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Chem 12 (2nd) PDF
Chem 12 (2nd) PDF
Reacting masses
12.1 The mole, Avogadro constant and molar mass
12.2 Percentage by mass of an element in a compound
12.3 Chemical formulae of compounds
12.4 Empirical formulae and molecular formulae derived
from experimental data
12.5 Reacting masses from chemical equations
Learning goal
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
12.1
• perform calculations related to moles, Avogadro constant and molar masses
12.2
• calculate the percentage by mass of an element in a compound using appropriate information
12.3-12.4
• determine empirical formulae and molecular formulae from compositions by mass and molar
masses
12.5
• understand and use the quantitative information provided by a balanced chemical equation
• calculate masses of reactants and products in a reaction from the relevant equation and state the
interrelationship between them
Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) is a powerful explosive. It is used for mining, construction and military. It
decomposes to generate a large amount of gases and heat. The equation of the chemical reaction is:
For controlling the effect of explosion, the right amount of gases and heat should be released.
Therefore, scientists must determine the amount of nitroglycerin used in an explosive accurately.
Think about...
Nitroglycerin molecules are too tiny to be seen. How can we count their number in an explosive?
We can count the number of nitroglycerin molecules by weighing.
What is the quantitative relationship between the reactant (nitroglycerin) and products (nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen) in the above chemical reaction?
The reactant and any of the products in the above reaction are related by a ratio, as given by the stoichiometric coefficients in the chemical
equation.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.
Note 1
The word ‘mole’ is derived from the
Latin word meaning a collection or
pile.
Note 2
Remind students that the
abbreviation of mole is mol (NOT Figure 12.1 Socks are in pairs, eggs are often packed in dozens, and papers are often
m); that of gram is g (NOT gm). packed in reams.
Note 3
Unlike socks, eggs and papers, particles (i.e. atoms, ions or molecules)
Determination of L using different
methods leads to values which are are too small to be seen. It is very difficult to count particles one by one.
very close to each other. The most
recent value proposed is 6.022 141
Chemists use a special unit called mole (abbreviation: mol), to describe N1,
23 –1
79 × 10 mol . By approximation, the quantity of particles in a substance. N2
23 –1
we take L = 6.02 × 10 mol .
CE2007(II)14
Learning tip Chemists have chosen the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 g of
A pure substance has a carbon-12 as the reference unit for the mole. The number of atoms in
23
formula. The simplest unit exactly 12.0 g of carbon-12 is 6.02 × 10 . This number is called the N3
of a substance is its –1
formula unit. For example, Avogadro constant (symbol: L; unit: mol ). Hence, we can also say
23
that, one mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10 formula units
Formula
Substance
unit (Figure 12.2).
Water H2O
Copper Cu
Carbon C
Sodium
NaCl
chloride
ream 令 (紙張計算單位)
Avogadro constant 亞佛加德羅常數
formula unit 式單位
mole 摩爾
3 12
III Metals
E
XTRA
Historical note Chemists define mole in the following way:
S
Avogadro constant
The Avogadro constant
Key point
is named after the Italian One mole is the amount of a substance that contains the same
scientist Amedeo
Avogadro. He
number of formula units as the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 g of N4
Think about One mole of water weighs 18.0 g. The relative molecular mass of water
–1
Why does one mole = 1.0 × 2 + 16.0 = 18.0. Thus, the molar mass of water is 18.0 g mol . N6
of Cl2 correspond
to a mass of 71.0 g?
Substances consisting of ions
Think about
Relative molecular mass of One mole of sodium chloride weighs 58.5 g. The formula mass of sodium
chlorine is 35.5 × 2 = 71.0
Hence, mass of one mole of chloride = 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5. Thus, the molar mass of sodium chloride is
chlorine is 71.0 g. –1
58.5 g mol .
12 4 formula mass 式量
molar mass 摩爾質量
relative atomic mass 相對原子質量
relative molecular mass 相對分子質量
12 Reacting masses
Key point
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass. (Unit of
–1
molar mass: g mol )
number of number of
CE2005(II)23 mass
CE2010(II)4 formula units moles
Key point
mass (g)
Number of moles (mol) = –1
molar mass (g mol )
number of formula units
Number of moles (mol) = –1
Avogadro constant (mol )
ethanol 乙醇
tetrachloromethane 四氯甲烷
5 12
III Metals
Self-test 12.2 –1
–1 24.3 g mol
(23.0 + 35.5) g mol (a) Mass of 1 Mg atom =
–23
= 4.04 × 10 g
(c) Mass of 1 formula unit of NaCl = 23 –1
23
6.02 × 10 mol
–1
(c) chlorine which contains the same number of molecules as there are in 1.20 mole of water.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5)
