You'll get all the information about us,
about the Clipser Dollars and the reward program on our
homepage.
regards, FP
Viral marketing mail of a startup video sharing company. The e- YouTube sent e-mail notification. In fact
mail was sent to YouTube users’ inbox. they promoted their future competitor.
118
<h2>Organization theories
In practice the solutions are mixed and there is no way to rank them. Each editorial
team must find its own ideal solution, considering their content, audience and market
position. A pure integration of organizational units on its own will not help to improve
the newspaper. See actual examples on the next page.
Only print and online More sophisticated Cross-media journalism All journalists and ad
integration, training is application of projects and advertising sales persons are cross-
limited to a few multimedia and online sales campaigns. Staffs trained. Multimedia
journalists and ad sales interactivity. Other are cross-trained. True integration strategy at
representatives, media added to the engagement by every level of the
management does not media mix (e.g. TV, management and the company
completely backs the radio). Frequently, lower ranks.
strategy management holds
back any further large
scale applications of
convergence
Practice
Europe
Guardian, The Times Financial Times Telegraph Edipresse
Total consolidation of print Fully integrated newsroom, In all of the publications the
Guardian: "web-first" and online news desks, all with print and online newsroom was transformed
principle for foreign and journalists are required to journalists working together, into a multimedia platform,
business news only work 3 early morning shifts and seven-day production. where all journalists write for
currently. per month. Editorial heads are to take several media: print, web,
Times: "web-first" principle responsibility for all output. television, radio, and mobile.
for foreign news only and Delays the publication of Newsrooms are reorganized
plans to extend this to all print articles on its website according to covered
articles in a few years. until later in the day in a bid subjects - in contrast to
to encourage more internet services - with a central
users to buy the newspaper. desk.
USA
Gannett
Washington Post New York Times Lawrence Journals
Information Center
The number of planned job cuts in the U.S. media At the Telegraph 5-days training was organized for
sector surged 88 percent last year and that trend will each journalist over a period of 14 weeks. Their
likely continue as readers shift from print to online policy: “journalists aren’t expected to be experts in all
services. (Reuters, 25th January 2007) areas of multi-media. The training was an
10% layoff at the Daily Telegraph, including the introduction to the different platforms available.
change of Editor-in-Chief. People have different talents and we intend to infuse
the organization with a range of skills but it’s not a
Also 10% loss in editorial staff at The Financial mathematical equation as to what skills lie on each
Times – a total of 50 jobs. desk. Its about the appropriateness, not all stories
At Washington Post in addition to job cuts part of the will have audio and video angles right now.”
newsroom staff and resources were redirected to Each journalist at Lawrence Journals (Kansas, US) is
original reporting, analysis, investigations and cross-trained, for example print reporters can write
criticism. and present on Lawrence’s TV-channel and
Boston Globe newsroom employees wrote letter to photographers became videographers.
management to express concern that their future pay The multimedia training sessions at Gannett are
is contingent upon revenue increases in print only, meant not to diversify skills, but rather to expand on
while they are involved in working with online as well them: photographers learn more about videography,
managing editors about effective use of new
technologies and resources, traditional reporters
about online editions
reactions
Podcast: interview
with an expert.
analysis
Mobile-optimized
e-mail news alert
Video: reporter
and cameraman
The Chancellor are interviewing
facts Newspaper starts his taxi drivers.
articles on speech
predictions
Preparations
„Budget Day”: 21 March, 2007. On this day the Chancellor of the UK announced proposed tax measures.
126
Video: political
16-page broadsheet satire by Rory
supplement and five Bremner, British
pages of news in the main comedian.
paper.
Publish
News Web
SMS
128
http://www.apropo.ro
130
http://lidovky.zpravy.cz/
131
http://www.b92.net
132
Problematic experiments in
multimedia:
READERS’S COMMUNITY
134
Two-way interaction
with your readers
Forum
Comments via
Online interview
Two-way Readers’ page (Supporting SMS, e-mail
Blog
interaction with opinions channel) Dial-in
Article comment
programmes
Get published
Anonymous
Consumer’s
mails are not Yes, possible Yes, possible
anonymity
published
Issues to be considered:
hierarchy,
Illustration: Oliver Reichenstein, The journalist’s role,
Future of News. Manuscript, 2007.
