Log - MORADI - Class Presentation
Log - MORADI - Class Presentation
ƵŚģƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
Well Logging
ŽŹŶƯ
ƽŵřźƯĨƯŚǀſ
ࣘ
ŢſźƸƟ
ƶƯŶƤƯ
ŚƸĮƴſƾƨǀƯŚƴƿŵƹŹŶǀƷŜƿřźƋƹƾƨƿżǀƟšŚǀƇƺƈų
(Open-hole Logging)ŻŚŝƵźƠůƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƽŚƸƷŚĮŤſŵ
ƾŤƯƹŚƤƯ
(Sonic)ƾţƺƇ
( Nuclear) ƽřƶŤƀƷ
(Gamma ray)ŚƯŚĭ
(Formation Test)ŹźĪƯƾƿŚƯŻōƶƿLJ
(Cased-hole Logging)ƁƺěƵźƠůƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƽŚƸƷŚĮŤſŵ
(Formation Evaluation)ŶƳŻŚſƾŝŚƿŻŹř
Sw,SoŢƠƳƹśōƕŚŞƃřŶƇŹŵƶŞſŚŰƯ
Ö ƪŴƬŴţƶŞſŚŰƯ
LithologyĬƴſžƴūƲǀǀƘţ
ƶƯŶƤƯ
ŹřŵƺưƳƞƿźƘţ
ƹƱżŴƯĬƴſƹƾĪƿźŤĪƫřƾƿŚǀưǀƃƾĪƿżǀƟƞƬŤŴƯƅřƺųŢŞŧ
ƢưƗƪŝŚƤƯŹŵƩŚǀſ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƶĤŴƿŹŚţ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳŻřƝŶƷ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƽŚƸƃƹŹ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳšŚǀƬưƗƕřƺƳř
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƶĤŴƿŹŚţ
ƽŵLjǀƯæîçìƩŚſŹŵ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƵŚĮŤſŵƲǀƫƹř
ƵŻřŶƳřŢƸūƾĪƿźŤĪƫř
ƪǀƀƳŚŤěƝLjŤųřƽźǀĭ
ƱżŴƯŻřƶƐƤƳƹŵƲǀŝ
ŶƃƶŤųŚſ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƶĤŴƿŹŚţ
Normals (16”, 64”) (1930)
Laterals (18”) 1940
Laterolog
1950
Induction (IES)
Dual Induction (DIT-B) 1960
Dual Laterolog
1970
Spherically Focused Laterolog
Dual Induction (DIT-D) 1980
Dual Induction - Phasor (DIT-E)
1990
Array Induction
AIT-B 1995
Platform Express (AIT-H)
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳŻřƝŶƷ
ƮǀƤŤƀƯƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƶĩƱżŴƯƩŚǀſƹĬƴſŻřƾţŚƗLjƏřƱŵŹƹōŢſŶŝ
ŶƃŚŝƾưƳźƿŸěƱŚĪƯřƱō
ƽźǀĭƵżƜƯƱŵƺŝƶƴƿżƷźěƹƪĪƄƯ
ƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƸƄƿŚƯŻōƭŚŬƳřƽřźŝƵżƜƯƮŬůƱŵƺŞƳƾƟŚĩ
ƵżƜƯŹŵšŚƗLjƏřƱŵƺŞƳƶŤſƺǀě
ŢƀǀƳƵŵŚƠŤſřƪŝŚƣźĭƪǀƬŰţƽŚƷŹřżƟřƭźƳƎſƺţƮǀƤŤƀƯšŹƺƈŝƵżƜƯšŚƗLjƏř
ƶƯŶƤƯ
ŶƳŻŚſƾŝŚƿŻŹřƝřŶƷř
ƱżŴƯƾƬƇřƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶŞſŚŰƯ
ƪŴƬŴţ
śōƕŚŞƃřŶƇŹŵ
Ĭƴſžƴū
ĬƴſƕƺƳ
ƽŶǀƫƺţƶƿLJŢƯŚŴƋ
ƽźƿŸěŷƺƠƳŢǀƬŝŚƣ
IHCIP Vb 1 S wi
æèíë é ƞƿźƃƾŤƘƴƇƵŚĮƄƳřŵ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳŪƿřŹƽŚƸƃƹŹ
(CTLŹŚǀſƽżƜƯƶƫƺƫƶƬǀſƺŝƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
ƽŹŚƠůƽŚƷƶƫƺƫƶƬǀſƺŝƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
(LWDƽŹŚƠůƲǀůŹŵƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
(Open-hole Logging)ŻŚŝƵźƠůƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
(Cased-hole Logging)ƁƺěƵźƠůƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳ
ƽźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƽŚƷŹřżŝř
ŻŚŝƵźƠů
(Open-Hole Logging)
ƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯįŚƷŹřŵƺưƳ
Log Type Abb. Tool Name Company profile Mud Type
Induction resistivity AIT Array Induction Tools Slb. O.H O.B.M/F.W/O.E.M
