Chapter 1-5

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
The Problem and Its Background
"I recently experienced some body-shaming on my

last post at the gym and I didn't really get my feelings hurt
but I had this thought, 'People know I just gave birth, right?'
Still, comments kept coming in about how fat I was. And
guess what: Yes, I am fat. I am overweight. Whatever these
things people tell me that is supposed to make me feel guilty
or bad. Fine, but the thing is I have never felt so confident,
so happy, and so in love with my body. Stretch marks and
all." - Kylie Padilla, a Filipino celebrity who was body-
shamed on Instagram
Body-shaming is defined as the practice of making negative comments about a
person's body shape or size. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, n.d.). It happens when
someone is made to feel shame for his or her body image and or body size. Usually,
this occurrence is associated with being overweight, or not being pretty and handsome
enough versus the ideal image of a certain individual that has been set and portrayed
by the social media. (Ramirez, n.d.). It also goes by the name of fat-shaming or “the act
of criticizing or drawing attention to someone for being fat, making them feel
embarrassed or ashamed.” (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.). People typically think that
body-shaming only happens to overweight or obese people. “But it can also happen
towards people that are thin.” (Dsauza, n.d.). As Jenkins (2015) puts it, “Body shaming,
thin shaming, fat shaming, weight shaming—all of these phrases sum up one idea: that
our body does not fit the ideal standard, and we should feel badly about it.”
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Media and technology are said to be the main culprit why this culture is being
encouraged and continues to rise. “Magazines constantly offer tips about how to lose
weight ‘in days,’ appear slimmer ‘instantly,’ and hide our ‘imperfections’… without
actually knowing anything about us, much less our appearance.” (Vargas, n.d.). Body
shaming issues are growing; hence most women are being deprived of their body type
and image based on how social media portrays the ideal and perfect body of women.
Andrew (2012). “Sitcoms so frequently use overweight characters’ bodies as the basis
of many of the show’s jokes”. (Ibid). These shows teach people that it is okay to
comment on other people’s weight and shape and give people a narrow standard of
beauty in the society. Messages and comments from social media “often imply that we
should want to change, that we should care about looking slimmer, smaller, and tanner.
And if we do not we worry that we are at risk of being the target of someone else’s
body-shaming comments.” (Ibid). People do not realize the impact of such comments on
whoever is hearing those words because it has become a normal occurrence and has
long been ingrained in the society. "Our culture has this very pro-thin, anti-fat ideal. We
associate having a smaller body size with success, beauty, popularity. With being a
larger size, these individuals are being portrayed as lazy, disgusting and unmotivated."
(Cravens, n.d.). Research shows that much of the social media discussion about
obesity involves fat shaming, which often turns into harassment and cyberbullying,
especially against women. (Chou, et.al, 2014.) “Self-esteem is (also) put into question
when people become the target of body shaming.” (Kazmi, 2017). Self-esteem, as
Feldman (1985) defines it, “is the evaluation of how person value and how he or she
gives importance to himself.” Every person has a self-esteem and it is either high or low
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self-esteem. (Johanna, 2008.) When a person is subjected to body-shaming, he or she
begins to lose confidence and start to feel insecure. And when one feels insecure or has
low self-esteem, it “can lead to distorted thoughts and emotions about their bodies and
negative thoughts about body image and self-worth.” (“Low self-esteem,” n.d.) Low self-
esteem among adults can are also said to cause eating disorders, early sexual activity,
substance use and suicidal thoughts.” (Kazmi, Ibid.)
In the Philippines, body-shaming has become so rampant that it is considered by
some as part of the Filipino culture. “Any girl who grew up in a Filipino household knows
a thing or two about being body shamed by family members or relatives. Whether it is
being called names (taba, payatot) (fat, thin) or getting called out for your size or shape
(‘ang laki laki mo na,’ ‘para ka nang toothpick’) (‘you’re so big’, ‘you look like a
toothpick’) our parents, titos and titas, (uncles and aunts) and lolos and lolas
(grandfathers and grandmothers) have contributed to it in one way or another. It is not
that they hate us or deliberately want us to feel bad about ourselves. It is just that, it is
sadly become part of our culture.” (Agner, 2017.) Filipino-American blogger Erica Dawn
Waters shared in her blog how her relatives barrage her with comments about her body
whenever she comes visit the country. As Waters (2017) put it:
“…no culture comes without blemish, and the Philippines is no

exception. I want to highlight one of our societal flaws that no one
seems to talk about: blatant body shaming.
"Although I do not live there anymore, I try and visit as much as

I can—because as any true Filipino, family-time is important to me.
Every trip starts off the same way: After a 14+ hour flight, I am greeted
by my cousins, aunts and uncles. Their first words to me are tumaba
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ka 'you got fat' as they simultaneously squeeze my 'arm fat.' My
excitement for coming home instantly fades, and I immediately want to
hop on the next America-bound flight—I know that this is just the
beginning of a summer filled with unsolicited commentary pertaining to
my body.”
Award-winning international actress and singer Lea Salonga has been quite
vocal about her experiences of being body-shamed in the past and how body-shaming
is considered bullying. “I say this as someone who, throughout my career, has been
called fat to my face”, Salonga was quoted. (Guno, 2018). She further revealed that
she has had rough comments about her body even at a young age. “I do remember
some of my mom’s friends telling [me] that once I turned 12, I had to start dieting (I was
a chubby kid). I wasn’t a large teenager, but I was already in show business and took it
upon myself to stay in shape and look good. Once I got to college though, I put weight
on. And then when Miss Saigon happened, the pressure to look a certain way was
great. It wasn’t just about looking good, but looking right.” (Waters, 2017). Another
Filipino celebrity and Miss World 2013 Megan Young also added that “Commenting on
someone’s weight as a conversation starter just completely ends it.” (Young, 2017).
These women sharing their experiences about body-shaming despite being on top of
their games is quite alarming. It only proves that despite their successes, “women
continue to be pressured to be thin to appear attractive. Regardless of how empowered
one can feel, body shaming comments still cut.” (Guno, Ibid.)
The aforementioned is the same reason why the proponent of this research was
prompted to explore this study. She had an unfortunate share of being bullied during
her adolescent years that drove her self-esteem down. The author recognizes that,
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although this problem is beginning to gain public’s attention on an international level, it
is still virtually ignored in her chosen locale - Pulilan, Bulacan. Pulilan, Bulacan is a first
class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. “Many years ago, Pulilan was
primarily a little-known rural town in the northern part of Bulacan where its economy
heavily dependent on farming and poultry raising. Most of the population committed
their entire lives on farming as their livelihood. Today, the town is moving towards
commercialization and industrialization as it is becoming one of the major growth-rate
area and center of commerce and industry in the province.” (”Pulilan”, n.d.) However,
the economic growth the town is harnessing does not appear to be evident on the
richness of knowledge its people have about the phenomena of body shaming and its
effect on a woman’s self-esteem. The culture of body-shaming still thrives in this part of
the country. Gab Samson, a 24 year-old resident of Pulilan, shared her story of being
body-shamed by her classmates while doing her report in front of the class. She
added, “Sobrang napahiya ako. mga ilang days ako hindi pumasok. Until one day I
decided not to finish my school na, dahil nagsanga sanga na ung mga pangaasar nila
sa akin below the belt na talaga ayun, hindi ko na kinaya. I choose to stay at home.” (I
was extremely embarrassed. I did not go to school for several days. Until one day, I
decided not to finish school because the problem had fanned out. Their teasing had
become below the belt and I could not take it anymore.) Samson further said that the
incident led to her “depression”, refusal to go out of their house and deactivation of her
social media account. Another native of Pulilan, Camille Santos, 25 years old, also
relayed her body-shaming story saying, “When I was in high school, sobrang taba ko
nuon tapos maitim pa ko kaya lagi talaga ako tinutukso sa school, lalo na din kapag
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may family reunion kami inaasar ako ng mga pinsan ko na ang laki laki ko daw.” (I was
really fat and dark-skinned when I was in high school that is why I was constantly
teased. My cousins would also tease me during family reunions saying I look huge.)
She continued, “sobrang napapahiya ako lalo na kapag pinupuna nila ung laki ng tyan
at braso ko. minsan naiiyak ako kasi parang ayoko na pumasok ng school or
magpakita sa kanila. madalas ayoko sumasali sa mga activities sa school dahil
nahihiya na ako humarap sa tao.” (I felt really embarrassed, especially when they
point out how big my stomach and arms are. Sometimes I get teary-eyed that I do not
want to go to school. More often than not, I do not involve myself in school activities
because I do not like to face people.) Xami Sumulong, 25 years old, also from Pulilan,
likewise narrated her experience of being body-shamed on Facebook because she is
flat-chested. Sumulong mentioned that she became self-conscious after the incident.
She became hesitant in posting pictures on the said social media platform because she
