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Microbiology 10th Edition by Tortora (PDFDrive)
Microbiology 10th Edition by Tortora (PDFDrive)
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AN INTRODUCTION
TENTH EDITION
Gerard J. Tortora
BERGEN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Berdell R. Funke
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
Christine L. Case
SKYLINE COLLEGE
Benjamin Cummings
San Francisco Boston New York
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, [nc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301
Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in
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permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Ed ucation,
Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding
permissions, call (847) 486-2635.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. W here those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson
Education, Inc. or its afffiliates.
QR41.2.T672010
579-dc22 2008044384
-
PEARSON
_.pearsonhighered.com
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO-DOW-12 II 10 09 08
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Art Development Editor: Lisa Torri
Project Editor: Robin Pille Artists: Precision Graphics
Development Manager: Barbara Yien Copyeditor: Sally Peyrefitte
Assistant Editors: Katie Heimsoth and Kelly Reed Proofreader: Martha Ghent
Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Senior Art and Photo Manager: Travis Amos
Production Supervisor: Janet Vail Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler
Director, Media Development: Lauren Fogel Image Rights and Permissions Manager: Zina Arabia
Media Producer: Lucinda Bingham Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Interior Designer: tani hasegawa Senior Marketing Manager: Neena Bali
Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Executive Market Development Manager: Josh Frost
Art Coordinator: Jean Lake
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, [nc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301
Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in
any form or by any means, electronic, mec hanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain
permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Ed ucation,
Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding
permissions, call (847) 486-2635.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. W here those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson
Education, Inc. or its afffiliates.
QR41.2.T672010
579-dc22 2008044384
-
PEARSON
_.pearsonhighered.com
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO-DOW-12 II 10 09 08
Manufactured in the United States of America.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Berdell R. Funke Bert Funke received his Ph.D .• M.S .• and B.S. in
microbiology from Kansas State University. He has spent his professional
years as a professor of microbiology at North Dakota State University. He
taught introductory microbiology. including laboratory sections. general
microbiology. food microbiology. soil microbiology. clinical parasitology.
and pathogenic microbiology. As a research scientist in the Experiment
Station at North Dakota State. he has published numerous papers in soil microbiology and
food microbiology.
iii
PREFACE
Since the publication of the fi rst edition nearly 30 years ago, edition meets all students at their respective levels of skill and
well over one million students have used Microbiology: An understanding.
Introduction at colleges and universities around the world, mak- The highlights of the tenth edition can be seen in the new
ing it the leading textbook for non-majors microbiology. The Foundation Figures, the new features that help studen ts check
tenth edition continues to be a comprehensive beginning text, their understanding as they progress through each chapter, and
assum ing no previous study of biology or chemistry. The text is the improved boxes that prepare students to start thinking like a
appropriate for students in a wide variety of programs, including cli nician. Content and currency have also been substantially
the allied health sciences, biological science, environmental sci- updated.
ences, animal science, forestry, agric ulture, home economics, and
the liberal arts. Foundation Figures
In order to help students focus on and master the core concepts
HALLMARKS OF MICROBIOLOGY: of microbiology, the authors have integrated text and visuals in to
twenty specially designed Foundation Figures. These Foundation
AN INTRODUCTION Figures include both a key concept statement that ensures stu-
We have retained in this new edition features that made the dents understand the central concept of the figure and an expla-
previous editions so popular: nation of how each figure is foundational to further learning in
the course. In addition, throughout the entire book the illustra-
• An appropriate balance between microbiological funda- tion program has been dramatically revised and updated with
mentals and applications, and between medical applica- new art styles and a brighter color palette that has more con-
tions and other applied areas of microbiology. As in trasting colors and more dimensionality.
previous editions, basic microbiological principles are given
greater emphasis than are applications, and health-related
Features that Help Students Check Their
applications are featured.
Understanding
• Straightforward presentation of complex topics. Each sec-
tion of the text has been written with the student in mind. New Check Your Understanding questions encourage students to
Our book is known for its clear explanations and consistent engage interactively with the material and self-assess their unde r-
pedagogy. standing of the Learning Objectives as they progress through
each chapter. New Draw It questions are now included in the
• Clear, accurate, and pedagogically effective illustrations and
end-of-chapter Review Questions, asking students to sketch a
photos. Step-by-step diagrams that closely coordinate with
rough diagram or fill in missing parts of a figure or graph. The
narrative descriptions aid student comprehension of concepts.
popular Figure Legend Questions have been retained and
Clear and accurate renderings of processes and structures focus
im proved.
students on what they need to learn. The quantity and quality
of electron and light micrographs is unmatched in the market.