PI phasor induction Slb. O.H O.B.M/F.W/O.E.M
DIL dual induction log (tool) NIDC O.H O.B.M/F.W/O.E.M
HRI High Resolution Induction NIDC/CNLC O.H O.B.M/F.W/O.E.M
Laterolog resistivity
HRLA slb. O.H S.W
DLL Dual laterolog NIDC/CNLC/slb O.H S.W
Other
VSP Vertical Seismic Profile Slb.
TDT Termal Decay Time C.H
CCL Casing Collar Log C.H
Operating Technique
Depth-Matching
Logging Speed
Tool Positioning
Response in Known Conditions
Setting of Constants, Software Version, Sampling
Rate and Filtering Characteristics
Presence of Standard Curves
Relogging of Anomalies
Repeat Section
Taping Standards
Operating Technique: Depth-Matching
standard depth control procedures are to be followed
to provide accurate depth measurements.
Normally the first log run in the well is the master log
and should be used as the depth reference for all
subsequent logs
Each tool has its own maximum logging speed for the
ideal case (A recommended logging speed is given for
each tool, which is a maximum value in most cases)
Formation
to be
These include laterolog
Measured
and sonic devices.
Induction 80 cm
Resistivity log
Laterolog 80 cm
Resolution
Neutron 40 cm
Radioactivity
Gamma-ray 30 cm
Density 20 cm
Acoustic
Sonic 60 cm
Micro resistivity 5 cm
Resistivity Micro log
Dipmeter 2 cm
250 cm 200 cm 150 cm 100 cm 50 cm 0 cm
Depth of Investigation
Reservoir Rock Properties
ࣙࣙ
Reservoir Porosity
Definition
Porosity is the fraction of a rock that is occupied by voids
(pores).
Vp Vb Vma
Porosity
Vb Vb
Discussion Topics
Origins and descriptions
Factors that effect porosity
Methods of determination
Reservoir Porosity
Objectives
Matrix
−Silt and Clay Size Material FRAMEWORK
(FELDSPAR)
Cement
−Material Precipitated Post-
Depositionally,During Burial. Cements
Fill Pores and Replace Framework
Grains
Pores
−Voids Among the Above Components
Reservoir Porosity
Origin of Porosity in Carbonates
Primary (Original)
−Developed at deposition
−Typified by
Intergranular
Intercrystalline pores of carbonates
−Usually more uniform than induced porosity
Secondary (Induced)
−Developed by geologic processes after deposition (diagenetic processes)
−Examples
Grain dissolution in sandstones or carbonates
Vugs and solution cavities in carbonates
Fracture development in some sandstones, shales, and carbonates
Reservoir Porosity
Factors Affecting Primary Porosity
Particle sphericity and angularity
Porosity
High
SPHERICITY
Low
ROUNDNESS
Porosity = 48 % Porosity = 27 % Porosity
SORTING
Reservoir Porosity
Factors Affecting Secondary Porosity FRACTURE
DISSOLUTION
Cementing Materials PORE
PORE
FRAMEWORK
(QUARTZ)
Overburden Stress CEMENT
MATRIX
Diagenesis
Diagenesis is the Post-Depositional Chemical and Mechanical
Changes that Occur in Sedimentary Rocks
