8

Technology and Livelihood Education

CAREGIVING
Module 8
Evaluate and Control Hazards and Risks

i
 What I know
Direction: Let us see how familiar you are about caregiving.Read the question carefully
and write the letter only in your test notebook.

DIAGNOSTIC

1. It is used for holding dirty clothes,for washing or wet clothes for drying.
a. Laundry basket c. Dustpan
b. Iron d. Duster
2. A long narrow padded board used as working surface for ironing.
a.Vacuum cleaner c. Ironing board
b. thermometer d. Microwave oven
3. A mercury based unit that has a manually inflatable cuff attached by tubing to the
unit that is calibrated in millimeters of mercury.
a.thermometer c. vacuum cleaner
4. An apparatus used for destucting microorganisms like feeding bottle through
Boiling.
a. Bottle sterilizer c. Airpot
b. Coffee maker d. Food Processor
Food Tongs
5. It is used for grasping and holding with two hinged or sprung arms A food tongs is
a. Ladle c. Spoon

6.The possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards and the
indication of how serious the harm can be.
a. Hazard b. OHS
b. Risk d. Red cross

7. Anything that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open
drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
a. Ergonomic c. Hazard
b. Physical d. Psychological

8. The common hazards that a caregiver faces.

a. Trip hazard c. Physical hazard
b. Biolodical hazard d. Ergonomic hazard

9.A type of hazard when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace
in any form (solid, liquid or gas)
a. Chemical Hazard c. Biological hazard
b. Psychological hazard d. Physical hazard

10. This occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position and working conditions
put pressure on his/her body. It is difficult to spot this type of hazard.
a. Physical hazrd c. Ergonomic Hazard
b. Biological hazard d.Chemical hazard

vii
 WEEK 9 EVALUATION AND CONTROL
HAZARDZ AND RISK

What I Need To Know

AT THE END OF THE Lesson, you are expected to :
L.O 1.1 Follow Occupational Health and Safety Procedures in dealing with and for
controlling hazards and risks

What’s In

Activity 1: Past is Past

Directions: Write True, if the statement is correct, or False, if it is incorrect.

1. __________Too much bending and reaching is an example of physical hazard.

2. __________Psychological hazards happen when a worker’s environment becomes
stressful.
3. __________Observing the nursing home environment is one of the ways in determining
health problems in the workplace.
4. __________Accidents happen because people are not mindful of their environment.
5. __________Too much lifting of heavy loads does not result in injury.

What’s New
Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS

Once you recognize a hazard in the workplace, then you can proceed with risk assessment,
that is focusing on the risks that really matter in the workplace. Evaluating hazards and risks
is the process of determining the level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury
or illness occurring. Most of the time, simple measures can be done, with no trouble, to control
risks. An example of this is making sure that cabinet drawers are kept closed so that people
do not trip.
Needless to say, the concern for control increases as the recognized level of risk increases.
A person identifying the risk of harm or injury from a hazard in a nursing home or day care
should consider these questions:
• how likely it is that a hazard will cause harm;
• how serious that harm is likely to be;
• how often (and how many) workers are exposed.
It is a must that you have a record of every risk assessment done. If a certain accident or
damage happens again, it might be that you will trace back the original records to check if
the assessment overlooked a potential hazard. Assessing or evaluating the hazards and
risks is crucial in making a decision on the mode of control to be used.

CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled by a variety of methods. Of course, the
very reason why hazards should be controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Hazard control comes in different processes. But one method may be
more effective than the others.
When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it means settling on the measure that will
solve the trouble most successfully.

There are five major categories of control measures: elimination, substitution, engineering
controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.

1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it completely.

2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one.
3. An engineering control may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example, using proper
machine guards) or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
4. An administrative control may mean working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area
is an example of an administrative control (for example, job rotation)
5. Personal Protective Equipment includes ear and eye protection, respirators and
protective clothing.

Obviously, the best method of controlling hazards and risks is through elimination. That is to
take away or to get rid of the hazard. However, more often than not, this is not possible.
So,employers make use of any of the remaining control measures. The general rule is that the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be the last alternative in controlling
hazards and risks in a workplace. Although it is said that the best method of control measure
is through elimination of hazards, a very good technique for a safe and healthy environment
is through the utilization of a combination of methods.

PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS AND RISKS

A Closer Look at Electricity
•As common sense dictates, you have to ensure that all electrical equipment you use is
ingood condition.
•Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed.
•Your hands should be dry before attempting to use any electrical equipment.
•Do not attempt to change fuses unless you know what you are doing.
•Do not turn on all appliances at the same time just because you want to save time.

What Is It
USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Caregivers should religiously abide by the following to prevent biological hazards from
happening:

 Wear gown that is long enough to cover your

clothing. Because the outside of the gown is
considered contaminated, this should not be
touched when it is removed. A gown that is
wet is, of course, considered contaminated
also. A caregiver should wear a clean gown
every client care. In case the gown is not
 available, apron should be worn to mask clothing during client contact.

• Masks should fit comfortably over the nose

and mouth. The same with a gown or apron, a wet mask is
considered contaminated.
The front of the mask is also contaminated. Masks should not
be worn around the neck. For each client contact, a clean mask
should be used
.

• Gloves should be used when issue on contamination is

present. Also, when a
caregiver has open wound on the hands, it is a must that
he/she use gloves. The
outside of the gloves should not be touched when removed as
this is considered
contaminated.

Disposal of Health Care Wastes

In order to reduce the burden of disease, health care wastes should be managed
appropriately. Whether a caregiver is working in a hospital, a day care, or even at home,
proper discarding of medical wastes should be of great consideration.

Human waste products. Obviously, these wastes should be flushed down the toilet without
delay and should not be discarded in the street or in any public places.

Blood and bloody fluids. These must be removed right away. It is best if they can be directly
flushed down the toilet. If clothes are contaminated, they should be washed separately using
hot water and should be dried. Dressings with blood need to be double-bagged in plastic and
disposed of based on existing community or local rules.

Needles (sharps). Sharps should be kept in a container which is not easy to pierce like metal
(coffee can). Some items may be kept while some should be discarded right away. It is
advisable to discuss with the supervisor for the best disposal method.

Medical Equipment. If the equipment is contaminated, it should be thrown away. It is ideal that
the equipment be double-bagged and disposed of based on the existing regulations in the
community. Also, this should be discussed with the immediate supervisor as to whether or not
the said equipment can be kept or should be disposed of already.

Proper Handwashing

As you touch people, tables, chairs, books, sinks, handrails, and other objects and surfaces,
there is a possibility that you contaminate your hands. The germs that have accumulated when
touching things may be the means for you to get sick and spread illness to others. The
importance of hand washing comes in. It is by far the best and simplest way to prevent germs
from spreading and to keep the people around you from getting sick. Though it is said that
hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of illnesses, you should be aware
of the proper way of doing it. Otherwise, you may just be wasting your time doing it because
you do not really wipe out what should be eliminated.

The following steps will help you in performing proper hand washing to rid yourself of germs
in no time.

1. Prepare your materials before washing your hands: paper towel, bar or liquid soap.
2. Turn on the faucet and wet wrists and hands thoroughly. Use a generous amount of soap.
3. Rub your hands together and between fingers. Be sure to use friction when washing as
this helps in cleaning your hands. Do not forget the surface of your hands, palms, the

spaces within the fingers and above the wrists. Do this process for at least 20 seconds You
might want to sing ―happy birthday‖ twice slowly to make sure you attained the minimum
number of seconds in washing your hands.
4. Clean your nails by rubbing the soap later through them. If your nails are long (it is
advisable that health care workers do not grow their nails long), use a soft stick or the nails
of the other hand to remove the dirt under them.
5. Rinse your hands thoroughly under running water. Remember to rinse from above the
wrist down to the fingers.
6. Use a paper towel to dry hands and discard immediately.
7. Use a new paper towel to close faucet being careful not to contaminate your hands. This
paper towel should be discarded right away.

Put a Stop to Ergonomic Hazard

Efficient control measures are now being utilized by employers to avoid ergonomic hazards
among health care workers. Manual handling of patients, for example, has become less
stressful due to some paraphernalia being used that facilitate the task. Adjustable height work
stations, improved tool design, and adjusted work pace are now part of a worker’s life.
Unfortunately, ergonomic hazard effects continue to happen. Why? At times, the workers
themselves invite these hazards due to the wrong way they do their tasks. Conscious or not,
they have to examine their work routine and consider these simple rules:

• Avoid twisting the body.