is afraid that people might comment something again about her body. These
testimonies prove that this atrocious culture still happens and the researcher, hence,
recognizes that there is a need to raise attention and understanding about the people’s
awareness on this reality.
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Statement of the Problem
This study was conducted to identify and assess the implications of body
shaming to one’s self-esteem. This study sought to answer the following questions:
1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Educational attainment
c. Personal income/ Family Income
2. What is the level of body shaming of the respondents?
3. What is the level of self-esteem of the respondents?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the level of body-shaming and the
level of self-esteem of the respondents?
5. What recommendations may be drawn, based on the results, that will help
a. respondents who have experienced body-shaming;
b. the local government of Pulilan, Bulacan in designing a campaign
against body-shaming.
Objectives of the Study
This study sought to accomplish the following objectives to assess properly the
effects of body shaming to one’s self-esteem;
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1. To know the demographic profile of the respondents.
2. To evaluate the level of body shaming of the respondents.
3. To evaluate the level of the respondents’ self-esteem.
4. To know if there is a significant relationship between the level of body-shaming
and the level of self-esteem of the respondents.
5. To draw recommendations based on the results that will help respondents who
have experienced body-shaming; and to the local government of Pulilan, Bulacan
designing a campaign against body-shaming.
Theoretical Framework
Body shaming, a hypothesized of self- objectification has been observed to be an
antecedent to dejection in youthful young ladies (Grabe, Hyde and Lindberg, 2007).
Shame is a solid and socially determined passionate express that could prompt a
negative attribution style and accordingly may foresee the beginning of sadness
discouragement, a sub-kind of misery.There have been restricted theoretically put
together longitudinal investigations with respect to self-perception and its association
with confidence among grown-up people. Externalization hypothesis (Fredrickson and
Roberts 1997) was utilized to shape the plan of the present investigation, which
inspected this relationship over the grown-up life expectancy for the two ladies and men
in Australia. Body disappointment has been connected with a scope of antagonistic
psychosocial results, including poor confidence, discouragement, dietary problems and
stoutness (Darby et al. 2007; Stice 2002; Wiederman and Pryor 2000). Hence, we
likewise intended to assess, utilizing a transient longitudinal plan, regardless of whether
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the heading of the connection between body dissatisfaction and worldwide assessments
of self-esteem decays with age for either or the two sexes, in the wake of representing
different everyday issues fulfilment.
As in other Western nations,dissatisfaction with physical appearance is a typical
encounter for some female teenagers and ladies, and all the more as of late, male
young people and men (McCabe and Ricciardelli 2004a; Tiggemann and Lynch 2001).
For sure, emergency clinic inaction for body disappointment and dietary issues, and the
requirement for proceeded with long haul mental and physical consideration for eating
disarranged patients (who are transcendently female) is a colossal budgetary weight on
the general wellbeing framework (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2007; Pratt
and Woolfenden 2002). Subsequently, there is a need to additionally comprehend parts
of body disappointment over both sexual orientation and age, and the Australian
Federal Government has made body dissatisfy-group and related issues a need territory
for research (Ellis 2009; Roxon 2008). It is inside this setting the present venture was
embraced. In this paper, the researcher aims to find out the Impact of body-shaming to
the self-esteem of Filipina women in Pulilan, Bulacan pertaining to their age,
educational attainment, and income.
Objectification Theory
In this study the researcher used Objectification theory to clarify how a culture
may add to ladies and young ladies having a troublesome association with their body, in
this manner promoting psychological well-being issues. This theory can help to
illuminate this predisposition toward body dissatisfaction. It provides a framework for
9
understanding how living in a society that places an unjustifiable emphasis on physical
attractiveness for women and relentlessly objectifies them, can lead to body
dissatisfaction (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).
This theory gives a structure to see how living in a general public that places an
unnecessary focus on physical engaging quality for ladies and externalizes them, can
prompt body dissatisfaction and eventually sorrow or depression in adolescent women.
Related research has also provided some support for the contention that middle-aged
women report fewer body image-related concerns than do college age women, which
may suggest less self-objectification (Cash, Winstead, & Janda, 1986; Pliner, Chaiken,
&Flett, 1990). As women become aware that external evaluation of their appearance is
a constant possibility, they begin to chronically monitor themselves in anticipation of
how others will judge their appearance and subsequently treat them (Grabe, Hyde &
Lindberg, 2007).
Self-Esteem Theory
A few analyses (Webster and Tiggemann 2003) have indicated the decrease in
the significance one credits to appearance over the grown-up life expectancy,
contending this may fill in as a cushion against the evil impacts of appearance
concerns. Such a clarification may likewise represent the decrease in the pervasiveness
of dietary problems with age (Heatherton et al. 1997; Tiggemann and Lynch 2001).
Then again, there is proof to recommend that the impact of body disappointment on
worldwide assessments of self-esteem stays stable or really reinforces in middle age.
For example, Tiggemann and Stevens (1999) analyzed the quality of relationship
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between confidence and body disappointment crosswise over various age bunches in
Australia and found that the relationship was more grounded in ladies matured 30 to 49
years than in more youthful ladies. In another Australian investigation, Webster and
Tiggemann (2003) found that the connection between confidence and body
disappointment was more grounded for ladies matured 35 to 49 (the 'middle age'
gathering) than for ladies matured 20 to 34 ('youthful adulthood') or 50 to 65 ('more
established grown-ups'). Moreover, they demonstrated that confidence and body
disappointment were equivalent for ladies in the youthful adulthood and middle age
gatherings, and that this relationship was not-huge in the more seasoned grown-up
gathering. Wilcox (1997) inspected dimensions of body dissatisfaction, self-perception
significance and confidence in people in the US, each assembled in age by decades
(20– 29, 30– 39, and so forth up to the age of 79). She found that dimension of body
disappointment and size of the connection between body demeanors and confidence
did not shift as a component of age or sexual orientation. Strangely, Wilcox likewise
discovered that self-perception significance in this example did not change over the
grown-up life expectancy, proposing that self-perception significance may not really
decay with age. These discoveries are steady with Fredrickson and Roberts' (1997)
attestation that age-related changes in body disappointment (and its effect on emotional
wellness) are reliant on the degree to which self-perception significance changes
crosswise over adulthood.
In spite of the fact that most of concentrates that have assessed the connection
between confidence and self-perception concerns have been cross-sectional, a few
scientists have executed longitudinal plans so as to explore the directional idea of this
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relationship. Tiggemann (2005) assessed dimensions of body disappointment and
confidence in Australian female secondary school understudies at two time focuses,
isolated by 2 years. She found that body disappointment at Time 1 anticipated change
in confidence, yet that Time 1 confidence was random to change in body
disappointment. Discoveries from Paxton (2006) ponder, which was likewise inside an
Australian setting, propose that the commitment of body disappointment to confidence
may change over the distinctive periods of life. In spite of a steady negative relationship
between confidence and body disappointment crosswise over sexual orientation and
age gathering, Paxton and partners found that underlying body disappointment was
prescient of subsequent low confidence 5 years after the fact in early-immature young
ladies and mid-juvenile young men, yet not in mid-youthful young ladies or early-pre-
adult young men.
Conceptual Framework
This research study focused on the impact of body-shaming on the self-esteem
of adolescent women in Pulilan, Bulacan. It aimed to create a set of recommendations
based on the results that may help the respondents who experienced body shaming
and to raise awareness and campaign against body shaming. In order to realize its goal,
the researcher made use of the Input-Process-Output (IPO) framework. An IPO diagram
is useful when trying to get a result or output as it gives details of the input i.e. the
materials and information required, instructions of the process, and the by-products
resulting from the process. Box 1 is the Input where the researcher established the
following data: demographic profile of the respondents, body-shaming level of the
respondents and the self-esteem level of the respondents. Box 2, on the other hand,
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discusses how to researcher gathered data which is by distributing questionnaires to
adolescent women in Pulilan, Bulacan. Finally, Box 3 presents the output of the whole
study which is structuring recommendations and guidelines that will help those who
have experienced body-shaming and that can be used in information dissemination
against the practice of body-shaming.
Research Paradigm
Input Process Output
This study was

