TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BUÔN MA THUỘT

TRUNG TÂM NGOẠI NGỮ - TIN HỌC

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BMTU
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Buon M a Thuot University

ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

BMT, 2017
 Contents

■LỜI GIỚI THIỆU _______________________________ 3

-TÁC GIẢ____________________ 5
.-INTRODUCTION 7
• UNIT 1: LIVING THINGS 9
• UNIT 2 : CELLS 16
- UNIT 3: CHEMISTRY 23
- UNIT 4: TISSUE: CELL SPECIALIZATION 32
-UNIT 5: BACTERIA 44
• UNIT 6: PRACTICE ON ANATOMICAL TERMS
OF THE HUMAN BODY 54
- UNIT 7: MEDICAL SPECIALTIES 58
- UNIT 8: STRUCTURE UNITS OF OUR BODY 63
• UNJT 9: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
YOUR BODY'S FRAMEWORK 67
• UNIT 10: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 78
• UNIT 11: CONSTRUCTION OF BONES 90
• UNIT 12: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (PART 1) 103
• UNIT 13: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (PART II) 113
• UNIT 14: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
YOUR BODY'S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 126
• UNIT 15: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 135
• COURSE REVIEW 148

MEDICAL ENGLISH SAMPLE TEST 173

 Introduction
he aim o f the book is to develop farther the knowledge o f how

r Engtísh is used fo r both direct and indirect communication in

basic medical sciences. It is intended fo r those medical students who
already know how to handle the common English sentence patterns,
but need to learn how to use them as used in textbooks o f medicine
written in English, The topics it provides cover some m ost basic
aspects in medicine, which helps the students know a t least how to get
the information they need fo r their current learning and their fu tu re
professions as medical doctors.
The exercises direct the students’ attention to certain features o f the
type o f English that are specific to medical literature. The aim o f the
book is also to enlarge the students’ range o f vocabulary that covers
different topics o f general medicine as well as to provide them with a
strategy fo r reading more difficult medical texts written in English and
to prepare the students fo r their making effective use o f the English
language fo r reference and communication.
Thừ book does not aim a t teaching the subject-matter o f medicine.
It is compiled to show how the English language is used as a medium
fo r the study o f medicine and its related fields.
I would like to say m y thanks to Professor Judith L. Ladinsky,
Chair o f the u.s Committee fo r Scientific Cooperation with Vietnam
fo r her professional comments and suggestions. M y thanks also
goes to Dr Phan Gia Anh Bao, Standing Associate Dean o f Duy
Tan University Faculty o f Medicine, fo r his help with correcting the
misspellings and errors in the book.

Le Minh Dieu
Former Head o f die Departm ent o f Foreign Languages, Hue University College
o f Medicine an d Pharmacy
Former Head o f die Departm ent o f English fo r specific Purposes (ESP), Hue
University Colkge o f Foreign Languages
A ssistant o f the US Committee fo r Scientific Cooperation with Vietnam

1
 LIVING THINGS

Basic Sentences
Conditional sentences
ìĩs>ĩitsw?SA'fíữữ:. t fiĩx : w ^ « & ỉổ ^ ‘ •

Read carefully thefollow ing passage before doing the comprehension

exercises

All things can be classified

as living or non-living.
Biology provides the criteria
that we use to differentiate
between the two classes. The
criteria include the presence
or absence of life activities
such as movement, response,
reproduction, growth and
respiration.
Movement often indicates that things are living. Plants as well
as animals, move. For example, if a plant is placed near a window,
it will grow toward the light. This movement is a response of the
plant to the light. When the driver sees a red light, he stops his
car. He is responding to the red light. The ability of living things
to respond to their surroundings helps them avoid danger and get
the things they need.
Reproduction and respiration are other life activities. No animal
or plant can live forever; but the ability of living things to reproduce
has enable life to continue for millions of years. Respiration is very
important because it helps supply the energy required for all life
activities.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 9
I. COMPREHENSION. Test your understanding o f the reading w ith
the follow ing exercises.

c .l . TRUE/ FALSE: F ind out the fa lse statements and correct them
1. Living things have ability to produce.
2. Plants are classified as non-living things.
3. Respiration is an activity that indicates life.
4. Plants as well as animals respond to things around them.
5. Some things can live forever.
6. Animals move but plants don't.
7. Life activities require energy.