Fabric
Selective
Fenestral Shelter Growth-Framework
Non-Fabric
Selective
Fracture Channel Vug
Definition
Permeability is a property of the porous medium and is a measure of the
capacity of the medium to transmit fluids
A measure of the fluid conductivity of the particular material
WATER
Flow is Steady State h1-h2
q
q = KA (h1-h2)/L
K is a constant of proportionality A
h1
h1>h2 for downward flow
h2
(Sand Pack Length) L
qì L L3 P T L 1 1 q
k ; 2 L2
WATER
A Äp T 1 1 L P
Reservoir Permeability
Whole Core
Heterogeneous
Reservoir Permeability
Pressure Changes
−Loss of confining pressure during core recovery k
Slope =
Rock Heterogeneities
−Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 0
Core Plugs Represent matrix Permeability 0 (p1 - p2)
Total system permeability (Matrix+Fracture)
L
is higher
−Core mineralogy problems (Salt, Gypsum)
h h1 h 2 h 3 h i
p 1 - p 2 Äp Äp 1 Äp 2 Äp 3
q q1 q 2 q 3 q i
kwh
q Äp ; A w h
ìL
kwh k w h1 k w h2 k w h3
q Äp 1 Äp 2 Äp 3 Äp
ìL ìL ìL ìL
k
k h
i i
h
Reservoir Permeability
L L1 L 2 L 3 L i
q q1 q 2 q 3
p 1 p 2 Äp 1 Äp 2 Äp 3 Äp i
qì L
p1 - p 2 ; A w h
kwh
qì L q ì L1 q ì L2 q ì L3
p1 - p 2
k w h k1 w h k 2 w h k 3 w h
L
k
Li
k
i
Reservoir Permeability
q k dp
vs
A ì ds q
q k
dr dp
2ð rh ì
rw pw
1 2ð kh
q dr dp rw re
re
r ì pe
q
2ð kh
p e p w q ì ln(re /r)
ì ln(r e /r w ) p(r) p e
2ð k h
Reservoir Permeability
p e - p w Äp Äp 1 Äp 2 Äp 3
q q1 q 2 q 3 q i
2ð k h
q Äp
ì ln(r e /r w )
2ð k h
q Äp
ì ln(r e /r w )
2ð k 1 h 1
Äp
2ð k 2 h 2
Äp
2ð k 3 h 3
Äp k
k i hi
ì ln(r e /r w ) ì ln(r e /r w ) ì ln(r e /r w ) h
Fluid Saturations
Core
Laboratory Determination of Fluid Saturations Heating
element
sample
1000-1100 F
Retort Distillation
−Advantages
Rapid (less than one hour) Cooling
water in
Direct measurement of both oil and water volumes recovered
Cooling
Adequate accuracy water out
Condenser
- Disadvantages
High temperatures (1,000 - 1,100 F): Graduated Cylinder
−Advantages
Accurate determination of water saturation
Non-destructive to core samples
Graduate tube
- Disadvantages
Slow Thimble and core
Oil volume not directly measured
Solvent
Electric Heater
V W W V ñw
Sw w Vo
i dry w
Vp ño
Vo
So Sg 1 S w So
Vp
Lithology Logs
ࣛࣚ
Lithology Logs
šřŹŷƖƄƘƄţƶŝŹŵŚƣƶĩƽźƈƴƗźƷ
Energy ƺǀŤĩřƺƿŵřŹŶƃŚŝnŚƿƹá, ã
ŵƺƄǀƯƵŶǀƯŚƳ
n
ŹŚŝóHe2+ƭƺǀƬƷƮţřƶŤƀƷá ±
ã ŢŞŨƯƾĪƿźŤĪƫř
ƾĪƿźŤĪƫřŹŚŝóeƱƹźŤĪƫř ±
ƾƠƴƯ
ƱƹŶŝóžǀƏŚƴƜƯƹźŤĪƫřšŚƘƄƘƄţ:ã ±
ƾĪƿźŤĪƫřŹŚŝƹƭźū
á ƭźūóƾĪƿźŤĪƫřŹŚŝƱƹŶŝóƱƹźţƺƳn ±
ƱƺţƹźěƩŵŚƘƯ
Penetration
Gamma Ray
Detector 1
Stabilization source
Detector 2
Photomultiplier tube 2
Gamma Ray Interactions
Compton
scattering
Medium energy
(0.75-10 Mev)
Using a calculated shale index, IGR, one can estimate the volume of
shale by applying it to a published logging company chart.