conducted to identify and
assess the implications
of body shaming on the
self-esteem of
adolescent women in Structured
Pulilan, Bulacan. This recommendations that will
study sought to answer help:
the following questions:
1. What is the The distribution of a. respondents who

demographic profile of
research questionnaires have experienced body-
the respondents in terms
took place in Pulilan, shaming;
of:
Bulacan wherein b. the local
a. Age;
adolescent Filipino government of Pulilan,
b. Educational Bulacan in designing a
women were randomly
campaign
attainment; selected.
c. Personal
income/
Family Income
2. What is the level of
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body shaming of
respondents
3. What is the level of

self-esteem of the
respondents
4. Is there a significant
relationship between the
level of body-shaming
and the level of self-
esteem of the
respondents?
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Significance of the Study
The result of the study is beneficial to the following because it will help these
groups or individuals to assess the impact of body shaming on one’s self-esteem better;
The Respondents. The findings of the study will serve as an additional source of
information for various individuals, particularly women who are experiencing body
shaming; as such, the findings of the study will also give them useful insights on how to
deal with body-shaming and improve their self-esteem.
The Local Government Units of Pulilan, Bulacan.The local government is the
one committed in giving health services to the community. They can use the results of
this study to design information drives as to the effects of body-shaming; thus helping
and educating the community about the ill-effects of such act.
The Students and Future Researchers. The study will serve as an additional
source of information or reference to those who wish to conduct a more comprehensive
and in-depth study of the topic.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to find out the impact of body-shaming on
the self-esteem of young women aged 18 to 25 in Pulilan, Bulacan. The proponent
decided to choose adolescent women for the study since adulthood is “a period that
brings sometimes tumultuous physical, social, and emotional changes” on a person.
(“Development in Adolescence”, n.d.) This research employed Convenience Sampling
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method, a non-probability sampling technique which is used in choosing participants
who are accessible to the researcher. The researcher believed that this type of
sampling was appropriate for the study since the selected respondents were the ones
available at the time the survey was conducted. The survey was done in different public
places in Pulilan such as schools, barangay halls and public markets. A total number of
250 participants were chosen for this study. Based on the estimated data released by
Commission on Elections (COMELEC) in the municipality of Pulilan, there are currently
20,300 registered voters in the area and 0.2 %, or 40.6, of them women who are aged
18 to 25. (See Annex 1.) The researcher decided to have a larger sample size of 250
participants, to have a more statistically significant data and less probability that the
results will happen by mere coincidence. (“Sample size,” n.d.) The study was conducted
from March 11, 2019 to March 15, 2019.
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Definition of terms:
Adolescence - is the period of change – physically, mentally, emotionally,
socially, and psychologically.
Body Image - it is an outlook of a person about his / her physical appearance
and their thoughts about what they look and how the society can accept them and can
be influenced by individual and environmental factors.
Body Shaming – happens when someone is made to feel shame for his/her
body image and/or body size.
Graduate - someone who completed a course of study; or have attained a
bachelor’s degree.
High school - a person who graduated from high school.
Self-Esteem – one’s evaluation of his or her worth as a person.
Undergraduate - a person who has reached college but did not finish or
complete the course or program.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Body image
Body Image is defined as “how a person feels about his appearance.”
Developing and nurturing a positive body image is considered part of a healthy mental
attitude and is crucial to a person’s happiness and wellness. Body image is a
combination of how we perceive ourselves about basic looks and how we react
emotionally in certain situations (Sloan 2006). Many studies of the US in 2016 that
adults have assessed components of body image and related socio-demographic
factors, fewer have specifically examined body size satisfaction. Most of the research
has focused on women and found that lower body mass index (BMI), increasing age,
and better health are generally positively associated with body size satisfaction. Women
typically view themselves as heavier than they actually are and desire a thinner figure,
with more reporting dissatisfaction with their bodies than men in the same BMI category.
A person's body image is influenced by their beliefs and attitudes. One's body
image does not remain the same, but changes in response to lifestyle events (Women's
Health, 2007). A poor body image may hamper adolescents' development of
interpersonal skills and positive relations with other boys and girls". For instance,
"physical attractiveness has been found to impact on peer relationships all the way back
from elementary school, with attractive girls engaging in more positive social
interactions than less-attractive girls. The researchers addressed that there is a
relationship between body image and psychological functioning during adolescence.
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They found a strong association between body image concerns and low self-esteem
among adolescent girls, which has led to constructions of body image as an important
aspect of female self-esteem (Davidson & McCabe, 2006). Having a negative body
image may be a contributing factor to poor self-esteem (Perez et al. 2003) and this will
result in Body dissatisfaction that tends to center around body size, weight, and shape
through body shame relates to these and to different parts of ladies' typified selves
(Schooler, Ward, Merriwether and Caruthers, 2005). People “are trained early on to
compare ourselves” to others to which Leifeste (2012) calls as “flawed human
tendency”. The practice of comparing ourselves to others leads to feeling inadequate
which then leads to shame. And as Miceli, et. al (2018) puts it, “shame is an unpleasant
emotion implying a self-evaluation of inadequacy to meet the standards of one’s ideal
self.” also Brown (n.d.) plausibly meant when he said that “Shame is that warm feeling
that washes over us making us feel small, flawed and never good.” For a person,
especially a woman, being told that a piece of clothing looks strangely on her is
decidedly shameful as “women’s shame generally centers on appearance and the need
to be perceived as perfect.” (Sholl, 2018.)
According to Pesa, Syre, and Jones (2000), females may first experience the
negative results of body image as a reaction to the developmental changes of
adolescence. As the adolescent female experiences, an increase in body weight her
well-being may be negatively impacted (Pesa et al., 2000). And this will result in the
adolescent women to feel shame about their body, wherein according to Bartky (1988)
Shame is an involuntary reaction to the belief that the self is inherently flawed and
objectionable. Internalization of the cultural ideals of body standards may be the
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impetus behind intense body shame. It is correlated with puberty (Stice, 2003) and
predicts depression in women and girls (Stice, Cameron, Killen & Taylor, 2000) and as
a result, likely play a powerful role in understanding the increase in female depression
that begins in adolescence. As indicated by Javellana (2014), in her diary entitled,
Influence of Media on Body Image Satisfaction among Adolescents, there is a
connection between the impact of the media (social, advanced, and so on.) and the self-
perception fulfilment among recognized immature respondents. Javallena (2014)
reasoned that the web is the most often utilized media by the respondents. Related
research has also provided some support for the contention that middle-aged women
report fewer body image-related concerns than do college-age women, which may
suggest less self-objectification (Cash, Winstead, & Janda, 1986; Pliner, Chaiken, &
Flett, 1990). Further, the effects of body dissatisfaction does not appear limited to
negative psychological outcomes; body dissatisfaction also negatively impacts health
behaviors in adolescents and young adult women (Barker & Galmbos, 2007; Clark et al,
2005; Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Neumark-Sztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story,
2006). The years from 18 – 25 years old are the time where internal and external
changes, including brain changes, propel young adults from adolescence toward full
maturity (A. Rae Simpson, 2018).
Body Shaming
Body shame, a hypothesized by-product of self-objectification, has been found to
be a precursor to depression in adolescent girls (Grabe, Hyde & Lindberg, 2007).
Shame is an emotion that occurs when individuals evaluate themselves relative to some
internalized or cultural ideal but do not measure up (Lewis, 1992). Individuals who
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experience shame tend to attribute their shortcomings to global aspects of the self
(Tagney, Miller, Flicker & Barlow, 1996). It is a believable indicator of what Kite et. al.
(2013) discussed that shame is a cruel and powerful motivator as well as a demotivator.
A person only needs to be aware of what shaming is. “Once we identify and learn to
recognize what shame looks like and sounds like in our own lives, we can work to reject
its harmful motivating/demotivating influence.” Kite (Ibid) added.
Shame is also laced with moral and social judgments that both the self and
others make. Those who do not conform to conventional beauty and weight ideals are
seen as violating a social standard and are perceived as lacking in self-control and
moral discipline (Crandall, 1994). It is also driven by one’s feelings toward their body is
a similar yet distinct situation from body dissatisfaction. Kaufman (1996) discussed that
“to feel shame is to feel seen, acutely diminished—which is also supported by the
person’s typical wish to disappear and tendency to hide.” (Ausubel, 1955; Calhoun,
2004; Wollheim, 1999) say that shame “coincides with a mere fear of others’
disapproval and that it can be experienced without evaluating oneself negatively.”
Another attestation of what researchers call “normative content”. Normative content, as
Engeln (2017) discussed, is the “normal” feeling for women to struggle with body
shame. It is the feeling of women that even though other people do not necessarily do
anything to them, they feel ashamed even by a mere glance, and that feeling of despair
is just a part of being a woman. While both body shame and body dissatisfaction
encompass an individual’s negative thoughts and emotions toward their body, shame
has a wider meaning. Body dissatisfaction tends to focus on body size, weight, and
21
shape whereas body shame pertains to these and to other aspects of women’s
embodied selves (Schooler, Ward, Merriweather & Caruthers, 2005).
Tangney et al. (1996) further added that shame is characterized by the desire to
hide and escape because nothing can be done immediately to repair the damage to
one's image and relational value. But apart from this, It is also important to note that
body-shaming does not affect all women equally. The observer's perspective can
become internalized to varying degrees, and variables such as class, ethnicity, age,
sexuality, personal history, and physical attributes make each woman different
(Fredrickson & Harrison, 2005; Quinn, Kallen, Twenge, et al, 2006). Women find ways
to protect themselves from their culture's practices of objectification, such as abstaining
from revealing their bodies so that It would be prevented from being noticed
(Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), or by having a high awareness of their bodies potential
to be shown (Daubenmier, 2005). Furthermore, when a woman constantly monitors her
outward appearance she will notice if it does not match her ideal, and awareness of this
discrepancy is a precursor for feeling body shame (Bessenhoff & Snow, 2006)
However, when traditional standards of thinness are internalized, instead of, or possibly
in addition to, strength and power, many women experience a greater amount of body
shame. Shame is especially strong when there is a large discrepancy between what a
person looks like and what she wants to look like (McKinley & Hyde, 1996).
Self Esteem
Self-esteem is a measure of one’s sense of self-worth based on perceived
success and achievements, as well as a perception of how much one is valued by
22
peers, family members, teachers and society and general (Huang et al,2007). Every
person has self-esteem and it is either high and low self-esteem and one can also
maintain and choose what esteem that they can have for themselves, according to
Johanna (2008). Crocker and Wolfe (2001) agreed that we can have higher self-esteem
if we have a positive view and outlook for ourselves. If we always feel that we have
worth, we can also live in a more productive way and we can be a more effective person
in a society we live because we are confident and we believe of our worth. While Frost
and McKelvie (2005), define self-esteem "as the level of global regard one has for the
self". It does contribute to poorer body image and eating disorder symptoms and studies
are still trying to figure out how to hinder adolescent girls' beliefs that they need to be
extremely skinny to look attractive. Adolescent girls can also have low self-esteem
through family and media influence (Green & Pritchard, 2003).
Self-esteem is so intrinsically linked to thoughts about one's body that physical
appearance has consistently been found to be the number one predictor of self-esteem
at many ages" (Ata, Ludden, & Lally, 2006). According to Rosenberg (1965), "self-
esteem is defined as a "positive or negative attitude toward the self". When a person is
subjected to body-shaming, he or she begins to lose confidence and start to feel
insecure. And when one feels insecure or has low self-esteem, it can lead to distorted
thoughts and emotions about their bodies and negative thoughts about body image and
self-worth.” (“Low self-esteem,” n.d.) Low self-esteem among adults can are also said to
cause eating disorders, early sexual activity, substance use and suicidal thoughts.”
(Kazmi, Ibid.)
23
In some cases, there is a kind of self-esteem that can be seen as positive but
has negative effects on us it is linked to Defensive Self-Esteem that is an internal feeling
about how good you feel about yourself as a person (Leary, M. R, 2004). This happens
when a person lacks a sense of competence but do have a sense of worth, which
causes them to rely on feeling worthy for their self-esteem. The result of such
psychological lop-sidedness means they need others to approve them. If such approval
is withdrawn, or if they are criticized because of poor performance, they may feel inferior
by exaggerating their importance or by criticizing and demeaning others in order to feel
superior (Mruk, 2018). Dr. Kristin Neff argues that there is a problem with society’s
focus on high self-esteem. The problem is that this focus involves measuring oneself
against others, rather than paying attention to one’s intrinsic value. “Our competitive
culture tells us we need to be special and above average to feel good about ourselves,
but we can’t all be above average at the same time,”. In this sense, searching for self-
worth by constantly comparing ourselves to others means to always be fighting a losing
battle (Neff, 2011).
Women nowadays feel empowered and more accepting of their body image.
Many celebrities, both local and international, advocate self-acceptance and denounce
setting standards on how one should look. These “group of actresses and public figures
have taken another road, one that is significant and that leads to acceptance of our own
bodies rather than follow a “beauty standard” without questioning it.” (Chavarria, 2017)
In fact, Filipino celebrities like Lea Salonga, Bela Padilla, and Jessy Mendiola advocate
oppressing body-shaming by exposing their own experiences. In 2017, another Filipino
actress Iza Calzado was shamed after posting a photo of her wearing a swimsuit where