Support for Students to Start Thinking like
• Flexible organization. We have organized the book in what
we thin k is a useful fas hion while recognizing that the mate- a Clinician
rial might be effectively p resented in a number of other Revised and redesigned Appl ications of Microbiology boxes
sequences. For instructors who wish to use a different order, describe current and practical uses of microbiology. New and
we have made each cha pter as independent as possible and updated Clinical Focus boxes contain data from the Morbidityalld
have included numerous cross- references. The Instructor's Mortality Weekly Report modified into clinical problem-solving
Guide, written by Christine Case, provides detailed guide- questions that help students develop their critical thinking skills
lines for organizing the material in several other ways. and give them an active role while reading. Diseases in Focus boxes
replace disease comparison tables, organizing comparative infor-
mation about similar diseases in a d iscovery-oriented and visually
NEW TO THE TENTH EDITION interesting format that provides a helpful study tool for students.
Please see pages x- xviii for a visual introduction to the new
tenth edition . Updates in Content and Currency
The changes in this edition address instructors' biggest chal-
Antimicrobial resistance, biofilms, bioterrorism, and evolution
lenge in the introductory microbiology course: the wide range of
receive special attention and increased emphasis. The immunity
student levels, including student under-preparedness. The tenth
chapters-Chapters 16 and 17- have received a careful and sig-
PREFACE v
nificant update for increased currency, clarity, and accuracy, with - • Discussion of anaerobic growth media and methods has
out an increase in the level of detail. Taxonomy, nomenclature, been updated.
and d isease incidence data are current through August 2008. • A discussion of Biosafety Levels has been added, including a
figure illustrating Biosafety Level 4.
Cutting-Edge Media Supplements • A new figure showing differential medium is included.
• Figure 6.15 is now a Foundation Figure.
Turn to the inside front cover of this book for an overview of the
• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the role of biofilms in
new MyMicrobiologyPlace website with its simple th ree-step
causing nosocomial infections.
approach to learning. Pages xiv-xv provide more details about
the exciting new student and instructor media, including the Chapter 7: The Control of Microbial Growth
MP3 Tutor Sessions, the 3D MicroFlix animations, and the • The definition of sterilization has been updated and qualified
Instructor's Resource DVD/CD -ROM. in consideration of the existence of prions.
• Figure 7.1 is now a Foundation Figure.
• Discussion of ultra-h igh temperature (UHT ) has been
CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER REVISIONS clarified.
Every chapter in this edition has been thoroughly revised, and • New products and newly approved uses are included.
data in the text, tables, and figures have been updated through • A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the relationship between
August 2008 where possible. The main changes for each chapter improper disinfection and nosocomial infection .
are summarized below. Chapter 8: Microbial Genetics
• Figure 8.2 is now a Foundation Figure.
Part One • Discussion of genetic combination by crossing over has been
Fundamentals of Microbiology revised for clarity.
• snRNPs are defined.
Chapter 1: The Microbial Wortd and You • Inducible and repressible operons are explained and com-
• The table "Making Scientific Names Familiar" has been pared in separate figures .
moved to this chapter from Chapter 10.
• Biofilms are introduced . Chapter 9: Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA
• Discussion of emerging infectious diseases has been updated, • Figure 9.1 is now a Foundation Figure.
including a section on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. • Gene silencing, reve rse genetics, and real-time PCR are
discussed.
Chapter 2: Chemical Principles • A new Clincal Focus box describes using reverse-transc ription
• Definitions have been expanded, including definitions of cis PCR to track a norovirus outbreak.
and trans fatty acids.
• Figure 2.16 is now a Foundation Figure.
Part Two
Chapter 3: Observing Microorganisms through a Microscope A Survey of the Microbial World
• Two-photon microscopy is included.
• Several new photos illustrate microscopic images. Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms
• Figure 3.2 is now a Foundation Figure. • Figure 10.1 is now a Foundation Figure.
