Practical Research 2 Q2 Module 1 2 1
Practical Research 2 Q2 Module 1 2 1
Lesson
Choosing Appropriate
1 Quantitative Research Design
Methodology are concise description of the research method and justification for
its choice. It presents sufficient description or field procedures followed in the collection
of data (when, where, and how data are to be obtained).
Quantitative research designs are divided into two: Descriptive Designs and
Experimental Designs.
Case Study is a type of detailed and in-depth research involving few respondents,
ranging from one to a small size of less than 10, over a considerable period of time.
Survey Research is used to gather relatively limited data from relatively large
number of cases. It seeks to gather information about the prevailing conditions or about
the variables under study.
Tracer Studies is used when one wants to follow up the development of certain
conditions or particular sets of people.
Trends and Projection is used for projects that are forward looking and it is also
called feasibility study.
Pre-experimental designs are divided into three: Design 1 - The One Spot Case
Study, Design 2 - The One Group Pretest Post Test Design, Design 3 - The Static Group
Comparison.
Where X = treatment
O = posttest
O1 X O2
Where O1 = pretest
X = treatment
O2 = posttest
Design No.3 The Static-Group Comparison
X O1
O2
Where X = treatment
O1 = experimental posttest
O2 = control posttest
Design No.4 The True Control Group or the Pretest Posttest Design
R O1 X O2
R O3 O4
O1 = experimental pretest
O3 = control pretest
O2 = experimental posttest
O4 = control posttest
R O1 X O2
R O3 O4
R X O5
R O6
Design No.6
R X O1
R O2
X = treatment
O1 = experimental posttest
O2 = control pretest
O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8
Group A XO XO XO XO
Group B XO XO XO XO
Group C XO XO XO XO
Group D XO XO XO XO
The foregoing design uses only posttests since the problem cannot make use of
pretests. It makes use of three classifications: groups, time, and treatments.
Activity 1
Direction: Write T if the sentence is True and F, if it is false.
____________2. Case Study is a research involving few respondents, ranging from one to
a small size of less than 10, over a considerable period of time.
____________3. In One Shot Case Study, there is no treatment or intervention, but it has
post-test.
____________5. Feasibility Study for the Opening of JCO Donut in Malolos is an example
of Trends and Projection design.
____________9. Counterbalanced Designs uses only posttests since the problem cannot
make use of pretests. It makes use of three classifications: groups, time, and treatments.
____________10. Assessment and Evaluation design is used when one wants to follow
up the development of certain conditions or particular sets of people.
____________12. In Solomon Four-Group Design, have four test and four random
assignment
______________14. Experimental research designs are divided into three: The Pre-
Experimental Designs, True-Experimental Designs, and Quasi-Experimental Designs.
______________15. Pre-experimental designs are divided into four: Design 1 - The One
Spot Case Study, Design 2 - The One Group Pretest Post Test Design, Design 3 - The
Static Group Comparison and The Solomon Four-Group Design.
Activity 2.
Direction: Based on the given sample situational, write the appropriate research design
and your justification in choosing that design.
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Sample Situation: A researcher wants to find out how a group of children are
behaving now, after they have undergone a special course on personality
development five years earlier.
Most Appropriate Research Design: ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Sample Situation: A researcher is interested to know why Barangay Pag-
asa has become a very prosperous community in a matter of 3 years. The
researcher would want to set benchmarks for community development using
this community. He plans to get immersed in the community for a year, study
the structure, the leaders, the families, etc. It may take the researcher one
year to take the study.
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Sample Situation: A researcher wants to find how science education developed
and evolved since the Educational Decree of 1863. The researcher intends
to analyze records and documents related to this subject matter from 1863
to the present, and come up with milestones or important developments from
that period.
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. Sample Situation: A researcher wants to do a study about the lives of "living
heroes". He wants to establish what would make for a living hero on the bases
of data that would be gathered from 10 identified "living heroes".
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. Sample Situation: A researcher intends to get a sample using a formula at which
he or she can identify his or her sample size from the total number of populations
with the usual 0.05 margin of error.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Justification:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.
3. What research design is used to gather relatively limited data from relatively large
number of cases? It seeks to gather information about the prevailing conditions or
about the variables under study.
a. Assessment and Evaluation Studies
b. Case Study
c. Tracer Studies
d. Survey research
1. What research design is used when one wants to follow up the development of certain
conditions or particular sets of people?
6. What research design refers to comparing the result in the differences in certain
characteristics according to variable considered?
a. Documentary Analysis
b. Trends and Projection
c. Comparative Studies
d. Experimental Research design
7. What research design used for projects that are forward looking and is also called
feasibility study?
a. Documentary Analysis
b. Trends and Projection
c. Comparative Studies
d. Experimental Research design
a. Documentary Analysis
b. Trends and Projection
c. Comparative Studies
d. Experimental Research design
9. What research designs are future-oriented type of research and it basically seeks to
answer the question: “what will be?”.
a. Documentary Analysis
b. Trends and Projection
c. Comparative Studies
d. Experimental Research design
Lesson
Describing Sampling Procedure
2 and Sample
The first step in determining the sample size is identifying the population of the
topic of interest. The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and
characteristics under consideration. It is understood that this population possesses
common characteristics about which the research aims to explore.