24
internet users commented on her “big thighs” and “cellulite”. Instead of feeling ashamed
or embarrassed, Calzado’s response showed empowerment and acceptance. She
quipped, “However, the point is not about comparing your body to mine just to make you
feel better but for us to accept that we are who we are and as long as we are spreading
love and light, we will get that in return,” she added. “Wear what you want! Be free and
happy because you are worthy of that!” (“6 stars who,” 2018.)
Frost and McKelvie (2005) said that there was a positive relationship between
qualities and the dependent variables considered together, but that it was only
significant for self-esteem and body build, not for body image or weight satisfaction.
Also, the study suggested "that a higher level of positiveness awareness about their
good qualities is associated with a higher level of self-esteem, and this relationship
occurs for female elementary school, high school, and university students" (Frost &
McKelvie, 2005). With all the definition and domains available, self-esteem can be
deemed as high when one feels good about the domains he believes is important for
himself. It is even considered that people with high self-esteem are satisfied with the
type of person they are (Shaffer D.R et al.2008). Various factors affect the self-esteem
of adolescents, but there are good reasons to propose that changes in body image may
be crucial for understanding this trend. In this study, the researcher also relates the
contingent self-esteem (CSE). CSE is self-esteem based on the approval of others or
on social comparisons. (Chip, et.al. 2011). The more that a person compares herself
with others based on appearance, the more that that person feels diminished (Heather,
et.al,2004) especially if she falls short or inferior with the comparison. Appearance-
related social comparison, on the negative side, can cause the decline of an individual's
25
self-worth and value. Heather et.al (Ibid) further discussed that women who measure
their self-worth based on cultural standards may be affected more by social
comparisons, particularly when they have a low self-perception of attractiveness.
Henderson-King (1997) found out that women who had lower self-perceptions of
attractiveness experienced greater declines in body satisfaction after viewing “ideal”
images of women in the media. It indicates that women’s importance according to her
beauty might be one of the reasons that women feel more pressure to look physically
attractive (Wolf, 2002).
Body image is central to an adolescent’s self-definition because they have been
socialized to believe that appearance is an important basis for self-evaluation and for
evaluation by others. Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory argues that
individuals make evaluations about their appearance through comparisons with similar
others. Those women who suffer body dissatisfaction often associate their failure to
reach their ideal body with their self-concept and as a result of this often suffer from a
decrease in self-esteem (Bessenoff, 2006).
Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) stated that many women begin to feel emotions
such as shame towards themselves because they are unable to achieve the desired
body image they want. This failure to meet society's perception of normal often leads to
shame and a decrease in self-esteem. Body dissatisfaction can occur if the target of
comparison is perceived as more desirable on an important dimension (Myers and
Crowther, 2009). It was also noted that the impact of society, parents, and friends,
improved the prediction of body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the importance of
appearance (Griffiths & McCabe, 2000). Also, Davidson and McCabe (2006) concluded
26
that their study showed evidence for the association between psychosocial difficulties
and poor body image. Dr. Mulgrew (2013) also said that most women generally had a
good idea that images in fashion magazines were somewhat artificial, they’re been
retouched and improved with professional lighting. Indeed, perceptions of appearance
and self-worth are inextricably linked, such that perceived appearance consistently
emerges as the strongest single predictor of self-esteem among both male and female
adolescents (Huang et al,2007). The people around us are also a great factor that can
affect our self-esteem, how they treat us on how they see us and how they accept us
according to Johanna (2008). This image develops through the things that they can or
cannot do and by how other people see them (Hogan & Strasburger, 2008).
Synthesis of the Related Literature
This review of the related literature of this kind may contribute to a better
understanding of the relationship between the Impacts of Body shaming to self-esteem
among Adolescent Filipina women in Pulilan, Bulacan. from this study, the researcher
was able to provide important information about the description of Body Image, Body
Shaming, and Self-esteem all about. These studies guided the researcher to
conceptualize the Impacts of Body shaming to self-esteem among Adolescent Filipina
women in Pulilan, Bulacan for better understanding of the study. This related literature
provided vital information about the background of the main topic discussed in this
research. Moreover, there is a need to establish an awareness to guide Filipina women
27
appropriate programs and awareness to alleviate conditions associated with Body
shaming affecting their self-esteem.
28
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter discusses the description of the research process. It provides
details with regards to the method that was used in undertaking this research as well as
the explanation for the use of the chosen method.
Research Design
This research used Convenience Sampling method in conducting the research.
Convenience Sampling “is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are
selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher."
("Convenience Sampling", 20019). The researcher believed that this type of sampling
was deemed suitable for the study since the respondents selected were the ones
readily available at the time the survey was conducted.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher, being overseas at the time of date gathering, designated a
representative to conduct the study in the chosen locale. The representative went to
several barangay halls, schools and other public places look for respondents who were
willing to partake in the study. The representative gave a brief explanation as to how
and what the survey will be about and sought for the consent of the participants. Using
29
Google forms, the respondents were asked to answer survey questions about body-
shaming and self-esteem. Their answers were then collected for data treatment and
interpretation.
Research Instrument
The researcher utilized two sets of questionnaire in conducting this study. The first was
an adapted questionnaire called Body-Focused Shame and Guilt Scale (BF-SGHS)
developed by Weingarden et al. (2016). It contains situations that people may encounter
in day-to-day life followed by three situations that correspond to the three subscales:
body-shame, body guilt and externalization blame. However, since the researcher’s
goal is to get the body-shaming level of the respondents, only the answers pertaining to
body-shame scale were collated and interpreted. The respondents’ answers to the other
two subscales were disregarded. The complete questionnaire can be read in Annex 2.
Rosenberg’s Self-esteem questionnaire, on the other hand, was used to collect
information on the level of self-esteem of the respondents. The Rosenberg Self-esteem
Scale (RSES), developed by sociologist Morris Rosenberg, is a self-esteem measure
widely used in social-science research. It is a 10-item scale that measures global self-
worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self. All items are
answered using a 4-point Likert scale format ranging from strongly agree to strongly
disagree. Higher scores indicate higher self-esteem. (“Self Report Measures,” n.d.)
30
Population and Sampling
Women who are within the range of 18 to 25 years old were chosen to take part
in the study. The researcher chose adolescent women for the study since adulthood is
“a period that brings sometimes tumultuous physical, social, and emotional changes” on
a person. (“Development in Adolescence”, n.d.) The participants were asked to answer
the questionnaire discreetly so as to protect their privacy. A total of 250 women were
tapped for this study. Based on the estimated data released by Commission on
Elections (COMELEC) in the municipality of Pulilan, there are currently 20,300
registered voters in the area and women who are aged 18 to 25 comprises 0.2% of the
total registered voters or 40.6. (See Annex 1.) The researcher decided to cast a larger
sample size of 250 participants, to have a more statistically significant data and less
probability that the results will happen by mere coincidence. (“Sample size,” n.d.)
Treatment of Data
This study entitled “Impact of Body-shaming on the Self-esteem of Adolescent Women
in Pulilan, Bulacan” is descriptive-correlational in nature. The responses of the
respondents were tabulated and analyzed using the following statistical methods.
1. Frequency and Percentage. These were used to determine the
frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ demographic profile.
2. Weighted Mean. This statistical tool was used to determine the overall
average levels of both the respondents’ body-shaming and self-esteem.
31
3. Likert Scale. This statistical tool was used in measuring the respondents’
opinions, perceptions, and behaviours with regards to their body-shaming experience
and its effect on their self-esteem. Likert (1932) developed the principle of measuring
attitudes by asking people to respond to a series of statements about a topic, in terms of
the extent to which they agree with them.
32
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Introduction
This chapter presents the results of the data gathering conducted for the study.
The researcher used a quantitative design in finding out the impact of body-shaming on
the self-esteem of young women in Pulilan, Bulacan. The researcher used two sets of
questionnaire for her data gathering. The first was an adapted questionnaire called
Body-Focused Shame and Guilt Scale (BF-SGHS) developed by Weingarden et al.
(2016). It contains situational questions that people may come across in their daily life.
The questions are followed by three scenarios that correspond to three subscales
namely: body-shame, body guilt and externalization blame. Since this study targets
solely the body-shaming level of the respondents, the researcher focused and
interpreted the answers pertaining to body-shame only.
The researcher, further, adapted Rosenberg’s Self-esteem and Guilt Scale
questionnaire to gain information about the self-esteem level of the respondents. Using
Convenience Sampling as the data gathering procedure, 250 Filipino women were
tapped for the study. The researcher, through a representative, distributed
questionnaires in different public places such as schools and barangay halls. The
respondents were asked to sign a consent form signifying their agreement in
participating in the study.
33
Methods of Data Analysis and Presentation of Data
The researcher used descriptive-co relational design to present the quantitative
data gathered. The data were presented by showing the frequency as well as the
percentage of the individual questions from the survey.
Discussion of Findings
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
The demographic profiles of the respondents were collected to provide an
established criteria in profiling the respondents. It consisted of age, educational
attainment and personal/family income of the respondents.
Table 1
Age Profile of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage
18 30 12
19 31 12.4
20 36 14.4
21 37 14.8
22 22 8.8
23 36 14.4
34
24 23 9.2
25 35 14
The researcher tapped women who are emerging adulthood or those who are
aged 18 to 25 (Shaman, n.d.). The three biggest age groups among the participants
were 21, 20 and 23 which has a percentage of 14.8%, 14.4% and 14.4% respectively.
On the other hand, the least age group was 24 which comprises 9.2% of the
respondents. The figure substantiates the report presented by Yahoo health survey
saying that women do not hit body positivity until they reach the age of 35 to 54. (Miller,
2016). Hence, from age 13 when young girls receive their first body critique (Ortiz,
2017) and as they go through their adult lives, women experience a fairly consistent
body negativity as a result of body shaming. The said survey, which was conducted
among 2,000 participants in the US, further showed that 94% of teenage girls admitted
to have experienced body-shaming as opposed to 64% teen males who have.
Table 2
Educational Attainment Profile of the Respondents
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage
High School 69 27.6
Undergraduate 101 40.4
College Graduate 80 32
35
The data gathering further shows that majority of the respondents, or 101
participants, have reached college but have not finished their degree with a percentage
of 40.4%. On the other hand, 69 respondents or 27.6% and 80 respondents or 32%
respectively listed Highschool and College Graduate as their educational attainment.
The overwhelming number of respondents who are undergraduate is yet another
indication of the tangled relationship of body shaming, self-esteem and academic
achievement. Body shaming has been said as a foremost cause of low body image.
And the lower or more negative one’s body image is, the lower his or her self-esteem
becomes (Jung and Lee, 2006.). Low self-esteem then leads to poor academic
behavior, poor grades, school absenteeism and even dropping out of school. As Shore
(n.d.) puts it, “Low self-esteem can lessen a student's desire to learn, her ability to
focus, and her willingness to take risks. Positive self-esteem, on the other hand, is one
of the building blocks of school success; it provides a firm foundation for learning."
Table 3
Personal/Family Income of the Respondents
Personal Income Frequency Percentage
PHP 1,000-9,999 88 35.2
PHP 10,000-19,999 70 28
PHP 20,000-29,999 68 27.2
PHP 30,000 up 24 9.6
36
The information collected by the proponent also shows that 35.2% or 88
respondents have a meager monthly income of Php 1,000 to Php 9,999. This is
followed by participants, 70 of them, who receive Php 10,000 to Php 19,999 or 28%.
This is followed closely by respondents who receive Php 20,000 - 29,999 and those
who get Php 30,001 and Up with a percentage of 27.2% and 9.6% respectively. Low
income, or worse poverty, has been associated in psychosocial and physiological
condition which inflicts physical problem on people. Having a minimal amount of money
means skipping meals and eating cheap but unhealthy foods. Poverty also becomes a
stressor that triggers people to develop dangerous vices such as smoking and drinking
which can cause obesity and other health problems which then can lead to experiencing
body shaming. With majority of the respondents earning a mere Php1,000 to Php 9,999,
which is below what National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) claims to
be what a Filipino family needs to live (Malasig, 2018.), it is safe to say their economic
income contributes or hinders them from having a “normal” body weight.
Erreygers (2013) mentioned that “socioeconomic status has been a powerful
determinant of health; as a general rule, wealthy people tend to be in better health than
people of poorer status.” “Some might find the comparison between getting out of
poverty and losing weight absurd. And it is—because losing weight is even harder than
getting out of poverty.” (Winters-Miner, Miner, 2015). As Goldberg (n.d.) puts it, poverty
is "the single best predictor of negative health outcomes.”
The succeeding tables show the answers of the respondents gathered from
Body-Focused Shame and Guilt Scale (BF-SGHS) developed by Weingarden et al.
(2016). It presents situations that people may encounter in their daily life. The original
37
questionnaire contained three scenarios that correspond to three subscales which are
body-shame, body guilt and externalization blame. However, since this study’s focal
point is on the body-shaming level of the respondents, the researcher only interpreted
the answers pertaining to body-shaming. This is to ensure that the presentation of the
results is clear and organized. The complete questionnaire can be reviewed in Annex 2.
Table 4. Level of Body-Shaming:
Someone close to you expresses disappointment over your appearance
Very Somewhat Somewhat Very

