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    Taniya Shah
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    The document is an acknowledgement and thanks section for a student project on pollination. It expresses gratitude to the student's teacher and principal for allowing them to do the project, which helped them learn many new things. The student also thanks their parents, friends, and classmates for their support and guidance in completing the project on time.

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    The document is an acknowledgement and thanks section for a student project on pollination. It expresses gratitude to the student's teacher and principal for allowing them to do the project, which helped them learn many new things. The student also thanks their parents, friends, and classmates for their support and guidance in completing the project on time.

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    3K views5 pages

    Acknowledgement

    Uploaded by

    Taniya Shah
    The document is an acknowledgement and thanks section for a student project on pollination. It expresses gratitude to the student's teacher and principal for allowing them to do the project, which helped them learn many new things. The student also thanks their parents, friends, and classmates for their support and guidance in completing the project on time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I would like to express my special Thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.


    RB Chetteri. As well as our Principal Mrs. Bhubaneshwori Rao who
    gave me this opportunity to do this wonderful project work on topic
    ‘Pollination’ which also helped me doing a lot of research and I came to
    know about many new things related to this topic. I am really thankful to
    them.

    Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and my friends who


    helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance have been
    helpful in finalizing this project within the limited time.

    Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
    helped me a lot.

    Taniya Shah
    PREFACE

    The study of pollination brings together many disciplines, such as botany,


    horticulture, entomology, and ecology. The pollination process as an interaction
    between flower and pollen vector was first addressed in the 18th century which is
    now important in horticulture and agriculture, because fruiting is dependent on
    fertilization: the result of pollination.
    INTRODUCTION

    In some flowering plants, both types of gametes are non-motile, they have to be
    brought together for fertilization to occur.
    Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female
    reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place. Like all
    living organisms, seed plants have a single major purpose: to pass their genetic
    information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and
    pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds. For the process of
    pollination to be successful, a pollen grain produced by the anther, the male part of
    a flower, must be transferred to a stigma, the female part of the flower, of a plant
    of the same species.
    TYPES OF POLLINATION

    Depending on the source of pollen, pollination can be classified into 2 types


    Self-pollination and Cross Pollination (Xenogamy). Self-Pollination is further
    divided into Autogamy and Geitonogamy. Depending on agent of Pollination,
    pollination can be classified into abiotic pollination and biotic pollination.
    Self-Pollination is the type of Pollination in which pollen grains are transferred
    from anther to the stigma of the same flower.

    Autogamy is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the same
    flower. Autogamy in such flower requires synchrony in pollen release and stigma
    receptivity. The anther and stigma should lie close to each other so that pollination
    can occur. Some plants loke Oxalis, Commelina produce two types of flowers:

    Chasmogamous: Flowers which are similar to flowers of other species with


    exposed anthers and stigma.
    Cleistogamous: Flowers which do not open at all, and anther and stigma lie close
    to each other.

    Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of another


    flower.

    Cross Pollination or Xenogamy is the type of pollination in which pollen


    grains are transferred from anther to the stigma of a different plant.
    PROCESS OF POLLINATION

    Pollen germination has three stages: Hydration, Activation and pollen tube
    emergence. The pollen grain is severely dehydrated so that its mass is reduced
    enabling it to be more easily transported from flower to flower. Germination only
    takes place after rehydration, ensuring that premature germination does not take
    place in the anther. Hydration allows the plasma membrane of the pollen grain to
    reform into its normal bilayer organization providing an effective osmotic
    membrane. Activation involves the development of actin filaments throughout the
    cytoplasm of the cell, which eventually become concentrated at the point from
    which the pollen tube will emerge. Hydration and activation continue as the pollen
    tube begins to grow.

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