G.R. No.

127240             March 27, 2000

ONG CHIA, petitioner,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES and THE COURT OF APPEALS, respondents.

This is a petition for review of the decision1 of the Court of Appeals reversing the decision of the Regional Trial Court,
Branch 24, Koronadal, South Cotabato2 admitting petitioner Ong Chia to Philippine citizenship.

The facts are as follows:

Petitioner was born on January 1, 1923 in Amoy, China. In 1932, as a nine-year old boy, he arrived at the port of Manila
on board the vessel "Angking." Since then, he has stayed in the Philippines where he found employment and eventually
started his own business, married a Filipina, with whom he had four children. On July 4, 1989, at the age of 66, he filed a
verified petition to be admitted as a Filipino citizen under C.A. No. 473, otherwise known as the Revised Naturalization
Law, as amended. Petitioner, after stating his qualifications as required in §2, and lack of the disqualifications enumerated
in §3 of the law, stated —

17. That he has heretofore made (a) petition for citizenship under the provisions of Letter of Instruction No. 270
with the Special Committee on Naturalization, Office of the Solicitor General, Manila, docketed as SCN Case No.
031776, but the same was not acted upon owing to the fact that the said Special Committee on Naturalization was
not reconstituted after the February, 1986 revolution such that processing of petitions for naturalization by
administrative process was suspended;

During the hearings, petitioner testified as to his qualifications and presented three witnesses to corroborate his testimony.
So impressed was Prosecutor Isaac Alvero V. Moran with the testimony of petitioner that, upon being asked by the court
whether the State intended to present any witness present any witness against him, he remarked:

Actually, Your Honor, with the testimony of the petitioner himself which is rather surprising, in the sense that he
seems to be well-versed with the major portion of the history of the Philippines, so, on our part, we are convinced,
Your Honor Please, that petitioner really deserves to be admitted as a citizen of the Philippines. And for this
reason, we do not wish to present any evidence to counteract or refute the testimony of the witnesses for the
petitioner, as well as the petitioner himself.3

Accordingly, on August 25, 1999, the trial court granted the petition and admitted petitioner to Philippine citizenship. The
State, however, through the Office of the Solicitor General, appealed all the names by which he is or had been known; (2)
failed to state all his former placer of residence in violation of C.A. No. 473, §7; (3) failed to conduct himself in a proper
and irreproachable manner during his entire stay in the Philippines, in violation of §2; (4) has no known lucrative trade or
occupation and his previous incomes have been insufficient or misdeclared, also in contravention of §2; and (5) failed to
support his petition with the appropriate documentary evidence.4

Annexed to the State's appellant's brief was a copy of a 1977 petition for naturalization filed by petitioner with the Special
Committee on Naturalization in SCN Case No. 031767,5 in which petitioner stated that in addition to his name of "Ong
Chia," he had likewise been known since childhood as "Loreto Chia Ong." As petitioner, however, failed to state this other
name in his 1989 petition for naturalization, it was contended that his petition must fail.6 The state also annexed income
tax returns7 allegedly filed by petitioner from 1973 to 1977 to show that his net income could hardly support himself and his
family. To prove that petitioner failed to conduct himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during his stay in the
Philippines, the State contended that, although petitioner claimed that he and Ramona Villaruel had been married twice,
once before a judge in 1953, and then again in church in 1977, petitioner actually lived with his wife without the benefit of
marriage from 1953 until they were married in 1977. It was alleged that petitioner failed to present his 1953 marriage
contract, if there be any. The State also annexed a copy of petitioner's 1977 marriage contract8 and a Joint-
Affidavit9 executed by petitioner and his wife. These documents show that when petitioner married Ramona Villaruel on
February 23, 1977, no marriage license had been required in accordance with Art. 76 of the Civil Code because petitioner
and Ramona Villaruel had been living together as husband and wife since 1953 without the benefit of marriage. This,
according to the State, belies his claim that when he started living with his wife in 1953, they had already been married.
The State also argued that, as shown by petitioner's Immigrant Certificate of Residence, 10 petitioner resided at "J.M. Basa
Street, Iloilo," but he did not include said address in the petition.