Unlikely Unlikely Likely Likely
You would feel diminished 51 59 111 29

in your image of yourself.
Table 4 shows the tabulated answers of the respondents to the situational
question “Someone close to you expresses disappointment over your appearance”. A
total of 111 respondents answered that they would “somewhat likely” feel diminished in
their image of themselves. 59 of them chose “somewhat unlikely” feel a dwindled self-
image. The rest of the participants, 51 and 29, answered “very unlikely” and “very likely”
respectively as to feeling diminished because of other people’s comments.
The high turnout of respondents saying that they would “somewhat likely” feel
diminished in their image of themselves is but a clear indication of shame. Kaufman
(1996) discussed that “to feel shame is to feel seen, acutely diminished—which is also
38
supported by the person’s typical wish to disappear and tendency to hide.” The
participants’ feeling of decreased self-image what other authors (Ausubel, 1955;
Calhoun, 2004; Wollheim, 1999) say that shame “coincides with a mere fear of others’
disapproval and that it can be experienced without evaluating oneself negatively.”
You go to the mall, and everybody seems better looking than you.
Very Somewhat Somewhat Very Likely

Unlikely Unlikely Likely
You would feel so awful that 53 76 101 20

you’d want to hide.
Table 5 shows the chartered answers of the respondents to the situational
question “You go to the mall, and everybody seems to better looking than you.” A total
of 101 respondents said that they would “somewhat likely” feel awful that they would
want to hide. 76 of them said that they would “somewhat unlikely” feel terrible of the
situation. The rest of the participants, 53 and 20, answered “very unlikely” and “very
likely” respectively as to wanting to hide because of feeling terrible due to the given
situation.
The majority of the respondents, 101, who answered that they would "somewhat
likely" feel diminished in their image of themselves if someone close to them expresses
disappointment over their appearance, is a sound indication of contingent self-esteem
(CSE). CSE is self-esteem based on the approval of others or on social comparisons.
39
(Chip, et.al. 2011). The more that a person compares herself with others based on
appearance, the more that that person feels diminished (Heather, et.al,2004) especially
if she falls short or inferior with the comparison. Appearance related social comparison,
on the negative side, can cause the decline of an individual's self-worth and value.
Heather et.al (Ibid) further discussed that women who measure their self-worth based
on cultural standards may be affected more by social comparisons, particularly when
they have a low self-perception of attractiveness.
You are walking down the street and notice that people are glancing in your
direction. You feel certain that they are judging your appearance.

You would think, “I’m so 37 142 61 10

hideous, I should duck inside
and hide.”
Table 6 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the question, “You
are walking down the street and notice that people are glancing in your direction.” 142
of the respondents answered that they would think that they are hideous and should
duck inside and hide. On the other hand, 61 participants chose that they would
“somewhat likely” think they are abominable. The other participants, 37 and 10,
answered “very unlikely” and “very likely” respectively as to the possibility of feeling
hideous if people would glance at her while walking down the street.
40
The high number of turnout of participants who answered that they would
“somewhat unlikely” think that they are hideous and that they would duck inside and
hide should people glance their direction, is an unexpected result that contradicts most
studies about body-shaming and self-esteem. It is a believable indicator of what Kite et.
al. (2013) discussed that shame is a cruel and powerful motivator as well as
demotivator. A person only needs to be aware of what shaming is. “Once we identify
and learn to recognize what shame looks like and sounds like in our own lives, we can
work to reject its harmful motivating/demotivating influence.” Kite (Ibid) added. Hence,
some respondents of this study chose to stand up and stand out instead of ducking
inside and hide if people would look at their way.
You are at the beach, and you notice that everyone looks better than you.

You would feel totally 71 59 97 23

inadequate and stay covered up.
Table 7 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the situational
question “You are the beach, and you notice that everyone looks better than you.” 97
participants said that they would “somewhat likely” feel totally inadequate and stay
covered. 71 of them said it is very “unlikely” that would feel insufficient. The rest of
them, 59 and 23, chose “somewhat unlikely” and “very likely” respectively as to feeling
41
inadequate and wanting to stay covered if they notice that everyone looks better than
them at the beach.
Majority of this study’s respondents said that they would “somewhat likely” feel
inadequate and stay covered up should they be in a situation being at the beach and
noticing that everyone looks better than they are. This attests that people “are trained
early on to compare ourselves” to others to which Leifeste (2012) calls as “flawed
human tendency”. The practice of comparing ourselves to others leads to feeling
inadequate which then leads to shame. And as Miceli, et. al (2018) puts it, “shame is an
unpleasant emotion implying a self-evaluation of inadequacy to meet the standards of
one’s ideal self.”
At a family reunion, a relative asks about a blemish on your face.

You would feel inferior and 63 82 103 2

decide to leave the reunion
as soon as possible.
Table 8 shows the tabulated answers of the respondents to the situational
question “At a family reunion, a relative asks about a blemish on your face.” 103 of the
respondents said that they would “somewhat likely” feel inferior and would decide to
leave the reunion immediately. 82 of them felt that they would “somewhat unlikely”
second-rate because of their imperfect skin. The rest of the participants, 63 and 2 of
42
them, answered “very unlikely” and “very likely” respectively as to feeling inferior and
leaving the event.
It is also an indication of contingent self-esteem that was discussed in Table 5
wherein most theorists have traced shame to violations of one's personal standards.
“When they think that others' judgments of them as what they look like as a person,
particularly judgments of their physical appearance, may lead to devaluation and
possible rejection, they experience shame” (Barret KC 1995). Tangney et al.(1996)
further added that shame is characterized by the desire to hide and escape, because
nothing can be done immediately to repair the damage to one's image and relational
value.
Someone makes a negative comment about one of your body parts.

You would feel so badly about 91 65 76 18

yourself that you would wish
you could become invisible.
Table 9 shows the tabulated answers of the respondents to the question
“Someone makes a negative comment about one of your body parts”. A total of 91
respondents answered that they would “Very Unlikely” to feel bad about themselves that
would wish they could become invisible. 65 women chose “somewhat unlikely “feel so
badly about their looks. And the rest of the participants, 76 and 18, answered
43
“somewhat likely” and “very likely” respectively as to feeling bad about themselves if
someone makes a negative comment about one of their body parts.
Majority of the respondents said that they would “very unlikely” feel so badly
about themselves that they would wish they could be invisible if someone makes a
negative comment about one of their body parts. This shows unanticipated result as
opposed to the other questions in the survey. This result could be a manifestation of
how women nowadays feel empowered and more accepting of their body image. Many
celebrities, both local and international, advocate self-acceptance and denounce setting
standards on how one should look. These “group of actresses and public figures have
taken another road, one that is significant and that leads to acceptance of our own
bodies rather than follow a “beauty standard” without questioning it.” (Chavarria, 2017)
In fact, Filipino celebrities like Lea Salonga, Bela Padilla, and Jessy Mendiola advocate
oppressing body-shaming by exposing their own experiences. In 2017, another Filipino
actress Iza Calzado was shamed after posting a photo of her wearing a swimsuit where
internet users commented on her “big thighs” and “cellulites”. Instead of feeling
ashamed or embarrassed, Calzado’s response showed empowerment and acceptance.
She quipped, “However, the point is not about comparing your body to mine just to
make you feel better but for us to accept that we are who we are and as long as we are
spreading love and light, we will get that in return,” she added. “Wear what you want! Be
free and happy because you are worthy of that!” (“6 stars who,” 2018.)
44
While looking at pictures of models in a magazine.

You would feel inadequate. 87 74 76 13
Table 10 presents the answers of the respondents to the situational question
“While looking at pictures of models in a magazine.” 76 participants said that they would
“somewhat likely” feel inadequate. 87 of them said it is very “unlikely” that would feel it.
The rest of them, 74 and 13, says that “somewhat unlikely” and “very likely” respectively
as to feeling inadequate while looking at pictures of models in a magazine.
Most of the respondents said it is very “unlikely” that would feel inadequate while
looking at pictures of models in magazines, is an indication that it does not always result
in negative outcomes. Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory argues that
individuals make evaluations about their appearance through comparisons with similar
others. Body dissatisfaction can occur if the target of comparison is perceived as more
desirable on an important dimension (Myers and Crowther, 2009). Dr Mulgrew (2013)
also said that most women generally had a good idea that images in fashion magazines
were somewhat artificial, they’re been retouched and improved with professional
lighting.
45
You are trying on clothes in a store and the assistant states that the clothes fit
strangely on your body.

You would feel as though 50 83 103 14

you wanted the ground to
open up and swallow you.
Table 11 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the question, “You
are trying on clothes in a store and the assistant states that the clothes fit strangely on
your body.” 14 of the respondents answered that they would “very likely” feel as though
they wanted the ground to open up and swallow them. On the other hand, 103
participants chose that they would “somewhat likely” think in the manner mentioned.
The other participants, 50 and 83, answered “very unlikely” and “somewhat unlikely”
they would feel to just wanting to disappear when someone told them that the clothes fit
strangely on their body.
The total number of respondents who answered that they would rather wish the
ground would open up and swallow them if they hear an unfavourable comments from
store assistants when trying on clothes is what Brown (n.d.) plausibly meant when he
said that “Shame is that warm feeling that washes over us making us feel small, flawed
and never good.” For a person, especially a woman, being told that a piece of clothing
looks strangely on her is decidedly shameful as “women’s shame generally centers on
appearance and the need to be perceived as perfect.” (Sholl, 2018.)
46
You are watching a television show and notice that all the actors look perfect.

You would feel worthless in 89 66 84 11

comparison to these actors.
Table 12 shows the tabulated answers of the respondents to the question “You
are watching a television show and notice that all the actors look perfect.” A total of 84
respondents answered that they would “somewhat likely” would feel worthless in
comparison to these actors. 66 of them chose “somewhat unlikely” feel a dwindled self-
image. The rest of the participants, 89 and 11, answered “very unlikely” and “very likely”
respectively as to feeling worthless in comparison to the actors that look perfect.
This result is but an indication of what several researches show as the link
between media images and body dissatisfaction. Henderson-King (1997) found out that
women who had lower self-perceptions of attractiveness experienced greater declines
in body satisfaction after viewing “ideal” images of women in the media. It indicates that
women’s importance according to her beauty might be one of the reasons that women
feel more pressure to look physically attractive (Wolf, 2002).
47
After working out at the gym you go to the locker room to change. Others come
into the locker room and you get the sense that they are staring at you.