• Photos of fossil and living stromatolites are included.
Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic • The use of transport media is explained.
and Eukaryotic Cells
• Figure 4.6 is now a Foundation Figure. Chapter 11 : The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
• The discussion of flagella, fimbriae, and pili has been revised, • Several new bacterial groups are discussed: Pelagibacter,
as has the discussion of the lipopolysaccharide. Acinetobacter baumallii, Planctomycetes, Gemmata
• The discussion of facilitated diffusion has been revised, and a obscuriglobus.
new figure compares types of diffusion across membranes, • Discussion of the theoretical minimal size of a bacterium
including aquaporins. and its genetic requirements has been revised.
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Chapter 12: The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa,
• The section on biochemical tests has been expanded. and Helminths
• New renditions of enzymes are more realistic. • Examples of new uses of fungi as pesticides are listed.
• Figure 5.11 is now a Foundation Figure. • Discussion of the oomycotes is expanded to include
• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the use of biochemical introduction of Phytophthora into the United States.
tests to identify slow-growing mycobacteria . The oomycote life cycle is illustrated in a new figure .
• Heartworm is included.
Chapter 6: Microbial Growth • A new Clinical Focus box h ighlights cryptosporidial
• The discussion ofbiofitms previously appearing in Chapter 27 diarrhea, the most common pathogen associated with
has been moved to this chapter and been significantly updated . .
sWlmmmg.
and expanded.
vi PREFACE
Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions • The discussions ofT cells, dendritic cells, and cytokines have
• The chapter begins with the use of retroviridae to genetically been completely revised.
modify cells. • A new Applications of Microbiology box describes the possi-
• Figure 13.15 is now a Foundation Figure. ble use of I L-12 to treat psoriasis.
• Bee colony collapse is mentioned.
Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology
• The Clinical Focus box on the evolution and occurrence of
• Figure 18.2 is now a Foundation Figure.
avian flu has been updated.
• Discussions of DNA vaccines and adjuvants have been
updated and revised.
Part Three • The tables of vaccine schedules have been updated .
Interaction Between Microbe and Host • A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the success of vac-
cination in eliminating measles in the U.S. and highlights the
Chapter 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
importance of measles as a cause of death in developing
• Figure 14.3 is now a Foundation Figure.
countries.
• Statistics on notifiable infectious diseases have been updated.
• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the emergence of Chapter 19: Disorders Associated with the Immune System
hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA. • Coverage of blood groups includes a discussion of the rela-
tionship between certain blood groups and their relative
Chapter 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
resistance or susceptibility to certain diseases.
• Discussion of A-B toxins has been expanded and clarified.
• A discussion of the autoimmune disease psoriasis and its
• Figure 15.5, action of an exotoxin, has been revised and
associated arthritis has been introduced, along with the
expanded.
current treatments with monoclonal antibodies.
• Figures 15.4 and 15.9 are now Foundation Figures.
• The discussion of stem cells has been updated, and a new
• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates role of biofilms and
figure (Figure 19.10 ) the derivation of stem cells and stem
endotoxins in postoperative infections.
cell lines.
Chapter 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses • The discussion of HIV and AIDS has been revised and
of the Host updated. Especially important is the complete revision of
• Treatment of several topics has been expanded and/or Figure 19.13, which shows the sequence of attachment,
reorganized and clarified: physical and chemical factors in fusion, and entry of the virus into the target CD4+ T cell.
the first line of defense; fo rmed elements in blood; the lym- • Figure 19.16 is now a Foundation Figure.
phatic system (including additional illustrations); adherence,
Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs
acute-phase proteins, complement, iron-binding proteins,
• Figure 20.2 is now a Foundation Figure.
and antimicrobial peptides.
• The historical importance of the sulfa drugs is given more
• The role of biofilms in evading phagocytosis is included.
prommence.
• Figures 16.7 and Figure 16.9 are now Foundation Figures.
• The current methods used for the discovery of new
• The Applications of Microbiology box on serum collection has
antibiotics are discussed, including rapid throughput
been revised to include testing for complement to monitor
methods.
immune complex diseases in patients.
• The discussion of antibiotics has been updated to admit
Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses new antibiotics. The discussion of antivirals for the treatment
of the Host of HIV / AIDS has been especially updated and revised to
• A new photo depicts actual antibody morphology shown by include the latest developments in this constantly changing
atomic force microscopy. area.
