DISSERTATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE

REGARDING ROAD TRAFFIC RULES AMONG MIDDLE
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELECTED SCHOOL AT
KUMBAKONAM IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT

M.SC (NURSING) DEGREE EXAMINATION

BRANCH – IV COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
SACRED HEART COLLEGE OF NURSING,
KUMBAKONAM, THANJAVUR DISTRICT

University Seal:

Reg. No. 301628051

THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,
CHENNAI – 600 032
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
2016-2018
 A Study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on level
of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children in
selected school at Kumbakonam in Thanjavur District

Examination : M.Sc (Nursing) Degree Examination

Examination month and Year : October 2018

Branch & Course : IV-Community Health Nursing

Register No: 301628051

Institution : Sacred Heart College of Nursing, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur.

Sd: Sd:

Internal Examiner External examiner

Date: Date:

THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

Chennai - 32
 A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
ROAD TRAFFIC RULES AMONG MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN
SELECTED SCHOOL AT KUMBAKONAM IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT

Approved by the dissertation committee on

RESEARCH GUIDE

Prof. Mrs.Vasantha, M.Sc., (N),

Principal,

Sacred Hearth College of Nursing,

Kumbakonam

CLINICAL SPECIALTY GUIDE

Mrs.Kayalvizhi

Assistant Professor,

Sacred Heart College of Nursing,

Kumbakonam

MEDICAL EXPERT

Dr.Ambrose, MBBS., DCH.,

St.Martin’s Children Hospital,

Kumbakonam.

STATISTICAL GUIDE ______________

Mr.V.Dinesh, M.Sc., (Statistics).,

Data scientist, Innovative 4 sight health

and Biomedical System, Bengaluru.

A dissertation submitted to
THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600 032
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A study to assess the

effectiveness of structured teaching programme on level of knowledge
regarding osteoporosis among pre-menopausal women in thirucherai
village at kumbakonam in thanjavur district.” is a bonafide work
done by Mrs.N.KAVERI MURUGADAS, II year MSc (N), Sacred Heart
College of Nursing, Submitted to THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Nursing,
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, under our guidance and supervision
during the academic period from 2018-2020.

Prof.Mrs.S.Vasantha, M.Sc., (N)

Principal,
Sacred Heart College of Nursing,
Kumbakonam.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the present dissertation titled “A Study to assess the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding

road traffic rules among middle school children in selected school at Kumbakonam in

Thanjavur district”. The outcome of the original research undertaken and carried out by

me under the guidance of research guide Professor, Mrs.Vasantha, M.Sc., (N)., Principal,

Sacred Heart College of Nursing, Kumbakonam.

I hereby declare that the material of this has not formed in anyway the basis for the

award of any degree or diploma in this university or any universities.

301628051
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Unselfish and noble actions are the most radiant pages in the biography of
souls”

- David Thomas

Acquire the grateful habit, learn to see how blessed you are. Nothing concrete can

be achieved without an optimal inspiration during the course of work. There are several

hands and hearts behind this work to bring it to this final shape for which I would like to

express my gratitude. Great and mighty is our lord, to whom all thanks and praise for all

wisdom, knowledge, guidance and strength throughout this work.

I own my success to almightily god who blessed me with the necessary will power,

strength, courage and health throughout the endeavor.

The encouragement is a booster of the human life. Without this no one can achieve

easily. I thank everyone who encouraged me to achieve and complete this task effectively.

I wish to express my gratitude to our Director Rev. Fr, A.Stanislas M.A, Associate

Director Arockiadoss and Assistant Director Maria Susai Multi Social Work sacred

heart institution whose dynamic personality and charisma was an inspiration to many of us

throughout our course in this esteemed institution.

I own my profound gratitude and sincere thanks to our most respected principal

Prof. Mrs. S. Vasantha., R.N., R.M., M.Sc (N), who offered constant support,

supervision, patience encouragement and guidance throughout my research work.

I would like to take this opportunity convey to my sincere thanks and heartfelt

gratitude to Mrs. Kayalvizhi., R.N., R.M., M.Sc (N), Head of the Department of

Community Health Nursing who has guided to me as a good mentor and her immense

support was instrumental in completion of my study.

 I like to express heartful gratitude to the Vice Principal Mrs. R. Ranjani Prema.,

R.N., R.M., M.Sc (N), Head of the Department of Gynecological Nursing for her immense

support from the initial period of my study.

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Mrs. Selva Maheswari

R.N.,R.M.,M.Sc (N), Associate Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Sacred

Heart College Of Nursing for her constant support and guidance throughout my study.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs.Akila R.N.,R.M.,M.Sc (N),Associate Professor,

Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Sacred Heart College of Nursing, who has guided and

motivated me a lot to update my study.

It gives me great pleasure to thank Prof. Mrs.A.Arul Selvi, R.N., R.M., M.Sc (N),

Ph.D Principal of Mannai Narayanasamy College of Nursing, Thanjavur for her help in

evaluating the tool for my study.

It gives me great pleasure to thank Mrs.N.Gowri, R.N., R.M., M.Sc (N)., Associate

Professor in Department of Community Health Nursing, Our Lady Of Health College of

Nursing, Thanjavur for her help in evaluating the tool for my study.

I take this opportunity to thank Mr. V. Dinesh., M.Sc (Statistics), Ph.D., Data

Scientist , Innovative 4 sight health and Bio Medical systems, Bangalore for his assistance

in statistical analysis and presentation of data.

I would like to thank the entire M.Sc (N) faculty members of Sacred Heart

College of Nursing, Kumbakonam for their suggestions and guidance.

I take this opportunity to thank all my Seniors, Colleagues, Teaching and Non-

teaching staff members, Librarians and Office staff members of Sacred Heart College of

Nursing, Kumbakonam for their co-operation and help rendered.

I am extremely thankful to G. Surya, M.B.A., Prime Tech Computer at

Kumbakonam for their immense patience and skills in completing the dissertation.
 I would convey my thanks to the study participants for their co-operation and
participation, without whom this study would have been impossible.

I offer special thanks from the depth of my heart to my brothers Mr. S. Navaneetha

Krishnan, Mr. K.Bala and my cousin Mr.K.Hari Vignesh for their encouragement

towards the successful completion of my study.

Above all, I also deeply indicated to thank my caring parents, my affectionate

sisters, my lovable husband Mr.S.Mutharasan. B.E, and my cute daughters who gave me

economic and social support & co-operation throughout my study. Without them my dream

would never have come true.

(J. Swarna Priya)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Content Page No

INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Need for the study 5
1.2 Statement of the problem 9
1.3 Objectives of the study 9
I
1.4 Hypothesis 9
1.5 Operational definition 9
1.6 Assumption 10
1.7 Delimitations of the study 10

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Review of related studies 11
2.2 Conceptual frame work 24

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research approach 29
3.2 Research design 29
3.3 Variables 30
3.4 Setting of the study 30
3.5 Study Population 30
3.6 Sample 31
3.7 Sample Size 31
3.8 Sampling Technique 31
3.9 Criteria for selection of samples 31
3.10 Description and Developing the tool 31
3.11 Ethical Consideration 33
3.12 Content Validity 33
3.13 Pilot Study 33
3.14 Reliability of the tool 34
3.15 Data collection procedure 34
3.16 Data analysis procedure 34
3.17 Projected outcome 35
IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 37
V DISCUSSION 62
SUMMARY CONCLUSION
6.1 Summary of the study 67
6.2 Major findings of the study 69
VI
6.3 Nursing Implication 70
6.4 Recommendation 71
6.5 Conclusion 72
VII REFERENCE

VIII APPENDICES
 LIST OF TABLES

Figure No Title Page no

1 Frequency and percentage of demographic variables 38

Frequency and Percentage distribution of knowledge of middle
2 school children on road traffic rules before administration of 48
video assisted teaching programme
Frequency and Percentage distribution of knowledge of middle
3 school children on road traffic rules after administration of 49
video assisted teaching programme.

4 Paired t-test between pre and post test 50

Association between selected demographic variables with pre-

5 52
test level of knowledge.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page No

Conceptual framework based on Imogene King goal
1 27
attainment theory
2 Schematic Representation of the research design 36
3 Percentage distribution of age of the respondents 40
4 Percentage distribution of gender of respondents 41
Percentage distribution of education level of the
5 42
respondents
6 Percentage distribution of religion of the respondents 43
7 Percentage distribution of area of living of the respondents 44
Percentage distribution of type of family of the
8 45
respondents
Percentage distribution of know to drive bicycle of the
9 46
respondents
Percentage distribution of mode of transport to school of
10 47
the respondents
Percentage distribution of pre assessment and post
11 51
assessment test of satisfaction level
12 Percentage distribution of Age among satisfactory level 54
13 Percentage distribution of Gender among satisfactory level 55
Percentage distribution of Education level among
14 56
satisfactory level
Percentage distribution of Religion among satisfactory
15 57
level
Percentage distribution of Area of living among
16 58
satisfactory level
Percentage distribution of Type of family among
17 59
satisfactory level
Percentage distribution of Know to drive bicycle among
18 60
satisfactory level
Percentage distribution of Mode of transport to school
19 61
among satisfactory level
 LIST OF ANNEXURE

Annexure No Title

A Letter seeking permission to conduct a research study

B Ethical Committee Letter

C Letter seeking expert opinion on content

D Content Validity Certificate

E Demographic Variable in English

F Tool for data collection in English

G Demographic Variable in Tamil

H Tool for data collection in Tamil

I Plagiarism Form

J Lesson Plan in English

K Lesson Plan in Tamil

L Snapshot

M List of Experts

N CD ROM
 ABSTRACT

“A Study to assess the Effectiveness of video assisted teaching

programme on the level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules
among middle school children in selected school at Kumbakonam in
Thanjavur District”.

The study was conducted in Karthi Vidhyala Matriculation Higher

Secondary School at Kumbakonam. The pre-experimental design was
used for this study. Permission was obtained from the Head Master and
data collection was done over a period of 4weeks.The investigator had
selected 60 samples by non-probability convenient sampling technique.
Oral consent was obtained.

Selected middle school children were assessed for demographic

variables like age, sex, education, religion, area of living, type of family,
know to drive bicycle and mode of transport and semi structured

knowledge questionnaires. On 1st day, pretest was done among middle

school children. After the pretest, the video assisted teaching programme
was given to the middle school children. After video assisted teaching
programme, the posttest was done after 7 days. Posttest data was
collected for the data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were
used to analyse the findings of the study.
 There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between pretest and
posttest level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle
school children. The mean pretest score was 60.4(±8.75) whereas the
posttest score was 86.2(10.01) respectively. There was a significant
association between the pretest and selected demographic variables like
age, sex, education, area of living, type of family, know to drive bicycle
and mode of transport to school. There was no significant association
between the pretest and selected demographic variables such as religion.

The finding of the study shows that the video assisted teaching
programme had an effectiveness on the level of knowledge regarding
road traffic rules among middle school children.
CHAPTER - I
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

“All day and night, they drive along

With headlights off and on.

Traffic rules are there to obey

And go on, go on every day.

I care for the safety of young and

old So follow the rules as told”

- Cicmani

Road traffic accidents rate is higher in younger age groups. Children and young
people under the age of 25years account for over 30% of those killed and injured in road
accidents. Nearly half (45%) of those dying on roads are vulnerable road users like
pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists. Maximum number of accidents occurred between
6pm and 9pm time period. Maximum numbers of road traffic accidents were reported in the
month of May followed by January.

Accident is an unintended injury, death or property damage occurring in a sequence

of events. Accidents do not just happen; they are caused thoughtlessness through
carelessness, negligence and a momentary lack of concentration. [Neelam kumari 2009]

Road Traffic Accident may be defined as “An event that occurs on a way or street
open to public traffic resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed, where atleast
one moving vehicle is involved. (Journal of Nursing and Health Science 2016)

The child is the most precious possession of mankind, most loved and perfect in its
innocence. Children are to be cared and protected from environmental hazards.
[International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,Engineering and Technology
- 2015]

1
 Unintended injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among young people.
The magnitude of road accidents and fatalities in India is alarming. Every hour about 56
accidents and 14 deaths (one accident every minute and one death in every 4 minutes)
occur due to road accidents (WHO, 2011). It is in this background the UN general
assembly declared 2011 to 2020 as the “Decade of Action for Road Safety” which seeks to
halt increasing trends in road traffic deaths and injuries worldwide. “Road safety week” is
observed all over the world in the month of January every year in order to spread road
safety awareness in the community, school and work place and on the roads in general. The
starting point for any intervention aims to bring about a greater sense of responsibility and
safe among the precious young generation. Introducing school based road safety education
can instill safe attitudes of younger people early which will protect them later in their life.
[SSRG International journal of medical science-2016]

In 2016 from an analysis of Road Traffic Injuries in India indicates, Tamil Nadu
(71,431 cases) followed by Madhya Pradesh (53,972 cases), Karnataka (44,403 cases),
Maharashtra (39,878 cases) and Kerala (39,420 cases) have reported the maximum number
of road accidents accounting for 14.8%, 11.2%, 9.3%, 8.2% and 8% respectively of such
accidents in the country.

According to The Global status report on road safety 2015, published by WHO
and reflecting information from 180 countries, indicates that worldwide the total number of
road traffic deaths has plateaued at 1.25 million per year, with the highest road traffic
fatality rates in low –income countries. In India, the motor vehicle population is growing at
a faster rate than the economic and population growth. Road accidents have made India an
apprehensive distinction. With over 13,000 deaths annually, the country has overtaken
China and now has the worst road traffic accident rate worldwide.

In 2014 the recent World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention visibly
highlights the growing enormity of the problem of injuries across the world and the urgent
need for well-designed and evaluated programmes in prevention, management and
rehabilitation. [Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies -2014]

2
 Over a million of people died from road traffic injuries in globally. Road safety was
treated as a transportation issue which is becoming a major health concern worldwide
everyday as many as 1,40,000 people are injured on the world’s roads. More than 3000 die
and 15,000 are disabled for life. World Health Organisation(WHO) and World Bank jointly
had issued the report on road traffic injury prevention on World Health Day 2004 .Among
its findings 3000 people died each day and 75,000 were injured on account of poor road
safety. The world report on road traffic accidents ,accidents form the third leading cause of
global death and disability by the year 2020 ahead of malaria, tuberculosis, Acquired
immune deficiency syndrome.(Indian Journal of Surgical Nursing-2013)

Life is a precious gift by God and it should be handled with care.Nursing profession
is one of the main professions responsible to care the life of people by providing
preventive,curative,primitive,restorative and rehabilitative care.Road traffic safety means to
s drive safely on road to ensure that there is no harm or the driver of vehicle do not cause
any harm to any other vehicle moving near by it.In other words,road safety means to reduce
accident causes on road for proper driving.