You would feel inferior and rush to the 58 83 108 1

bathroom stalls to hide.
Table13 shows the answers of the respondents to the situational question “After
working out at the gym you go to the locker room to change. Others come into the
locker room and you get the sense that they are staring at you.” A total of 108
respondents said that they would “somewhat likely” feel inferior and rush to the
bathroom stalls to hide. 83 of them said that they would “somewhat unlikely” feel inferior
because of the situation. The rest of the participants, 58 and 1, answered “very unlikely”
and “very likely” respectively.
This result shows that almost half of the respondents still feel being shamed just
by other people’s stare. This is another attestation of what researchers call “normative
content”. Normative content, as Engeln (2017) discussed, is the “normal” feeling for
women to struggle with body shame. It is the feeling of women that even though other
people do not necessarily do anything to them, they feel shamed even by a mere
glance, and that feeling of despair is just a part of being a woman.
48
Table 14
Mean Score of the Respondents in Level of Body-Shaming
MEAN Interpretation
1. You would feel diminished in your image of 2.47 Somewhat Likely

yourself.
2. You would feel so awful that you’d want to 2.35 Somewhat Likely
hide.
3. You would think, “I should have taken more 2.48 Somewhat Likely
time on my appearance today.”
4. You would feel totally inadequate and stay 2.29 Somewhat Likely
covered up.
5. You would feel inferior and decide to leave 2.18 Somewhat Likely
the reunion as soon as possible.
6. You would feel so badly about yourself that 2.08 Somewhat Likely
you would wish you could become invisible.
7. You would feel inadequate. 2.06 Somewhat Likely
8. You would feel as though you wanted the 2.32 Somewhat Likely
ground to open up and swallow you.
9. You would feel worthless in comparison to 2.07 Somewhat Likely

these actors.
10.You would feel inferior and rush to the 2.21 Somewhat Likely
GENERAL MEAN 2.25 Somewhat Likely
49
Table 14 shows the general mean of body-shaming level of the respondents
which is 2.25 with a “somewhat likely” interpretation. This indicates that the body-
shaming level of the respondents is normal or neutral, i.e. neither high nor low.
These results demonstrate how women share their feelings about the situation
given and their concerns related to how others view them. Finally, women find ways to
protect themselves from their culture's practices of objectification, such as abstaining
from revealing their bodies so that It would be prevented from being noticed
(Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), or by having a high awareness of their bodies potential
to be shown (Daubenmier, 2005). Furthermore, when a woman constantly monitors her
outward appearance she will notice if it does not match her ideal, and awareness of this
discrepancy is a precursor for feeling body shame (Bessenhoff & Snow, 2006)
However, when traditional standards of thinness are internalized, instead of, or possibly
in addition to, strength and power, many women experience a greater amount of body
shame. Shame is especially strong when there is a large discrepancy between what a
person looks like and what she wants to look like (McKinley & Hyde, 1996).
It is also important to note that body-shaming does not affect all women equally.
The observer's perspective can become internalized to varying degrees, and variables
such as class, ethnicity, age, sexuality, personal history and physical attributes make
each woman different (Fredrickson & Harrison, 2005; Quinn, Kallen, Twenge, et al,
2006).
50
Table 15.
Rosenberg Self - Esteem Scale Question 1.
Question 1 Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree
On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. 51 96 43 60
Table 15 shows the answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self- Esteem
Scale Question, “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.” A total of 96 respondents
said that they “agree” on being satisfied with themselves, while 51 choose "strongly
agree". The rest of the participants 43, and 60 answered "disagree" and "strongly
disagree" respectively.
Most of the respondents said that they “agree” on being satisfied with themselves
this relates to fewer studies that have examined body size satisfaction among men.
Research suggests that women tend to be more satisfied with their body size or weight,
even if they are overweight. While height or other body areas may influence women
body size satisfaction available studies have focused on weight. For some women, body
size does not appear to affect their self-perceptions or body image as much as it does
for women, which may account for discrepancies between the sexes in weight-control
behaviors (Green Kl et al).
51
Table 16.
Rosenberg Self - Esteem Scale Question 2

Agree Disagree
At times I think I am not good at all. 33 136 75 6
Table16 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale Question 2, “At times I think I am not good at all.” 136 respondents said
that they “agree” that sometimes they think they are not good at all, while 33 choose
"strongly agree". The rest of the participants 75 and 6 answered "disagree" and
"strongly disagree".
The most number of participants said that they “agree” that there were times that
they don't feel good at all. While many studies of US in 2016 that adults have assessed
components of body image and related socio-demographic factors, fewer have
specifically examined body size satisfaction. Most of the research has focused on
women and found that lower body mass index (BMI), increasing age, and better health
are generally positively associated with body size satisfaction. Women typically view
themselves as heavier than they actually are and desire a thinner figure, with more
reporting dissatisfaction with their bodies than men in the same BMI category. While
Khan (2013) some report acceptance or satisfaction with their body size.
52
Table 17.

Agree Disagree
I feel that I have a number of good qualities. 44 106 100 0
Table17 shows the answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self- Esteem
Scale Question 3, “I feel that I have a number of good qualities.” 106 of the
respondents said that they “agree” that they feel that they have a number of good
qualities, while 44 choose "strongly agree". The rest of the participants 100 and 0
answered "disagree" and "strongly disagree".
In this result, most of the respondents said that they “agree” that they have a
number of good qualities, Base on the study of Frost and McKelvie (2005) it is found
that there was a positive relationship between qualities and the dependent variables
considered together, but that it was only significant for self-esteem and body build, not
for body image or weight satisfaction. Also, the study suggested "that a higher level of
positiveness awareness about their good qualities is associated with a higher level of
self-esteem, and this relationship occurs for female elementary school, high school, and
university students" (Frost & McKelvie, 2005
53
Table 18.

Agree Disagree
I am able to do things as well as most other

people. 35 120 66 29
Table18 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale Question 4, “I am able to do things as well as most other people.” 120 of
the respondents said that they “agree” that they are able to do things as well as most
other people, while 35 choose "strongly agree". The rest of the participants 66 and 29
answered "disagree" and "strongly disagree".
Majority of the participants chose “agree” that they were able to do things as well
as the others is closely related to a Downward social comparison, It is when we attempt
to create a positive image of ourselves in a favourable way of comparing with others
who we think that are worse than us (Morse and Gergen, 1970). Like in other cases,
people who are suffering from serious diseases prefer to compare their condition with
other individuals whose current condition and likely prognosis is worse than their own
(Buunk, Gibbons, & Visser, 2002).
54
Table 19.

Agree Disagree
I feel I do not have much to be proud of. 29 58 127 36
Scale Question 5, “I feel I do not have much to be proud of.” 58 of the respondents
chose “agree” that they do not have much to be proud of, while 29 choose "strongly
agree". The rest of the participants 127 and 36 answered "disagree" and "strongly
disagree".
Almost half of the participants chose “disagree” that they do not have much to be
proud of, Self-esteem is so intrinsically linked to thoughts about one's body that physical
appearance has consistently been found to be the number one predictor of self-esteem
at many ages" (Ata, Ludden, & Lally, 2006). According to Rosenberg (1965) , "self-
esteem is defined as a "positive or negative attitude toward the self". While Frost and
McKelvie (2005), define self-esteem "as the level of global regard one has for the self".
It does contribute to poorer body image and eating disorder symptoms and studies are
still trying to figure out how to hinder adolescent girls' beliefs that they need to be
extremely skinny to look attractive. Adolescent girls can also have low self-esteem
through family and media influence (Green & Pritchard, 2003).
55
Table 20.

Agree Disagree
I certainly feel useless at times. 34 41 50 125
Table 20 shows the compiled answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale Question 6 “I certainly feel useless at times.” 41 of the respondents
chose “agree” that they do not have much to be proud of, while 34 choose "strongly
agree". The other participants, 50 and 125 answered "disagree" and "strongly disagree".
Most of the respondents said that they "strongly disagree" on feeling useless at
times is an indication of one of the two varieties of Defensive Self-Esteem that is the
Worthiness-based self-esteem. An internal feeling about how good you feel about
yourself as a person (Leary, M. R, 2004). This happens when a person lack a sense of
competence but do have a sense of worth, which causes them to rely on feeling worthy
for their self-esteem. The result of such psychological lop-sidedness means they need
others to approve them. If such approval is withdrawn, or if they are criticized because
of poor performance, they may feel inferior by exaggerating their importance or by
criticizing and demeaning others in order to feel superior (Mruk, 2018).
56
Table 21.

Agree Disagree
I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an 41 26 183 0
equal plane with others.
Scale Question 7 “I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with
others.” 26 of the respondents chose “agree” that they do not have much to be proud
of, while 41 choose "strongly agree". The rest of the participants 183 and 0 answered
"disagree" and "strongly disagree".
Most answers we get is the participants “disagree” on the question, “I feel that I'm
a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.” Dr. Kristin Neff argues that
there is a problem with society’s focus on high self-esteem. The problem is that this
focus involves measuring oneself against others, rather than paying attention to one’s
intrinsic value. “Our competitive culture tells us we need to be special and above
average to feel good about ourselves, but we can’t all be above average at the same
time”. In this sense, searching for self-worth by constantly comparing ourselves to
others means to always be fighting a losing battle (Neff, 2011).
57
Table 22.

Agree Disagree
I wish I could have more respect for myself. 9 168 41 32
Esteem Scale Question 8 “I wish I could have more respect for myself.” 168 of the
respondents chose “agree” that they wish they could have more respect for themselves,
while 9 choose "strongly agree". The other participants, 41 and 32 answered "disagree"
and "strongly disagree".
Most of the respondents said that they "agree" on they wish they could have
more respect for themselves. It was said that "self-esteem was the most important
predictor of body dissatisfaction, with females with low self-esteem experience more
body dissatisfaction than those with high self-esteem" (Griffiths & McCabe, 2000). It was
also noted that the impact of society, parents, and friends, improved the prediction of
body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the importance of appearance (Griffiths &
McCabe, 2000). Also, Davidson and McCabe (2006) concluded that their study showed
evidence for the association between psychosocial difficulties and poor body image.
58
Table 23.

Agree Disagree
All in all, I’m inclined to feel that I am a failure. 3 157 50 40
Table 23 shows the answers of the respondents to the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale
Question 9, “All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.” 157 of the respondents chose
“agree” from being inclined to feel that they are a failure, while 3 chose "strongly agree". The
rest of the participants 50 and 40 answered "disagree" and "strongly disagree".
Most answers we get is the participants is they "agree" that as a whole they were inclined to
feel that they are a failure. Those women who suffer bodydissatisfaction often associate their
failure to reach their ideal body with their self-conceptand as a result of this often suffer with a
decrease in self-esteem (Bessenoff, 2006). Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) state that many
women begin to feel emotions such as shame towards themselves because they are unable to
achieve a desired body image they want. This failure to meet society's perception of normal
often leads to shame and a decrease in self-esteem.
59
Table 24
Rosenberg Self - Esteem Scale Question 10.