2. Complete the following table.
Key point
Percentage by mass of element A in a compound
relative atomic mass of A × number of atoms of A in the formula
= × 100%
formula mass of the compound
Self-test 12.3
Sodium hydroxide is the main ingredient of drain cleaner. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium
Self-test 12.3
in sodium hydroxide. –1 –1
Formula mass of NaOH = (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol = 40.0 g mol
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) Percentage by mass of Na in NaOH
23.0
= × 100%
Try Chapter Exercise Q10 40.0
= 57.5%
H H H
Propene CH2 C3H6 H C C C H
H
CE2010(II)13
H H
Ethanol C2H6O C2H6O H C C O H
H H
H H
Methoxymethane C2H6O C2H6O H C O C H
H H
Quartz SiO2 — —
Table 12.1 The different formulae of some substances.
H H
Class practice 12.5
H C C H
Complete the following table: A12.5
H H
Oxygen / O2 O=O
H H H H
But-1-ene CH2 C4H8 H C C C C H
H H
but-1-ene 丁-1-烯
ethane 乙烷
methoxymethane 甲氧基甲烷
propene 丙烯
11 12
ethene 乙烯
III Metals
Learning tip Pass town gas into a combustion tube. Then heat a known mass of
Hydrogen and carbon oxide of copper (black) in the combustion tube. The hydrogen and carbon
monoxide reduce the
monoxide in the town gas reduce the oxide to reddish brown copper. Then
oxide by removing
oxygen from it. find the mass of copper. A set-up for conducting the experiment is shown
in Figure 12.3.
SBA note
• At the beginning of
hole
the experiment, town oxide of copper
gas is passed into the
excess town gas
combustion tube. town gas
burns here
This is to expel the air supply
inside the tube.
• The hot copper
heat combustion tube
formed may react
with the oxygen in air
again. Therefore, it is
Figure 12.3 To determine the empirical formula of an oxide of copper by passing town gas
necessary to pass the
over the heated oxide.
town gas through the
combustion tube,
even after heating has
stopped.
Table 12.2 shows the specimen results of the experiment.
Specimen results
From the experimental results, we can work out the empirical formula
of the oxide of copper as shown in ‘Problem-solving strategy 12.1’.
Cu O
1 Write down the mass of
Mass (g) 0.479 0.122
each element
Note:
Due to experimental error, the number(s) obtained for the simplest mole ratio may have a small difference
from a whole number. Hence, it is an acceptable practice to ‘round off’ the value(s) to the nearest whole
number(s). However, we must be very careful when doing so. For example, 1.01 can be rounded off to 1, but
1.2 is usually NOT rounded off to 1.
crucible
magnesium
ribbon
Example 2: Determining the empirical formula of an oxide
pipe-clay
triangle of magnesium
Heat a known mass of magnesium strongly in a crucible (also of known
rocksil
mass) until it catches fire (Figure 12.4). Lift the crucible lid slightly from
heat very time to time. This lets in air to react with magnesium.
tripod strongly
From the experimental results, the empirical formula of the oxide of
Figure 12.4 To find the empirical magnesium can be worked out to be MgO. Try the experiment yourselves.
formula of an oxide of magnesium
by heating magnesium in air. Experiment 12.1 Experiment Workbook 1
Fe O
Mass (g) 70 30
cont’d
12 14
12 Reacting masses
Fe O
1. An experiment was performed to determine the empirical formula of an oxide of magnesium. The
experimental results are tabulated below.
Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of magnesium using the above data.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3)
2. 1.200 g of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave 1.173 g of carbon dioxide and
0.240 g of water on complete combustion. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
3. A compound has the empirical formula CxHy. On analysis, 1.000 g of the compound was found to
contain 0.857 g of carbon. Find the values of x and y.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0)
4. Compound X contains 26.95% sulphur, 13.44% oxygen and 59.61% chlorine by mass. Find the empirical
formula of X.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Cl = 35.5)
C H
Mass (g) 80 20
Solution
Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from Z,
12.0
mass of C in Z = 3.96 g × = 1.08 g;
12.0 + 16.0 × 2
1.0 × 2
mass of H in Z = 1.35 g × = 0.15 g
1.0 × 2 + 16.0
The rest of mass of Z must come from oxygen.