• Bend knees if it is needed.
• Avoid too much stretching when reaching for something.
• Use a ladder when reaching for hard-to-reach materials or objects.
• Ask for help from someone if the task cannot be done by one person

What More
Arrange the sequence of proper Hand Washing using letter A-G in the blank provided.

______ 1. Turn on the faucet and wet wrists and hands thoroughly. Use a generous amount
of soap.
______ 2. Prepare your materials before washing your hands: paper towel, bar or liquid
soap.
______ 3. Clean your nails by rubbing the soap later through them. If your nails are long (it is
advisable that health care workers do not grow their nails long), use a soft stick or
the nails of the other hand to remove the dirt under them.

______ 4. Rinse your hands thoroughly under running water. Remember to rinse from above
the wrist down to the fingers.

______ 5. Rub your hands together and between fingers. Be sure to use friction when
washing as this helps in cleaning your hands. Do not forget the surface of your
hands, palms.
 What I have Learned
Directions: Match the picture in Column A with that of the description in Column B.
Write the letter of your choice in the space provided in each item.
Column A Column B
1
A. It protects a caregiver’s clothing from
contamination.
https://www.google.com/search?q=surgical+gown&tbm=isch&ved=2ahU
KEwj25PaYrfzpAhWXA6YKHT3SCv8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=surgical+gown&gs_lcp

B. It is used to protect the hands from

contamination.
2
https://www.google.com/search?q=surgical+gown&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj25PaYr
fzpAhWXA6YKHT3SCv8Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=surgical+gown&gs_lcp

C. This may be used when gown is not available.

3. https://www.google.com/search?q=mask&tbm=isch&ved

D. It is used to avoid droplets of saliva from

reaching other
people.
4.https://www.google.com/search?q=surgical+gown&tb
m=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj25PaYrfzpAhWXA6YKHT3SCv8Q2
-cCegQIABAA&oq=surgical+gown&gs_lcp

What I can do
Performance Task

Directions: Work with a partner and read the situation given. Then, answer the questions
that follow:

Case Study:

On January 2, 2020, Lala Castro was working in the kitchen to prepare a Fruit smoothie for
her client. Hand towels or floor mops was not there. When she’s done and left the kitchen,
her co caregiver Danny went inside to prepare a meal. The following day, Lala received a
news that Danny was brought to a hospital.

Situation:
The blender which Lala used on January 2 was found in the kitchen still plugged in the outlet.
There was a spill on the floor which seems to be a fruit shake.

The Accident:

After Danny finished his client’s meal, he hurriedly went out of the kitchen moving his way
through the floor where the spill was situated. He badly fell on the floor and heavily bumped
his head to it.

Questions
1. What do you think were the reasons which caused this accident to happen?
2. How could this misfortune have been prevented?
3. Who is to blame in this scenario, Lala or Danny? Defend your answer

Establish organizational protocol in providing

appropriate assistance in workplace
emergencies

What I Need To Know

AT THE END OF THE Lesson, you are expected to :

LO 1.2. Establish organizational protocol in providing appropriate assistance

workplace emergencies

What’s In

Activity 1: Past is Past

Directions: Write True, if the statement is correct, or False, if it is incorrect.

1. __________Too much bending and reaching is an example of physical hazard.

2. __________Psychological hazards happen when a worker’s environment becomes
. stressful.
3. __________Observing the nursing home environment is one of the ways in determining
Health problems in the workspace.
4. __________Accidents happen because people are not mindful of their environment.
5. __________Too much lifting of heavy loads does not result in injury.
 What’s New

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS

Once you recognize a hazard in the workplace, then you can proceed with risk assessment,
that is focusing on the risks that really matter in the workplace. Evaluating hazards and risks
is the process of determining the level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury
or illness occurring. Most of the time, simple measures can be done, with no trouble, to control
risks. An example of this is making sure that cabinet drawers are kept closed so that people
do not trip.
Needless to say, the concern for control increases as the recognized level of risk increases.
A person identifying the risk of harm or injury from a hazard in a nursing home or day care
should consider these questions:
• how likely it is that a hazard will cause harm;
• how serious that harm is likely to be;
• how often (and how many) workers are exposed.
It is a must that you have a record of every risk assessment done. If a certain accident or
damage happens again, it might be that you will trace back the original records to check if
the assessment overlooked a potential hazard. Assessing or evaluating the hazards and
risks is crucial in making a decision on the mode of control to be used.

CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled by a variety of methods. Of course, the
very reason why hazards should be controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Hazard control comes in different processes. But one method may be
more effective than the others.
When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it means settling on the measure that will
solve the trouble most successfully.

There are five major categories of control measures: elimination, substitution, engineering
controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.

1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it completely.

2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one.
3. An engineering control may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example, using proper
machine guards) or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
4. An administrative control may mean working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area
is an example of an administrative control (for example, job rotation)
5. Personal Protective Equipment includes ear and eye protection, respirators and
protective clothing.

Obviously, the best method of controlling hazards and risks is through elimination. That is to
take away or to get rid of the hazard. However, more often than not, this is not possible.
So,employers make use of any of the remaining control measures. The general rule is that the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be the last alternative in controlling
hazards and risks in a workplace. Although it is said that the best method of control measure
is through elimination of hazards, a very good technique for a safe and healthy environment
is through the utilization of a combination of methods.

PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS AND RISKS

A Closer Look at Electricity

•As common sense dictates, you have to ensure that all electrical equipment you use is in
good condition.
•Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed.
•Your hands should be dry before attempting to use any electrical equipment.
•Do not attempt to change fuses unless you know what you are doing.
•Do not turn on all appliances at the same time just because you want to save time.

What Is It
Effective controls protect workers from workplace hazards; help avoid injuries, illnesses, and
incidents; minimize or eliminate safety and health risks; and help employers provide workers
with safe and healthful working conditions. The processes described in this section will help
employers prevent and control hazards identified in the previous section.
To effectively control and prevent hazards, employers should:

 Involve workers, who often have the best understanding of the conditions that create hazards
and insights into how they can be controlled.
 Identify and evaluate options for controlling hazards, using a "hierarchy of controls."
 Use a hazard control plan to guide the selection and implementation of controls, and
implement controls according to the plan.
 Develop plans with measures to protect workers during emergencies and non routine
activities.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing controls to determine whether they continue to provide
protection, or whether different controls may be more effective. Review new technologies for
their potential to be more protective, more reliable, or less costly.

Action item 1: Identify control options

A wealth of information exists to help employers investigate options for controlling identified
hazards. Before selecting any control options, it is essential to solicit workers' input on their
feasibility and effectiveness.
How to accomplish it
Collect, organize, and review information with workers to determine what types of hazards
may be present and which workers may be exposed or potentially exposed. Information
available in the workplace may include:

 Review sources such as OSHA standards and guidance, industry consensus standards,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publications,
manufacturers' literature, and engineering reports to identify potential control measures.
Keep current on relevant information from trade or professional associations.
 Investigate control measures used in other workplaces and determine whether they
would be effective at your workplace.
 Get input from workers who may be able to suggest and evaluate solutions based on
their knowledge of the facility, equipment, and work processes.


Action item 2: Select controls

Employers should select the controls that are the most feasible, effective, and permanent.
How to accomplish it
 Eliminate or control all serious hazards
(hazards that are causing or are likely to
cause death or serious physical harm)
immediately.
 Use interim controls while you develop and
implement longer-term solutions.
 Select controls according to a hierarchy that
emphasizes engineering solutions (including
elimination or substitution) first, followed by
safe work practices, administrative controls,
and finally personal protective equipment.
 Avoid selecting controls that may directly or
indirectly introduce new hazards. Examples
include exhausting contaminated air into
occupied work spaces or using hearing
protection that makes it difficult to hear
backup alarms.
 Review and discuss control options with
workers to ensure that controls are feasible
and effective.
 Use a combination of control options when no single method fully protects workers

Action item 3: Develop and update a hazard control plan

A hazard control plan describes how the selected controls will be implemented. An effective
plan will address serious hazards first. Interim controls may be necessary, but the overall
goal is to ensure effective long-term control of hazards. It is important to track progress
toward completing the control plan and periodically (at least annually and when conditions,
processes or equipment change) verify that controls remain effective.

How to accomplish it

 List the hazards needing controls in order of priority.

