KATUTUBO: MEMORY OF DANCES BY PHILIPPINE CENTER FOR I NVESTIGATIVE

JOURNALISM
TAGBANUA  Coron, Palawan
 Main invaders were Moros and Spaniards
 11 lakes in Coron is sacred for the Tagbanua’s
 Kayangan Lake is the most accessible
 Coron to be under RA No. 7586 or the National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAS)
 No roads, no electricity, no doctors resulting to death from
malaria
HISTORICAL INJUSTICES
 Outsiders use explosives,
cyanides, and dynamites when
fishing, thus, resulting to the
whitening of the corals
 Outsiders steal relics in their
ancestral lands (caves)
 The gov’t wants to make Northern
Palawan a tourist center
 In 1993, they applied for the
Certificate of Ancestral Domain
(CADC)
 A writ for the claiming of
their ancestral lands
 They were claiming over
20,000 hectares including
Coron and Delian
 It took them 7 years,
however, local officials
ignored their right to
their ancestral land
 Tourism will bring destruction to
their lands
IBALOI/IFUGAO  Sierra Madre and Cordillera
 Igorot –a community of Ibaloi and Ifugao
 Migrated in 1950 to Vizcaya
 Wood carving
 Cañao –performed to heal a sick person
 They outnumber the Bugkalots
HISTORICAL INJUSTICE
 The gov’t built the Ambuklao
Dam –their homeland and this
resulted to the ff:
 Gov’t forbade them to farm
 No livelihood left
BUGKALOT  Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
 A warrior tribe of headhunters or known as the Ilongot
HISTORICAL INJUSTICE
 In 1992, the gov’t planned to build
a dam
  Mining
MANOBO  Bundok Apo, Mindanao
 Rich in natural resources
 Highest mountain in the Philippines
 In 1936, it was declared as a National Park
 Tribe of hope
 In 1996, they started a movement called Cultural Regeneration
Movement as a way of reviving their culture
HISTORICAL INJUSTICE
 In 1980, the Philippine National
Oil Company planned to build the
Geothermal Plant
 Manobo’s sacrificed but
benefits never came
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES, LAWS, AND INJUSTICES
RA 8371  Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA)
 Sen. Juan Flavier –principal author
 Approved on October 29, 1997
PD NO. 1109  Pres. Marcos declared archaeological areas in Cagayan,
DATED MARCH 28, 1977 Kalinga, Apayao
 There were 68 sites
BANAUE RICE  2, OOO years old
TERRACES
FIRE MUMMIES OF  2,000 BC -15TH century
KABAYAN
APO ANNO  12th century
 A stolen mummy
 Nebalikong, Baguias, Benguet
 Benguet Hunter
ELEPHANT HILL  Rizal, Kalinga
 Ancient fossils and artifacts like stone flakes
 Elephas –fossils of humans with elephant
FORBIDDEN MOUNTAIN  Cordilleras
 The term came from the Spaniards for not having been able to
colonized the mountainous part of Northern Luzon
 Indigenous people are Filipinos that Spain failed to colonized
HISTORICAL INJUSTICES  Moral wrong committed in the past which has wide-ranging
impact on the well-being of the victims at the present time
IMPACTS OF HISTORICAL INJUSTICES
LAND DISPOSSESSION  Regalian Doctrine
 Land must be traced to some grant from the Spanish
crown
 All lands that was conquered by Spain belongs to Spain
 Unconquered minority never submitted to this concept
 Laws during the American Period
 Torrens System of Land Registration
 PH Commission Act of No. 178 of 1903 –all
unregistered lands became part of public domain
 Mining Law of 1905 –acquisition of public lands by
 Americans for mining purposes
 Laws during the Philippine Republic
 Mining Act of 1995 –the gov’t have the right to take
ancestral lands and displace its people for mining
developments and investments
 PD 705 (Forestry Code) -18 degree slope
 National Integrated Protected Area System –an
ancestral area will be known to the public as a national
park and IP’s will not be able to have a right to take it back
and claim it as theirs
DIFFERENTIATION  This became the norm because the IP’s, after more than 300
years, did not acquire the ways of Spanish colonizers which
majority of the Filipinos did
 William Keen –his book I Believe in God and in Evolution
showed that Igorots have tails
 Carlos Romulo –his book Mother America: A Living Story of
Democracy stated that Igorots are not Filipinos
MARGINALIZATION  IP territories was seen by state as a source of raw materials
 Cordillerans received minimal benefits from mining and hydro-
electric dams
 Biased in Filipino majority
 IP culture should be mainstreamed into the culture of the
colonized majority
 IP anti-colonization struggles was rarely mentioned in Philippine
History books
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES
PHILIPPINE TODAY  2.5 million Muslims (Southern Island of Mindanao –Jolo, Sulu –
and Palawan)
 5 million Non-Muslims
 Most numerous are Igorots
 Minorities comprise about 12% of the national population and
represents 68 ethnolinguistic groups
SOCIAL MAJORITY  Most power in particular place
 Differential and unequal treatment, objects of collective
discrimination
SOCIAL MINORITY  Physical or cultural that a society has subordinate
 Lacks power
BENEVOLENT  US came not as invaders or conquerors but as friends to protect
ASSIMILATION the natives
 President McKinley issued this proclamation
 Announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899
 A euphemism to justify the US colonization of the Philippines
ASSIMILATION  Adopting the ways of another culture and fully becoming part of a
different society
INTEGRATION  Incorporating individuals from different groups into a society as
equals
REASONS FOR IPs STATUS AND DIFFERENT TREATMENT
 Distinction between majority and minority
 Differential treatment is derived from policies used by the US regime and extended by the
independent RP
  Christianization
 Cultural hispanization
 Permanent resettlement in towns and cities
 Military conquest
 Political submission of the IPs
DIVISION OF POPULATION (SPANISH COLONIZATION)
 Hispanized and Christianized lowlanders
 Muslims and Pagan mountain dwellers
BUREUA OF NON-  Groups were to be assimilated non-Christians and their lands
CHRISTIAN TRIBES were to be administered under a special reservation system
 Low grade civilization
REP. OF THE PHIL  Not assimilation but integration
INDEPENDENCE FROM  Law no.1888: Commission on National Integration
US IN 1946  Set up to implement and to render real, complete, and
permanent the integration of all National Cultural
Minorities into the body politic (Section 1 of the Act,
1957)
EDUCATIONAL ACT OF  English as official medium in public schools
1901: EDUCATIONAL
REFORM
2 FOCI OF THE COLONIAL PEDAGOGY IN THE CORDILLERA
 To make it easier for Americans to communicate
 To dove-tail the school courses to the needs perceived by the Americans
SPANISH TO AMERICAN INFLUENCE
TREATY OF PARIS  Ended hostilities between Spain and US
 December 10, 1898
DAHILAN NG PANANAKOP NG AMERICA
 Hilaw na materyales
 Merkado para sa sobrang produkto at capital
 Base military para malawak ang kanilang kapangyarihan sa Asia Pacific
NEW RP AFTER AMERICA
 Hispanized, Christianized, Americanized
 Minorities have to fight for survival
 Lands were the final frontier
HUKBALAHAP  Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon
 Resistance army: peasant farmers
 Luis Taruc –el supremo
OPEN REBELLION LED  Moro Liberation Front (MLF)
BY:  Cordillera People’s Liberation Army
NEW GOV’T AGENCIES  Presidential Arm on National Minorities (PANAMIN)
 Southern Philippines Development Authority (SPDA)
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTITUDE OF THE PHIL.STATE
 Dualist conception of the state
 Integration was abandoned in favor of autonomy
 Development in the terms used to designate the minorities