Guidelines for Parents of School Children:

 Parents are responsible for the safety of their children during school journeys.
 They must conform that the mode of transport arranged by school or by themselves
is totally safe.
 Parents must play the role of vigilant observer. They should note down violations
committed by school buses and should immediately report to the authorities.
 Parents must participate in Parents & Teachers meetings and discuss the safety
aspects of their children.
 While taking their children to school themselves, they should take proper care of
their safety on road.

Paedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable road users, and comprise over half
of all road deaths. Interventions aimed at improving safety of non-motorized users:

 Side walk of appropriate width for the expected paedestrian traffic.

 Paedestrian crossing close to the desire line which allow paedestrians to cross roads
safety.
 Traffic calming and speed hump.

3
  Low speed limits that are vigorously enforced, possibly by speed cameras.
 Shared space systems provides ownership for the road space and equal priority to all
road users, regardless of mode of use.

Precautions for School Children:

 Always walk on the footpath only. On roads without footpath, walk on the extreme
left hand side of the roads.
 Do not be impatient on the road. Do not rush or run on the road.
 Always use Zebra crossings, road traffic signals, subways, foot over-bridges for
crossing. If such facilities do not exist, look for a safe place to cross.
 At the traffic signal lights, should cross only on a clear green signal. If an
intersection is controlled by a policeman, cross only when he signals you to do so.
 When crossing between vehicles parked on the side of the road, remember that we
are not visible to the moving traffic (because the parked vehicles may be taller than
us). Stop as we appear from behind the vehicle and look for a safe gap before
crossing. Remember, drivers need plenty of time to see us and slow down and stop.

Road accidents is a dangerous and inhumanity events occurs against the human
beings in the world. Within India, Taminadu has recorded on of the fastest increases in the
number of vehicles on the roads and the maximum number of fatalities in the country.
About 150 accidents take place per day of average, claiming around two lives every hour.
Tamilnadu government have been taken many measures to control and prevention of
accidents in the state but yet not to be reduced still due to many reasons. The proper
implementation of existing road safety policy helps to protect the invaluable human
resources in the state and utilize it for the development of economy of Tamilnadu. (Asian
Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities – 2015).

Road safety education is a collective effort of the government and people. The
school children should be taught about the rules of the road, correct manner of crossing by
introducing necessary instruction with the help of electronic media exhibiting the serious
results due to carelessness of road users. The various measures taken by the Tamilnadu
state during the last year has made positive effects on reducing the accidents and fatalities.

4
 NEED FOR THE STUDY

“Children are the wealth of tomorrow.

Take care of them, if you wishes to have a strong

India, Every day to meet various challenges”

- Jawaharlal Nehru

Children are the inheritance of God. They are like clay in potter’s hand. Handled
with love and care, they become something beautiful (or) else they break (or) discarded.
School children are active youngsters who receive decreasing amount of supervision from
parents and other adults. They are more prone to get accidents. Bicycle crashes are seen in
children below the age group of 12. It is also seen that children between 12-15 years who
experience road traffic accidents have to seek medical assistance for fractures, sprains,
open wounds, etc. During school years, co-ordination improves and a sense of balance and
rhythm develops which allows children ride two-wheeled bicycle without knowing traffic
rules and regulations. Thus they expose themselves to such hazards. They continue to learn
the values and competencies that they will bring into the adult world. So they have to be
taught, trained and sensitized to traffic rules and accidents. [International Journal of
Nursing Education and Research- 2014]

Road traffic accidents are 9th leading cause of deaths and are estimated to become
5th leading cause of death by 2020. According to WHO Road traffic accidents stands as 6th
rank of leading causes of death in children and adolescent. Tamil Nadu account for 14.5%
of total road accident causes in the country. Every day one person dies every 6 minutes on
Indian roads; by 2020 the rate is expected to be more than one every 3 minutes. [SSRG-
International Journal of Medical Science - Aug-2016].

According to WHO (2013), India has the highest number of road accidental deaths
in the world. Among the Indian states, Maharashtra tops the list followed by Tamil Nadu,
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

5
 Children who are saved from nutritional and infectious diseases are killed and
maimed by injuries in hundreds of thousands tomorrow. While planning traffic safety
initiatives, policy makers and leaders need to recognize children’s susceptibilities as well as
their inexperience, developmental needs and excitement for life. Road crashes are not
“accidents” we need to challenge the notion that traffic crashes are unavoidable and make
room for a proactive, preventive approach to reducing death on our roads. Doing is a better
route to better traffic safety. [Journal of Asia Pacific Studies -2013]

THE INDIAN EXPRESS reported in Chennai (2016), a total of 17,218 persons

died in 73,431 road accidents in the state. In the year 2017 (upto march) 16,756 road
accidents happened in which 4,148 persons died. The major reasons for the large number of
accidents and consequent deaths are non-following of the traffic rules while using the
roads. The Police department has been requested that, all road handlers in the state should
follow traffic rules “to help the Government to lessen the number of road accidents and
consequent deaths.”

Road traffic injuries have increased exponentially in past ten years. By2030, they
are predicted to rise from the 9th position to 7th position on the chart of leading causes of
death.As per National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NTPRC),India ,the
number of road accidents in India is thrice as that of developed countries. The number of
accidents are as high as 35 per 1000 vehicles in India as compared to 4 to 10 in developed
countries. [International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health - 2018]

There was a 20% increase in the number of road accidents in the state during last
year compared to 2015. As per the data presented by DGP Loknath Behera during the state
level inauguration of National road safety week here on Monday, the state had witnessed
49,329 accidents in 2016 compared to 39,014 accidents in 2015. However, the numbers of
deaths have come down last year. When 4,196 people lost their lives in road accidents in
2015, the number of deaths in 2016 was 4,149. “There is a need for a project to bring down
these figures. The cooperation of people is needed for more effective enforcement of traffic
rules,” said Loknath Behera. The 28th edition of national road safety week was inaugurated
by tourism minister Kadakampally Surendran, who spoke about the need for more stringent
measures to curb violations of traffic rules. “Rash driving and drunken driving are the
factors that lead to most of the accidents. There is need for creating better awareness
among the students on traffic rules,” said Surendran. [Times of India-2017]

6
 In 2017, WHO released Save LIVES a technical road safety package that can
considerably reduce road traffic mortalities and injuries. Save LIVES: it focuses on Speed
management, Leadership, Infrastructure design and development, Vehicle safety standards,
Enforcement of traffic rules and post-crash survival.

Dr.Krishnan et al., (2017) Rapid growth of population coupled with increased

economic activities has favoured in tremendous growth of motor vehicles. This is one of
the primary factors responsible for road accidents. Road traffic accidents remain a human
calamity. They include high human grief and socioeconomic costs in terms of premature
deaths, injuries, loss of productivity and so on. Consequently, road safety has become an
issue of National concern. Every year 1 million persons are killed and 50 million persons
are injured due to road traffic accidents around the world. In India, more than 70,000
people get killed due to road accidents every year, and this needs to be documented as an
important public health issue. To avoid premature deaths and human suffering, various
steps were taken by the Tamilnadu Government. These includes strict law enforcement,
suspension of driving who violates the traffic rules such as overload of goods, over speed,
drunken driving, using mobile phones, etc. involving vehicle manufacturers and dealers in
road safety measures, regulating the working hours of Tourist Taxi, Maxi Cab drivers, etc.

Thanjavur District is in the east coast of Tamilnadu. The area of the district is
3396.57 sq.km. It consists of three divisions Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Pattukottai and nine
Taluks of Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Papanasam, Pattukottai, Peravurani, Orathanadu,
Thiruvidaimarudur, Thiruvaiyaru and Budalur. It is called “The Rice Bowl of Tamilnadu.”
In 2011, population of the district is 24,05,000 numbers. The district literacy rate is
82.72%. The Tamilnadu state government in an analysis said that, in Tanjore, the numebr
of deaths due to road accidents has come down from 483 (2016) and 455(2017). The
analysis illustrates on awareness about wearing helmets and stringent actions against the
rule defaulter were made positive result in reducing the road accidents and fatalities during
2017 in Tamilnadu.

7
 Death of any school child in road traffic accident while driving a vehicle is a serious
issue. But this is certainly preventable. Basically four stakeholders are involved- Parents,
Students, teachers and traffic police. Parents should not let their children drive at an early
age. Students should refrain themselves from traffic rule violations. School teachers should
induce traffic safety among students and enforce traffic rules within school premises. Law
enforcement agencies like traffic police, license issuing authorities must also be stringent.
Young traffic violators and their guardians should be appropriately punished. They should
also ensure that the community is aware of road safety signs which will help in reducing
existing high accident rate, prevalent in developing countries as India. [Indian journal of
community medicine-2006]

Safety education must begin with school children. Young people need to be
educated regarding risk factors, traffic rules and safety precautions. It has been aptly said
that “If accidents is disease, education is its vaccine”. [K.Park-2015]

The investigator on watching the school children after their school timings, walking
as they like and getting shouting by vehicle drivers, passes-by, vendors and housewives, the
investigator felt there is a need to educate the children regarding road traffic rules through
video assisted teaching programme which will help them to prevent such accidents and
avoid behaviours that lead to accidents by educating them to follow traffic rules and
regulations like wearing helmets, avoiding cell phones while driving, paedestrian signs, bus
safety, traffic light meanings, etc. As Prevention is better than cure, the investigator feel
that there is a need for this study.

8
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on level

of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children in selected school
at Kumbakonam in Thanjavur district”.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the level of knowledge of middle school children regarding road traffic
rules before administration of video assisted teaching programme.
2. To assess the level of knowledge of middle school children regarding road traffic
rules after administration of video assisted teaching programme.
3. To assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on the level of
knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children.
4. To associate the pretest level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among
middle school children with their demographic variables.

HYPOTHESIS

There will be a significant difference between pre-test and post-test level of

knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children .

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Assess:

It refers to an organised systematic data collection process from road traffic rules.

Effectiveness:

It refers to a significant increase in the level of knowledge regarding road traffic

rules among middle school children after administration of video assisted teaching
programme.

Video assisted teaching programme:

It is an educational programme using prepared video to educate middle school

children regarding road traffic rules.

9
Knowledge:

It refers to the right response given by middle school children on road traffic rules.

Road traffic rules:

It refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or
seriously injured.

Middle school children:

It refers to children who are studying in 6th to 8th standards.

School:

It refers to an institution for educating children.

ASSUMPTION

 The middle school children have some knowledge regarding road traffic rules.
 Video teaching will increase the knowledge of middle school children regarding
road traffic rules among middle school children.
 School children participate willingly.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is delimited to

 Middle school children who are in the age group of 11 to 14 years.

 Data collection period is delimited to 4 weeks.
 The study is delimited to middle school children who are studying in Karthi
Vidhyala Matriculation Higher Secondary school only.
 Middle school children who are willing to participate.
 Middle school children who know to read and write Tamil and English.

10
CHAPTER - II
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

“Literature is not a subject of study,

But an Object of study”

- Northrop Frye

The literature review entails the systematic documentation, setting, scrutiny and
summary of written materials that contain information on a research approach.

The purpose of review of literature is to obtain comprehension knowledge base and

in depth in information about related research topic for laying strong foundation for the
study. [Polit 1998].

The literature reviewed related to the present study is organised and presented under
the following headings.

 Review of literature related to accidents among middle school children.

 Review of literature related to knowledge on road traffic rules.
 Review of literature related to prevention of road traffic accidents.
 Review of literature related to video assisted teaching programme.

11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO ACCIDENTS

AMONG MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN:

Aggarwal A.D.et al (2015) conducted a study on fatal road traffic accidents among
young children. Young children are extremely susceptible to such injuries which are vastly
preventable.59 cases of fatal road traffic accidents in children aged under 16 years,
autopsied throughout 1 year period were studied. Males accounted for 83.1% cases with
male-female ratio of 4:9.The maximum common age group involved was 13-16 years .The
maximum number of victims invoved in road traffic accidents were pedestrains (61%) and
cyclists (13.6%).More than half of the cases occurred in winter time and majority occurred
at 12-4 PM. The head injury alone was serious in 72.9% cases and none of them had
received any treatment at the site of accident.72.9% of victims died within 6 hrs. of
accident. The study highlights the pattern of fatalities due to road accidents in children and
recommends appropriate preventive measures to lessen burden of childhood mortality due
to road accidents.

Dalbir Singh et al.,(2015) conducted retrospective study on epidemiology of road

traffic accident deaths in children in Chandigarh zone of North west India. It includes
(1974- 2013) children (≤ 18 years) became victims of RTA. Out of 709 RTA deaths in
children, about 16% were reported in the block year of 1974-78 and this proportion
decreased to 9.4% during the block year of 1984-88 and has remained constant since then.
A higher number of deaths were observed in rural population (60%).The study concluded
that the RTA remains an important cause of unnatural deaths in children. The static
proportion of these deaths over the past three decades signifies that the road safety policies
have been ineffective in preventing causalities and need further improvements.

Jaung M.S et al.,(2013) conducted a study to assess the road traffic injuries among
middle school students in china. Data were collected from 1551 students. There were 56
road injuries reported (3.6%) over the 3 month period. The greater percentage of those
injuries involved a motorcycle (80%).Nearly 2/5th of injuries resulted in a period of activity
restriction lasting one day or more (39%).The multi variable logistic regression analysis
indicated that there were statistically significant association between the assignment of
extra homework by parents odd ratio (OR)=3.78;95%(CI=1.49-9.60,p-value <0.01)and the
treatment for poor academic performance OR=2.18,95%(CI=0.78-5.28,p-value =0.06)the
study concluded that school relate stress and sleep disturbance were identified as possible
risk for injuries.
12
 Chandrashekar B.R et al., (2012) conducted a study to analyse maxillofacial
injuries in patients admitted and treated at two hospital of Mysore city. A pre design
questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data from the two hospitals. The data was
then computerized and statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social
science (SPSS) windows version 10.The result revealed that men sustain more injuries
compared to women .The injuries were mostly sustained in the age group of 11-40 years,
constituting 78% of all the injuries. Influence of alcohol at time of injury was found about
58% of all patient with maxofacial injuries. The study concluded that traffic accidents are
considered an epidemic of modern times and then prevention is its vaccine.