 Assign responsibility for installing or implementing the controls to a specific person or
persons with the power or ability to implement the controls.
 Establish a target completion date.
 Plan how you will track progress toward completion.
 Plan how you will verify the effectiveness of controls after they are installed or
implemented.
Action item 4: Select controls to protect workers during non-routine operations and
emergencies

The hazard control plan should include provisions to protect workers during nonroutine
operations and foreseeable emergencies. Depending on your workplace, these could include
fires and explosions; chemical releases; hazardous material spills; unplanned equipment
shutdowns; infrequent maintenance activities; natural and weather disasters; workplace
violence; terrorist or criminal attacks; disease outbreaks (e.g., pandemic influenza); or medical
emergencies. Nonroutine tasks, or tasks workers don't normally do, should be approached
with particular caution. Prior to initiating such work, review job hazard analyses and job safety
analyses with any workers involved and notify others about the nature of the work, work
schedule, and any necessary precautions.

How to accomplish it

 Develop procedures to control hazards that may arise during nonroutine operations (e.g.,
removing machine guarding during maintenance and repair).
 Develop or modify plans to control hazards that may arise in emergency situations.
 Procure any equipment needed to control emergency-related hazards.
 Assign responsibilities for implementing the emergency plan.
 Conduct emergency drills to ensure that procedures and equipment provide adequate
protection during emergency situations.

Note: Depending on your location, type of business, and materials stored or used on site,
authorities including local fire and emergency response departments, state agencies, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, and OSHA
may have additional requirements for emergency plans. Ensure that your procedures comply
with these requirements.
Action item 5: Implement selected controls in the workplace
Once hazard prevention and control measures have been identified, they should be
implemented according to the hazard control plan.

How to accomplish it

 Implement hazard control measures according to the priorities established in the hazard
control plan.
 When resources are limited, implement measures on a "worst-first" basis, according to
the hazard ranking priorities (risk) established during hazard identification and
assessment. (Note, however, that regardless of limited resources, employers have an
obligation to protect workers from recognized, serious hazards.)
 Promptly implement any measures that are easy and inexpensive—e.g., general
housekeeping, removal of obvious tripping hazards such as electrical cords, basic
lighting—regardless of the level of hazard they involve.

Action item 6: Follow up to confirm that controls are effective

To ensure that control measures are and remain effective, employers should track progress
in implementing controls, inspect and evaluate controls once they are installed, and follow
routine preventive maintenance practices
How to accomplish it

 Track progress and verify implementation by asking the following questions:

o Have all control measures been implemented according to the hazard control plan?
o Have engineering controls been properly installed and tested?
o Have workers been appropriately trained so that they understand the controls,
including how to operate engineering controls, safe work practices, and PPE use
requirements?
o Are controls being used correctly and consistently?
 Conduct regular inspections (and industrial hygiene monitoring, if indicated) to confirm
that engineering controls are operating as designed.
 Evaluate control measures to determine if they are effective or need to be modified.
Involve workers in the evaluation of the controls. If controls are not effective, identify,
select, and implement further control measures that will provide adequate protection.
 Confirm that work practices, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment
use policies are being followed.
 Conduct routine preventive maintenance of equipment, facilities, and controls to help
prevent incidents due to equipment failure.

Source: https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-prevention.html

What More
Identify the Action that been taken in establishing Organizational Protocol.
Arrange it using letters A-E

_____. 1. Employers should select the controls that are the most feasible, effective, and
permanent.
_____ 2. A wealth of information exists to help employers investigate options for controlling
identified hazards. Before selecting any control options, it is essential to solicit workers' input on
their feasibility and effectiveness.
_____ 3. It is important to track progress toward completing the control plan and periodically (at
least annually and when conditions, processes or equipment change) verify that controls remain
effective.
_____ 4. Once hazard prevention and control measures have been identified, they should be
implemented according to the hazard control plan
_____ 5. The hazard control plan should include provisions to protect workers during non
routine operations and foreseeable emergencies. Depending on your workplace, these could
include fires and explosions; chemical releases; hazardous material spills; unplanned
equipment shutdowns; infrequent maintenance activities; natural and weather disasters;
workplace violence; terrorist or criminal attacks; disease outbreaks (e.g., pandemic influenza);
or medical emergencies.

\
 What I Have Learned

Read the question carefully and write your answer in your test notebook.