On November 15, 1996, the Court of Appeals rendered its decision which, as already noted, reversed the trial court and
denied petitioner's application for naturalization. It ruled that due to the importance naturalization cases, the State is not
precluded from raising questions not presented in the lower court and brought up for the first time on appeal. 11 The
appellate court held:

As correctly observed by the Office of the Solicitor General, petitioner Ong Chia failed to state in this present
petition for naturalization his other name, "LORETO CHIA ONG," which name appeared in his previous
application under Letter of Instruction No. 270. Names and pseudonyms must be stated in the petition for
naturalization and failure to include the same militates against a decision in his favor. . . This is a mandatory
requirement to allow those persons who know (petitioner) by those other names to come forward and inform the
authorities of any legal objection which might adversely affect his application for citizenship.

Furthermore, Ong Chia failed to disclose in his petition for naturalization that he formerly resided in "J.M. Basa
St., Iloilo" and "Alimodian, Iloilo." Section 7 of the Revised Naturalization Law requires the applicant to state in his
petition "his present and former places of residence." This requirement is mandatory and failure of the petitioner to
comply with it is fatal to the petition. As explained by the Court, the reason for the provision is to give the public,
as well as the investigating agencies of the government, upon the publication of the petition, an opportunity to be
informed thereof and voice their objections against the petitioner. By failing to comply with this provision, the
petitioner is depriving the public and said agencies of such opportunity, thus defeating the purpose of the law. . .

Ong Chia had not also conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner when he lived-in with his wife for
several years, and sired four children out of wedlock. It has been the consistent ruling that the "applicant's 8-year
cohabitation with his wife without the benefit of clergy and begetting by her three children out of wedlock is a
conduct far from being proper and irreproachable as required by the Revised Naturalization Law", and therefore
disqualifies him from becoming a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization . . .

Lastly, petitioner Ong Chia's alleged annual income in 1961 of P5,000.00, exclusive of bonuses, commissions and
allowances, is not lucrative income. His failure to file an income tax return "because he is not liable for income tax
yet" confirms that his income is low. . . "It is not only that the person having the employment gets enough for his
ordinary necessities in life. It must be shown that the employment gives one an income such that there is an
appreciable margin of his income over expenses as to be able to provide for an adequate support in the event of
unemployment, sickness, or disability to work and thus avoid one's becoming the object of charity or public
charge." . . . Now that they are in their old age, petitioner Ong Chia and his wife are living on the allowance given
to them by their children. The monthly pension given by the elder children of the applicant cannot be added to his
income to make it lucrative because like bonuses, commissions and allowances, said pensions are contingent,
speculative and precarious. . .

Hence, this petition based on the following assignment of errors:

I. THE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN RULING THAT IN NATURALIZATION
CASES, THE APPELLATE COURT CAN DENY AN APPLICATION FOR PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP ON THE
BASIS OF DOCUMENTS NOT PRESENTED BEFORE THE TRIAL COURT AND NOT FORMING PART OF THE
RECORDS OF THE CASE.

II. THE FINDING OF THE COURT OF APPEALS THAT THE PETITIONER HAS BEEN KNOWN BY SOME
OTHER NAME NOT STATED IN HIS PETITION IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE EVIDENCE ON RECORD.

III. CONTRARY TO THE FINDING OF THE COURT OF APPEALS, THE PETITIONER STATED IN HIS
PETITION AND ITS ANNEXES HIS PRESENT AND FORMER PLACES OF RESIDENCE.

IV. THE FINDING OF THE COURT OF APPEALS THAT THE PETITIONER FAILED TO CONDUCT HIMSELF IN
A PROPER AND IRREPROACHABLE MANNER IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE EVIDENCE ON RECORD.
Petitioner's principal contention is that the appellate court erred in considering the documents which had merely been
annexed by the State to its appellant's brief and, on the basis of which, justified the reversal of the trial court's decision.
Not having been presented and formally offered as evidence, they are mere "scrap(s) of paper devoid of any evidentiary
value," 12 so it was argued, because under Rule 132, §34 of the Revised Rules on Evidence, the court shall consider no
evidence which has not been formally offered.