• Several important figures have been extensively revised for • The discussion of resistance to antibiotics has been com-
accuracy and clarity: pletely revised and expanded, and a new Foundation Figure
• Figure 17.5. Clonal selection and differentiation of (Figure 20.20) illustrates the most important target areas for
B cells resistance.
• Figure 17.10. Activation ofCD4 + T cells • The concluding discussion on the future of antibiotic devel-
• Figure 17.11. Killing of virus-infected target cell by opment and the prospect for unconventional antibiotics has
cytotoxic T lymphocyte been completely revised and updated.
• Figure 17.19. The dual nature of the immune system
(now a Foundation Figure} Part Four
• A new photo and illustration (Figure 17.9) show M cells
Microorganisms and Human Disease
found within Peyer's patches.
• Discussion of the major histocompatibility complex (M HC) Chapter 21 : Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes
has been revised and improved. • The discussion of Staphylococcus aurerlS has been completely
• Nomenclature conventions have been updated for T cells rewritten to emphasize the importance of MRSA.
(for example, T helper cell, CD4 + T cell).
PREFACE vii
• The discussion of impetigo and scalded skin syndrome has • Discussion of influenza has been thoroughly revised and
been revised, and discussion of a new disease, Buruli ulcer, updated, especially the means by which mutants arise and
has been added. the infectiveness of the avian flu virus.
• Some of the newer treatments for acne now have an expanded
Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
discussion.
• The discussion of traveler's diarrhea has been rewritten to
Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System include the important pathogen enteroaggregative E. coli.
• A new figure (Figure 22.4) illustrates a spinal ta p. • Recent therapeutic drugs for HBV have been included.
• The discussion of cryptococcosis has been revised to include • The discussion of noroviruses has been updated with special
a newer pathogen. attention to decontamination methods available to deal with
• A brief description of prions has been included to outbreaks.
supplement that given in Chapter 13.
Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of the Urinary
• The discussion of chronic disease syndrome has been
and Reproductive Systems
completely revised and now includes the CDC's diagnos-
• The discussion of vaginal microbiota has been extensively
tic definition and the alternative name of myalgic
revised.
en cep halo myel it is.
• The introductory discussion of syphilis, especially relating
Chapter 23: Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular to recent genetic analysis on its probable origin in the New
and lymphatic Systems World, has been revised.
• The definitions of the similar terms septicemia and sepsis • The discussion of testing for syphilis has been revised.
have been revised. • The TORCH panel of tests is included.
• Discussions of brucellosis and rat-bite fever have been
completely rewritten. Part Five
• The discussion of ehrlichiosis has been revised to include the
Environmental and Applied Microbiology
new terminology of anaplasmosis.
• Discussion of the disease chikungunya fever has been added Chapter 27: Environmental Microbiology
because of its current spread into temperate climates. • The sulfur cycle figure (Figure 27.7)has been completely
• The discussion of malaria has been revised completely to redrawn.
better differentiate between prophylaxis and the rapy. • The discussion of biodegradable plastics has been revised
and updated.
Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
• The discussion of pertussis has been revised to better Chapter 28: Applied and Industrial Microbiology
describe some of the latest developments, especially the • The discussion of biofuels has been expanded .
recent increase in cases.
• The discussion of tuberculosis has been updated and revised
to include more on extensively resistant strains of the
pathogen and some of the more recent testing methods.