There are two types of population: target population and accessible population.
The actual population is the target population. Example of this are all Senior High
School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
in the Division of City of Malolos. While the accessible population is the portion of the
population in which the researcher has reasonable access, for example all Senior High
School enrolled, STEM strand at Marayon Science High School – X.
The representative subset of the population refers to the sample. All the 240
Senior High School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) Strand in a school, for example, constitute the population; 60 of
those students constitute the sample. A good sample should have characteristics of the
represented population – characteristics that are within the scope of the study with fair
accuracy.
Generally, the larger the sample, the more reliable the sample be, but still, it will
depend on the scope and delimitation and research design of the study.
The most commonly used way of computing the sample size is through the use
of Slovin’s formula.
N
_________
n=
1 + N (e2)
400
n = ______________
2)
1 + [400 (.05 ]
400
________________
n=
1+ [400 (.0025)]
______
400
n=
1 +1
400
____
n=
2
A. Simple random
It is a way of choosing individuals in which all members of the accessible
population are given an equal chance to be selected. There are various ways of obtaining
samples through simple random sampling. These are fishbowl technique, roulette
wheel, or use of the table of random numbers. This technique is also readily available
online.
In other words, this is the where the researcher can assign a number to each
member of the population and select the sample through a table of random numbers.
B. Stratified
The same with simple random sampling, stratified random sampling also gives
an equal chance to all members of the population to be chosen. However, the population
is first divided into strata or groups before selecting the samples. The samples are
chosen from these subgroups and not directly from the entire population. This
procedure is best used when the variables of the study are also grouped into classes
such as gender and grade level.
Thus, the researcher divides the population into subgroups or strata. A simple
random sample is taken from each of these subgroups.
C. Cluster
This refers to sampling when groups rather than people are selected randomly
from cluster. This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies, geographical
spread out of the population is a challenge, and gathering information will be very time-
consuming. Similar to stratified random sampling, cluster sampling also involves
grouping of the population according to subgroups or clusters. It is a method where
multiple clusters of people from the chosen population will be created by the researcher
in order to have homogenous characteristics.
D. Systematic
Samples in this type can be obtained through listing of population. This
procedure is as simple as selecting samples every nth (example every 2nd, 5th) of the
chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of sample size. Therefore, the
selection is based on a predetermined interval. Dividing the population size by the
sample size, the interval will be obtained. For example, from a total population of 75,
you have 25 samples; using systematic sampling, you will decide to select every 3rd
person on the list of individuals.
Activity 1
Direction: Match Column A to Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper. Answers can be repeated.
A B
1. Assuming that you are going to conduct a survey in a particular province and you are
going to compute the sample size from a population of 10 million using stratified
sampling, compute the sample size using the Slovin’s formula with 5% level of
significance and allocate it per barangay under the following considerations:
a. Only persons aged 10 years old and up are included in the survey and this
represents 80% of the population of the province
b. Only males are included in the survey and male represents 70% of the
populations
d. The population of towns A, B, and C are 25% 30% and 45% of the total
population of the province respectively
2. The Philippine Molecular Laboratory and Research Center was able to produce a
potent vaccine known as “VIDA” for COVID 19 infection. Unfortunately, only 4,590
ampule of vaccines were produce for clinical trials for adult. The government selected
adult individuals in the National Capital Region with a breakdown: Manila having 1,300
adult, Caloocan having 350 cases, Manila 5,450, Navotas, 890, Valenzuela 1,005,
Quezon City 953, San Juan 435, Makati 659, Marikina 345, Paranaque 213,
Muntinlupa 197 and Pasay 554. How will you draw the sample distribution of vaccine?
3. Determine the number of samples needed in a quantitative research with a population
of 3,545 with a sampling error of 0.05.
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Mrs. Trahan samples her class by using fishbowl technique in selecting 5 girls and 7
boys. This type of sampling is called______________.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
2. Mrs. Santos samples her class by selecting every third person on her class list. Which
type of sampling method is this?
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
3. Mr. Marcelo samples his class by selecting all students sitting at group 1 and group
5 in his classroom. This sampling technique is called?
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
4. Teacher Reyes samples her class by picking 10 numbers from her hat and each
number is assigned to a students. This is _________________ random sampling.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
5. Farmer Joe separates his apple tree farm into 10 regions. He counts the number of
apples produced in just one of the regions and uses that estimate to predict the
number of apples produced on the whole farm. This is _______ sampling.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
6. Farmer Joe's apple tree farm is set up in 100 rows. He counts the number of apples
produced on every 10th row to estimate the number apples produced on the whole
farm. This is _____________ sampling.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
7. Farmer Joe randomly picks 100 trees using a random number generator to estimate
the number of apples produced by his apple trees. This is ______________ sampling.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
8. Farmer Joe separates his farm into 10 regions. He then randomly selected 5 trees
from each region to estimate the number of apples produced on his apple tree
farm. This is _____________ sampling.
A. Stratified
B. Systematic
C. Simple
D. Cluster
9.In order to use samples to estimate something from the population, the sample
should be _________________ the population.
A. Exactly the same as
B. Nothing like
C. Representative of
D. Larger than
10. When one examines the entire population instead of a subgroup of the population,
this is called a______________.
A. Universal sampling
B. Census
C. Bias
D. Population