mass of O in Z = (2.43 – 1.08 – 0.15) g = 1.20 g
Now go on to find the empirical formula of Z as follows:
C H O
17 12
III Metals
CuSO4 H2O
12 18 anhydrous 無水的
hydrated salt 水合鹽
12 Reacting masses
1. A compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 0.81 g of the compound gave 1.32 g of
carbon dioxide and 0.45 g of water on complete combustion. Find the empirical formula of the
compound. If the relative molecular mass of the compound is 320.0, find its molecular formula.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
2. A compound was found to contain 40.00% by mass of carbon, 6.67% by mass of hydrogen and 53.33%
by mass of oxygen. It has a relative molecular mass of 60.0. Calculate its molecular formula.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
3. Epsom salts are used as bath salts to relieve aches and pains. They are hydrated salts of magnesium sulphate
with formula MgSO4․nH2O.
Experiments were carried out to find the formula of the salt. It was found that it contained 51.22% by mass
of water of crystallization. Find the value of n.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3, S = 32.1)
23 23 23
2 × 6.02 × 10 1 × 6.02 × 10 2 × 6.02 × 10 formula
magnesium atoms oxygen molecules units of magnesium oxide
Epsom salt 瀉鹽
19 12
III Metals
2 Convert the mass(es) of the given substance(s) into number ➋ Molar mass of CuO
–1
of moles = (63.5 + 16.0) g mol
–1
= 79.5 g mol
–1 15.9
Molar mass of Mg = 24.3 g mol Number of moles of CuO = mol =
79.5
Number of moles of Mg 0.2 mol
mass (g)
= –1
molar mass (g mol )
2.43 g
= –1
24.3 g mol
= 0.100 mol
3 Use the balanced chemical equation to calculate the number ➌ From the equation, mole ratio of
of moles of the substance asked in the question. CuO to Cu is 1 : 1.
number of moles of Cu = 0.2 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of
Mg : MgO = 2 : 2 (or simply 1 : 1)
number of moles of MgO
= 0.100 mol
cont’d
4 Convert the number of moles of that substance into mass ➍ Mass of Cu produced = 0.2 × 63.5 g = 12.7 g
Molar mass of MgO
–1
= (24.3 + 16.0) g mol
–1
= 40.3 g mol
mass of MgO produced
–1
= 0.100 mol × 40.3 g mol
= 4.03 g
The flow chart below illustrates the steps for determining the reacting
masses from a chemical equation.
Number of
Known divided by Number of by mole ratio multiplied by Mass of the
moles of the
mass of A moles of A substance asked
molar (shown in the substance asked molar mass of
in the question
mass of A equation) in the question that substance
21 12
III Metals
Self-test 12.11
–1 –1
Molar mass of PbO = (207.2 + 16.0) g mol = 223.2 g mol number of moles of Mg required = 0.0473 mol
10.55 Mass of Mg required = 0.0473 × 24.3 g = 1.15 g
Number of moles of PbO = mol = 0.0473 mol
Self-test 12.11 223.2
From the equation, mole ratio of Mg to PbO is 1 : 1.
Sodium reacts with water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen according to the following
equation:
2Na(s) + 2H2O(,) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 8.51 g of sodium reacts completely with water.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
12 22
12 Reacting masses
Limiting reactant
Consider the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water:
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(,)
From the equation, only 1 molecule of oxygen is required to react with 2
molecules of hydrogen for complete reaction. See Figure 12.5.
Figure 12.5 Two hydrogen molecules require one oxygen molecule for complete reaction.
Therefore, oxygen is in excess.
In this case, oxygen is in excess. All hydrogen has reacted. The amount
of water produced is limited by the amount of hydrogen used. Therefore,
hydrogen is called the limiting reactant. The limiting reactant limits the
amount of the product formed in a reaction.
Solution
Step 1: 2ZnO(s) + C(s) 2Zn(s) + CO2(g)
–1
Step 2: Molar mass of ZnO = (65.4 + 16.0) g mol
–1
= 81.4 g mol
8.14 g
Number of moles of ZnO = –1
81.4 g mol
= 0.100 mol
–1
Molar mass of C = 12.0 g mol
2.20 g
Number of moles of C = –1
12.0 g mol
= 0.183 mol
cont’d
Key point
actual yield
Percentage yield = × 100%
theoretical yield
Solution
(a) Step 1: CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(,)
–1
Step 2: Molar mass of CuO = (63.5 + 16.0) g mol
–1
= 79.5 g mol
15.9 g
Number of moles of CuO = –1
79.5 g mol
= 0.20 mol
–1 –1
Molar mass of H2 = (1.0 × 2) g mol = 2.0 g mol
0.60 g
Number of moles of H2 = –1
2.0 g mol
= 0.30 mol
Step 3: From the equation, mole ratio of CuO : H2 = 1 : 1.