Agree Disagree
I take a positive attitude toward myself. 50 123 48 29
Esteem Scale Question 10 “I take a positive attitude toward myself.” 123 of the respondents
chose “agree” that they take a positive attitude towards themselves, while 50 choose "strongly
agree". The other participants, 48 and 29 answered "disagree" and "strongly disagree".
Most of the respondents said that they "agree" on taking a positive attitude towards
themselves. A person's body image is influenced by their beliefs and attitudes. One's body
image does not remain the same, but changes in response to lifestyle events (Women's
Health, 2007). A poor body image may hamper adolescents' development of interpersonal
skills and positive relations with other boys and girls". For instance, "physical attractiveness
has been found to impact on peer relationships all the way back from elementary school, with
attractive girls engaging in more positive social interactions than less-attractive girls. The
researchers addressed that there is a relationship between body image and psychological
functioning during adolescence. Lastly, they found a strong association between body image
concerns and low self-esteem among adolescent girls, which has led to constructions of body
image as an important aspect of female self-esteem (Davidson & McCabe, 2006).
60
Table 25
Rosenberg Self - Esteem Scale Mean
Mean Interpretation
1. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. 2.55 Agree
2. At times I think I am not good at all. 2.78 Agree
3. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. 2.78 Agree
4. I am able to do things as well as most other people.

2.64 Agree
5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. 2.32 Agree
6. I certainly feel useless at times. 1.94 Disagree
7. I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane
with others. 2.43 Agree
8. I wish I could have more respect for myself. 2.62 Agree
9. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. 2.49 Agree
10. I take a positive attitude toward myself. 2.78 Agree
General Mean 2.53 Agree
61
Table 25 shows that the respondents answered “Agree” in almost all questions except
question 6 where they replied “Disagree” to the question about “certainly feeling useless at
times.” The table further shows that the respondents’ self-esteem level is 2.53. This indicates
that the participants in this study have a normal or average self-esteem level.
This links particularly in individualistic cultures, report having relatively high self-esteem,
an interesting question is why this might be. Other cultures place more importance on
developing high self-esteem than others, and people correspondingly feel oppressed on saying
their feelings about themselves (Held, 2002). Self-esteem tends to fluctuate over time,
depending on your circumstances. It's normal to go through times when you feel down about
yourself and times when you feel good about yourself (Mayoclinic, 2017). A problem with
measures such as the Rosenberg scale is that they can be influenced by the desire to portray
the self positively. The observed scores on the Rosenberg scale may be somewhat inflated
because people naturally try to make themselves look as if they have very high self-esteem,
maybe they lie a bit to the experimenters to make themselves look better than they really are
and perhaps to make themselves feel better. If this is the case, then we might expect to find
average levels of reported self-esteem to be lower in cultures where having high self-worth is
less of a priority (Heine and Lehman, 1999).
62
Table 26
Pearson r Correlation Analysis of the Relationship Between the Respondents’ Level of Body-
Shaming and Self–Esteem
Variables N Mean Deviation Score R calculation
Body Shaming 250 2.25 0.61
Self - Esteem 250 2.53 0.22 0.6212
Table 26 shows the correlation analysis of the relationship between the
respondents’ body-shaming level and self-esteem level. This further shows that the
coefficient of correlation is r =0.6212 which is a moderate correlation or substantial
relationship. This means that there is a tendency for high level of body-shaming
associated with high level of self-esteem and vice versa. In other words, although this
study shows normal or neutral level of both body-shaming and self-esteem of the
respondents, there is an inclination that as the level of body-shaming arises, the level of
self-esteem of the respondents’ also increases.
This study may suggest that women are more confident and happy within
themselves and their appearance. However, these results show that self-esteem tends
to fluctuate, depending on circumstances. A problem with measures such as the
Rosenberg scale is that they can be influenced by the desire to portray the self
positively. The observed scores on the Rosenberg scale may be somewhat inflated
because people naturally try to make themselves look as if they have very high self-
63
esteem maybe they lie a bit to the experimenters to make themselves look better than
they really are and perhaps to make themselves feel better. If this is the case, then we
might expect to find average levels of reported self-esteem to be lower in cultures where
having high self-worth is less of a priority (Heine and Lehman, 1999).
Robles (2011) stated that female adolescents are particularly manipulated by this
idea of having a good body image is perfection as they see it as a means of measuring
their own self-worth. Therefore, they learn to internalize on objectifying observers’
perspective of their body which leads to an increase in body shame. Much of the
previous research focuses on a limited number of women, there is an increasing
amount of evidence that is also suffering from body shame and the desire to look
beautiful. Thus, the feeling of body shame remains stable across the lifespan (Webster
and Tiggemann, 2003).
64
Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings of the study based on the results and data
gathered by the researcher. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the recommendations
and limitations identified in the study as well as the conclusions formed.
Summary of Findings
This research study aimed to identify the impact of body-shaming on the self-
esteem of adolescent women in Pulilan, Bulacan. Specifically, the objectives of the
study were:
1. To know the demographic profile of the respondents.
A total of 250 women from Pulilan, Bulacan was chosen for this study. The
respondents tapped are aged 18 to 25. The three biggest age groups among the
participants are 21, 20 and 23 while the least age group is 24. Almost half of the
participants or 40.4% have reached college but have not finished their degree.
On the other hand, 69 respondents or 27.6% and 80 respondents or 32%
respectively listed High school and College Graduate as their educational
attainment. As for the respondents’ socio-economic stature, majority of them or
65
35.2% listed a meager monthly income of Php 1,000 to Php 9,999 followed by
participants, who receive Php 10,000 to Php 19,999.
2. To evaluate the level of body-shaming of the respondents.
Based on the data gathered by the researcher, which was specifically
treated by a statistician, the general mean or average of body-shaming level of
the respondents is 2.25. This indicates that the level of body-shaming of the
respondents is normal or neutral.
3. To evaluate the level of the respondents’ self-esteem.
Based on the analysis of the researcher on the data gathered, the overall
average of the self-esteem level of the respondents is 2.53. This indicates that
the recorded level of self-esteem of the respondents is normal or neutral.
4. To know if there is a significant relationship between the level of body-
shaming and the level of self-esteem of the respondents.
The data gathered by the researcher, which was statistically treated
through the use of Pearson r, showed that the level of body-shaming and the
level of self-esteem has a coefficient of correlation computed at r =0.6212. This
figure manifests a moderate correlation or substantial relationship. This means
that there is a tendency for high level of body-shaming associated with high level
of self-esteem and vice versa. To wit, although this study shows normal or
neutral level of both body-shaming and self-esteem of the respondents, there is
66
an inclination that as the level of body-shaming arises, the level of self-esteem of
the respondents’ also increases.
5. To draw recommendations based on the results that will help
respondents who have experienced body-shaming; and to the local
government of Pulilan, Bulacan designing a campaign against body-
shaming.
A. Respondents who have experienced body-shaming;
● The researcher recommends that respondents who have experienced
body-shaming should speak up. Shaming exists and continues to do so
because victims chose to stay silent. Hence, shaming becomes even
more powerful. If victims of body-shaming starts talking about their
experiences, it will cultivate shame resiliency that will hopefully stop or at
least interrupt this culture.
● The researcher recommends that participants who were body-shamed in
the past should try to focus on their unique and admirable qualities.
Instead of being overwhelmed by negative feelings or thoughts about what
other people say about their body, they can show or improve their abilities
that will help them enrich self-love and positive body image.
● The researcher further recommends that victims of body-shaming should
surround themselves with positive messages. Since social media has
become a powerful platform now in propagating beliefs and practices,
victims of body-shaming should intentionally envelop themselves with
67
messages that promote body-acceptance instead of posts about weight
loss or beauty enhancement advertisements.
B. The local government of Pulilan, Bulacan in designing a campaign
against body-shaming.
● The researcher recommends that the local government create a
program through social media platforms about body-shaming. It can
be in a form of video presentation or info graphics that can be
easily understood by everyone and can reach a multitude of people
regardless of their demographic profile.
● The researcher recommends to conduct talks or seminars through
Department of Social Welfare and Development about the dangers
of body-shaming. The seminars can be held in schools targeting
students and teacher, and barangay halls targeting parents so as to
equip them with knowledge in recognizing and fighting body-
shaming.
● The researcher recommends that the local government produces
posters to be displayed in different public places around the town,
discussing the threat of body-shaming and promoting self-love and
tolerance to each and every one.
68
Conclusions
The researcher concluded that the participants in this study show that they have
an average self-esteem level and a neutral level of body-shaming. This study further
shows that instead of being discouraged, the respondents have a tendency of gaining
better self-esteem when experiencing body-shaming. This indicates that the
respondents are already aware of how to handle body shaming by taking it as a positive
way of thinking about themselves and improving themselves.
Overall, this study can still be used in structuring recommendations that will help
those who have experienced body-shaming. The results of this study can also be used
by the local government of Pulilan, Bulacan in designing information drives as to the
effects of body-shaming; thus helping and educating the community about the ill-effects
of such act.
The limitations encountered in this research were:
1. Since the researcher used Convenience Sampling as the research method, only
participants available at the time the survey was conducted were asked. As such,
women who actually experienced body-shaming were not sifted.
2. The study did not consider the impact of body-shaming on the self-esteem of the
respondents when grouped according to their demographic profile. Hence, it is
not clear whether the impact of body-shaming is different by profile.
3. The limited responses gathered by the researcher since the study is mainly
quantitative. There was no follow-up interview or focus group discussion done to
69
get a more in-depth analysis on the psychological effect of body-shaming on the
respondents.
Recommendations
This study which aimed to analyse the impact of body-shaming on the self-
esteem of adolescent women in Pulilan, Bulacan has introduced possible future studies
to expand the analysis and examination of the effects of body-shaming. As such, the
researcher recommends the following:
● The researcher recommends to conduct a similar study but with younger
participants. As the literature in this study discusses, children as young as
13 years old receive body critique from other people, hence, the
researcher realizes the compelling need to conduct such study with
younger respondents to know how body-shaming affect them not only
psychologically but also emotionally and physically.
● The researcher recommends to develop, test, and validate a self-esteem
instrument that relates to physical activity to be used with females who are
physically active and females who are not physically active. This is to
check if the effect of body-shaming differs between those who are
physically active and those who are not.
● The researcher recommends that body-shaming awareness should be
included in school programs both in elementary and high school so
children can imbibe early on the risks of practicing this culture.
70
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80
Annex 1.
Voter’s Registration figure released by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) in
the Municipality of Pulilan, Bulacan.
81
Annex 2
The complete questionnaire (adapted questionnaire called Body-Focused Shame

and Guilt Scale (BF-SGHS) developed by Weingarden et al. (2016). and Rosenberg’s
Self-esteem questionnaire.
______________________________________________________________________
To whom it may concern:
We invite you to participate in a research study about “Impact of Body Shaming

on the Self Esteem of Adolescent Women in Pulilan, Bulacan” It will take approximately
10-15minutes to complete. This is a discreet survey and the information provided will be
used for research purposes only. Thank you.
Name (optional): ________________________________ Date:

_______________
Age: ________________
Educational Attainment: (please tick the box)

Elementary High School Undergraduate College Graduate
Personal Income (if Working) or Family Income (if still Studying):
1,000-10,000 10,000-20,000 20,000-30,000 30,000-up
Very
Somew Somew Very
Unlik
hat hat Likely
ely
Unlikel Likely
y
1. Someone close to you expresses disappointment over your appearance:
(a) You would attribute this person’s
disapproval to wrong priorities.
(b) You would regret that you didn’t keep up
with your efforts to maintain your appearance.
(c) You would feel diminished in your image of
yourself.
82
Very
Somew Somew Very
Unlikhat hat Likely
ely
Unlikel Likely
y
2. You go to the mall, and everybody seems better looking than you.
(a) You would think, “I should spend more time
trying to improve my appearance.”
(b) You would feel so awful that you’d want to
hide.
(c) You would think, “They don’t lead busy
lives, so they are able to spend more time on
their appearance.”
Very Somew Somew Very

Unlik hat hat Likely
ely Unlikel Likely
y
3. You are walking down the street and notice that people are glancing in your
direction. You feel certain that they are judging your appearance.
(a) You would think, “They are just insecure.”
(b) You would feel so awful that you’d want to
hide.
(c) You would think, “They don’t lead busy
lives, so they are able to spend more time on
their appearance.”
VerySomew Somew Very

ely Unlikel Likely
y
4. You are at the beach, and you notice that everyone looks better than you
(a) You would think, “These people are
probably shallow and spend all of their time.
(b) You would feel totally inadequate and stay
covered up.
(c) You would think, “I should have taken better
care of my appearance.”
83
ely Unlikel Likely
y
5. At a family reunion, a relative asks about a blemish on your face
(a) You would feel inferior and decide to leave
the reunion as soon as possible.
(b) You would think, “That person has always
been inappropriate!”
(c) You would regret that you had not made an
appointment with the dermatologist.
Very
Somew Somew Very
Unlik
hat hat Likely
ely
Unlikel Likely
y
6. Someone makes a negative comment about one of your body parts
(a) You would feel so badly about yourself that
you would wish you could become invisible.
(b) You would think, “I shouldn’t have worn
clothes that showed this body part.”
(c) You would think, “That person is so
insensitive.”

ely Unlikel Likely
y
7. While looking at pictures of models in a magazine
(a) You would think, “I should have put more
effort into taking care of my appearance.”
(b) You would think, “Those models probably
have no life and no personality! They spend all
their time looking perfect.”
(c) You would feel inadequate.
84
ely Unlikel Likely
y
8. You are trying on clothes in a store and the assistant states that the clothes fit
strangely on your body
a) You would feel as though you wanted the
ground to open up and swallow you.
(b) You would think, “I need to work harder so I
fit into these clothes next time.”
(c) You would think, “The assistant is not very
good at her job!”

ely Unlikel Likely
y
9. You are watching a television show and notice that all the actors look perfect
(a) You would think, “They’ve probably had
plastic surgery!”
(b) You would wonder if you should do
something to change your appearance (work
out more, purchase styling products, etc.).
(c) You would feel worthless in comparison to
these actors.

ely Unlikel Likely
y
10. After working out at the gym you go to the locker room to change. Others
come into the locker room and you get the sense that they are staring at you
(a) You would think, “That’s so rude! They
should mind their own business.”
(b) You would feel inferior and rush to the
(c) You would regret that you hadn’t pushed
yourself harder in the gym before ending your
workout
85
PART II- Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale:
Instructions
Below is a list of statements dealing with your general feelings about yourself. Please
indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement.
Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree
1. I am Happy with the way I look.
2. At times, I think
3. I feel that I have a number of good
qualities.
4. I am able to do things as well as most
other people.
5. I feel I do not have much to be proud
of.
6. I certainly feel useless at times.
7. I feel that I'm a person of worth, at
least on an equal plane with others.
8. I wish I could have more respect for
myself.
9. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am
a failure.
10. I take a positive attitude toward
myself.
86
CURICULUM VITAE
Dannaj Linn T. Jabola
E-Mail : [email protected]
Mobile : +61 412974859
Nationality: Filipino
Address : Sydney, Australia, New South Wales.
Professional Strength
 I am fond of organization with lines of responsibilities and work systems best

in a fast paced environment.
 I’m very able to work and adjust with multi cultural team.
 Ability to prioritize, planning skills, well organized, multitasking and assuming
responsibilities and duties.
Work Experience
October 2015- January 2017- HR Administrator – Add-mind SA Facilities

Management Services.
-Location: Business Bay, downtown, Dubai UAE
Job Description: Performs administrative duties for Human resources
department. Visa and health medical application. Outsourcing for new job vacancies.
Preparing reports and financial data; training and supervising other support and staff
relations. Filing of documents of staffs, and administering works.
June 2014 – September 2015 – Front Desk Officer – Marriot Courtyard, Green
Community.
-Location: Jebel Ali, Dubai UAE
Job Description: Performs to executive management. Receiving calls,
managing calendars, events, making reservation. Operate telephone switchboard to
answer, screen, or forward calls, providing information, taking messages, or scheduling
appointments.Hear and resolve complaints from customers or the public.
July 2013 – December 2014 BulSu Event Organizer/ Catering Service

Location: Bulacan State University, Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines
Job Description: Hands-on and often involves working as part of a team.
able to complete a wide range of activities requiring clear communication,
excellent organizational skills and attention to detail. I work well under
pressure, ensuring the smooth and efficient running of an event, coordinating
venue management, caterers, contractors and equipment hire and identifying
87
and securing speakers or special guests, planning location and room layouts
and the entertainment program.
April 2012 – June 2013 Kool Stix Store Supervisor

Loacation: SM Marilao, Marilao Bulacan, Philippines
Job Description: Ensure effective stock usage and maintain stock levels in
accordance with ice cream serving, service crews and company policy. This
is to include storage and use of equipment, and provide training to the service
crew to utilize the good quality service given to the customers. And make
inventories during the end of the store hours.
March 2011 – November 2011 Secretary,John Ernest Connecting Continents Call

Center, Philippines
Job Description: Entertain customer calls, provide customer
service/assistance. using a variety of software packages, such as Microsoft
Word, Outlook, Powerpoint, Excel, Access, etc., to produce correspondence
and documents, and utilize office materials and equipment
Education
Tertiary : 2016 (Undergraduate) Bachelor of Arts In Psychology, AMA University
Online Education.
2011-2014 Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management
Bulacan State University, Malolos, Bulacan
Secondary : 2006-2010 St. Dominic Academy Poblacion, Pulilan, Bulacan
Elementary : 2001-2006 Segundo Esguerra Memorial Elementary School
Dampol, Pulilan, Bulacan
Seminars / Training
2016 August –September - Certified Human Resources Professional Course

Zabeel International School. Dubai, UAE
2010, December – Customer Service

Baliuag University School of Hospitality Management and Tourism
Bulacan, Philippines
2012, December - Bar Exposure Program T.G.I Fridays

Manila Philippines
2012, December - Butler Service, Food and Beverage, House Keeping, Actual Bed
Making and Opera System Seminar- Pan Pacific Manila
88
Manila, Philippines
2014,March – Basic Training: Personal Survival Techniques (Table A-Vl/1-2), Fire

Prevention and Fire Fighting (Table A-Vl/1-2), Elementary First Aid (table A-Vl/1-3),
Personal Safety and Social Responsibility (Table A-Vl/1-4), (Section A-Vl/1, paragraph
2 of STCW2010 Amendments)- Magsaysay Training Center
Manila Philippines
Dannaj Linn Jabola
89

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Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

"I recently experienced some body-shaming on my

Body-shaming is defined as the practice of making negative comments about a

embarrassed or ashamed.” (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.). People typically think that

substance use and suicidal thoughts.” (Kazmi, Ibid.)

In the Philippines, body-shaming has become so rampant that it is considered by

(grandfathers and grandmothers) have contributed to it in one way or another. It is not

“…no culture comes without blemish, and the Philippines is no

"Although I do not live there anymore, I try and visit as much as

continue to be pressured to be thin to appear attractive. Regardless of how empowered

commercialization and industrialization as it is becoming one of the major growth-rate

magpakita sa kanila. madalas ayoko sumasali sa mga activities sa school dahil

likewise narrated her experience of being body-shamed on Facebook because she is

awareness on this reality.

1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

c. Personal income/ Family Income

2. What is the level of body shaming of the respondents?

3. What is the level of self-esteem of the respondents?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the level of body-shaming and the

level of self-esteem of the respondents?

a. respondents who have experienced body-shaming;

b. the local government of Pulilan, Bulacan in designing a campaign

Objectives of the Study

effects of body shaming to one’s self-esteem;

2. To evaluate the level of body shaming of the respondents.

3. To evaluate the level of the respondents’ self-esteem.

4. To know if there is a significant relationship between the level of body-shaming

and the level of self-esteem of the respondents.

have experienced body-shaming; and to the local government of Pulilan, Bulacan

designing a campaign against body-shaming.

Body shaming, a hypothesized of self- objectification has been observed to be an

discouragement, a sub-kind of misery.There have been restricted theoretically put

together longitudinal investigations with respect to self-perception and its association

with confidence among grown-up people. Externalization hypothesis (Fredrickson and

in Australia. Body disappointment has been connected with a scope of antagonistic

psychosocial results, including poor confidence, discouragement, dietary problems and

likewise intended to assess, utilizing a transient longitudinal plan, regardless of whether

different everyday issues fulfilment.

As in other Western nations,dissatisfaction with physical appearance is a typical

disarranged patients (who are transcendently female) is a colossal budgetary weight on

and Woolfenden 2002). Subsequently, there is a need to additionally comprehend parts

the self-esteem of Filipina women in Pulilan, Bulacan pertaining to their age,

educational attainment, and income.

illuminate this predisposition toward body dissatisfaction. It provides a framework for

dissatisfaction (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).

prompt body dissatisfaction and eventually sorrow or depression in adolescent women.

a constant possibility, they begin to chronically monitor themselves in anticipation of

worldwide assessments of self-esteem stays stable or really reinforces in middle age.

gathering) than for ladies matured 20 to 34 ('youthful adulthood') or 50 to 65 ('more

established grown-ups'). Moreover, they demonstrated that confidence and body

gathering. Wilcox (1997) inspected dimensions of body dissatisfaction, self-perception

wellness) are reliant on the degree to which self-perception significance changes

crosswise over adulthood.

between confidence and self-perception concerns have been cross-sectional, a few

confidence in Australian female secondary school understudies at two time focuses,

in confidence, yet that Time 1 confidence was random to change in body

Australian setting, propose that the commitment of body disappointment to confidence