C.2. COMPLETION: Choose the one word in the parentheses that

B E ST completes each sentence
1. We can tell the differences between living and non-living things
with the help o f _________(plants, size, biology, animals).
2. Biology is a _________(science, response, principle, topic).
3. Growth and respiration are the two activities o f _________(all
things, light, non-living things, only living things).
4. Plants usually grow _________the light, (away from, In the absence
of, toward, without).
5. Both plants and animals respond to ' (their surroundings,
danger, light, reproduction) i

,6. Because living things can respond to their surroundings, they can
avoid ________ . (movement, danger, reproduction, non-living things)
7. Life has been able to continue for million of years owing to (biology,
respiration, reproduction, energy).

C.3. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1. Which science helps differentiate between living and non-living
things?
2. What does movement often indicate?
3. Do only animals move or both plants and animals move?
4. What will happen when a plant is put near a window?
5. How does a driver respond’to a red light?
6. What helps living things avoid danger?
ENGLISH IN
10 MEDICINE 1
 7. What has made it possible for life to continue?
8. Why is respirđtion Important?
9. What is energy required for?

C.4. CLOZE TEST. Fill in each blank with only one appropriate word.
Scientists have known sometimes that there is a world o f
_________ living things. A _________ of them are .______
small to be seen without a microscope. Most of these living things
_________people. Others cause a great deal of harm. Scientists have
learned that some of them a r e _________ , and some are animals.
We call th e _________ of these tiny living things_________ .

n . VOCABULARY
v .l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. They will help
you to understand the passage better. The word(s) written in b o ld
letters are some o f the new words from the passage above.
provide, supply
Parents give their children food to eat and clothes to wear. They
provide food and clothes for their children,
th e library provides medical textbooks, journals and magazines etc...
for the students' reference.
Students don't have to supply their own paper for examinations

differ, different, differentiate, difference

Plants and animals are not the same. They are different. There is a
difference between plants and animals, plants differ from animals. It is
not always easy to tell the difference between plants and animals. It
is sometimes difficult to differentiate between plants and animals.

indicate
We think he is sick because his hands are very cold. His cold hands
Indicate that he is sjck.
John asked the question because he did not understand. His question
indicated that he did not understand.

able, enable, ability

Susan cannot see well. She is not able to see well. Susan does not
ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 11
 have the ability to see well. She can see well only with eyeglasses.
Eyeglasses enable her to see well.

grow, growth:
Babies grow very fast during their first year of life. Most of the grow th
is during their first year of life.

surrounding:
Some plants live where it is hot or where there is much rain. These
plants cannot live in those surroundings that are cold and dry.

need, reqm re, reqm rement:

Plants cannot grow without water and sun. Plants need water and
sun to grow. They require water and sun for their growth. Water and
sun are requirements for life.

V.2. SIMILAR/ DIFFERENT: Tell w hether the follow ing p a irs o f

sentences are alm ost the same, or similar, or they are very different.
1. The students continued talking when the teacher came in.
The students went on talking when the teacher came in.
2. Can you reproduce this picture for me?
Can you take this picture for me?
3. Money is needed to buy things.
Buying things requires money. I
. 4. Muscles enable US to move.
Muscles make it possible for US to move.
5. Ford Foundation said they would provide more money for the project.
Ford Foundation said they would supply more money for the project.

V.3. COMPLETION: Choose the word(s) that best complete(s) each

o f the follow ing sentences:
1. absence 2. direction 3. indicates 4. as well as 5. energy
6. include 7. classified 8. avoid 9. move 10. respond to

1. Evidence_________that the experiments were successful.

2. Which is i f tò the nearest hospital?
3. This lesson will ________ an exercise on medical terminology.

ENGLISH IN
12 MEDICINE 1
 4. He is very sick but he is beginning t o ______ the medicine the
doctor prescribed for him yesterday.
5. The botanist studies the new plants carefully a n d _____ them
into two different groups.
6. Tom's left leg is badly hurt, so he is unable to .
7. Susan is _________from work today, she may get sick.
8. He had so much that he did the work of three men.
9. It is usually best to __ overdosing drugs.

V.4. COMPLETION: Complete each statem ent with an appropriate

word.
Í

1. Biology is the ;_____ of living things.

2. The sick man is responding to the________ that the doctor gave him.
3. There is no life o n _________.
4. The growth of the rice has been slow because there has been not
enough_________,
5. Her cold hands indicate that she i s ______
in . STRUCTURE: BASIC ENGLISH SENTENCE PATERNS:
1. SVA The driver is at the traffic lights.
2. SVC Mary is a student. She is beautiful.
3. svo The driver stopped his car.
4. SVOA John put the plant near the window.
5. svoc You must keep your body warm. He made the lesson
interesting.
6. svoo Biology provides the criteria for the classification.
7. sv Plants as well as animals move.
NOTES: 1. M ost obligatory are adverbs o f place but these patterns
can be expanded by the addition o f various optional adverbs.
SV: (Sometimes) she works (very hard).
SVA: (In France) most students are (now) on vacation.
2. Each sentence elem ent can be a phrase or a clause.
SVO: Do you know where the health station is?
Do you know how to use a computer?
SVC: How to get rid of cancer is still a very hard job.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 13
 Exercise for Practice: P ick out as many different sentence p a ttern s
from the passage as possible.