ACKNOWLEDG M ENTS
In preparing for this textbook, we have benefited from the guidance Christina Gan
Higldine Comltllmity College
and advice of a large number of microbiology the
country. The reviewers listed provided cnticism and Pete Haddix
valuable suggestions 011 various stages of the reV ISIO n . We gratefully AI/IIIITII University Montgomery
acknowledge our debt to these individuals. Rachel Hirst
Massasoit Co mm/mity College
Dawn Janich
TENTH EDITION REVIEWERS Com lll/mity College of Philadelphia
Cynthia Anderson Judy Kaufman
MI. SaILA/lEOnia College Monroe COlllllllmity College
Rod Anderson MaIda Kocache
Ollio Northern Ulliversity George Maw// University
Terry Austin John M. Lammert
Temple Col/ege GI/stavus Adolphus College
Joan Baird Paul A. leBlanc
Rose State College University of Alabama
Archna Bhasin Michael W. Lema
Valdosta SUIte University Mid/aI/tis Tee/mimI College
Victoria Bingham John Lennox
Daytonll Beach College The Pelll/sylvm/ia Stale University
Phyllis Braun Shawn Lester
Fairfield Ulliversity Montgomery College
Donald P. Breakwell Leslie Lichtenstein
Briglrllm Young University Mlissasoit Commw/ity College
Sandra Burnett Eric Lifson
Brig/ulIlI YOU/IS University Bllch COl/lilY Commllllity College
Susan Capasso Suzanne Long
Sf. ViI/ceil/'s College Mal/roe Commul/ity College
Carol Castaneda William C. Matthai
indillll(l Ullil'ersity Nortlnvest Tnrrallf COWIIY College Northeast
James K. Collins Philip Mixter
University of Arizon(l WashillgtOl1 State University
Lee Couch Rita B. Moyes
University of New Mexico Texas A&M University
Ellen C. Cover Ellyn R. Mulcahy
Lamar Ulliversity Jolmsoll COl m ty Comm/wity College
Jean Cremins Tim R. Mullican
Middlesex COllllfllmity College Dakolll Wesleyml University
Melissa A. Deadmond Richard L Myers
Truckee Meadows Community College Mi550uri Stale Ulliversity
Janet M. D«ker Kabi Neupane
University of Arizona Leeward Comm/mity College
Vivian Elder Lourdes P. Norman
OZ(lrh Trchnical Commlmity College Florit/II COlllllllwily College, Jacksonville
viii
Eric R. Paul Pille, project editor, masterfully managed the development of the
Southwestern Oklahoma Stale University book, keeping communicatlon Ilnes open and ensuring the highest
Judy L. Penn quallty at every stage. Sally Peyrefitte's careful attentlon to continu-
Shordilre Community College ity and detall in her copyedit of both text and art served to keep
concepts and information clear throughout.
Jack Pennington
lanet Vail and Wendy Earl expertly guided the text through the
St. Louis CommrmilY College, Forest Park
production process. lisa Torri and the talented staff at Precision
Indiren Pillay Graphics effectively managed the ambitious overhaul of our large
Culver-Stockton College and complex beautiful new art program. Jean Lake coordinated the
Ronny Priefer many complex stages of the art development and rendering. The
Niagara University photo researcher, Maureen Spuhler, wo rking closely with Senior
Todd P. Primm Photo and Art Manager Travis Amos, made sure we had dear and
Sam HOI/stan State University striking images throughout the book. tani hasegawa created the ele-
gant interior design, and Yvo Riezebos did a wonderful job with the
Mary L. Puglia
cover. The skilled team at Progressive Information Technologies,
Cerl/ral Arizona College
led by Michelle lones, did an outstanding job moving this book
Amy J. Reese quickly and beautifully through composition. Stacey Weinberger
Cedar Crest College guided the book through the manufacturing process.
Lois Sealy Ka tie Heimsoth impeccably handled the instructor supple-
Valencia Community College West ments and also was the editor for the new edition of lohnson/Case
Heather Smith Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology. Kelly Reed brought her
Riverside City College creativity and teaching experience to bear on the development of
the student supplements including the new Get Ready for
Kate Sutton
Microbiology workbook. Lucinda Bingham managed the media
Clark College
program, working many miracles to produce the impressive array
Paul H. Tomasek of resources on the website and Instructor's Resource DVD/CD-
California State University, Northridge ROM including the new MicroFlix. Leslie Austin and lames Bruce
David J. Wartell managed the print and media supplements through the complex
Harrisburg Area Community College production stages.
MJ Weintraub Neena Ball, $enior Marketing Manager, and the entire Pearson
Raymond Walters College Science sales force do a stellar job presenting this book to instruc-
tors and students and ensuring its unwavering status as the best-
Ru th Wrightsman
selling microbiology textbook.
Saddleback College
We would all like to acknowledge our spouses and families,
Anne Zayaitz who have provided invaluable support throughout the writing
Kutztown University process.
Michele Zwolinski FInally, we have an enduring appreciation for our students,
Weber State University whose comments and suggestions provide insight and remi nd us of
their needs. This text is for them.