http://www.informationarchitects.jp/ info vs. opinion
135
Issues in detail
Online Get
Forum Blog Comment
interview published
Moderator is an
independent Blogger Editor may
Moderator acts
Moderation supervisor, not himself close article for n/a
as a journalist
part of the moderates comment
discussion
136
Forum
http://forum.index.hu
Moderating rules: http://forum.index.hu/Custom/showModMod
Online interview
Washington Post Live Discussions, http://www.washingtonpost.com
/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/05/18/LI2005051801255.html
Index Fórum, http://forum.index.hu/Topic/showTopicList?t=29
Axel Springer sites, http://www.petofinepe.hu/index.php?apps=online&a=2000
Blog
Népszabadság Online, http://www.nolblog.hu
Times Online Weblogs – a bit aristocratic, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/weblogs
Comment
There are several good examples. Check the websites of major newspapers
Get published
CNN Send an I-report, http://www.cnn.com/exchange
Compact, http://compact.info.ro/index.php?section=blog&screen=hp
138
i on
Source: Mobile content – by Fathom, 2004
s s
cu
Di s
140
„Following a UK field study, 70% of users decided not to continue using WAP. Currently, its services are
poorly designed, have insufficient task analysis, and abuse existing non-mobile design guidelines. WAP's
killer app is killing time; m-commerce's prospects are dim for the next several years.”
Source: Jakob Nielsen, WAP Field Study Findings, 2000 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20001210.html
141
wap.bleskovky.sk
142
E) Multimedia message
2. MMS
3. PDA
Google optimizes your favourite desktop services to the small screen of the mobile. In addition
it helps you to keep your personal data synchronized.
Search result of the term The mobile version of Gmail offers an almost
„define:helium” on Google’s feedreader complete mobile access
www.google.com/xhtml transfers your reading to all its features at
Try the same search on experience from desktop mail.google.com/mail/x
desktop and compare to mobile. You do not Alternatively you may
the results. have to read again on download a free add-on
desktop what you have software that provides
already read on mobile. full compatibility with the
Configure Google desktop version.
Reader on your desktop
and then go to
www.google.com/reader/
m on your mobile.
145
Send an SMS with the You will receive an Click on the link, this Set the image as a
word advertised in the SMS with a link. You will start the download wallpaper.
newspaper can find it in your of your wallpaper.
browser or message Save it to some
inbox, depending on folder. If you cannot download, call
what mobile you your mobile operator’s
If you cannot find this have. customer care to activate
message, call your mobile Click on the link, this WAP service on your SIM
operator’s customer care. will automatically card.
open in the browser of
your mobile phone.
146
Media portals:
BBC - www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/pda (WAP version also available)
New York Times - mobile.nytimes.com
Nepszabadsag (HU) – wap.nol.hu
Novy Cas (SK) – wap.bleskovky.sk
Operator portals:
T-Mobile - wap.t-zones.hu, wap.t-zones.sk, wap.t-zones.cz
Vodafone – live.vodafone.com
Operator portals are usually available only in the network of the respective operator.
Criteria:
Title page: What can you find on the titlepage? Articles, images?
Click distance: How much time/click does it take to get the latest news?
Optimized: Are the news optimized for reading on mobile screen?
What is the difference between operator and media portals?
Check further content offers at the operators’ portal: 3G video, content download, services
Background: usability
151
Other 15mn-30mn
41% 7%
30mn-1h
8%
0s-30s
1h+
44%
8%
d
bs
g
ch
l
ws
s
es
ai
a
le
in
lo
Jo
m
ar
cl
Ne
ab
nk
wn
E-
ti
Se
Ba
ar
et
do
m
e
Ti
e
az
ar
ftw
ag
So
Importance of usability
Users’ experience of various media channels are studied by usability
experts. Jakob Nielsen has specialized in the usability of information
technology products, like websites. Website usability is studied with so-
called eye-tracking research.
5 typical designs
were compared by
time spent,
details found,
clicks generated.
Mouse rollover
of section links
provide pop up http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ No full stories on titlepage.
menu of all About 20 promos/links to
items in section other stories.
156
Similarly to general design, there are no overall true mandatory rules in web
design either. In our days the compact titlepage is a widespread practice,
however, those are the most successful who are brave enough to break the
rules.
On a compact web page, navigation is used more. On an extended
homepage, the navigation is likely to be used less, so be sure there are
content links on the homepage to areas of the site you want people to visit.
By removing content from the homepage and making it compact, you can
change user behavior: using the navigation to dive into the site for more
content.
By limiting the amount of content on a homepage, you can drive viewing to
advertising on the page..
People view the top part of a news site's homepage first.
Exercise:
Analyse the website of your newspaper: does
it have a compact design?
Identify the compact features on the page!
157
Market statistics
Web top10
Eniro (search engine) 41.28 Iliad (telecom) 55.88 United Internet 45.32
Print Online
9 Bild der Frau Weekly 1.1 mio. 9 mobile.de (car classified) 29 mio.
Only dailies, weeklies and bi-weeklies, Period: 3Q 2006 Google has not been audited but is supposed to be on the very top
of the list, Period: Nov. 2006
Source: www.ivw.de
* .Only dailies, weeklies and bi-weeklies
** Google has not been audited but is supposed to
be on the very top of the list
The only print publishers on the list (emphasised with orange) appear with relative weak
figures compare to market leaders
There are no publishers among the online market leaders. But leaders like T-Online, Yahoo! or
Google are competitors to publishers for they provide news and content.