Measure the proportion of the total gamma radiation coming from each of
potassium-40, the uranium-radium series, and the thorium series. Their sum
should be the same as the total gamma ray value measured by the NGT
The spectral gamma ray tool uses the same sensor as the NGT. The output
from the sensor is fed into a multi-channel analyzer that calculates the
amount of radiation coming from the energies associated with each of the
major peaks.
The sum of the potassium-40 and thorium radiation, is called the computed
gamma ray response (CGR).
Determination of Lithology
1- Discriminating between sand and shale
2- Carbonate Formations
3- Evaporates
Unconformity Detection
Recognition of Igneous Rocks
Diagenesis
Sedimentology
Estimation of Uranium Potential
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Hydrocarbon Potential
Fracture Detection
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
The extra information supplied by the spectral gamma ray tool can, in most
cases, help recognize these situations, and calculate the amount of the particular
radioactive minerals present
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
The fact that sands that do not contain clays are sometimes radioactive
indicates that there will be occasions when the shale volume calculated
from the total gamma ray log (GR) or the total gamma ray log from the
spectral tool (SGR) will be misleading.
However, we can calculate the shale volume from the individual readings of
the spectral gamma ray log (K, Th and U), and from the computed gamma
ray log (CGR).
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
Carbonates Formations
In pure carbonates, thorium will usually be absent because the common
thorium ions are insoluble, and potassium will also be negligible.
If the formation has very low Th and K abundances, the rock may be a
pure carbonate. The rock, however, may contain uranium.
Carbonates Formations
In clay-bearing carbonate rocks, high total gamma ray readings are not
a reliable indicator of the shaliness of a carbonate.
Carbonates Formations
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
Evaporates
Large total gamma ray values are commonly associated with shales and certain
types of potassium bearing evaporite.
We can discriminate between these because the potassium-bearing evaporites
have much larger potassium abundances and zero thorium resulting from the
insolubility of thorium ions in water.
Evaporites are deposited in oxidizing environments, so the uranium is usually
also very low or zero
Unconformity Detection
The mean Th/K ratio of large intervals of formations is usually approximately
constant. This is because it depends ultimately upon the depositional conditions.
Any sudden changes in the mean Th/K ratio can act as an indicator of sudden
change in depositional environment, such as at an unconformity.
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
Diagenesis
Diagenesis is studied using the Th/K ratio derived from spectral gamma ray logs.
CEC
The cation exchange capacity of the rock may be calculated by knowing
the type and quantity of clays present in the rock from spectral gamma
ray data.
Use of the Spectral Gamma Ray
Hydrocarbon Potential
Organic matter is good at concentrating uranium. If this is deposited in a reducing
environment it can be preserved and transformed to hydrocarbons. Hence, there
is a correlation between the presence of uranium and hydrocarbons.
It is possible to evaluate the total organic carbon content of rocks from the
uranium content derived from the spectral gamma ray log providing the
relationship is calibrated using core data. The hydrocarbon potential of the rock
may then be derived from the total organic carbon content.
Fracture Detection
Uranium is soluble in reducing conditions. Dissolved uranium salts may then be
precipitated along fractures, causing local peaks in the uranium spectral gamma
ray log.
Across from a clean, thick, sand formation where the borehole fluid
is the dominant resistance, the electrochemical potential is fully
developed and the deflection is known as the static spontaneous
potential, SSP
Direction of deflection
Uses of the SP
1) Correlation
2) Detect beds having permeability and porosity
3) Locate bed boundaries and thickness
4) Indicate bed shaliness (qualitative)
5) Determine depositional environment (only with much
experience)
6) Calculate Rw via the equation
Porosity Logs
Sonic Logs
Density Logs
Neutron Logs
ࣞࣘ
İţƺƇįźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƵŚĮŤſŵ
Sonic log
ࣞࣙ
Basic Sonic Measurement
An acoustic pulse is sent
into the formation
TT4,rock
TT3,rock
Transmitter
TTmud1
TT3 TT4
Waveforms & Transit Times
Transmitted Pulse: To Received Pulses Pulse
TT3 TT4
DTLower
2ft
Borehole Compensated Sonic
TT’s, decrease
TT’s, Increase
16 in is the maximum
hole size.