We also thank the staff at Benjamin Cummings for their dedication
to excellence. Leslie Berriman, our executlve editor, successfully Gera rd ]. Tortora Berdell R. Fun ke Christine L. Case
kept us all focused on where we wanted this revision to go. Robin
A visual approach to teaching ...
Foundation Figures In its Tenth Edition, this best-selling textbook
core concepts in microbiology addresses the #1 challenge of the microbiology
and give students the foundation they
course: the wide variance in student levels, including
need to succeed in the course.
the under-preparedness of many students. New and
•
• highly visual Foundation Figures get students to
• The introductory text explains how the focus on and engage with core microbiology content.
•• figure is foundational to other concepts
students wilileam later.
•
•
•
.... shows typical structures thai may be fouod In boetena Eactl of the labeled
structures WIll be dlSC\lSS :d indMdually In thiS cnapler As you will see in later chapters. some 0' these
structures contnbute to bactenal wulence. play 8 role ,n bactenal I(\enIJliCII\JOf1. and are Ulrge\.S of
8I11imicrobial agenlS.
"
•
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Key Concept
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The Key Concept box presents the big picture, helping to ensure Clear and consistent TEM/SEM/lM icons appear for all
students understand the central concept presented by the figure. micrograph images, showing at a glance which type of
microscope was used.
,
... the foundations of microbiology
A small ver510fl of this OYeMeW figure WIll be included in olher figUres througnoul Ihe
chapter to indicate the relationships 01 different reactions to the 0\IeftI11 procMses 01
respiration and fermentatIOn.
RUPIRATION FERMeNTATION
o GI',coIt'!e pmdo or F7 ATP
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complex processes, breaking them down into clear, manageable to progress from familiar parts of illustrated processes to
pieces that make concepts easier to teach and understand. unfamiliar ones with confidence. Molecules such as ATP
are the same color and shape throughout the book.
•
•
•3. DRAW IT I..,bel the parts of the compound light microscope
in the figure below, and th.::n draw the path of light fTOllllhe
illuminat or to your eye.
•
Figure-legend questions ask students
to apply concepts presented in the texL
• • ..
•
' •
. •• • • • •
' questions helps students determine which
.r Could humans exist on chemiC1l,lJy defin ed media, at least under objectives they have achieved and which require
laboratory conditions? 6-8 .a" further study.
xii
•• .and think like a clinician
• Clinical Focus boxes contain
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report data from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
Delayed Bloodstream Infection (CDC) modified into clinical prob-
-- . ..
Following Catheterization
........ ... -.';.5
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to help students develop their criti-
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boxes organize comparative
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xiii
Unsurpassed online resources • • •
iology Foundation Figure quizzes
-;';;;;'e"," extra practice with core concepts.
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itutor sessions i
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MP3 Tutor Sessions are downloadable
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study guides for each chapter of the textbook,
allowing students to study on the go. They include mini·
lectures about the toughest topics together with audio
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Quizzes so students can self-assess their understanding.
.-.
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-VARIOUS DIATOMS
25 Microbiology Videos .J
feature live-action footage of
microorganisms as they move
and interact with their
environments.
Microbe Reviews- . • • •
gradable multiple-choice -_ I 100_ I
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students extra practice C
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with the organisms they C
are studying.
xiv
... for additional
practice and assessment
MicroFlbc
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movie-quality animations with
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n.._ .. quizzes that help students master
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the three toughest topics in
,
microbiology: metabolism, DNA
'" replication, and immunology.
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by viewing the animations, completing
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the tutorial, printing a personal review
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. ... sheet, and taking the quiz. Students
also have access to BioFlix animation-
stha! help them review relevant con-
cepts from general biology_
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Study Skills Your Starting Point
Chapter 2 Math Basics pre-tests students' grasp
of chapter content before
Chapter 3 Tenninology they start the chapter.
Chapter 4 Chemistry Basics •
Chapter 5 Biology Basics
Chapter 6 Cell Biology
• Microbiology
Chapter 7 Microbiology Basics Your Starting Point
Answer the (ollowing questions 10 assess yourchemistr')'
•• • •
• • • Chapters include textbook quality
photographs and illustrations.
•
T I"" TO T il'
MICROBIOLOGY
TnIInsr.r of Bact.rta: NOW IN FULL COLOR
--_._--_.