0.20 mol of CuO would react with 0.20 mol of H2.
Since 0.30 mol of H2 is heated, H2 is in excess.
CuO is the limiting reactant in this case, as it is all used up.
From the equation, mole ratio of CuO : Cu = 1 : 1.
number of moles of Cu formed = 0.20 mol
–1
theoretical yield of Cu = 0.20 mol × 63.5 g mol
= 12.7 g Self-test 12.14 430
(a) Number of moles of H2 = mol = 215 mol
1.0 × 2
(b) Actual yield of Cu = theoretical yield (g) × percentage yield (%)
= 12.7 g × 82% –1
Molar mass of CH3OH = (12.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 16.0) g mol = 32.0 g mol
–1
Methanol (CH3OH) can be produced from carbon monoxide and hydrogen according to the following
equation:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
(a) Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol when 430 g hydrogen reacts with excess carbon
monoxide.
(b) Given the percentage yield of methanol is 45%, calculate the actual yield of methanol.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
Try Chapter Exercise Q27
25 12
III Metals
A12.8
1. 2Ag2O(s) 4Ag(s) + O2(g)
6.96
Number of moles of Ag2O used = mol = 0.0300 mol
107.9 × 2 + 16.0
From the equation, mole ratio of Ag2O to Ag is 1 : 2.
number of moles of Ag produced = 0.0300 × 2 mol = 0.0600 mol
Mass of Ag produced = 0.0600 × 107.9 g = 6.47 g
6
5.42 × 10
2. Number of moles of Mg used = mol = 223 045 mol
24.3
7
1.77 × 10
Number of moles of TiCl4 used = mol = 93 207 mol
47.9 + 35.5 × 4
From the equation, mole ratio of TiCl4 to Mg is 1 : 2.
TiCl4 is the limiting reactant.
From the equation, mole ratio of TiCl4 to Ti is 1 : 1.
number of moles of Ti formed = 93 207 mol
Mass of Ti formed = 93 207 × 47.9 g = 4 464 615 g
12 26
12 Reacting masses
Key terms
PowerPoint
7. mole 摩爾 3
A12.6 3.
C H
1.
Mg O Mass (g) 0.857 1.000 – 0.857 = 0.143
Mass (g) 28.698 – 28.092 = 0.606 29.103 – 28.698 = 0.405 Relative
12.0 1.0
Relative atomic mass
24.3 16.0
atomic mass Number of
0.857 0.143
Number of moles of = 0.0714 = 0.143
0.606 0.405 atoms (mol) 12.0 1.0
moles of = 0.0249 = 0.0253
atoms (mol) 24.3 16.0
Simplest
Simplest whole 0.0714 0.143
=1 =2
whole 0.0249 0.0253 number mole 0.0714 0.0714
=1 = 1.02 1 ratio of atoms
number mole 0.0249 0.0249
ratio of atoms
the empirical formula of the compound is CH2.
the empirical formula of the oxide of magnesium is MgO. 4. Assume that there are 100 g of X. Then, there are 26.95 g of
12.0
2. Mass of C in the compound = 1.173 × g = 0.320 g sulphur, 13.44 g of oxygen and 59.61 g of chlorine.
12.0 + 16.0 × 2
1.0 × 2
Mass of H in the compound = 0.240 × g = 0.0267 g S O Cl
1.0 × 2 + 16.0
Mass of O in the compound = (1.200 – 0.320 – 0.0267) g = 0.853 g Mass (g) 26.95 13.44 59.61
Relative
C H O 32.1 16.0 35.5
atomic mass
Mass (g) 0.320 0.0267 0.853 Number of
26.95 13.44 59.61
moles of = 0.840 = 0.84 = 1.68
Relative atoms (mol) 32.1 16.0 35.5
12.0 1.0 16.0
atomic mass
Simplest
Number of whole 0.840 0.84 1.68
0.320 0.0267 0.853 =1 =1 =2
moles of = 0.0267 = 0.0267 = 0.0533 number mole
12.0 1.0 16.0 0.840 0.84 0.84
atoms (mol) ratio of atoms
Simplest
whole 0.0267 0.0267 0.0533 the empirical formula of the compound is SOCl2.