The contention has no merit. Petitioner failed to note Rule 143 13 of the Rules of Court which provides that —

These rules shall not apply to land registration, cadastral and election cases, naturalization and insolvency
proceedings, and other cases not herein provided for, except by analogy or in a suppletory character and
whenever practicable and convenient. (Emphasis added).

Prescinding from the above, the rule on formal offer of evidence (Rule 132, §34) now being invoked by petitioner is clearly
not applicable to the present case involving a petition for naturalization. The only instance when said rules may be applied
by analogy or suppletorily in such cases is when it is "practicable and convenient." That is not the case here, since
reliance upon the documents presented by the State for the first time on appeal, in fact, appears to be the more practical
and convenient course of action considering that decisions in naturalization proceedings are not covered by the rule
on res judicata. 14 Consequently, a final favorable judgment does not preclude the State from later on moving for a
revocation of the grant of naturalization on the basis of the same documents.

Petitioner claims that as a result of the failure of the State to present and formally offer its documentary evidence before
the trial court, he was denied the right to object against their authenticity, effectively depriving him of his fundamental right
to procedural due process. 15 We are not persuaded. Indeed, the reason for the rule prohibiting the admission of evidence
which has not been formally offered is to afford the opposite party the chance to object to their admissibility. 16 Petitioner
cannot claim that he was deprived of the right to object to the authenticity of the documents submitted to the appellate
court by the State. He could have included his objections, as he, in fact, did, in the brief he filed with the Court of Appeals.
thus:

The authenticity of the alleged petition for naturalization (SCN Case No. 031767) which was supposedly filed by
Ong Chia under LOI 270 has not been established. In fact, the case number of the alleged petition for
naturalization. . . is 031767 while the case number of the petition actually filed by the appellee is 031776. Thus,
said document is totally unreliable and should not be considered by the Honorable Court in resolving the instant
appeal. 17

Indeed, the objection is flimsy as the alleged discrepancy is trivial, and, at most, can be accounted for as a typographical
error on the part of petitioner himself. That "SCN Case No. 031767," a copy of which was annexed to the petition, is the
correct case number is confirmed by the Evaluation Sheet 18 of the Special Committee on Naturalization which was also
docketed as "SCN Case No. 031767." Other than this, petitioner offered no evidence to disprove the authenticity of the
documents presented by the State.

Furthermore, the Court notes that these documents — namely, the petition in SCN Case No. 031767, petitioner's
marriage contract, the joint affidavit executed by him and his wife, and petitioner's income tax returns — are all public
documents. As such, they have been executed under oath. They are thus reliable. Since petitioner failed to make a
satisfactory showing of any flaw or irregularity that may cast doubt on the authenticity of these documents, it is our
conclusion that the appellate court did not err in relying upon them.

One last point. The above discussion would have been enough to dispose of this case, but to settle all the issues raised,
we shall briefly discuss the effect of petitioner's failure to include the address "J.M. Basa St., Iloilo" in his petition, in
accordance with §7, C.A. No. 473. This address appears on petitioner's Immigrant Certificate of Residence, a document
which forms part of the records as Annex A of his 1989 petition for naturalization. Petitioner admits that he failed to
mention said address in his petition, but argues that since the Immigrant Certificate of Residence containing it had been
fully published, 19 with the petition and the other annexes, such publication constitutes substantial compliance with
§7. 20 This is allegedly because the publication effectively satisfied the objective sought to be achieved by such
requirement, i.e., to give investigating agencies of the government the opportunity to check on the background of the
applicant and prevent suppression of information regarding any possible misbehavior on his part in any community where
he may have lived at one time or another. 21 It is settled, however, that naturalization laws should be rigidly enforced and
strictly construed in favor of the government and against the applicant. 22 As noted by the State, C.A. No. 473, §7 clearly
provides that the applicant for naturalization shall set forth in the petition his present and former places of
residence. 23 This provision and the rule of strict application of the law in naturalization cases defeat petitioner's argument
of "substantial compliance" with the requirement under the Revised Naturalization Law. On this ground alone, the instant
petition ought to be denied.1âwphi1.nêt

WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED and the instant petition is hereby DENIED.

SO ORDERED.