Kanchan et al., (2012)conducted a study to assess the mortalities among children

and adolescents in Manipal, South India. The study was based on the autopsy record and
information furnished by the police and chemical analysis report. The study focused
children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years autopsied between January 1994 and
December 2005.Road traffic injuries were responsible for maximum mortalities
(38.4%).Males comprised (59.6%)of cases. Male to female ratio was 1:5:1.Male
predominantly died in traffic injuries (45.2%)whereas females as (37.4%).There was more
than two fold increase in injury related mortalities from childhood to
adolescence(1:2:3).The study suggests that more injury reducing measures are required for
effective reduction in traumatic deaths.

Dong X et al .,(2011) conducted a study to assess the effect of road safety

knowledge and risk behaviors on road traffic injuries. A study was carried out among 3,747
children from
6 primary schools and six middle schools in Guangzhou, stratified cluster sampling
technique,14 item road safety knowledge index method and 25 item road safety behaviour
index methods was used for collecting the data, study finding showed that, high proportion
of injuries was found more in boys (46% of all injuries).Motor vehicle related injuries had
highest hospitalization and worse psychological impact than bicycle (or) pedestrian
injuries. The study conveyed that, better road safety knowledge and the avoidance of
walking or cycling related risk behaviours are protective factor for road traffic injuries.
13
REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE ON ROAD
TRAFFIC RULES:

Harish V.K.Ratna et al.,(2017) conducted cross sectional study on level of

awareness and behaviour patterns regarding road safety measures among undergraduate
students in Sri Siddhartha Dental College, Tumkur. In total, 200 dental students, studying
from 1st to final year BDS of age 17-27 years were studied. The study period were from
October 2016 to November 2016.The mean age being 21.67% and standard deviation of
3.170.The study concluded that the awareness regarding road safety measures among the
study participants was satisfactory.

Manjula R et al., (2017) conducted a cross sectional study on knowledge and

practice of road safety among medical students in S.N.Medical College, Karnataka. The
study was conducted from March-June 2016.Data collected from 90 undergraduate medical
students using semi-structured questionnaire. Good knowledge was seen among 74(82.2%)
of the participants. Majority had good attitude 80(88.9%) about RTA. But the good practice
has seen only among 53(58.9%) and 37(41.1%) have poor practice among participants.
Gender is statistically significant with knowledge (pvalue-0.015).The knowledge didn’t
translate into practice. Hence laws should be made stringent.

Sudeep Kumar Shetty et al .,(2017) conducted a cross sectional study on

awareness and abeyance of road traffic rules among motorists in Mangaluru suburbs ,India.
The study was conducted among 180 motorists during August 2015,who were selected
conveniently and structured questionnaire for interview schedule. The data were analysed
for mean, median, frequencies, percentages, standard deviation and appropriate statistical
tests were applied by using SPSS version 16.More than two-thirds (67.2%)of the
respondents had adequate awareness on road traffic rules and more than three fourth of the
respondents (86.1%)had bad obeyance of road traffic rules. There was relationship between
awareness and practice which was statistically significant (p=0.041)and there was statistical
significant difference (p<0.05)in obeyance according to marital status, profession and type
of vehicle used. The study concluded that though the respondents were aware about road
traffic rules to a certain extent but they were not obeying the road traffic rules wholly. This
can be addressed through the strict enforcement of road traffic rules and behavioural
change communications.
14
 Suresh K.Sharma et al (2017) conducted a descriptive cross sectional study to
determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare profession students in
Uttarakhand regarding road traffic safety regulations. A study was carried out among 150
students of medical (100) and Nursing Science (50) at All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Stratified random sampling technique was used and data
was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. This study reveals that (18.7%) of
students has high level of knowledge and majority (81.3%) of them had moderate to low
level of knowledge regarding road traffic safety regulation. However they require
sanitizations program to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of road traffic safety
regulations to reduce the chances of road traffic accidents.

Dr.A.Chitra et al.,(2016)conducted a cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude

and practice towards road safety rules and regulations among higher secondary school
students in Chennai from October to December 2014.The sample size was 360 and were
selected by two– stage stratified sampling method. A pre-tested, semi structured
questionnaire was used. In this study, 10 questions were asked to assess the knowledge of
the students on road safety rules and regulations. The study shows 186 participants (51.7%)
had adequate knowledge and 174 participants (48.35%) had inadequate knowledge on the
road safety rules and regulations. The study reveals moderate knowledge and attitude
regarding traffic rules and road signs among the higher secondary school students, wheras
knowledge regarding risk factors associated with road accidents was found to be adequate.

Koekemoer K et al (2016) had conducted the cross sectional study on child

pedestrian safety knowledge, behaviours and road injury of primary school children in
Cape Town, South Africa. This study uses a non-randomized self-report survey.The survey
focused on three primary schools that had joined the safe kids worldwide model school
zone project and was administered to 536 children aged 6-15 years. The findings
substantiate emerging evidence that children in low-income setting are at greater risk for
child pedestrian injury, and emphasise the need for evidence-based safety promotion and
injury prevention interventions.

15
 Thenmozhi.P et al (2016) had conducted a cross sectional study to assess the
knowledge and practice on Road safety Regulations among primary school children in rural
community. The research design was one group pretest posttest design.50 samples were
collected by questionnaire and checklist. Assessing the knowledge regarding road traffic
regulations, out of 50 samples, 16(32%) of them had inadequate knowledge and 20(40%)
of them had moderately adequate knowledge and 14 (28%) of them had adequate
knowledge. Regarding practice on road traffic regulations, out of 50 samples, 22(44%) of
them had poor practice, 24(48%) had good practice and 4(8%)had best practice. The study
findings concluded that the primary school children have a lack of knowledge on road
traffic regulations and few students though they have the knowledge but have poor
practices in day to day life. Prevention of Road traffic accident and Road Traffic
Regulations should be incorporated in the curriculum which enables the students to develop
advanced knowledge thereby Road Traffic Accidents can be prevented.

Ms.Anujalekshmi V L et al.,(2015) conducted a study to assess the knowledge on

road safety measures among school children in selected schools. The research design was a
non experimental descriptive design. The researcher selected 100 children who are studying
in eighth and ninth standard by probability lottery sampling. Based on the score obtained
the knowledge of school children were categorized into good (21-30),average(11-20) and
poor (0- 10).The study result showed that 53% had average knowledge level ,45% had
good knowledge level and only 2% had poor children. regarding road safety measures.
Study findings denoted that there is significant association found between the gender and
mode of transport to school. Finally the study revealed that the school children are aware of
road safety measures and had adequate regarding the road safety measures.

Karthikeyan Kulothungan (2015) conducted a cross sectional study on the

knowledge, awareness and practice of safety rules among the young college students in
Trichy city, Tamil Nadu. The sample size was 511 and the data was collected using
pretested questionnaire and the duration period was 2 months. Descriptive statistics was
used to describe the data. The knowledge regarding the safety rules and practice of the
safety rules was found to be very inadequate among the study participants. Overall the
findings of this study will be useful for planning accident prevention programs in the
future.

16
 Praveen B et al,(2015) conducted a pre experimental study to assess the knowledge
regarding road safety measures among higher primary school children at Dharmarathnakara
Rajanahalli Ramashetty School, Davangere. The structured knowledge questionnaire on
road safety measures was used to collect pretest data and Structured Teaching Program was
conducted. After seven days of STP, Posttest was done with the same instrument. The
result revealed that the STP was effective in enhancing knowledge of school children on
road safety measures. The study findings revealed that the majority of the subjects were on
the age group of 12-13 years. The posttest knowledge scores regarding road safety
measures among Higher Primary School Children were higher (80.7%) when compare to
the pretest knowledge scores (64.1%).The findings of the study support the need of the
nurses to conduct the health education and training program to impart the knowledge to the
students regarding road safety measures so that they can take care when travel on road.

Manoj Kumar et al.,(2014) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the

awareness and practices on Road safety among students of Punjab University Chandigarh,
India among 200 students by using a questionnaire. Data was collected regarding type of
vehicles, injuries, time of accident, use of helmet and valid driving license, etc. The study
showed good knowledge of traffic rules and safe traffic behaviour among the Punjab
university students.

Taranga Reang. A (2014) conducted a cross sectional study among 310 Medical
students in AGMC campus during month of September to October 2013.The participants
were selected by convenient sampling technique and the information was collected and
analysed. The overall study revealed that the knowledge and practice of road safety
measures was high among the study participants. Continuous efforts should be on to
increase road safety measures through IEC activities to reduce the morbidity and mortality
regarding RTAs.

Priyanka Mahawarl,S (2013) has conducted an educational study on road traffic

rules awareness on 159 school going children age group 16-18 of Bal Vinay Mandir Higher
Secondary School for a period of 3 months. Their knowledge about road traffic rules was
evaluated by pre and post questionnaire which includes road traffic rules from the motor
vehicle act 1989 and basic traffic signs. The result showed that total 21.4% of the student
knew to slow down vehicle near a zebra crossing while after intervention the number
improved to 75.5%.Only 23.3% of the student identified the use of low beam of light in
night while after intervention it was 67.3%.It concluded knowledge level increased after
intervention. So regular reinforcement of rules certainly would help in increasing
awareness and also help people follows them.

17
 HumayunMirya et al (2012) conducted the cross -sectional study to assess the
knowledge, attitude and practice regarding road safety among Peri-Urban school children.
A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 100 children in classes four to ten
and simple random sampling technique was used. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry,
and analysis. A study findings showed that,awareness was 85% high about increased
chance of accidents by not use of helmets and 92% using mobile and the knowledge level
of the children regarding road traffic signal lights (94%),not to horn (79%) Zebra crossings
(95%) and pedestrian prohibited (75%). Their knowledge regarding risk factors associated
with road accidents was found to be adequate. However this study also revealed that good
knowledge about road safety did not necessarily translates into prudent traffic practices by
students.

Priyanka Raj.C.K et al (2011) conducted the cross -sectional study to assess the
knowledge and behavioural patterns regarding road safety among high school children in a
rural community in Tamil Nadu, India. The study was conducted among 485 high school
students in Anaichikkuppam area of Villupuram district in Tamil Nadu. Majority of study
population (n=277,57.1%) were girls and 34.6% of the students were aware of the legal age
for driving but 55% were unable to identify even one of the five given mandatory read
signs. 98.1% of the children were aware of the risks of drunken driving .Only 33
(20.88%)students were using helmets while riding motorised two-wheelers and
55(11.34%)school children had been involved in road –related accidents in the past 1 year.
Overall the study revealed poor knowledge regarding traffic rules and road signs among the
school children, whereas students had good knowledge regarding risk factors associated
with road accidents.
18
REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO PREVENTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS:

Dilshada Rashid, et al (2017) conducted a pre-experimental one group pre-test and

post-test research design study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
on knowledge regarding prevention of Road Traffic Accidents(RTA) among
Adolescents(13- 18years) in selected schools of Barsmulls Kashmir. The sample was 62
adolescents selected by stratified simple random sampling technique.The data was
collected by administering structured knowledge questionnaire.The study findings reveals
(19.40%) as mean pre –test knowledge score which increased to (35.25%)in post–test at
(p<0.001).A significant association was found between Age, Education, Residence,
Occupation of Father, Monthly family income of study subjects and the pre-test knowledge
scores. Whereas no association was found between Gender, Occupation of mother and the
pre-test knowledge scores (p>0.05).Structured teaching programme improved the
knowledge of adolescent regarding prevention of RTAs.

Tara Ramtel (2017) undertaken a pre experimental study to evaluate the

effectiveness of a self-instructional module on knowledge regarding prevention of road
traffic accidents among school children in selected school at kathmandu, Nepal. The
sample size was 100 children and they were selected by convenience sampling. Data was
analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean pre-test knowledge score
was 34.2%(SD of
±20.8)whereas the mean post test knowledge score was 85.3% (SD of ±11.1).There was a
significant difference between mean pretest and posttest knowledge scores
(‘t’=21.75,p<0.05). A significant association was found between mother’s educational
status, father’s educational status, types of family, distance from home to school, mode of
travel, types of accident met, exposure to information on prevention of road traffic
accidents and the source of information. The study findings indicates that self-instructional
module was effective in enhancing the knowledge of school children regarding the
prevention of road traffic accidents.
19
 Mallikarjuna G.P et al (2016) conducted a retrospective study on the prevalence
of road traffic accident among children. Data collected from the hospital records in
PICU.Children of 1 to 18 years are studied from June 2014 to June 2016.This study shows
that road traffic accident prevalence is more in 15-18 year age group(31%)and males are
affected more commonly (79.5%),among these majority of children were from rural area
(73%),more common type of injury were complicated injuries (85.1%).Children travelling
in 2 wheelers were affected more (74.9%).Results analysed with age of victims and type of
injury, p value
<0.05 is considered significant. To bring the mortality rate down, children especially with
rural background should be made aware about the importance of strict compliance to traffic
rules and regulations. Government need to start implementing traffic rules awareness
programme among rural people.

V.J.Bini Paul.V.Hemavathy (2015) conducted a quasi experimental study to

evaluate the effectiveness on prevention of RTA among school going children. The study
was carried out 100 school going children between the. age group of 10-12 yrs selected by
simple random lottery method, one group pre test and post test research design used to
evaluate the study. Structured questionnaire method was used for collecting data and
duration is one month. Data analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study
finding showed that in pre test out of 100 sample(83%) had inadequate knowledge on road
traffic rules and regulation and (17%)had moderately adequate knowledge. After
intervention, children had (99%)had adequate knowledge and (1%)had moderate
knowledge on RTA. Finally it revealed that planned teaching programme was effective in
improving the knowledge to prevention of road traffic accidents among school going
children.