Porosity Calculation From Sonic Log
t L S xo t mf 1 S xo t hc
Vsh t sh 1 Vsh t ma
10800
SPHI
10900
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC LOG RESPONSE
Unconsolidated formations
Higher transit time Porosity overestimated
Density log
ࣟࣜ
Density log
As the gamma rays enter the formation, some are absorbed, some
pass through and others are slowed down and scattered. The last
type of collision is known as Compton Scattering and is the basic
signal mode of the density tools
Mud cake
(mc + hmc)
Formation (b)
Source
Density log
More recently the energy level of density tools has been raised to take
advantage of another nuclear phenomenon, the photoelectric effect.
b Vsh sh 1 Vsh ma S xo mf 1 S xo hc
Matrix Fluids in
flushed zone
d = Porosity from density log, fraction ma = Density of formation matrix, g/cm3
b = Bulk density from log measurement, g/cm3 f = Density of fluid in rock pores, g/cm3
hc = Density of hydrocarbons in rock pores, g/cm3 mf = Density of mud filtrate, g/cm3
sh = Density of shale, g/cm3 Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded by mud filtrate, fraction
4100
RHOC
1.95 2.95
Gamma ray
Caliper Density
4200
Density correction
Factors Affecting Porosity From Density Log
GRAIN DENSITY
If one has a dolomitised limestone with matrix density of 2.77 gm/cm3
and does not realise it, a grain density of 2.71 gm/cm3 may be
erroneously used. A porosity that is to low will be calculated.
FLUID DENSITY
Errors arise when oil based or salty muds are used, or when hydrocarbon
bearing zones are contacted.
Highly saline muds can have fluid densities as high as 1.15 gm/cm3. Since oil
typically has a lower fluid density than water (i.e. 0.80 gm/cm3), its presence as a
residual saturation with the very salty filtrate in the flushed zone will usually result
in an average fluid density close to 1.0 gm/cm3. However, in zones containing no
hydrocarbons, a porosity that is too low will be calculated if 1.0 gm/cm3 is used
instead of the correct value for the very salty mud.
Errors arise in hydrocarbon bearing zones flushed to residual amounts by a fresh
water filtrate. In flushed oil zones, the effect is minor compared to that in flushed
gas or very light oil. In the latter case, if the proper fluid density is not used, a
porosity too high is calculated
Factors Affecting Porosity From Density Log
Schlumberger uses q as an
indicator of how permeability is
affected by dispersed shale.
q = Fraction of the total For example, in the US Gulf
porosity occupied by clays Coast, if 1 >0.40, it indicates a
non-productive zone.
Factors Affecting Porosity From Density Log
e
e
Clay Lamination
Neutron log
࣠ࣛ
Neutron Interactions
Scattering Absorption
Inelastic Elastic
Fast neutron Thermal-neutron
absorption absorption
>100Kev
A fast neutron (> 1 Mev)
excites the nucleus to Billiard-ball collision
higher energy. The nucleus Principle used by all Emission of a capture
emits Gamma Rays at neutron porosity tools Gamma Ray of unique
energy unique to nucleus. energy
Life of a Neutron
Neutron log
The neutron tool emits neutrons which are slowed down and
captured. The most energy is lost when colliding with a hydrogen atom
nucleus
Tools are calibrated in the University of Houston’s API test pit which
contains carbonates of known porosities. The porosities are given in
limestone porosity units. If the matrix is not limestone, empirical
corrections are made to correlate the porosity to the proper lithology.
SNP - The Sidewall Neutron Log, which is a pad device, can be run in
either liquid or air-filled holes, but it can only be run in uncased holes.
CNL - The Compensated Neutron Log has two detectors that average
the responses which corrects for borehole irregularities. It has a deep
investigation capability and is often run with the density tool to help
detect gas zones. It must be run in liquid-filled holes; however, it works
in cased or uncased holes.
GLT The geo-chemical logging tool has two emitters and three
detectors. It is designed to obtain excitation spectra from individual
elements. One detector is a passive NGS device, the others look at the
gamma-rays from the decay of high energy neutrons.