=1 =1 =2
number mole 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267
ratio of atoms
Progress check
PowerPoint
Can you answer the following questions? Put a ‘✓’ in the box if you can. Otherwise, review the relevant
part on the page as shown.
Page
1. What is the meaning of mole? 3
4. How is the mole of a substance related to its mass and number of formula units? 5
9. What are the interrelationship between masses of reactants and products in a reaction? 20
10. How can we calculate masses of reactants and products in a reaction from the relevant
21
equation?
12. What are the meanings of actual yield and theoretical yield? 24
A12.7 C H O
12.0
1. Mass of C in the compound = 1.32 × g = 0.36 g
12.0 + 16.0 × 2 Mass (g) 40.00 6.67 53.33
1.0 × 2
Mass of H in the compound = 0.45 × g = 0.05 g Relative atomic
1.0 × 2 + 16.0 12.0 1.0 16.0
mass
Mass of O in the compound = (0.81 – 0.36 – 0.05) g = 0.40 g
Number of moles 40.00 6.67 53.33
= 3.33 = 6.67 = 3.33
C H O of atoms (mol) 12.0 1.0 16.0
Summary
PowerPoint
1. Chemists use mole (abbreviation: mol) to describe the quantity of particles in a substance.
2. The Avogadro constant (L) is the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 g of carbon-12. It is equal
23 –1
to 6.02 × 10 mol .
3. The molar mass of a substance is its formula mass expressed in gram unit. The unit of molar
–1
mass is g mol .
6. Chemical formulae are part of the language of chemistry. Some common chemical formulae
include empirical formula, molecular formula and structural formula.
12.4 Empirical formulae and molecular formulae derived from experimental data
7. Empirical formula of a compound is the formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio
of the atoms or ions present.
8. The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from its composition by mass. The
composition of a compound has to be determined by experiment.
9. Molecular formula may be determined from empirical formula and relative molecular mass. This
is because molecular formula is a whole number multiple of empirical formula.
29 12
III Metals
10. The theoretical amounts of substances used up or produced in a reaction can be calculated from
its balanced equation.
11. Limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction. It limits the amount of
product(s) formed in the reaction.
12. The theoretical amounts of product predicted by calculation from its balanced equation is called
theoretical yield. The actual yield of a reaction is often less than the theoretical yield.
13. Percentage yield is the ratio of actual yield and theoretical yield. It is a measure of the efficiency
of a chemical reaction.
actual yield
Percentage yield = × 100%
theoretical yield
12 30
12 Reacting masses
Concept map
PowerPoint
Number of
Mass equals equals formula units
Number
of moles equals
Molar mass Avogadro constant
6.02 × 1023
formula units
without unit,
equals
(Hints: Avogadro constant, molar mass, molecular formula, molecule, relative atomic masses, relative
molecular mass, structural formula)
31 12
III Metals
Chapter exercise
Fill in the blanks 2. One mole contains 6.02 × 10
23
particles —
this number is called the Avogadro constant .
Section 12.1
molar mass
1. The relative molecular mass of a molecular 3. The of a substance is the
relative atomic masses
compound is the sum of mass in grams of one mole of the substance.
of all atoms present in a
molecule of that compound.
Section 12.2
4. Percentage by mass of element A in a compound =
Relative atomic mass number
of A × of atoms of A in the formula
× 100%
Formula mass of the compound
Structured questions
Section 12.2
22. Fluoride is usually present in toothpastes. Some toothpastes contain tin(II) fluoride.
12 34
12 Reacting masses
Section 12.4
23. In an experiment, when sodium was heated in air, it caught fire and formed an oxide. It was found that the
mass of the sample increased by 35% after heating. In another experiment, when sodium was heated in pure
oxygen, another oxide formed. The increase in mass was found to be 70%. Determine the empirical
formulae of the two oxides of sodium. (Answers on the back page of p.12-35.)
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
24. Paracetamol is a common ingredient in some drugs that relieve pain and reduce fever.
Paracetamol has a relative molecular mass of 151.0 and it contains 63.58% by mass of carbon, 5.96% by
mass of hydrogen, 9.27% by mass of nitrogen and 21.19% by mass of oxygen. Calculate its molecular
formula. (Answers on the back page of p.12-35.)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
25. 13.07 g of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3․nH2O, on strong heating, gave 8.23 g of water.