Jayavel.M.and Lizy et al.,(2014)conducted a quasi experimental study to assess

the knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of Road traffic accidents among
adolescents .A study was carried out among 150 adolescent in the age group of 13-17 yrs
studying in Sri Krishna International School ITI colony at Bangalore was selected as
sample and simple random sampling technique was used. Structured questionnaire method
was used for collecting the data in 3 months. A study findings showed that average
knowledge and attitude score among adolescence found to be 34.75,17.54 respectively. The
mean post test knowledge score was 49.033 the difference in the level of knowledge and
attitude was 5.67,this was statistically significant (p<0.001).The study concluded that the
structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge and attitude of
adolescents on prevention of road traffic accidents.
20
 K. Lalitha et al (2014) had conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effective
of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding prevention and
control of Road traffic accidents among male students in a selected college at Guntur. A
structured interview questionnaire is used. The findings were higher percentage 30(60%) is
between age of 17-18 years. Highest percentage 35(70%) had given incorrect answer in
pre-test. Knowledge of college students regarding the prevention and control of Road
traffic accidents in the post test 48(96%) had given correct answer. As per the study results
gradually increase the knowledge level of the college students regarding prevention and
control of Road traffic accidents. The findings of the study revealed that the teaching
programme for the students had impact on the knowledge of the students regarding Road
traffic accidents.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO VIDEO ASSISTED

TEACHING PROGRAMME:

Dahiya et al (2016) conducted a pre-experimental study to evaluate the

effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge and attitude regarding road safety
measures 120 school students from 9th and 10th standard from selected schools of Rohtak,
Haryana by using purposive sampling technique. One group pre-test post-test design was
used. Structured knowledge questionnaire and rating attitude scale were used to assess the
knowledge and attitude of school students. The findings of the study revealed that the mean
post test scores were significantly higher than mean pre scores. There was no association
between the selected demographic variables with the knowledge and attitude scores of 9th
and 10th standard students regarding road safety measures.

Subathra.N. (2016) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a video

assisted road safety programme on knowledge and attitude of adolescent boys towards road
safety in selected school at Coimbatore. A study was carried out among 90 students in
classes 9th to 11th standard were selected as a sample systematic random sampling technique
was used. Self administered questionnaire method was used for collecting the data and the
duration is one month. A study finding showed that the mean score of over all attitude
before and after intervention was significantly improved from 23.32 to 41.13 more than
half of the adolescent boys 51(56.7%)had unabourable attitude and 39(43.3%)had
moderately favourable attitude towards road safety. The study concluded that some form of
intervention is continuously needed for school children to bring about a greater sense of
responsibility and safety among the young generation and thereby reduce the occurance of
RTA in future.
21
 Vijesh patel et al .,(2016) conducted the quasi-experimental study to assess the
effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding traffic rules among the Nursing
colleges at selected nursing colleges of Gandhinagar. The sampling technique was non-
probability convenience sampling. The data was collected using self-structured
queationnaires. It is found that before planned teaching, majority of 80% of nursing student
had average knowledge and 6.66% of them had good knowledge and 13.33% of them
having poor knowledge regarding traffic rules. After planned teaching, the student had
83.33% of good knowledge and 16.66% had average knowledge regarding road traffic
rules. This indicates that there is marked improvement in their knowledge regarding traffic
rules.

Ms.B.Byula Bavana et al., (2015) conducted pre-experimental one group pretest

post design to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on road safety
measures among primary school children in selected primary schools at Guntur.The sample
size was 50 and they were selected by using simple random sampling technique and
assessed their knowledge by using structured questionnaire. Out of 50 students 54% (27)
had inadequate knowledge and 46% (23) had adequate knowledge in pretest whereas in
posttest, 0% (0)had inadequate knowledge and 100%(50) had adequate knowledge .There
were a significant improvement in knowledge on road safety measures. There was a
significant association found between the level of knowledge on road safety measures with
their religion and educational status of mother at 0.05 level. There is no significant
difference between demographic variables with post test scores.

Sandhiya K (2014) conducted pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test

research design to assess the effectiveness of Video teaching programme on Road safety
among the middle school children of Govt. middle school. Sample size was 60. The study
findings revealed that out of 60 samples, most of them 29(48.3%) had inadequate
knowledge, 20(33.3%) had moderately adequate knowledge and 11(18.3%) had adequate
knowledge in pre-test and in post-test most of them 33(55%) had adequate knowledge,
24(40%) had moderately adequate knowledge and only 3(5%) had inadequate knowledge.
It was inferred that most of the school children had inadequate knowledge in pre-test and
most of the school children had adequate knowledge and moderately adequate knowledge
in post-test. It showed that the video teaching programme was effective.

22
 Tintu Annie Mathew (2014) conducted an experimental study with two groups
pre- test and post test design on effectiveness of structured teaching program on Road
safety measures among primary school children in selected school. The samples of 100
school children were interviewed before and after structured teaching program using simple
random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using un-paired‘t’ test. The result
shows that the structured program was highly effective as the P-value is 0.000 and the
unpaired T-value is
15.73. The mean difference of the experimental group (14.2) is higher than the mean
difference of the control group (3.48). This indicates that the experimental group has more
knowledge than the control group after administering structured teaching module. There is
a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the socio demographic
variables such as mother’s educational status, father’s educational status and religion for
control group. In experimental group, there is significant relationship between the level of
knowledge and the socio demographic variables such as mother’s educational status and
father’s educational status.

Thamaraiselvi P (2013) conducted a quasi-experimental study to assess the

effectiveness of VAT on knowledge regarding prevention of Road Traffic Accidents
among adolescents. The sample of this study comprised of 60 adolescents.60 samples were
selected by simple random sampling technique. Out of 60 adolescents, the post-test
knowledge score (81.1%)was higher than pre-test knowledge score (47.3%).The pre-test
knowledge mean score
17.98 and standard deviation is 3.74.The post-test knowledge mean score was found 30.80
and standard deviation is 3.30. Enhancement is 33.7% and statistical paired ‘t’ test value is
28.12. It is concluded that video assisted teaching is very effective among adolescents in
improving knowledge about prevention of Road traffic accidents. The analysis revealed
that there is significant association between the post-test knowledge score of adolescents on
prevention of Road traffic accident.
23
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This section deals with the conceptual framework adopted for the study. A
conceptual framework or model provides the investigator, the guidelines to proceed in
attaining the objectives of the study based on a theory. It is a schematic representation of
the steps, activities and outcome of the study.

The conceptual framework of this study is based on Imogene Kings Goal

Attainment theory. The present study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of video assisted
teaching programme among middle school children regarding road traffic rules.

King’s Goal Attainment theory is based on the concepts of personal, interpersonal

and social systems including perception, judgement, action, reaction, interaction and
transaction.

KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY

PERCEPTION:

It is each person’s representation of reality. The element of perception are the

importing energy from the environment and organizing it by information, transforming
energy, processing information, storing information and expressing information in the form
of overt behaviours.

NURSE:

Nurse understand that the students have lack of knowledge on road traffic rules that
may cause road traffic accidents.

STUDENT:

The students realize the need to gain knowledge on road traffic rules.

JUDGEMENT:

Judgement is the mental act of comparing and evaluating alternatives of the purpose
of deciding on a course of action. Judgement is said to be disturbed when the individual
deviates from what is generally held as valid and holds obstinately to its content although
its interfere with his/her adaptation.

24
NURSE:

The nurse mobilize the resources for creating awareness among middle school
children on road traffic rules.

STUDENT:

The students identifies the sources to gain knowledge on road traffic rules.

COMMUNICATION:

A relationship is present with one or more individual interacting in specific situation

for a purpose.

NURSE:

The nurse investigator had decided to enhance the knowledge of middle school
children about road traffic rules through video assisted teaching programme.

STUDENT:

The students also decided to utilize the video assisted teaching programme and gain
adequate knowledge about road traffic rules.

ACTION:

Action is the physical and mental activity to achieve the goal what the individual
perceives.

NURSE:

The investigator prepares structured knowledge questionnaire and video assisted

teaching programme on road traffic rules in order to create awareness and improve their
knowledge on road traffic rules.

STUDENT:

The students give the consent to participate in the study and improve their
knowledge on road traffic rules.

25
REACTION:

Reaction means developing action and acting on perceived choices for goal attainment.
The action of the investigator and participants would lead to reaction.

In the present study the investigator and middle school children set a mutual goal on
road traffic rules.

INTERACTION:

Interaction is defined as process of perception and communication between

individual and environment or between two individuals represented by verbal and
nonverbal behaviours that are goal directed.

The investigator conducts the pretest by the structured knowledge questionnaire and
video assisted teaching programme on road traffic rules among middle school children.
Students had participated in pretest and utilized the video assisted teaching programme.

TRANSACTION:

Transaction is defined as an observable behaviour of human beings interaction with

the environment. Two individuals mutually identify goals and act to achieve them. They
reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them.

In this study, the investigator reassess the knowledge of middle school children by
post test after implementation of video assisted teaching programme on road traffic rules.

FEEDBACK:

The outcome may be either satisfactory (Positive) or unsatisfactory level.

Improvement in knowledge of middle school children on road traffic rules after post
test is satisfactory. The improvement indicated that the video assisted teaching programme
is effective.

The unsatisfactory level of knowledge of middle school children leads to

rearrangement of prior situation by the investigator where total process is repeated which is
not included in this study.

26
27
THE FRAMEWORK

The framework refers to the facilities in which nursing is practiced. It comprises

human, environment, professional and organizational aspects of care. In this study the
framework refers to Middle school children in Karthi Vidhyala Matriculation Higher
Secondary School.

28
CHAPTER – III
 CHAPTER-III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

“Methodology should not be a fixed

track to a fixed destination
but a conversation about everything
that could be made of happen”
- J.C.Jones

This chapter deals with the description of different steps, which was followed by
middle school children for the assessment video teaching programme on level of
knowledge among middle school children regarding road traffic rules. This chapter
includes research approach, research design, setting of the study, population sample,
sample size and sample technique. It further deals with the development and description
tool for data collection, content validity, pilot study procedure for data collection and
statistical analysis.

RESEARCH APPROACH

The investigator selected to use evaluative research approach.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The investigator has chosen the pre experimental study to find the effect of video
teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle
school children. In this design there is one group pre and post test. The subjects in this
group are not selected by randomization and both are not pretested. The investigator had
chosen the pre experimental group design to find the effectiveness.

PRE TEST INTERVENTION POST ASSESSMENT

LEVEL
01 X 02

01 X 02

29
Key word

01: Assessment of knowledge among middle school children regarding road traffic rules
before the administration of video assisted teaching. (Pre-test group)

X: Video assisted teaching on road traffic rules.

02: Assessment of knowledge among middle school children regarding road traffic rules,
after the administration of video assisted teaching. (Post test group)

VARIABLES

 Independent variables:
In the present study, the independent variable is Video assisted teaching programme.
 Dependent variables:
In the present study, the dependent variable is Knowledge of middle school
children regarding road traffic rules.
 Extraneous variables:
In the present study, the extraneous variables such as age, sex, Education,
Religion, Area of Living, Type of Family, Know to drive bicycle, Mode of
Transport to school.

SETTING OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted Karthi Vidhyala Matriculation Higher Secondary School
at Kumbakonam.This school is located at a distance of 7km from our college. It is one of
the institutions for providing education in Kumbakonam.

STUDY POPULATION

The population refers to selected middle school children in selected school.

Target population:

Target population of the study comprised of middle school children in selected school.

Accessible population:

Accessible population of the study comprised of middle school children who are all
studying in Karthi Vidyalaya School at Kumbakonam.

30
 SAMPLE

The sample of the study comprises of middle school children who fulfilled the
inclusion criteria with the age group between 11 to 14 years.

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for the study is 60 middle school children.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non-Probability convenient sampling technique was used to assess the effectiveness

of Video assisted teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules
among middle school children.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE

Inclusion criteria

 Children who are willing to participate.

 Children who are present at the time of data collection.
 Children who can read and write Tamil and English.
 Children who had age between 11 to 14 years.

Exclusion criteria

 Children who are not willing to participate in the study.

 Children who are not present at the time of data collection.
 Children who cannot read and write Tamil and English.
 Children who are studying other than Karthi Vidhyalya matriculation higher
secondary school.

DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPING THE TOOL

The tool was developed after an extensive review of literature and also considering
the opinion given by nursing experts.

31
Tool for Data Analysis:

The Data collection on tool consists of

Section A: Structured interview questionnaire on demographic data on middle school children.

Section B: Semi Structured Knowledge Questionnaire.

Section –A

Demographic data

It consists of one part.

Part – 1

Middle School Children Profile:

Age, Sex, Education, Religion, Area of Living, Type of Family, Know to drive
bicycle, Mode of Transport to school.

Section – B:

It consists of semi structured knowledge questionnaires. This tool consisted of 30

items of questions related to road traffic rules. Each question had 3 options. If the answer is
correct, the score of 1 has been given. If it is wrong, the score 0 has been given. The
maximum obtainable score for the questions was 30.Total score of each subject was
calculated and converted into percentage and interpreted as follow.

50% and below - Inadequate

51-70% - Moderate

71% and above - Adequate

32
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Research proposal was presented in sacred heart college of nursing, Kumbakonam

in front of research committee. Before starting, I have got the written permission from
HOD and oral consent from samples. Confidentiality and anonymity is going to be
maintained.

 The study was conducted after the approval of dissertation committee and the hospital
authorities.
 Formal permission was obtained from the Head Master of School.
 The middle school children were already explained about the study, purpose and oral
consent were obtained. Assurance was given to the middle school children that
the results would be kept confidential.

VALIDITY OF THE TOOL

Validity refers to whether a measuring instrument accurately measures what it is

supposed to be measure. The content of the tool was validated by one medical expert and
nursing expert. Minor suggestions regarding arrangement and modification of question
were made in the tool. The expert suggestions were incorporated and the tool was finalized
and then used by the investigator for the main study.

Regarding Section-A :Demographic

variable 1.Add mode of transport to
school
Regarding Section-B :Knowledge questionnaire
1.Add documents to be carried while
driving.

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is the small preliminary investigation of the same general characteristics
as the main study, which is designed to acquaint the researcher with the problem that can
be corrected in the preparation of a large research project.