Neutron Porosity
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
CNLLC
10700
0.45 -0.15
10800
10900
Neutron
Log
Neutron Porosity
N S xo Nmf 1 S xo Nhc
Vsh sh 1 Vsh Nma
N = Recorded parameter (Neutron porosity in P.U.)
Sxo Nmf = Mud filtrate portion
(1 - Sxo) Nhc = Hydrocarbon portion
Vsh Nsh = Shale portion
(1 - - Vsh) Nhc = Matrix portion where = True porosity of rock
N = Porosity from neutron log measurement, fraction
Nma = Porosity of matrix fraction
Nhc = Porosity of formation saturated with hydrocarbon fluid, fraction
Nmf = Porosity saturated with mud filtrate, fraction
Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded by mud filtrate, fraction
Estimation of Porosity from Neutron Porosity
Neutron Porosity
Anomalous behavior can be easily detected when a density-
neutron log tool is run and the data is plotted on the same scale.
The neutron log will skirt to the right and the density log will skirt
to the left. When they meet again marks the gas-liquid contact.
Since the neutron log senses hydrogen, it will also detect the
water bound in clay and other hydratable minerals. consequently,
porosities too high are calculated in formations containing these
types of minerals.
Example
This log
example will
be used to
demonstrate
the quick-look
evaluation
Neutron technique
Resistivity Density
GR
Example - Identify Reservoir rocks
Sand
The sand and
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
Log, the next step is to
Water
Water
Water
identify the hydrocarbon
bearing zones.
This is done by
identifying the zones with
between R t and b
anti-correlation
high resistivity.
High R t &
As can be seen, these
zones also show an anti-
correlation between
density and resistivity log,
confirming the presence
of hydrocarbons.
Example - Gas-Oil Differentiation
Gas
Gas
Summary – Quick-look Evaluation
3
Calculate Sw using
Differentiate the Rw calculated
Identify
Oil & Gas in the water zone
Hydrocarbon
Zones 6
4
2 Evaluate in
water, oil & gas zones
5
1 calculate Rw
Identify from water zone
Reservoir
Interval
ROCK TYPE CLASSIFICATION
5
4
1
Saturation Logs
ࣘࣘࣗ
İŞƳŚūƅƺƈŴƯŢƯƹŚƤƯįźǀĭŹřŵƺưƳƵŚĮŤſŵ
Dual Latrolog
(DLT)
ࣘࣘࣘ
Resistivity Applications
Ohms Law :
A V=IR
R
Substitute R with r:
R= r x L/A
V=r x L/A x I
Substitute k = (A/L):
V - Voltage (Volts) r = V/I x (A/L)
R - Resistance (Ohms) K : Geometrical factor
I - Current (Amperes)
A - Area (Square Meters) Resistivity:
L - Length (Meters) r = V/I x k
r - Resistivity(Ohms Meters)
Formation Model
Objective is to get Rt
Rmud and Rxo can affect Rt measurement
Resistivity Measurement - Model 1
Resistivity Measurement - Model 2
Equipotential
A2
280 Hz
Current A1
Source Bucking Current
M2
Monitoring
Loop M1
Measure Current
A0
CURRENT PATHS
Measure Current is sent from A0 and returns to A2
Bucking Current is sent from A1 and returns to A2
280 Hz current is generated downhole inside tool
Fish
35 Hz Current
Bucking Current
A2
35 Hz
Aux Mon.