1. This occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position and working conditions
put pressure on his/her body. It is difficult to spot this type of hazard.
a. Physical hazard c. Ergonomic Hazard
b. Biological hazard d.Chemical hazard

2. The possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards and the
indication of how serious the harm can be.
a. Hazard b. OHS
b. Risk d. Red cross

3. Anything that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open
drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
c. Ergonomic c. Hazard
d. Physical d. Psychological

4. The common hazards that a caregiver faces.

a. Trip hazard c. Physical hazard
b. Biolodical hazard d. Ergonomic hazard

5.A type of hazard when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace
in any form (solid, liquid or gas)
b. Chemical Hazard c. Biological hazard
b. Psychological hazard d. Physical hazard

What I can do: Performance Task

Directions: Work with a partner and read the situation given. Then, answer the questions
that follow:

Case Study:

On January 2, 2020, Lala Castro was working in the kitchen to prepare a Fruit smoothie for
her client. Hand towels or floor mops was not there. When she’s done and left the kitchen,
her co caregiver Danny went inside to prepare a meal. The following day, Lala received a
news that Danny was brought to a hospital.
Situation:

The blender which Lala used on January 2 was found in the kitchen still plugged in the outlet.
There was a spill on the floor which seems to be a fruit shake.

The Accident:

After Danny finished his client’s meal, he hurriedly went out of the kitchen moving his way
through the floor where the spill was situated. He badly fell on the floor and heavily bumped
his head to it.

Questions
1. What do you think were the reasons which caused this accident to happen?
2. How could this misfortune have been prevented?
3. Who is to blame in this scenario, Lala or Danny? Defend your answer

SUMMARY

A caregiver has to have a sense of duty for her own health and safety at work. He/She has
the responsibility, therefore, to follow safety instructions in the workplace. In addition, he/she
has to use tools, equipment and paraphernalia with care. When hazards or injuries happen,
the caregiver must report the same to the person in charge or directly to the immediate
supervisor. Although a health worker’s concern primarily focuses on his/her safety, he/she
has to take all reasonable care not to put other people at risk. After all, a caregiver gives care
not only to the client but also to co-workers, supervisors, and the people within the working
environment.
Proper Hand Washing
1. Prepare your materials before washing your hands: paper towel, bar or liquid soap.
2. Turn on the faucet and wet wrists and hands thoroughly. Use a generous amount of soap.
3. Rub your hands together and between fingers. Be sure to use friction when washing as
this helps in cleaning your hands. Do not forget the surface of your hands, palms, the
spaces within the fingers and above the wrists. Do this process for at least 20 seconds You
might want to sing ―happy birthday‖ twice slowly to make sure you attained the minimum
number of seconds in washing your hands.
4. Clean your nails by rubbing the soap later through them. If your nails are long (it is
advisable that health care workers do not grow their nails long), use a soft stick or the nails
of the other hand to remove the dirt under them.
5. Rinse your hands thoroughly under running water. Remember to rinse from above the
wrist down to the fingers.
6. Use a paper towel to dry hands and discard immediately.
7. Use a new paper towel to close faucet being careful not to contaminate your hands. This
paper towel should be discarded right away.

Effective controls protect workers from workplace hazards; help avoid injuries, illnesses, and
incidents; minimize or eliminate safety and health risks; and help employers provide workers with
safe and healthful working conditions. The processes described in this section will help
employers prevent and control hazards identified in the previous section.
To effectively control and prevent hazards, employers should:

 Involve workers, who often have the best understanding of the conditions that create hazards
and insights into how they can be controlled.
 Identify and evaluate options for controlling hazards, using a "hierarchy of controls."
 Use a hazard control plan to guide the selection and implementation of controls, and
implement controls according to the plan.
 Develop plans with measures to protect workers during emergencies and nonroutine
activities.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing controls to determine whether they continue to provide
protection, or whether different controls may be more effective. Review new technologies for
their potential to be more protective, more reliable, or less costly.

POST TEST

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.

_____ 1. Twisting the body when doing a task is important to avoid ergonomic hazard.
_____ 2. Proper hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of illness to other
people.
_____ 3. A wet gown is considered contaminated.
_____ 4. The best method of control measure is through substitution.
_____ 5. Providing improved tools and equipment to workers to prevent hazard is an example
of engineering control.

II. Directions: Give an example for each type of control measure.

1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering control
4. Administrative control
5. EPP
Key Answer
LO 1
WHAT’S IN
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B
WHAT’S MORE
1. 3
2. 5
3. 4
4. 2
5. 1
WHAT I CAN DO
-answer may vary
What More What I have Learned
2 1. 1. A
1 2 2. B
4 3 3. D
5 4 4. D
3 5 5. C