After obtaining formal administrative approval, the pilot study was carried out with
6 middle school children in Mahadev Matriculation Higher Secondary school from
07.06.18 to 13.06.18.There were no practical difficulties made by investigator and tools
were considered to be reliable and appropriate. Hence the same procedure was decided to
be followed in main study.
33
 RELIABILTY OF THE TOOL

Reliability is the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument

measures the characteristics for which it is designed to measure. The reliability of the tool
was determine by using inter related reliabilities. The reliability was done by using
spearman’s rank correlation method. The reliability score was +0.85 which showed a
positive correlation r=0.85.Hence the tool was considered reliable for preceding the main
study.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The study was conducted after the approval of dissertation committee and school
authorities. The main study was conducted from 15.06.18 to 15.07.18.The formal
permission was obtained from the Head Master of Karthi Vidhyala Matriculation Higher
Secondary School to conduct the study.60 students were selected with simple random
sampling technique and one group pretest posttest design was used for the study. The data
were collected for 6 days a week. The timing of data collection was 9.00 am – 3.30 pm
according to convenience of the students. The researcher first introduce herself to the
school students and established a good rapport with them and the oral consent was obtained
from all participants. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to the middle
school children. The pretest was conducted with semi structured questionnaires, after that
intervention was given by video assisted teaching programme regarding road traffic rules
among middle school children. The video assisted teaching was administered for 15-18
minutes for 60 samples. The post assessment was done by using same questionnaire
regarding road traffic rules after seven days. Appropriate response was obtained from
selected samples based on the questionnaire.

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

All the analysis was done by SPSS 13th version. The collected data was tabulated to
represent the findings of the study.

Descriptive statistics :

1.Frequency and Percentage distribution for demographic

data. 2.Mean and Standard deviation for pretest and posttest

scores.
34
Inferential statistics :

1. Paired ‘t’ test to compare the knowledge scores between pretest and posttest.

2. Chi square test was used to association between pretest and demographic variables.

PROJECTED OUTCOME

The study finding will helpful for the health professional to elicit,

 The existing knowledge level of road traffic rules in middle school children.
 The effect of video assisted teaching program on the level of knowledge
regarding road traffic rules.

35
36
CHAPTER - IV
 CHAPTER –IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Analysis is the process of organizing and synthesizing data so as to answer research

questions and test hypotheses. Interpretation is the process of making the sense of results of
a study and examining the implication.

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data to evaluate the
effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding road traffic rules among
middle school children.

The findings are presented under the following sections :

Section –A :

 Distribution of sample according to their selected demographic variables.

Section – B :

 Analysis of knowledge on road traffic rules before administration of video

assisted teaching programme.

Section –C :

 Analysis of knowledge on road traffic rules after administration of video

assisted teaching programme.

Section – D:

 Effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on the level of knowledge

regarding road traffic rules.

Section – E:

 Association between pretest knowledge and their selected demographic variables.

37
 SECTION –A

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR SELECTED

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of sample according to their selected

demographic variables:

Middle School Children

S.No Demographic Variable
No. Percentage (%)
Age
a) 11 - 12 Yrs 57 95%
1
b) 13 - 14 Yrs 3 5%
c) > 14 Yrs 0 0%
Gender
2 a) Male 0 0%
b) Female 60 100%
Education
a) Sixth Standard 30 50%
3
b) Seventh Standard 30 50%
c) Eighth Standard 0 0%
Relegion
a) Hindu 49 82%
4 b) Christians 0 0%
c) Muslims 11 18%
b) Others 0 0%
Area of living
5 a) Rural 35 58%
b) Urban 25 42%
Types of family
a) Nuclear Family 34 57%
6
b) Joint Family 24 40%
c) Extended Family 2 3%
Know to drive bicycle
7 a) Yes 54 90%
b) No 6 10%
Mode of transport to school
a) Bicycle 5 8%
8 b) Bus 38 63%
c) Walk 2 3%
d) Others 15 25%

38
 The above table reveals that the distribution of respondents, with respect to their age
groups were not equally matched. Out of 60 samples, 57 (95%) of the respondents belongs
to age group between 11 to 12 years, 3(5%) of the respondents belongs to the age group
between 13 to 14 years.

Regarding the sex of the respondents, all 60(100%) were females.

With respect to the education of respondents, 30 (50%) of the respondents were

from sixth standard and 30 (50%) of the respondents were from seventh standard.

According to the religion of respondents, 49 (82%) of the respondents belongs to

Hindu, 0(0%) of the respondents belongs to Christian, 11(18%) of the respondents belongs
to muslims and finally 0(0%)of the respondents belongs to others.

Considering the area of living of the respondents, 35 (58%) of the respondents were
from rural and 25(42%) of the respondents were from urban.

Regarding the type of family of the respondents, 34 (57%) of the respondents

belongs to Nuclear family,24(40%) of the respondents belongs to Joint family and finally
2(3%) of the respondents belongs to Extended family.

About know to drive bicycle of respondents,54 (90%) of the respondents said yes
and 6(10%) of the respondents said no .

Regarding the mode of transport to school of respondents,5(8%)of the respondents

were coming by bicycle,38(63%) of the respondents were coming by bus,2(3%) of the
respondents were coming by walk and finally 15(25%) of the respondents were coming by
others.

39
Fig .3.Percentage distribution of age of the respondents

40
Fig .4 Percentage distribution of gender of the respondents

41
Fig.5. Percentage distribution of education level of the respondents

42
Fig.6.Percentage distribution of religion of the respondents

43
Fig.7.Percentage distribution of area of living of the respondents

44
Fig.8.Percentage distribution of type of family of the respondents

45
Fig.9.Percentage distribution of know to drive bicycle of the respondents

46
Fig.10. Percentage distribution of mode of transport to school of the respondents

47
 SECTION -B

ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON MIDDLE SCHOOL

CHILDREN REGARDING ROAD TRAFFIC RULES BEFORE
ADMINISTRATION OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING PROGRAMME

Table 2: Frequency and Percentage distribution of knowledge of middle school children

on road traffic rules before administration of video assisted teaching programme.

RESPONDENTS KNOWLEDGE
LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Inadequate (0-50%) 7 12%

Moderate (51-70%) 48 80%

Adequate (71-100%) 5 8%

Combined 60 100%

The Table 2. Shows the percentage distribution of inadequate, moderate and adequate level
of knowledge on pretest score. The above table depicts that 7 (12%) of respondents belongs
to inadequate knowledge, 48(80%) of respondents belongs to moderate knowledge and
5(8%) of respondents belongs to adequate knowledge among 60 middle school children.

48
 SECTION -C

ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON MIDDLE SCHOOL

CHILDREN REGARDING ROAD TRAFFIC RULES AFTER
ADMINISTRATION OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING PROGRAMME

Table 3: Frequency and Percentage distribution of knowledge of middle school children

on road traffic rules after administration of video assisted teaching programme.

LEVEL OF RESPONDENTS KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Inadequate (0-50%) 0 0%
Moderate (51-70% 10 17%
Adequate (71-100%) 50 83%
Combined 60 100%

The Table 3. Shows the percentage distribution of Inadequate, Moderate and Adequate
level of knowledge on post-test score. The above table depicts that the maximum number
of respondents 50(83%) belongs to adequate knowledge and 10 (17%) of respondents
belongs to moderate knowledge among 60 middle school children.

49
 SECTION –D

EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING PROGRAMME

ON THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ROAD TRAFFIC
RULES:

Table 4: Paired t-test between pre and post test

Pretest Posttest
Maximum
S. No Variables ‘t’ value
score Mean SD Mean SD

Level of
1 60 60.4 8.75 86.2 10 22.56
Knowledge

The Table 4. Shows that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between pre and post
test score .The mean pre-test score was 60.4(±8.75%), whereas in mean post-test score was
86.2(±10%) respectively.

The t value shows that video assisted teaching programme was effective on the level of
knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children in selected school at
Kumbakonam.

50
Fig .11.Percentage distribution of pre assessment and post assessment test of satisfaction level

51
 SECTION –E

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRETEST KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR

SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.

Table 5 : Association of level of knowledge perception with the demographic variables

in testing levels.

Adequate Moderate Inadequate

S.No Demographic Variables χ2 Values
No. % No. % No. %
Age
a) 11 - 12 Yrs 4 7% 46 81% 7 12%
χ2= 30.78
1 d.f = 2
b) 13 - 14 Yrs 1 33% 2 67% 0 0%
S
c) > 14 Yrs 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Sex
2 a) Male 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% NULL
b) Female 5 8% 48 80% 7 12%
Education
a) Sixth Standard 0 0% 23 77% 7 23%
χ2= 40.28
3 d.f = 2
b) Seventh Standard 5 17% 25 83% 0 0%
S
c) Eighth Standard 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Religion
a) Hindu 4 8% 40 82% 5 10% χ2= 2.81
4 b) Christians 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% d.f = 2
c) Muslims 1 9% 8 73% 2 18% N.S
d) Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Area of living χ2= 22.22
5 a) Rural 5 14% 28 80% 2 6% d.f = 2
b) Urban 0 0% 20 80% 5 20% S
Types of family
a) Nuclear Family 2 6% 27 79% 5 15%
χ2= 30.25
6 d.f = 4
b) Joint Family 3 13% 19 79% 2 8%
S
c) Extended Family 0 0% 2 100% 0 0%
Know to drive bicycle χ2= 6.15
7 a) Yes 4 7% 44 81% 6 11% d.f = 2
b) No 1 17% 4 67% 1 17% S
Mode of transport to school
a) Bicycle 2 40% 1 20% 2 40% χ2= 198.29
8 b) Bus 2 5% 32 84% 4 11% d.f = 6
c) Walk 1 50% 1 50% 0 0% S
d) Others 0 0% 14 93% 1 7%

52
Table 5 describes association between selected demographic variables with pretest
knowledge.Above the table shows that there is significant association occur in all the
demographic variables except religion.

53
Fig.12.Percentage distribution of age among statisfactory level

54
Fig.13. Percentage distribution of gender among statisfactory level

55
Fig.14.Percentage distribution of education among statisfactory level

56
Fig.15.Percentage distribution of religion among statisfactory level

57
Fig.16.Percentage distribution of area of living among statisfactory level

58
Fig.17.Percentage distribution of type of family among statisfactory level

59
Fig.18.Percentage distribution of know to drive bicycle among statisfactory level

60
Fig.19. Percentage distribution of mode of transport to school among satisfactory level

61
CHAPTER - V
 CHAPTER –V

DISCUSSION

“Discussion is an exchange of knowledge: An argument of an exchange of

ignorance”

-Robert quielen

This chapter deals with the discussion of the findings of the study. The collected
data was analyzed based on the objectives of the study with the help of chi square
association and paired T test, hypothesis, statistical analysis and related literature of the
study. The problem stated was a pre experimental study to assess the effectiveness on video
assisted teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among
road traffic rules in a selected school at Kumbakonam.

The objectives of the study were as follows:

1. To assess the level of knowledge on middle school children regarding road traffic
rules before administration of video assisted teaching programme .

2. To assess the level of knowledge on middle school children regarding road traffic
rules after administration of video assisted teaching programme.

3. To assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on the level of

knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children.

4. To assess the pretest level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle
school children with their demographic variables.

62
Frequency and percentage distribution of the demographic variables in pre and post
experimental group as follows

The above table reveals that the distribution of respondents, with respect to their age
groups were not equally matched. Out of 60 samples, 57 (95%) of the respondents belongs
to age group between 11 to 12 years, 3(5%) of the respondents belongs to the age group
between 13 to 14 years.

Regarding the sex of the respondents, all 60(100%) were females.

With respect to the education of respondents, 30 (50%) of the respondents were

from sixth standard and 30 (50%) of the respondents were from seventh standard.

According to the religion of respondents, 49 (82%) of the respondents belongs to

Hindu, 0(0%) of the respondents belongs to Christian, 11(18%) of the respondents belongs
to muslims and finally 0(0%)of the respondents belongs to others.

Considering the area of living of the respondents, 35 (58%) of the respondents were
from rural and 25(42%) of the respondents were from urban.

Regarding the type of family of the respondents, 34 (57%) of the respondents

belongs to Nuclear family,24(40%) of the respondents belongs to Joint family and finally
2(3%) of the respondents belongs to Extended family.

About know to drive bicycle of respondents,54 (90%) of the respondents said yes
and 6(10%) of the respondents said no .

Regarding the mode of transport to school of respondents,5(8%)of the respondents

were coming by bicycle,38(63%) of the respondents were coming by bus,2(3%) of the
respondents were coming by walk and finally 15(25%) of the respondents were coming by
other.

63
OBJECTIVE -1 To assess the level of knowledge on middle school children regarding
road traffic rules before administration of video assisted teaching programme.

In pretest result showed that 7 (12%) were having inadequate knowledge, 48 (80%)
were having moderately adequate knowledge and 5(8%) were having adequate knowledge
regarding road traffic rules. The result of the study indicated that the middle school
children had moderate knowledge regarding road traffic rules. Therefore, the investigator
planned to provide video assisted teaching programme to insist the importance regarding
road traffic rules.

OBJECTIVE -2 To assess the level of knowledge on middle school children regarding

road traffic rules after administration of video assisted teaching programme.

The video teaching programme were given to the middle school children. The
findings of the study showed that in post-test, majority 50(83%) are adequate and 10(17%)
are in moderate level. The study concluded that the middle school children had gained
adequate knowledge regarding road traffic rules after administration of video assisted
teaching programme.

OBJECTIVE -3 To assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

the level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children.

The table 4. shows that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between pre and
post test score .The mean pretest score was 60.4(±8.75), whereas in mean posttest score
was 86.2(±10.01) respectively.

The ‘t’ value (22.56) shows that video assisted teaching programme was effective
on the level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules among middle school children in
selected school at Kumbakonam.

H1: There is significant difference between pretest and post-test knowledge

regarding road traffic rules among middle school children at p<0.05 level of significance.

64
 Sandhiya K (2014) conducted pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test
research design to assess the effectiveness of Video teaching programme on Road safety
among the middle school children of Govt. middle school. Sample size was 60. The study
findings revealed that out of 60 samples, most of them 29(48.3%) had inadequate
knowledge, 20(33.3%) had moderately adequate knowledge and 11(18.3%) had adequate
knowledge in pre-test and in post-test most of them 33(55%) had adequate knowledge,
24(40%) had moderately adequate knowledge and only 3(5%) had inadequate knowledge.
It was inferred that most of the school children had inadequate knowledge in pre-test and
most of the school children had adequate knowledge and moderately adequate knowledge
in post-test. It showed that the video teaching programme was effective.

OBJECTIVE -4 To associate the pretest level of knowledge regarding road traffic

rules among middle school children with their demographic variables.

The chi square values calculated to find out the association between pretest
knowledge score with selected demographic variables after video assisted teaching. The
findings revealed that there was significant association occur in all selected demographic
variables except religion with pretest level of knowledge at <0.05 levels.