(a) Calculate the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). (Answers on the back page of p.12-35.)
27. To prepare iron(III) oxide, 5.91 g of iron was dissolved in excess dilute hydrochloric acid to give a solution
2+ 2+
containing Fe ions. The solution was then boiled with concentrated nitric acid to convert all Fe ions to
3+ 3+
Fe ions. Excess sodium hydroxide solution was added to precipitate all Fe ions as iron(III) hydroxide,
Fe(OH)3. The precipitate was filtered, washed, dried and finally heated to convert the precipitate to iron(III)
oxide, Fe2O3. 27. (a) The whole process may be represented by a sequence of steps:
2+ 3+
Fe Fe Fe Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3
(a) Calculate the theoretical yield of iron(III) oxide.
And the whole process can be represented by the overall equation:
(b) The mass of iron(III) oxide actually obtained from the experiment was 7.95 g.
2Fe Fe2O3 (the ‘2’ is added to balance the number of Fe atoms)
(i) Calculate the percentage yield of iron(III) oxide.
Thus, mole ratio of Fe to Fe2O3 = 2 : 1.
(ii) Compare the actual yield with the theoretical yield and give TWO possible reasons for the
difference. 5.91
Number of moles of Fe = mol = 0.106 mol
55.8
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Fe = 55.8) 0.106
Number of moles of Fe2O3 formed = mol = 0.053 mol
2
–1 –1
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = (55.8 × 2 + 16.0 × 3) g mol = 159.6 g mol
Theoretical yield of Fe2O3 = 0.053 × 159.6 g = 8.46 g
7.95 g
27. (b) (i) Percentage yield of iron(III) oxide = × 100% = 94.0%
8.46 g
(ii) The actual yield is smaller than the theoretical yield. The possible reasons for the difference (Any TWO):
– The reaction was incomplete.
– The iron used might be impure.
– There was a loss of materials during various experimental processes, e.g. filtration.
35 12
29
(This is a blank page.)
12. (a) Assume that there are 100 g of the compound. 23. Assume that the mass of the sodium to be 1 g.
Oxide of sodium formed in air:
C H
Na O
Mass (g) 75 25
Mass (g) 1 0.35
Number of
75 25
moles of = 6.25 = 25 Number of
atoms (mol) 12.0 1.0 1 0.35
moles of = 0.0435 = 0.0219
atoms (mol) 23.0 16.0
Simplest
whole 6.25 25 Simplest
=1 =4
number mole 6.25 6.25 whole 0.0435 0.0219
ratio of atoms = 1.99 2 =1
number mole 0.0219 0.0219
the empirical formula of the compound is CH4. ratio of atoms
(b) Assume that there are 100 g of the compound. the empirical formula of the oxide of sodium formed in air is Na2O.
Oxide of sodium formed in pure oxygen:
Pb O
Na O
Mass (g) 86.6 13.4
Mass (g) 1 0.70
Number of
86.6 13.4
moles of = 0.418 = 0.838
207.2 16.0 Number of
atoms (mol) 1 0.70
moles of = 0.0435 = 0.0438
Simplest atoms (mol) 23.0 16.0
whole 0.418 0.838
=1 =2 Simplest
number mole 0.418 0.418 whole 0.0435 0.0438
ratio of atoms =1 =1
number mole 0.0435 0.0435
the empirical formula of the compound is PbO2. ratio of atoms
(c) Assume that there are 100 g of the compound. the empirical formula of the oxide of sodium formed in pure oxygen
is NaO.
Na S O
24. Assume that there are 100 g of paracetamol.
Mass (g) 36.5 25.4 38.1
C H N O
Number of
36.5 25.4 38.1
moles of = 1.59 = 0.79 = 2.38 Mass (g) 63.58 5.96 9.27 21.19
atoms (mol) 23.0 32.1 16.0
Simplest Number of
63.58 5.96 9.27 21.19
whole 1.59 0.79 2.38 moles of = 5.30 = 5.96 = 0.66 = 1.32
= 2.01 2 =1 = 3.01 3 atoms (mol) 12.0 1.0 14.0 16.0
number mole 0.79 0.79 0.79
ratio of atoms Simplest
whole 5.30 5.96 0.662 1.32
the empirical formula of the compound is Na2SO3. =8 =9 =1 = 1.99 2
number mole 0.662 0.662 0.662 0.662
(d) Assume that there are 100 g of the compound. ratio of atoms