Loop A1*
A1
Bucking Current
M2
Monitoring M1
Loop
A0
Measure Current
Laterolog Deep - Principles
CURRENT PATHS
35 Hz laterolog current is generated at surface - LCM
Measure Current sent from A0 and returns to Surface “Fish”
Bucking Current is sent from A1 and A2
Bucking Current returns to Surface “Fish”
MAIN MONITORING LOOP
Voltage between M1 and M2 is monitored
Measure Current is adjusted to Keep VM1-VM2 =0
AUXILLARY MONITORING LOOP
A1 and A2 needs to be kept at same potential for 35 Hz only
Voltage between A1* and A2 is monitored
Bucking current distribution altered to keep VA2-VA1* =0
Current density is high at A1 Hence potential is measured
at A1* which is very close
Laterolog - Depth of Investigation
Measure V0
Mass
Measure I0
A2
M2
A0
Inner Equipotential
measured at M2 electrode
A2
Mass
I (Measured) = V/r = K x C x V
Constant voltage is applied Limitation
Current varies with Conductivity If R is very high, C is very low
Current is measured I is too low to measured
Examples - SFL, MSFL
Deep Current
18 ft 18 ft
Vo
V gron
18 ft
LLG
LLD
Resistivity
Vg is measured between Groningen Electrode (bridle) and M2
LLG uses Vg as voltage instead of V0
Groningen Effect can be detected from LLD and LLGseparation
LLS is unaffected
LLG and LLD
LLG = LLD
when no Groningen Effect
DLT - Log Example
(DIT)
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Induction Principles - 1
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Ct=1/Rt
Induction Principles - 2
Induction Principles - 3
Conductivity vs. Resistivity
Resistivity device
(laterolog) is equivalent to
a serial circuit.
Conductivity (induction)
device is equivalent to a
parallel circuit.
Conductivity Seeking Tool
Ideal example:
Mud: Low Conductivity
Invaded Zone
Target: Higher Conductivity
Resistivity Tool Limitations
Possible large errors all DIL
AIT logs
1000
Possible large
Possible largeerrors on shallow
errors on shallowDIL
AIT logs
logs
Rt (ohmm)
100
Recommended DIL DLL
operating Range
DIL
10
and/or
DLL
Rt
Rt = Rw
Sw = 1, = 1
Archie’s Formula
RW
Rt
Rt Rw and Rt 1/
Rt Rw/
Archie’s Formula
Cube Filled with Formation Water/Oil
RW
Rt
Rt Rw and Rt 1/Sw
Rt Rw/Sw
Archie’s Formula
Cube Filled with Formation Water/Oil/Rock
Rw Sw
Rt
m Cementation factor
Related to the degree and type of cementation
(1.6 to 2.2, usually 2 for chalky rock and 2.15 for sandy rocks)
Rmc Rs
Adjacent Bed
Rxo Rt
Invaded Rmf Rw
h Virgin Zone
Zone Sxo Sw
Adjacent Bed Rm
Di
Invasion
Porosity = 30 %
mud filtrate
Porosity = 10 %
mud filtrate
Porosity = 20 %
mud filtrate
mud cake
No Invasion - Shale
Known condition:
Curves overlay indicating
no invasion, impermeable
Resistivity
Virgin
10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
Shallow Invasion – Water Zone (Rmf>Rw)
Known condition:
Curves separate indicating
invasion profile
Rmc >Rmf
Mud cake is formed
with invasion
Resistivity
Virgin
10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
Shallow Invasion – Oil Zone (Rmf<RO)
Resistivity
Virgin
10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
Tool Combinations
Cased Hole Logging
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Cement Bond Log (CBL)
The amplitude of an acoustic wave decreases as it propagates through a
medium. This process is known as Attenuation
In cased holes, attenuation depends mainly on the quality of the cement
around the casing
Cement Bond Log (CBL)
Causes of attenuation in the borehole
Open-hole:
Attenuation in the mud
Attenuation by transmission of energy across the mud-formation boundary
Attenuation in the rock
Transfer of energy along the bore-hole wall
Cased-hole:
Casing
Quality of cement
Mud
If the casing is free and surrounded by mud, it can vibrate freely. In this Case
transfer factor of energy to formation is low and the signal at the receiver is high
If the distance between casing and borehole wall is small ( less than one or two wavelengths, formation
signals may also be received.
If the casing is inside thin well bounded cement, vibration will be smaller and transfer factor to
the formation will be higher
How much energy is transferred to the formation, just depends on thickness of cement and
casing
Cement Bond Log (CBL)
In CBL the general method is to measure the amplitude of the first arrival in the
compressional waves at the receiver
A record is made of the signal transmitted along the logging cable during a
1000 µs period using a special camera.
Shear waves arrive later than compressional waves and at a sharper angle. As
they are often of high energy, higher amplitude and therefore darker trace will be
appeared