Kale Kalpana.S (2016) conducted a descriptive cross sectional study to assess the
awareness regarding road safety rules among school children. Around 225 school children
(10-
13) age group 5th to 7th standard from Rayat high school was selected by stratified random
sampling techniques. The study revealed that the school children had satisfactory level of
awareness with socio demographic variables like age, source of information and mode of
travelling to school. There was a significant association was found between awareness with
socio demographic variables like age, mode of transport and mother’s education at p  0.05
level.

The following hypothesis was formulated and was tested for its significance.

The null hypothesis stated that there is no significance in the level of knowledge
regarding road traffic rules among middle school children, the present study shows that
there was a significance association in the level of knowledge regarding road traffic rules
among middle schoolchildren. Hence the null hypothesis was rejected and the difference
was proved.
65
The assumption of the study made were

 Middle school children may not have adequate knowledge regarding road traffic
rules. It is accepted because the present study result shows in pretest, majority
48(80%) are in moderate level, 7 (12%)are inadequate level and 5(8%) are in
adequate level. In posttest, majority 50(83%) are adequate and 10(17%) are in
moderate level.

 Video assisted teaching programme may improve the knowledge regarding road
traffic rules among middle school children.

 It was hereby accepted because the present study result also have proved that in pre
test, majority 48(80%)are in moderate level,7(12%)are inadequate level and 5(8%)
are in adequate level. In post test, majority 50(83%) are adequate and 10(17%) are
in moderate level.

The conceptual framework was based on Imogene King’s Goal Attainment Theory.
King’s Goal Attainment theory is based on the concepts of personal, interpersonal and
social systems including perception, judgement, action, reaction, interaction and
transaction. Hence the researcher adopted this model and model guided the researcher to
take likelihood action.

The overall finding of the study showed that the video assisted teaching programme
was effective in increasing knowledge among middle school children.
66
CHAPTER - VI
 CHAPTER –VI

SUMMARY IMPLICATION RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the summary for the study, implication for different areas like
nursing practice, nursing service, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing
research, recommendation and conclusion.

SUMMARY

The crucial focus of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness
effectiveness of structured teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding
osteoporosis among pre-menopausal women in thirucherai village at kumbakonam in
thanjavur district.

The design adapted for the study was pre experimental study in the conceptual
framework was based on Nola J. pender Health promotion model. The study tool contains
the demographic, data related to semi structured knowledge questionnaire which had the
maximum score of 30.

The main study was conducted in thirucherai village at Kumbakonam. A sample of

60 subjects were selected based on the inclusion criteria, in which 60 subjects were allotted
to the pre and post group. The sampling technique used was non-probability technique and
the data were collected after getting consent from the subject.

Analysis was done using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean,

standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t test and chi square).The obtained
results were presented using tables and figures.
OBJECTIVE:

 To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding osteoporosis.

 To Evaluate the effectiveness of level of knowledge regarding
osteoporosis.
 To Associate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on
the level of knowledge regarding osteoporosis with their selected
demographic variables.
ASSUMPTION:

 Pre-menopausal women may not have adequate knowledge regarding osteoporosis.

 Structured Teaching Programme may improve the knowledge of Pre-menopausal

women regarding osteoporosis.

HYPOTHESIS:

H1: There is significant changes between pre -test and post-test knowledge
regarding osteoporosis among Pre-menopausal women.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Done to understand and to know the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme regarding osteoporosis.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

Quantitative approach, pre experimental design, sample size is 60. 60 in pre and
post group selected by non- probability convenient method form the sample frame with
inclusion criteria.

Data was collected by semi structured questionnaire for demographic profile of the
subject. structured teaching was provided for pre-test group.
 Structured teaching significantly improved the knowledge among Pre-menopausal
women.

The study was carried out in Tricherai village at Kumbakonam after obtaining
permission from the subjects and information about the study was given to them.

MAJOR FINDINGS ARE SUMMARISED AS FOLLOWS:

Table 4.1 reveals that the distribution of respondents, with respect to their groups
were not equally matched. Out of 60 samples, the most 40 percent of the respondents
belongs to age group between 36-40years. 32 percent of the respondents belongs to age
group between 41-45 years, 20 percent are in the age group 46-55 and 8 percent of the
respondents are in the age group of 31-35.

With respect to the educational status, the equal 45 percent of the respondents are
HSC level, followed by 27 percent are primary level, followed by 17 percent are illiterate
and 11 percent of the respondents are degree level.

Regarding occupational respondents in the above study, the most 55 percent of the
respondents are house wife, followed by 25 percent are agriculture, 13 percent are
government employed and 7 percent are private employed.

Considering the monthly income, the most46 percent of the respondents earning
monthly income above Rs.30001, followed by 25 percent of the respondents income is
below Rs.10000, 17 percent of the respondents income is Rs.20001-30000 and 12 percent
of the respondents income is Rs.10001-20000.

Most of the 70 percent of the respondents are married and 30 percent of he

respondents are unmarried.

With respect to the religion of the respondents, the most 58 percent of the
respondents are Hindu. followed by 25 percent are Muslim and 17 percent of the
respondents are Christian.

Considering type of the family above study, the most 43 percent of the respondents
are nuclear, followed by 32 percent are extendedfamily, 25 percent are in joint family.

Regarding menstrual cycle studies respondents in the above study, the most 60
percent of the respondents are regular menstrual cycle, followed by 40 percent are irregular
menstrual cycle.

Regarding family historyosteoporosis about above study, most 78 percent are yes
and 22 percent of the respondents are no family history osteoporosis.

In respect of Practice of exercises for this study, 67 percent are practiced and 33 are
no practiced exercises.

NURSING IMPLICATION:

The implications of this study are vital to nursing service, nursing practice, nursing
education, nursing administration and nursing research. The result of the study suggests
that the Structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding
osteoporosis among Pre-menopausal women .

Nursing Service:

 Community health nurse should educate the students regarding osteoporosis.

 Community health nurse can conduct the awareness programme osteoporosis.

 Learning material like posters, self-instructional module can be made available in

the community health centers regarding osteoporosis.

 Conduct in-service programme for the teachers regarding osteoporosis.

Nursing Practice:

 The nurse must learn about the importance of osteoporosis.

 The present study would help the nurses in caring for clients with osteoporosis.

Nursing Education:

 Nurse educator can encourage the nursing students to conduct health education
programme in community regarding osteoporosis.

 The nurse educator should prepare the other teaching method and intervention and
resources available for nurses,clinicians and parents.
Nursing Administration:

 Nurse administrator can organize awareness of prevention of osteoporosis in

community health center.

 Nurse administrator have more responsibility as supervisors in creating awareness

among pre-menopausal women.

 Nurse administrator should collaborate with governing bodies in formulating

policies to employ specially knowledge about osteoporosis.

Nursing Research:

 The study will be a strong source of evidence based practice.

 The finding of the present study can be disseminated at various proceeding.

 The students can do mini projects on other aspects of osteoporosis such as

prevention of osteoporosis.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

 A similar study can be conducted on a large sample in different settings.

 A study can be done to assess the attitude regarding osteoporosis.

 Continuous education can be given to the Pre-menopausal women about

osteoporosis.
CONCLUSION:

Now-a-days almost every school children is handling bicycles and incidence of road
traffic accidents are also increasing year by year. So, there is a need for strengthening of
information, education and communication activities in relation to road traffic rules to all
school children during school health programme. Students should refrain themselves from
traffic rule violations. Finally the study concluded that the video assisted teaching was
effective among middle school children in improving the knowledge on road traffic rules.
REFERENCE:

TEXT BOOK REFERENCE:

 B.T.Basavanthapa(2004) “Nursing Research,” Jaypee Brothers Medical

Publishers,1st edition,New Delhi,Page no :47-50
 S.Kamalam(2012) “Essentials in Community Health Nursing Practice;” Jaypee
brothers medical publication; 3rd edition, Page no: 383 & 474.
 Kasturi Sundar rao; “An Introduction to Community Health Nursing;”
B.I publications; 3rd edition, Page no: 599-603.
 Krishna Kumari Gulani(2014) “Community Health Nursing;” Kumar publishing
house, 1st edition, Page no: 372.
 Marlow (2009) “Textbook of Paediatric Nursing;” Elsevier publications; 6 th edition,
Page no: 1132-1133.
 Neelam Kumari (2009) “The textbook of community health Nursing-I;” Peevee
publication; 1st edition; Page no: 520.
 G.N.K.Parameswari; “A Textbook of Community Health Nursing-I;” Frontline
publications, 1st edition, Page no: 412-418.
 K.Park (2015) “Preventive and social medicine”, 23rd edition; Banarsidas Branot,
Page no: 404.
 Piyush Gupta (2007) “Textbook of Preventive and social medicine”, CBS
publishers,2nd edition,2007;Page no;489-491
 Polit D.F.,Hungler BP, (1999) “Nursing Research Principles and Methods”,
Lippicott publication,7th edition,Page No:115-119
 Sundar lal(2009) “Community medicine; CBS publishers;” 2nd edition,
Page no: 584-589.
 Suresh K Sharma (2013) “Nursing Research and Statistics”, Elsevier Publication
Harya, 1st edition.
 Udaras Um Shabhailteacht Ar Bhoithre; “Rules of the Road;” Page no: 45-50
 Veerabhadrappa (2014) “Community Health Nursing” Peevee Publication, 2 nd edition.
Page No.145
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1. Aggarwal et al (201) Journal of Indian Academic Forensic Medicine,Volume-

32,No.4
2. Anantharaman et al (2015) National Journal of Research in community
Medicine,Volume -4,No.1
3. Bini Paul V.J et al (2015) International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science,Engineering and Technology,Volume-4,No.1
4. Byula Bavana et al (2015) Narayana Nursing Journal, Volume - , No.
5. Chitra et al (2016) Indian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Research, Volume -
5,No 4,September 2016.
6. Dalbir Singh et al (2015) Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences,Volume-xxx
7. Devnarayan et al (2016) Journal of Nursing and Health Science,Volume-5, No.3.
8. Dilshada Rashid et al (2017)International Journal of Advanced Research and
Publications,Volume-1,No.1
9. Gaurav Kohli et al (2013) Road Traffic Accidents ,Journal of Asia Pacific Studies ,
December 2013,Volume 3 No 2 pp 245-259
10. Harish V.K Ratna et al (2017) International Journal of Community Medicine and
Public Health,Volume -4,No.4
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pp 89-91.
12. Humayun Mirza et al (2013) Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health
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17. Manoj Kumar et al (2014) Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,Volume
2,No.11,November 2014.
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19. Mallikarjuna et al (2017) International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,
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Jul- Dec 2011.pp 110-113
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 www.omicsonline.org/open-access-journals-list.php
 www.e-journals.org/
 www.drivingschool.com
 APPENDIX - E
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE

1) Age

a) 11-12 yrs

b) 13-14 yrs

c) > 14yrs

2) Gender

a) Male

b) Female

3) Education

a) Sixth Std

b) Seventh Std

c) Eighth Std

4) Religion

a) Hindu

b) Christian

c) Muslim

d) Others
5) Area of living

a) Rural

b) Urban

6) Type of Family

a) Nuclear family

b) Joint family

c) Extended family

7) Know to drive bicycle

a) Yes

b) No

8) Mode of transport to school

a) Bicycle

b) Bus

c) Walk

d) Others
 APPENDIX - F

PART - 1

QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING KNOWLEDGE ON ROAD TRAFFIC

RULES

1) Traffic Rules are

a) Laws to govern traffic c) Laws to regulate hospitals

b) Rules to govern school d)Rules to regulate shops

2) Always follow traffic rules which will prevent

a) Anaemia c) Road Traffic Accident

b) Jaundice d) Fever

3) Traffic Rules are supervised by

a) Doctors c) Fire man

b) Police man d) Watchman

4) Always look

a) Right and Left side of road

c) Right side alone before crossing before crossing

b) Left side alone before crossing

d) Front of the road alone before crossing

5) Always use

a) Left side on the roads c) Middle roads

b) Right side on the roads d) Damaged roads

6) In traffic signals, always cross the roads after seeing

a) Traffic signals c) Friends

b) Drivers d) Passengers
7) Avoid playing on

a) Beach c) Park

b) Roads d) Playing zone

8) Maintain Brakes and Horns in

a) Damage condition c) Poor condition

b) Good condition d) Improperly fixed place

9) Do not use ear phones while

a) Sitting c) Standing

b) Riding vehicles d) Dancing

10) Always use seatbelts while

a) Travelling by vehicles c) Walking

b) Sleeping d) Standing
 PART - 2

QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING KNOWLEDGE ON ROAD TRAFFIC

SIGNALS

11) In signal the three colors of lights are

a) Red, Blue, Green c) Red, Yellow, Green

b) Red, Pink, Yellow d) Black, Pink, White

12) Red light indicate

a) Stop c) Get ready

b) Go d) Slow

13) Yellow light indicate

a) Stop c) Get ready

b) Go d) Slow

14) Green light indicate

a) Stop c) Get ready

b) Go d) Slow

15) symbol indicates

a) No Entry c) Give way

b) Go straight d) No parking

16) symbol indicates

a) No Entry c) Overtaking Prohibited

b) Go straight d) No parking
17) symbol indicates

a) No Entry c) Give way

b) Go Straight d) No Parking

18) symbol indicates

a) No Entry c) Give way

b) Go Straight d) No Parking

19) symbol indicates

a) Pedestrain crossing c) School Ahead

b) Pedestrain Prohibited d) Give way

20) symbol indicates

a) Pedestrain crossing c) School Ahead

b) Pedestrain Prohibited d) Give way

 PART - 3

QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING KNOWLEDGE ON LEGAL

ASPECTS OF VIOLATING ROAD TRAFFIC RULES

21) Violating traffic rules is a

a) Offence c) Awarded

b) Accepted d) Encouraged

22) While driving always carry the original

a) Driving Licence c) Passport

b) Pan Card d) Aadhaar card

23) What is the normal age to get major driving license?

