H2 Sin Oil Wells
H2 Sin Oil Wells
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Chem.. Eng. Dept. Pet. Geosciences Dept. Pet. Geosciences Dept. Pet. Geosciences Dept. Pet. Geosciences Dept.
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Science Faculty of Science Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
Abstract - Oil reservoirs are generally described by its main (4). Furthermore, temperature, pressure, fluids composition,
characteristics including its lithology and the pressure-volume- and water pH and ionic strength are the factors that control the
temperature (PVT) data. In reservoir engineering calculations, thermodynamic process of partitioning of H2S between the oil,
PVT data are essential to determine the reservoir fluid water and gas (5). H2S is so much of a risk that sour crude has
composition and design the production facilities. PVT data of 10 to be stabilized via removal of H2S before it can be transported
petroleum crude wells of Tawke field- Zakho are investigated in by oil tankers. H2S gas is flammable and extremely toxic, it can
the current study. The data were analyzed to define the be fatal when its concentration is as low as 100 ppm (6). An oil
mathematical models correlate and govern the reservoir fluids well is deemed to be sour if the concentration of H2S exceeds
properties as a function of sulfur compounds in term of (H2S)
10 ppm in the gas phase. Because of H2S is toxic and causes
evolved from the wells and dissolved in reservoir fluids. The
results obtained showed that crude oils are classified as sour, and
corrosion, plugging of reservoir formations, and increasing
medium with high content of heavier fractions C6+ up to C14+ sulfur content of the produced oil, precautions are necessary to
(average oAPI 23.4). The mathematical models explain the be taken in design and operation of production, transport, and
correlations were estimated. H2S evolved and dissolved in storage equipment (7-9). Also, sulfur content increases with
reservoir fluids proved to increase with increasing sample depth, densification of crude oil (10, 11).
reservoir pressure and temperature, gas oil ratio, coefficient of On the other hand, it is well established that reservoir
compressibility at reservoir pressure, and decreases with fluids characteristics are known to vary with pressure,
increasing oAPI, viscosity at reservoir pressure and bubble point
temperature, and volume of the system. All reservoir
pressure, and gross heating value.
engineering calculations require PVT data to determine the
Keywords - PVT data, Tawke field, Hydrogen sulfide, reservoir fluid composition and design the production facilities
Mathematical modeling (12, 13). Because sulfur content is one of the major factors that
affect crude oils quality and price, estimation the correlations
between PVT data and sulfur content are very important.
I. INTRODUCTION However, it is complicated to obtain uuniversal correlations
Sulfur is the tenth most numerous element in the universe. between PVT data and sulfur content. As alternative,
In nature, sulfur can primarily be found occurring in three correlations for local regions, where crude properties are
forms; elemental sulfur, sulfides, and sulfates. Sediments expected to be uniform are acceptable.
accumulated about 43 % of the total sulfur of the earth's crust
(1). Studies on predictions the correlations of sulfur compounds
content with PVT data for crude oils of Kurdistan Region- Iraq
The decomposition of organic matter of crude oil results in are scarce. The objective of the current work is to predict the
formation of Sulfur. The aqueous sulfate derived from water, mathematical models that govern the correlation between
or from dissolution of solid calcium sulfate can be reduced at sulfur compounds content based on H2S and reservoir
high temperature (above 250 °C) by a variety of organic characteristics. Tawke field is an oil field located close to Iraq's
compounds such as alcohols, polar aromatic and saturated border with Turkey in the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region,
hydrocarbons via a thermal redox reactions to produce high has been named as the oil field of the theme of the study. The
concentrations of H2S in the reservoir fluid (more than 10%) reservoir characteristics were analyzed based on PVT data
(2). The phenomena have been predicted from the data of supported by DNO (14). The lithology of the area has been
sulfur isotopes (3). The produced H2S appears in the associated described, and concentration of H2S evolved from the oil wells
gas, and some portion of sulfur stays with the liquid. H2S can and that dissolved in reservoir fluids was correlated with
react with the hydrocarbons to give sulfur compounds based on reservoir characteristics. The mathematical correlations were
pressure, temperature and period of formation of the reservoir estimated.
Fig. 2. Amount of H2S evolved and dissolved in reservoir fluids versus sample
depth
Fig. 5. The amount of H2S in reservoir fluids as a function of gas oil ratio
The investigated data revealed that the crude oils are [11] S.M. Awadh, H. Al-Mimar , “Statistical Analysis of the Relations
between API, Specific Gravity and Sulfur Content in the Universal Crude
classified as sour, and medium (average degree API is 23.4) Oil”, International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.4 pp. 1279-
with high content of heavier fractions C6+ up to C14+. 1284, 2015.
Thirteen adopted mathematical models describe the effect [12] L.P. Dake, Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering. Vol. 8, 1978,
of reservoir properties on amount of H2S evolved from oil Chapter 2: PVT Analysis for Oil pp. 45-71.
wells and dissolved in reservoir fluids were estimated. All
[13] O. Sylvester, O. Samuel, I.Bibobra , “ PVT Analysis Reports of
the models were of high regression coefficients assuring a Akpet GT9 and GT12 Reservoirs”, American Journal of Management
high fitting of the experimental data. The mount of sulfur Science and Engineering, vol.2, pp. 132-144, 2017.
compounds seemed to increase with increasing sample
[14] Black oil PVT analysis, report reference F1713, DNO, Iraq.
depth, reservoir pressure and temperature, gas oil ratio,
coefficient of compressibility at reservoir pressure, while [15] R.M. Bateman, Reservoir Fluid Properties. In: Cased-Hole Log
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API, viscosity and gross heating value of reservoir fluid Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring. Springer, New York,
NY, 2015.
proved to decrease with increasing the H2S evolved from
oil wells and dissolved in reservoir fluids. [16] Ahmed T., Reservoir-Fluid Properties. From Reservoir
Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. Elsevier Inc., Chapter 2, 2006.
[17] Fanchi J.R. and R.L., Christiansen Properties Of Reservoir Fluids,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.
[18] M. A. Al-Marhoun, “The Coefficient of Isothermal
This work is developed by a partnership between Soran Compressibility of Black Oils”, 2003.
University and Ministry of Natural Resources of Kurdistan https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-81432-MS.
Region under the thematic network of research and [19] O.O. Adepoju , Coefficient of isothermal oil compressibility for
engineering. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical reservoir fluids by cubic equation-of-state, Master thesis in petroleum
staff of DNO; the Norwegian oil and gas operator in engineering, Faculty, of Texas Tech University, 2006.
Kurdistan Region, for supporting the data analyzed in this [20] C. Xu, W. Zou, Y. Yang, Y. Duan, Y. Shen, B. Luo, C. Ni , X.
investigation. Fu, J. Zhang, “ Status and prospects of deep oil and gas resources
exploration and development onshore China”, Journal of Natural Gas
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