Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Week 4 Practical Research 2
Week 4 Practical Research 2
APA references
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title,
and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps
your reader locate the source.
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found
online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Reference List
A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing.
The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader. It also gives
credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas. All references cited in the text must appear in the
reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be
retrieved.
A bibliography is different from a reference list as it lists all the sources used during your research
and background reading, not just the ones you refer to in your writing.
Reference formatting guide
Title Include the title 'References' (one word, beginning with a capital letter, centred,
and not in italics
Indent Hanging indent your references (space bar in 5 - 7 spaces for the second and
subsequent lines of each reference)
Ampersand Use for 2 - 6 authors, use "&" before the final author
One author, two Order by year of publication, the earlier one first. Same year of publication for both
publications - add 'a' and 'b' after the year, inside the brackets. Include this in the in text citation.
example: Baheti, J. R. (2001a).
URLs Remove the underlines from URLs so that any underscores ( _ ) can be seen
Upper case letters Journal title - use headline style; i.e. capitalise all the words, except articles and
(capital letters) prepositions
Book title or article title (in a journal, magazine or newspaper) - use sentence style;
i.e. capitalise the first word of the title, and subtitle (after the colon), and any proper
names
Place of USA publishers give the city in full and the abbreviation for the state.
publication New York, NY
Springfield, MA
Publishers outside the USA: Give the city in full and the country in full
London, England
Auckland, New Zealand
Page range Use an en dash, NOT a hyphen, for page ranges: e.g. 21–27. No gaps between
the page numbers and the en dash.
Reference examples
One author (a book chapter)
Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding
health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University
Press.
Four to seven authors
Szcz Ę Sna, A., Nowak, A., Grabiec, P., Paszkuta, M., Tajstra, M., & Wojciechowska, M. (2017).
Survey of wearable multi-modal vital parameters measurement systems. Advances in Intelligent
Systems and Computing, 526. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47154-9_37
Evaluation
Direction: Arrange the following.
1. Author(s): Lynn Smith
Year: 2010
Title: A study of Undergraduate Students
Page Number: article pgs, 170-191: quote pg. 172
Journal: Collegiate Learning Review
References:
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2. Author(s): Steven Marisol
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Publishing
Year: 2008
Title: Mathematical Concepts for Non-Math Majors
City of Publication: New York City, New York
Page Number: quote pg. 214
References:
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3. Author(s): Jan Plumm and Carol Neischke
Publisher: Harley Publishing, Inc
Year: 2008
Title: A Creationist View of Sexuality
City of Publication: New Brunswick, New Jersey
Page Number: quote pg. 113 - 114
References:
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4. Author(s): John P. Ackran
Date of Publication: September 21, 2013
Title Webpage: Statistics of Insurance Coverage of Elderly
Date Access: April 3, 2014
Sponsoring Organization: Organization for Medical Reform
URL: http//www/medreform.org/statistics/insurance/elderlt-coverage/233
References:
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5. Author(s): No Specific Author
Date of Publication: May 3, 2011
Title: Coordinating Grassroot Campaigns for Liberal Conservatives
Date of Access: June 28, 2014
Sponsoring Organization: Grassroots of America
URL: http//www.grassrootsofamerica.org/strategies/campaigns/0012/abd
References:
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