a) 15 years c) 17 years

b) 16 years d) 18 years

24) While driving follow the

a) Speed limit c) Mobile phone

b) News d) Vehicle

25) Always use “ L” display plates for

a) Readers c) Walkers

b) Learners d) Runners

26) Violating the standards of vehicles leads to

a) Air pollution c) Water pollution

b) Soil pollution d) Reduce the fuel consumption

27) Do not use mobile phones while

a) Sitting c) Standing

b) Driving d) Walking
28) When met with an accident, we should

a) Escape from the spot c) Co-operate with the police

b) Neglect to care the victim d) Not inform to the emergency police service

29) Zebra crossing is for

a) Lorry Drivers c) Pedestrian

b) Car Drivers d) Truck Drivers

30) While driving two wheeled vehicles

a) Use earphone c) Use cellphone

b) Use helmet d) Use radio

 APPENDIX – G

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LESSON PLAN ON
ROAD TRAFFIC
RULES
 LESSON PLAN ON ROAD TRAFFIC RULES

NAME OF THE STUDENT TEACHER : Mrs. J.Swarna Priya II Year M.Sc.,

Nursing TOPIC : Road Traffic Rules

GROUP : Middle School Children

SIZE OF GROUP : 60

VENUE : Karthi Vidhyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Kumbakonam

DURATION : 20 Minutes

MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION : Tamil

METHOD OF TEACHING : Video Assisted Teaching Programme

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, the student will gain knowledge regarding road traffic rules.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, the students will be able to know about the

 introduction of road traffic rules.

 meaning of road traffic rules.
 importance of road traffic rules.
 need of road traffic rules knowledge for school children.
 road traffic rules for school children.
 legal aspects on violating road traffic rules.
INTRODUCTION:

Everyone needs to be aware of the traffic rules especially children and young people who are at significant road accident risks. Traffic
rules play a very important role in the traffic system of a country. These rules are made for avoiding traffic jams and accidents in cities and
towns. There are traffic polices to supervise the rules. We all should follow traffic rules to maintain a sound traffic system. Let us see them in
detail.
 TEACHER STUDENT
SPECIFIC
TIME CONTENT AV AIDS ACTIVITI ACTIVITIE EVALUATION
OBJECTIVES ES S
MEANING :
Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and
Tell about the With the help What is mean
regulate vehicle which includes rules of the road both Lecture
meaning of of multimedia by road traffic
2 mins method Listening
Road Traffic the laws and the informal rules that may have rules ?
Rules. communication
developed
over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of
traffic.
IMPORTANCE OF ROAD TRAFFIC RULES :
 The rules regulate the positioning of vehicles on
the roadway, changing of position, passing,

List out the stopping, parking and travelling intersections What are the
and railroad crossings. With the help
importance of Lecture importance of
of multimedia Listening
road traffic 2 mins  They establish speed limits for populated areas. method Road Traffic
communication
rules.  They provide the list of requirements that Rules?
vehicles in operation must meet.
 They provides fines or disciplinary measures
when the regulations are violated, depending on
the nature of the violation and its consequences.
 NEED OF ROAD TRAFFIC RULES
KNOWLEDGE FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN:

According to the statistics, it is found that

there are most of the road accidents cases in which
children are involved, so they are at high risk than
other age group people. They need road traffic rules
safety knowledge and education from their early ages.
which should be started from their home and schools
Enumerate the With the help
by adding this subject to their syllabus. Some points
need of road of multimedia Lecture
are mentioned below proving the fact that why road
traffic rules 3 mins communication method Listening
traffic rules are so important for school children:
knowledge for
school children.
 Children are children, no one can be sure about
what they will do next at home or other
crowded place especially road during traffic
situation.

 Children become completely innocent, they

cannot judge the vehicles speed moving on
the road.
 Drivers also cannot recognize their mood to
move on the road especially when they try to
cross the road in front of the vehicle because
of their small height.

What is the
 They cannot judge how often vehicles can With the help
Lecture need of road
come on the empty road. of multimedia
method Listening traffic rules
communication
knowledge for
 They can cross road from anywhere on the school
road because they have no idea about proper children?
place to cross the road.

 They become fearful soon and do not

understand what they should do when they see
vehicles coming to their direction.
Explain the 10 ROAD TRAFFIC RULES FOR SCHOOL
road traffic rules mins CHILDREN :
for school Following are some essential road traffic rules
children. that play great role in protecting children from road
accidents by making them responsible pedestrian on
the
road:

 Parents should teach their children to be

extra attentive and look everywhere (left With the help
Lecture
of multimedia
and right) before crossing the road street. method Listening
communication
 Children should always cross the roads by
holding hands of their elders or friends.

 They should never run on the roads, should not

be in hurry or leaving parents hand and be
calm.
 They need to be more cautious on the
road without getting distracted by
anything.
 They should be practiced by their parents to
follow sidewalks only or always use left side
on the roads where sidewalks are unavailable.
 They should be taught to only cross the roads
at crossroads after seeing traffic signals for
pedestrians.

 They must be aware of the meaning of

colors (red means stop, green means go and
yellow means also stop), traffic light basics
and importance of traffic signs on the roads.

 They should use rear side of the passenger

With the help
seat while getting out of a car or bus. Lecture Listening
of multimedia

 Children should be taught not to play on communication method

the roads or other places out of playing

zone.

 They should wear helmet and use all the

measures while riding bicycle on the roads by
ensuring proper functioning of brakes, horns
and steering.

 They should not use earphone or other music

listening instruments while riding bicycle on
the road.
Parents may teach their children in better way by
wearing seat-belts while driving a car and helmet while
driving and travelling in a bike anytime. Parents should
follow all the road traffic rules while driving vehicle to
establish good examples in front of their children as
they are first example in the lives of their kids.

The Road Traffic Rules promote safe, fast traffic. With the help
Lecture Listening
They establish the meaning of the signals of traffic of multimedia
method
communication
lights and traffic controllers, road signs and road
markings and describe the movements of participants
in road traffic in the most typical conditions and
situations.

Traffic Light Signals

Traffic light signals are control devices which

could alternately direct the traffic to stop and proceed
at intersections using red and green traffic light signals.
Stop

Stop well before the stop line, and don't crowd the
intersection. This not only obstructs a clear view of the
intersection for other road users, but also make the
zebra crossing unsafe for the pedestrians. You are
allowed to turn left at the red signal unless there is a
sign specifically forbidding you to do so. When
turning, yield the right way to pedestrians and
vehicles from
other directions.
Be Alert

The Amber light gives time to vehicles to clear

With the help Lecture Listening
the road when the signal is changing from green to red.
of multimedia method
If caught in the Amber signal in the middle of a large
communication
road crossing do not press your accelerator in panic but
do continue with care.

Go

If first in line, do not go tearing off at the green

signal but pause to see whether vehicles from other
directions have cleared the road.
 Sometimes you are allowed to turn left or right
too, unless separate signs exist for each direction. if
turning, yield the right of way to pedestrians and
vehicles from other directions.

Mandatory Signals

Mandatory signs are meant to inform the

road user of certain laws ,regulations and prohibitions
to provide safety and free flow of traffic.

Eg : - stop and give way sign

With the help
-Prohibitory sign
of multimedia Lecture Listening
- No parking sign
communication method
-Speed limit and vehicle control signs
-Restriction end sign
-Compulsory direction control and other signs

Cautionary Signs

Cautionary signs are used to warn the road

user of certain hazardous condition that exists on or
adjacent to the roadway. These are in the shape of an
equilateral triangle with its apex pointing upwards.
 Eg: -Right and left hand curve

-Right and left hair pin bend

-Right and left reverse band

-Steep ascent and descent

- River bank

-Narrow bridge

-Narrow and wide road

-Slippery road
With the help
-Cycle and pedestrian crossing
of multimedia Lecture Listening
-Y-Intersection communication method

-Speed breakers

Informatory Signs

These signs are used to guide the road user along

routes, inform them of destination and provide with the
information to make travel easier, safe and pleasant.
 Eg: - Direction and Place identification signs
- Facilities informatory signs
- Useful information signs
- Parking signs
-Flood gauge

Road

Markings Bare

Roads

Bare roads will lead to total vehicular confusion.

Markings are painted on the road to direct, guide and With the help Lecture Listening

regulate the road user. Road markings include all lines of multimedia method
patters, words and colors applied on or attached to the communication
road surface or kerb, for the said purpose.

Traffic Paints

Traffic paints are commonly used for road

markings. Other materials such as, road studs, cat's
eyes and thermoplastic strips also find their application
in road markings. These markings promote road safety
and ensure smooth flow of traffic. Sometimes, road
markings are used to supplement the message of road
signs and other devices.
Centre Line

On undivided two-way roads, the centre line

separates the opposing streams of traffic and facilitates
their movements. The centre line can be a single
broken
line, a single continuous solid line (barrier line), a
double solid line or a combination of solid line and
broken line. Single and double solid lines, whether
white or yellow, must not be crossed or even straddled.
On a road with two center lines, of which one is solid
What are the
and the other broken, the solid line has significance With the help
Lecture Listening road traffic
only it it is on the left side of the combination as of multimedia
method rules for school
viewed by the driver. In such a case, the driver must be communication
children?
careful not
to cross or straddle the center line.
Double Continuous

Double Continuous lines are used where

visibility is restricted in both directions. Neither stream
of traffic is allowed to cross the lines.
Enumerate the 3 mins LEGAL ASPECTS ON VIOLATING ROAD
legal aspects on TRAFFIC RULES:
violation of road
In the year 2017, Tamil Nadu government took strict
traffic rules.
actions to curb increasing road accident and violation
of traffic rules. The change is brought with an intention
of making the roads safer for plying by imposing
heavy fines on offenders.

The current list of fines for the various traffic With the help
Lecture
rules violations in Chennai, Tamil Nadu under The of multimedia
method Listening
Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 is as follows: communication

Fine for
Fine for
2nd offence
Offence 1st offence
and more
(In Rs.) (In Rs.)

Driving a vehicle without renewal 100 300

Driving a vehicle without

100 300
changing name and address

Disobeying traffic signals 100 300

Triples Ride 100 300
Driving without helmet 100 300
Driving without License and RC
100 300
Book

Driving in a manner dangerous to

500 500
the public
Non-Possession of Driving
500 500
License
Driving by a disqualified person 500 500
Over speed 400 1000
Rash and Negligence driving 1000 2000
Driving when mentally or
200 500
physically unfit to drive.
Driving any motor vehicle when With the help
2500 5000
not properly registered
of multimedia Lecture Listening
Overload 2000 2000
Driving without insurance (Two- communication method
500 1000
wheelers)
Driving without insurance (Non-
700 1000
transport)
Driving without insurance
1000 1000
(Transport)
Violations of the standards related
1000 2000
to control of air.
Violations of the standards related
100 400
to control of noise.
Disobeying police orders. 800 1200
Talking while driving 1000 2000
No entry Violation 2000 5000
Display plates for learners

A learning driver must carry display plates. Otherwise

fine for a first time offender is Rs. 300, and thereafter
Rs. 600.

Disobeying Signal

Breaking a signal in the road is considered as an

offence not only because it causes harm to you but it’s With the help
dangerous for others walking down the streets as well. of multimedia Lecture Listening
So when you break a signal in Chennai you impose communication method
upon yourself a fine of Rs.300 to Rs.600.

Stop the car, cooperate with the police

Whenever you meet with an accident don’t try to flee

from the situation. This will only damage your position.

Crossing the Zebra

The Zebra lines in the streets are made for pedestrians,

not for drivers. Rule breakers have to pay Rs. 300 to Rs.
600 as penalty.
Wrong parking and turning

Parking the car in no parking zone or turning the car With the help Lecture Listening What are the
improperly is a cognizable offence. of multimedia
method legal aspects on
communication
violation of
Driving without Helmet
road
traffic rules?
Driving without helmet may be a suicidal attempt so
this
is fined with Rs. 100 to Rs. 300.
SUMMARY:

Thus road traffic rules is very good and safe to all people all through the life. Everyone should follow traffic rules while walking or
driving on the road to save their lives.

CONCLUSION:

Road Traffic Rules is very important for people of all age group to be safe and secure as well as reduce the number of road accidents
and injury cases. So, everyone should strictly follow all the rules, regulations and signs of road traffic lights. Children should be well
practiced from the end of their parents at home and get proper study by the teacher in the school.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

BOOK REFERENCE:

 Udara Um Shabhailteacht Ar Bhoithre ;Rules of the Road; page no :45 -50 ,194 -196
 K.Park,Preventive and social medicine, 23 rd edition,Banarsidas Branot, Page no :404

JOURNAL REFERENCE:

 Medical Journal Armed Forces India, September -2013

 International journal of computer applications, volume 81 ,November 2013

NET REFERENCE:

 www.indiacelebrating.com
 www.momjunction.com
 www.medline.com
 www.rms.nsw.gov.au
 www.trackschoolbus.com
 www.bankbazaar.com
 www.googleweblight.com
 www.indiandrivingschool.com
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3. gpd ;d hy ; , Ue;J t
%y k;
Uk;t hf d q ;f i s epWj ;J q ;f s ;
4. Kd ; kw;Wk; gpd ;Gwj ;j py
pUe;J x Nu r kaj ;j py ; t Uk;
t hf d q ;f i s epWj ;J q ;f s ;.
5. t y J kw;Wk; , l J , Ue;J x Nu
Neuj ;j py ; neUq ;f p t Uk;
t hf d q ;f i s epWj ; J q ;f s ;.
6. , l J Gwj ;j py ; , Ue;J t Uk;
t hf d j ;i j j ; nj hl q ;F q ;f s ;
7. t y J GwkpUe;J t Uk;
t hf d q ;f s ; nj hl q ;F t j w;F
8. mi l ahs k; khw;w

9. x U gf ;f t hf d q ;f
s ;nj hl q ; F t j w;F
10.b-Gs ;s papy ; t hf d q ;f
t pupTi u Gupe;J
s ;nj hl q ;F t j w;F
f hNz hs nf hs ;S j
11.t pI gp t z f ;f k; nf hL f ;f
p y;
12. b Gs ;s papy ; %y k;
t hf d q ;f s ;epHt f pf ;f
f l ;l ha r pf ;d y ;f s ;

f l ;l ha mwpF wpf s ;
F wpg;gpl ;l r l ;l q ;f s ;> f l ;L
g;ghL kw;Wk;j i l f i s r hi y
gad hs Uf ;F
nj upt pf ;f pd ;wd