161
1 News of the world Weekly 3.4 mio. 1 BBC Online 82.3 mio.
3 The Mail on Sunday Weekly 2.3 mio 3 Guardian unlimited 12.7 mio.
5 The Daily Mirror Daily 1.9 mio. 5 The Sun Online 7.5 mio.
Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions.. Google and Yahoo are not showing any visitors figures but
Period: 3Q 2006 according to the page impressions figures they are supposed to be
the very top of the list. Period: from Mar 2005 to Nov 2006
Source: www.abce.org.uk
Print Online
Source: www.wemf.ch
1 Bluewin 4 mio.
** Free distribution
4 Blick Daily 254’657 4 NZZ Online 973‘000
*** Google and Yahoo are not audited but are supposed to be
the
5 Schweizer Illustrierte Weekly 232’519 5 20 Minuten 956‘000
Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions. Google and Yahoo are not audited but are supposed to be the very
Period: 3Q 2006 top of the list. Period: Nov 2006
On the online communication market, Swiss publishers have to fight against outsiders to
defend their leaders position.
Other companies not audited as Google or Yahoo! are providing news and acting as
competitors for publishers.
163
- 5%
+ 42%
+ 35%
+ 16% + 4%
+ 20%
Source: www.ivw.de
http://www.studie-deutschland-online.de/index.html
- 18%
While the print market is in continuous decline, the internet penetration as observed a fantastic
success.
Ad revenues are rising in an impressive way and now represent 3.5 % of the total ad
revenues. This quote already passed above 10% on the US market.
The money put on online advertising is not new money in ad investment. (Rupert Murdoch)
164
Appendix
Circle the letter of the correct option!
Question Options 165
1 Which genre is A Story B Article C Report D News
considered
objective, factual,
but requires
TEST personal
experience?
2 How to count the A Sold copies, B Eladott újság, C Nyomott D Eladott újság,
number of subscriptions, internetes példány, egyedi előfizetők,
readers reached unique internet oldalletöltések internet és internet
by the Nemzeti and WAP és háttérkép WAP látogatók látogatások,
Sport brand? visitors. letöltések és oldalletöltés SMS letöltések.
6 What is the most A The type of B Anonymity of C A blog cannot D Blog can be
significant hierarchy comments: this be moderated. launched by
difference between is available on anybody, but
between forums participants. forums only. this is not true
and blogs? to a forum
topic.
7 What is the A There is no B Feedreader C Feedreader is D Feedreader is
advantage of significant shows RSS able to display able to read
Feedreader over difference and SMS same all your RSS Nemzeti Sport
live.com? between them. time. feeds together feeds as well.
ordered by date
of post.
8 How much time A Three ours per B 20 minutes per C Daily one hour D In small towns
do we spend with day, and this is day and news internet and 10 minutes per
internet and what spent mostly reading is at news reading is day, in the
is the significance with news the 3rd place of no. 3 in capital city it is
of news reading - reading. significance importance 3 hours per
according to order. ranking. day. News
market research reading is no.
data? 2, following e-
mail.
9 What makes the A Because B Because C Because this D Because this is
clear title and lead readers are Google search goes to WAP. what RSS
important on less educated. is based on the readers
internet? title and lead highlight and
text. manage.
10 What is needed A Mobile phone B Mobile phone, C Mobile phone, D Phone, WAP,
for WAP and a GPRS WAP service GPRS and CSD and
browsing? network. activated and MMS settings GPRS
phone settings in the phone. services.
accordingly.
1 Do you use web A Yes, regularly, B Yes, but only if C Yes, but very D No, this is not
in your work for every day the topic rarely needed for my
finding requires work
background
info?
2 Have you ever A Yes, I did. B No, I have not C I tried, without D Not yet.
bought anything bought success, print
on web or with anything, but ads are still
the help of web? found useful better.
advertisement
(eg. second-
hand car)
For trainers 3 Do you have A Yes, for private B Yes, but I use it C No, my family D No, I do not
private e-mail issues I always very rarely. has a common need that.
address? use that. mail account.
Before starting your
training you might 4 How many SMS A 5 or more B Maximum 5 C Sometimes 1 or 2 D I do not need it.
do you send in a
want to get an day?
overview on
participants’ general 5 How often do A Min. 3 times a B Sometimes, not C I tried already D I did not try it, I
attitude to new you use WAP? week regularly do not need it
7 What is the A Among top 50 B Among top 10 C Among top 3 D I do not know, I
position of your am not involved
company on the in this
local internet
market?
Recommended newsfeeds
It is strongly recommended to check and read the sites that are indicated as sources
of this book. In addition newsfeeds of the below sites keep you updated on 21st
century journalism.
RESERVE