AHpHc TKhnlqu.
Laboratory Experiments
in Microbiology, Ninth Edition
.::;;=,.=.=.
• by Ted R. Johnson I Christine L. Case
•
-1- ...... The new full-color design makes each lab exercise easier to navigate.
The quick reference sections (Objectives, Materials, Cultures, Techniques
_.. Required) are clearly distinguished from the instructive and procedural
...'",. . sections (Background. Procedure) through colored headings.
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PROCEDURE "", ......., _____ ..
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Rich, vibrant micrographs and other
photographs now appear within the · .. •• .... •·
relevant exercise, right next to the narrative. Clear, colorful, and realistically rendered
allowing students to easily view the images in stepobyostep diagrams walk students through
the context of the exercise and to better inter· each procedure, providing visual instructions in
pret their results, addition to narrative ones.
xvii
The best support for instructors and students
INSTRUCTOR SU PPLEM ENTS STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS
Instructors Resource OVDI MyMicrobiologyPlace Website
CD-ROM (with TestGen ' www.microbiologyplace.com
Computerized Test Bank CD) For a full description of the website, see the inside front cover of this book.
978-0-321-58190-7/0-321-58190-3
Get Ready for Microbiology
This media tool has been overhauled to by Lori K Garrett and Judy Meier Penn
make planning and presenting media easier. 978-0-321-59250-7/0-321-59250-6
It includes: This new brief primer saves classroom time
• All figures from the book with and without and frustration by helping students quickly
labels in JPEG format prepare for their microbiology course.
• All figures from the book with the Label Edit feature (See page xvi for details).
in format
Study Guide by Berdell R. Funke
• Select "process" figures from the book with the Step Edit feature
978-0-321-58195-2 1 0-321-58195-4
in PowerPoint format
Students can master key concepts and earn a better grade with the
• All tables from the book
help of the clear writing and thought-provoking exercises found in this
• Multimedia, including the Microbiology Animations, Microbiology
Study Guide. which includes concise explanations of key conceps. art
Videos, and MicroFlix Animations
labeling exercises. and a variety of self-test questions with answers.
• PowerPoint lecture outlines, including figures and tables from the
book and links to multimedia Study Card
• PRS-enabled Active lecture Clicker Questions 978-0-321-58196-9 1 0-321-58196-2
• PRS-enabled Quiz Show Clicker Questions This six-panel. full-color study card provides students with a quick
• The Instructor's Guide and Testbank as editable Microsofti' Word files reference to the three most challenging topics in microbiology:
• A CD-ROM of the Test Bank in format metabolism. genetics, and immunology.
FORTHE LAB
Laboratory Experiments in Techniques in Microbiology:
Microbiology, Ninth Edition A Student Handbook
by Ted R. Johnson and Christine L. Case by John M. Lammert
978-0-321-56028-5 / 0-321-56028-0 978-0-13-224011-6/0-13-224011-4
Containing 57 thoroughly class-tested exercises, This vivid, full-color handbook guides students
the ninth edition features a new full-color design in manipulations and preparations needed in
and art program. (See previous page for details.) the microbiology laboratory. The techniques \ .... "' ...., lI... n""",,-
are the ones that are used frequently for study-
ing microbes in the laboratory and include
those identified by the American Society for
Microbiology (ASM) in its recommendations
for the Microbiology Lab Core Curriculum.