. c j hu z k ;:

 epWj ;j k; kw;Wk; t op nf hL f t pupTi u

Gupe;J
;f c j Tk; mi l ahs q ;f s ; f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
p
 gpur ;r pi d mi l ahs k; y;
%y k;
 Nt f t uk;G kw;Wk; t hf
d f l ;L g;ghl ;L mwpF wpf s ;
 mj ph;T K bT mi l ahs k;
 gpw mwpF wpf s ;
vr ;r upf ;i f mwpF wpf s ;

r hi y apd ; t opNa my ;y
J mUf py ; , Uf ;F k; r py mghaf
ukhd epi y apd ; r hi y gad i
u vr ;r upf ;i f mi l ahs q ;f s ;
gad ;gL j ;j g;gL f pd ;wd . ,it
r kr ;r PH K f N; f hz j ;j pd ; t bt j ;j
py ; mj d ; c r ;r f hy; Row;r pi af
;nf hz ;b Uf ;F k;. t pupTi u
Gupe;J
f hNz hs
c j hu z k ;: nf hs ;S j
p
 t y J kw;Wk; , l J i f t i s T y;
%y k;
 t y J kw;Wk; , l J i f K s
;t i s T
 t y J kw;Wk; , l J j i y f Po ;
, i r f ;F O
 Vw;wk; kw;Wk; t k;r ht s p
 ej p t q ;f p
 ghy k;
 ehh; kw;Wk; gue;j r hi y
 t Of ;F k; r hi y
 kpj pt z ;b kw;Wk; ghj r
hup r e;j pg;Gf s ;
 -Y- r e;j pg;Gf s ;
 Nt f f l ;L g;ghL mi l ahs q ;f

s ;j f t y ; mwpF wpf s ;

, e;j mwpF wpf s ; r hi y apd

;t opNa r hi y t opi a t opf hl ;l Tk;>
, y f ;i f mwpt pf ;f Tk;> gaz j ;i j
vs pj hf Tk;> ghJ f hg;ghd j hf Tk;>
, d i kahd j hf Tk;
khw;W t j w;f hf Tk; gad ;gL j ;j t pupTi u
Gupe;J
g;gL f pd ;wd . f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
c j hu z k ;: p
y;
%y k;
 j pi r kw;Wk; , l k; mi l ahs
k;r hd ;Wf s ;
 t r j pf s ; j f t y ; mwpF wpf s ;
 gaD s ;s j f t y ; mwpF wpf s ;
 ghh;f ;f pq ; mwpF wpf s ;
 nt s ;s g; ghi j
r hi y mi l ahs q ;f s ;

nt w;W r hi yf s ;

nt w;W r hi y f s ;
nkhj ;j t hf d F og;gj
;j pw;F t op t F f ;F k;. t opf hl ;L j y
;f s ; r hi yapy;gaz h;f i
s Neubaf h> t opf hl ;b
kw;Wk; mt h;f i s x Oq ;F gL j t pupTi u
Gupe;J
;j f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
c j Tf pwJ . r hi y p
y;
Nehf ;f q ;f S f ;n f y ;y hk;> r hi y g; %y k;
gug;G my ;y J , i z f ;f g;gl ;L s ;s
mi d j ;J Nf hL f s ;> kw;Wk;
t z ;z q ;f s ; M f pai t ml q ;F k;.
Nghf ;F t uj ;J t z ;z g;G+r ;Rf s ;

r hi y Xuq;f S f ;f hd
Nghf ;F t uj ;J Xt paq;f s
;nghJ t hf g;
gad ;gL j ;j g;gL f pd ;wd . r hi y
nghUl ;f s ;> r hJ f ;f s pd ; f z ;f s pd
;kw;Wk; nj h;Nkhgy p] ;b f ; f Pw;Wf s
;
Nghd ;w kw;w nghUl ;f S t pupTi u
Gupe;J
k;r hi y apd ; mi l ahs q ;f s py ; j q ;f s f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
; p
y;
gad ;ghl ;i l f ; f hz ;f pd ;wd . , e;j %y k;
mi l ahs q ;f s ; r hi yghJ f hg;i g
C f ;F t pf ;F k; kw;Wk; Nghf ;F t uj
;J R%f khd Xl ;l j ;i
j
c Wj pg;gL j ;J f pd ;wd .
r py Neuq ;f s py ;> r hi
y mi l ahs q ;f s ;kw;Wk; gpw
r hj d q ;f s pd
;nr a;j pi ag; nghUj ; J t j w;F r hi
y mi l ahs q ;f s ;
gad ;gL j ;j g;gL f pd ;wd .
i ka t up
gpupf ;f g;gl hj , uz ;L t op
r hi y f s py ;> i ka t up Nghf ;F t uj ;J
neupr i y j ; j f h;j ;J > mt h;f s pd ;
, af ;f q ;f i s vs pj hf ;F f pwJ
. i ka t up x U xw;i w c i l e;j t
up>
xU nj hl h;r ;r pahd j pl t
up (j i l ahf t up)> x U , ul ;i l j pl t t pupTi u
Gupe;J
up f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
my ;y J j pl t up kw;Wk; c i l e;j t p
y;
up x U f y i t ahf , Uf ;f %y k;
K bAk;. x w;i w kw;Wk; , ul ;i l
j pl khd Nf hL f s ;> nt s ;i s my;y
J kQ;r s ;
epwkhf , Ue;j hY k;>
f l f ;f g;gl f ;$ l hJ my ;y
J epWj ;j g;gl f ;$ l hJ . , uz ;L
i ka t upf i s
nf hz ;l x U r hi y apy;>
xU j pl khd kw;Wk; c i l e;j
epi yapy;> j pl khd t
up K f ;f paj ;J t k; t ha;e;j j hf c s ;s J .
mJ , af ;f p ghh;f ;F k; t i f apy;
, i z g;gpd ; ,lJ gf ;f j
;j py ;kl ;L Nk c s ;s J . mj ;j i f
a x U t of ;f py ; Xl ;L
d h; i kat upi a f l f ;f Nt h
my ;y J F Wf ;f pl Nt
gs ;s p
gh f t d khf , Uf ;f Nt z ;L k;.
F oe;i j f S f ;f hd
t pupTi u
Gupe;J r hi y
f hNz hs
nj hl h;r ;r pahd , ul ;i l t up nf hs ;S j Nghf ;F t uj
p
, U j pi r f s pY k; nj upTepi y; ;J t pj pf s ;
%y k;
y f l ;L g;gL j ;j g;gL k; , l j ;j gw;wp

py ; t ps f ;F f

, ul ;i l nj hl h;r ;r pahd t upf s ;

gad ;gL j ;j g;gL f pd ;wd . ve;j nt
hU Nghf ;F t uj ;J neupr
Y k; t upf i s f l f ; f mD kj pf
;f g;gl t py ;i y .
 r hi y Nghf ;F t uj ;J t pj pf i s
kPWt j hy; Vw;gL k; r l ;l mk;r q ;f s ;

2017M k; M z ;b y ; j
kpo;ehL muR mj pf upj ;J t Uk; r hi y
t pgj ;J kw;Wk; Nghf ;F t uj ;J
t pj pf i s kPWt j w;f hd
r hi y f L i kahd
Nghf ;F t uj ;J el t bf ;i f f i s vL j ;j J . t pupT i u
Gupe;J
t pj pf i s F w;wr ;n r ay ;f s py ; fLi f hNz hs
3 mt nf hs ;S j
kPWt j hy ; Vw;gL kahd mguhj q ;f i s Rkj ;J t j d ; p
y;
k;r l ;l mk;r q ;f s %y k;> r hi y f s ; ghJ f hg;ghd %y k;
; , l khf khw;Wk; vz ;z j ;J l d ; , e;j
khw;wk;nf hz ;L t ug;gl ;L s ;s J .
mguhj t pguk;
2t J K i w
kw;Wk
Kjy
F w;wq;f s ; ;mj w;F
;K i Nky ;
w nr a;j hy ;
t hf d gj pi t
GJ g;gpf ;f j t Wj y ; 100 300
ngah; khw;wk;
nr a;a hky; , Uj ;j y ;
100 300
Nghf ;F t uj ;J
c j ;j uTf i s kPWj y ; 100 300
, Ur f ;f u
t hf d q ;f s py ; %t 100 300
H gaz pj ;j y ;
j i y f ;f t r k;
t pupT i u Gupe;J
, y ;y hky; 100 300 f hNz hs nf hs ;S j
gaz pj ;j y
; p y;
Xl ;L eh; c upkk; M h;
r p Gf ; , y ;y 100 300 %y k;
hky ;gaz pj ;j y ;
Nghf ;F t uj ;j pw;F
, i l A+W nr a;j y ; 500 500
Xl ;L eh; c upkk;
, y ;y hj t h;f s ; 500 500
t hf d k; Xl ;L j y ;
Xl ;L d h; j F j p
, oe;j t h;f s ; 500 500
t hf d k; Xl ;L j y ;
mj pNt f j ;j py ;
t hf d k; Xl ;L j y ;
400 1000
mghaf ukhf
Xl ;L j y ; 1000 2000
kd j s t py ; c l y ;
ms t py ;
200 500
 r upapy ;y hky ;
Xl ;L j y ;
gj pT nr a;a g;gl hj
t hf d k; Xl ;L j y ;
2500 5000
f hg;gPL , y ;y hky ;
Xl ;L j y ; (, uz 500 1000
;L r f ;f u t hf d
k;)
f hg;gPL , y ;y hky ;
Xl ;L j y ; 700 1000
(buhd ;] ;Nghh;l );
f hg;gPL , y ;y hky ;
Xl ;L j y ; (ehd 1000 1000
;buhd ;] ;Nghh;l
); t pupTi u Gupe;J
f hw;W
f l ;L g;gL j ;J
f hNz hs nf hs ;S j
k;nj hl h;ghd 1000 2000 p y;
j uepi y apd
;kPwy ;f s ; %y k;
r j ;j k;
f l ;L g;gL j ;J
k;nj hl h;ghd 100 400
j uepi y apd
;kPwy ;f s ;
f ht y ;J i w
mj pf hupf s
pd ;f l ;l i s f i
800 1200
s
kPWj y ;
t hf d k;
Xl ;L k;NghJ NgRj y ;
1000 2000
Ei oT t pj p kPwy ; 2000 5000
f w;wt h;f S f ;F f hl ;r p j l ;L f s ;

f w;wy ; , af ;f p f hl ;r p j f L f
s ;nr ay;gL j ;j Nt z ;L
k;. K j y ;K i wahf
F w;wt hs pf ;F &.
300> mj d ;gpwF & .600

r kpf ;i Qi a kWf ;f g;gL f pwJ

r hi y apy; x U r kpf ;i
Qi a kPWt J xU F
w;wkhf f Uj g;gL f pwJ . mJ kl
t pupT i u
;L kpy ;y hky;> Gupe;J
f hNz hs
nj Uf ;f s pY k; ei l gaz k; nf hs ;S j
p
nr a;a gt h;f S f ;F M gj ;i j y;
%y k;
t pi s t pf ;F k;. vd Nt > nr d ;i d apy ;
xU r kpf ;i Qi a kPWk;NghJ
> c q ;f S f ;F ePq ;f Ns &.
300 K j y ;& .600 tiu
mguhj k; t pj pf ;f Nt z ;L
k;.
f hi u epWj ;j Tk;> f ht y ;J i w
mj pf hupf S l d ; x j ;J i of ;f Tk;.

ePq ;f s ; x U t pgj ;j py ; r e;j pf

;F k;Nghnj y ;y hk; # o;epi
y apypUe;J j g;gp Xl K aw;r
pf ;f hj Ph;f s ;. , J c q ;f s ;epi y f
;F kl ;L Nk j Pq ; F
t pi s t pf ;F k;. t pupT i u
Gupe;J
f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j
p
[ Pg;uhi t f ; f l e;J y;
%y k;
nj Uf ;f s py ; f Ug;G kw;Wk;
nt s ;i s epw Nf hL Nghl ;l
r hi y f s ; ghj r hupf S f ;f hd i t .
Xl ;L d h;f S f h; f my;y . t pj p
kPWgt h;f S f ;F & .300 K j y ; & .
600 t i u j z ;l i d ahF k;.
j t whd epWj ;j k; kw;Wk; j pUg;Gj y ;

t hf d k; epWj ;J kpl j ;j
py ;t hf d k; epWj ;j q ;f s ; my;y J f r hi y
hi u Nghf ;F t uj ;J
t pupT i u
j pUg;gp t pL t J j t whd F w;wkhF k;. Gupe;J t pj pf i s
f hNz hs
nf hs ;S j kPWt j hy; Vw;gL
p
y; k;r l ;l mk;r q ;f
j i y f ;f t r k; , y ;y hky ; Xl ;L j y ; %y k;
s ;gw;wp t ps f ;F f
j i y f ;f t r k; , y ;y hky;
Xl ;L t J xU j w;n f hi
y K aw;r pahF k;.
KbTi u

mi d j ;J t aj pd Uk; ghJ f hg;Gl d ; kw;Wk; r hi y t pgj ;J f ;f s ; M f pat w;i wf ; F i wg;gj w;F

r hi y Nghf ;F t uj ;J t pj pf s ; kpf Tk; K f ;f pak;. vd Nt > vy ;Ny hUk; f z ;b g;ghf mi d j ;J r hi y
Nghf ;F t uj ;J t pj pf i s Ak; gpd ;gw;w Nt z ;L k;.
 ANNEXURE – I

PLAGIARISM FORM

This is to certify that this dissertation work titled a study to assess the effectiveness
of video assisted Teaching Programme on level of knowledge regarding Road Traffic Rules
among middle school children of the candidate J.Swarna Priya with Registration Number
301628051 for the award of M.Sc., (Nursing) in the branch of Community Health Nursing.
I personally verified the urkund.com website for the purpose of plagiarism check. I found
that the uploaded thesis file contains from introduction to conclusion pages and results
shows 80-100 percentage of originality in the dissertation.

Guide & Supervisor sign with seal

 APPENDIX –H

LIST OF EXPERTS

Prof.Mrs.S.Vasantha, M.Sc., (N),

Principal,
Sacred Heart College of Nursing,
Kumbakonam.

Dr.J.Ambrose, M.B.B.S, D.C.H.,

St.Martin’s Children Hospital,
Kumbakonam

Prof.Mrs.A.Arulselvi , M.Sc., (N) Ph.D (N),

Principal,
Mannai Narayana Swami College of Nursing,
Kumbakonam.

Mrs.Kayalvizhi ,M.Sc., (N),

Assistant Professor,
Sacred Heart College of Nursing,
Kumbakonam.

Mrs.N.Gowri, M.Sc., (N),

Professor,
Our Lady of Health College of Nursing,
Kumbakonam.