xviii
BRIEF CONTENTS
xix
CONTENTS
"
CONTENTS xxi
Chapter 5, continued
A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms 141 7 The Control of Microbial Growth 184
Metabolic Diversity among Organisms 142
The Terminology of Microbial C ontrol 185
Photoautotrophs 143
The Rate of Microbial Death 186
Photoheterotrophs 145
Chemoautotrophs 145 Actions of Microbial Control Agents 186
Chemoheterotrophs 145 Alteration of Membrane Permeability 186
Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids 187
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use 146
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 146 Physical Methods of Microbial Control 187
Lipid Biosynthesis 146 Heat 188
Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis 146 Filtration 191
Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 147 Low Temperatures 19 1
High Pressure 192
The Integration of Metabolism 147
Desiccation 192
Study Outline 150 Osmotic Pressure 192
Study Questions 153 Radiation 192
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control 195
Principles of Effective Disinfection 195
6 Microbial Growth 156 Evaluating a Disinfect ant 195
Types of Disinfectants 195
T he Requirements for Growth 157 Microbial Characteristics and Microbial
Physical Requirements 157 Control 202
Chemical Requirements 160 Stud y Outline 205
Biofilms 162
Study Questions 207
C ulture Media 164
Chemically Defined Media 165
Complex Medi a 165
Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods 166
Special C ulture Techniques 167
8 Microbial Genetics 210
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material 211
Selective and Differential Media 168
G enotype and Phenot ype 21 I
Enrichment Culture 169
D NA and Chromosomes 21 1
Obtaining Pure C ultures 170 T he Flow of Genetic Information 2 12
Preserving Bacterial C ultures 170 D NA Replicat ion 2 12
T he Growth of Bacterial C ultures 17 1 RNA and Protein Synthesis 216
Bact erial Division 171 The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression 221
Generation T ime 17 1 Repression and Induction 224
Logarithmic Representation of Bact erial T he Operon Model of G ene Expression 224
Populations 17 1 Positive Regulation 225
Phases of Growth I 72
Mutation: C hange in the Genetic Material 226
Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth 174
Types of Mutations 227
Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect
Methods 178 Mutagens 229
T he Frequency of Mutation 23 1
Study Outline 180
Identifying Mutants 231
Study Questions 18 1 Identifying Chemical Carcinogens 232
CONTENTS xxiii
The Etiology of Infectious Diseases 404 How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells 434
Koch's Postulates 404 Using the Host 's Nutrients: Siderophores 434
Exceptions to Koch's Postulates 404 Direct Damage 434
Classifying Infectious Diseases 406 The Production of Toxins 434
Occurrence of a Disease 406 Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity 439
Severity or Duration of a Disease 406 Pathogenic Properties of Viruses 441
Extent of Host Involvement 407 Viral Mechanisms for Evading Host
Defenses 441
Patterns of Disease 408
Cytopathic Effects of Viruses 441
Predisposing Factors 408
Development of Disease 408 Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths,
and Algae 442
The Spread of Infection 409
Fungi 443
Reservoirs of Infection 409
Protozoa 443
Transmission of Disease 409
Helminths 444
Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Infections 413 Algae 444
Microorganisms in the Hospital 414
Portals of Exit 444
Compromised Host 41 5
Study Outline 445
Chain of Transmission 415
Control of Nosocomial Infections 416 Study Questions 447
Microbial Diseases of
25 the Digestive System 705
26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary
and Reproductive Systems 743
Structure and Function of the Digestive System 706
Normal Microbiota of the Digestive Syst em 706 Structure and Function of the U rinary System 744
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth 707 Structure and Function of the Reproductive
Systems 744
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) 707
Periodontal Disease 709 Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive
Systems 745
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive
System 710 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 746
St aphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System 746
Ent erotoxicosis) 7 11 Cystitis 746
Sh igellosis (Bacillary Dysent ery) 71 2 Pyelonephritis 746
Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis) 71 2 Leptospirosis 746
Typhoid Fever 7 14
DISEASES OF THE REPROD UCTIVE
Cholera 7 16 SYSTEMS 747
Noncholera Vibrios 717
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 747
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis 717
Gonorrhea 747
Ca mpylobacter Gastroenteritis 718
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) 750
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease 7 18
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 751
Yersinia Gastroenteritis 720
Syphilis 752
Clostridium peifrjngens Gastroent eritis 720
Lymphogranuloma Venereum 75 5
Clostridium difficile- Associated Diarrhea 720
Chancroid (Soft Chancre) 756
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis 720
Bacterial Vaginosis 756
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System 721
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System 757
Mumps 721
Genital Herpes 757
Hepatitis 721
Genital Warts 758
Viral G ast roenteritis 728
AID S 758
Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System 729
Fungal Disease of the Reproductive Systems 758
Ergot Poisoning 729
Candidiasis 758
Aflatoxin Poisoning 730
Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive
Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive Systems 760
System 730
Trichomoniasis 760
Giardiasis 730
T he TO RCH Panel of Tests 760
Cryptosporidiosis 73 1
Study Outline 762
Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection 731
Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis) 73 1 Study Questions 764