IV. FREE READING: R ead the follow ing selected passages

1. Reproduction, process whereby all living organisms produce

offspring. Reproduction Is one o f the essential functions of plants, animals,
and single celled organisms, as necessary for the preservation o f the
species as eating Is for the preservation of the individual.
In almost all animal organisms, reproduction occurs during or after the
period of maximum growth. In plants, which continue to grow throughout
their lifetime, the relationship between growth and reproduction is
more complex. Individual plants have growth limitations Imposed by
Inherited characteristics and environmental conditions; if the plant grows
excessively, any o f a number of reproductive processes may be stimulated.
Environmental conditions also play some part in the reproduction of
higher animals, but hormonal elements are more Important.

2. Respiration, chemical and physical processes by which animals and

plants obtain oxygen and use it to release energy from food molecules.
Respiration provides the necessary energy for carrying on all essential
life processes. This article focuses on respiration in animals.

Respiration is divided into two distinct phases: external respiration and

internal, or cellular, respiration. External respiration includes all steps in
the process o f delivering oxygen to each cell in the body and disposing
of carbon dioxide, a gas given off as a waste product when cells use
oxygen, in humans and other animals that have lungs, breathing is an
essential part of external respiration.
Internal respiration occurs inside every living cell and involves a
series of chemical reactions that liberate energy from food. Some of
the energy is transformed into body heat while the rest is used to drive
other chemical processes that keep the body working. During Internal
respiration in animals, food molecules are usually combined with oxygen
and carbon dioxide is usually released.

3. Human Growth, process by which humans increase in size and

develop their mature forms and functions. Both Increases in size and
maturation are subsequently dependent on an adequate supply of

ENGLISH IN
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 nutrients and vitamins, in addition to the production of various hormones
by the body.
Some of the most striking stages of human growth take place before
birth, when a human being develops from a single undifferentiated ce ll
into a large and complex organism. During the last half o f gestation, fo r
example, the fetus grows from about 45 g to 3500 g. During this tim e,
fetal growth is dependent on the hormones Insulin and thyroxine. Growth
has been found to be retarded in infants of mothers who drink large
amounts of alcohol or smoke cigarettes during pregnancy.

Growth After Birth

One o f the most noticeable changes to take place during early growth
Is the increase In the size of the trunk and limbs relative to the head. This
occurs because almost all the cellular mass of the brain has been formed
before birth. The brain cells still need to undergo a maturing process,
however, which Is dependent on thyroxine. The body also increases In size
for about 15 years, a process that is largely due to secretion of growth
hormone. This is especially significant for the growth and hardening o f
bones, which continues until about age 25. Many organs In addition to
the brain also continue to mature after birth. These include the liver,
heart, lungs, and immune system, as well as the reproductive system.
In the adult, certain organs, such as the liver and the bones, are still
capable of growth If injured, and the blood-forming elements multiply
throughout life.
Pathological conditions Involving growth include acromegaly,
dwarfism, gigantism, and cretinism. Uncontrolled growth of Inappropriate
tissue is called cancer.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 15
 CELLS

'* - Adverbials of Frequency

-'Worằs ýdth -LESS

Read carefully thefollow ing passage before doing the comprehension

exercises
There are several c rite ria for
differentiating living from non-living
things. One of these is the presence
of protoplasm. This jelly-like material
is always present in living things and
never in non-living things. Protoplasm is
usually transparent and colorless. It often
has the appearance and consistency of
the inside of a chicken egg. Protoplasm
is present only in cells and as necessary as cytoplasm.
Without it all cells would stop living.
Most cells can be seen only with a microscope. They are
microscopic in size. A few are relatively large and can be seen
without a microscope. Cells differ in shape as well as in size, they
are all similar in composition and structure. All cells are made up of
protoplasm, and most o f them have a nucleus. The nucleus confrols
the life activities in the cell. The protoplasm outside the nucleus is
the cytoplasm. In plants and some animals, cytoplasm often contains
vacuoles. A vacuole is a cavity that is filled with watery liquid.
Vacuoles hold food until it is digested and help eliminate excess
water from the cell.
Another structural similarity of all cells is the cell membrane that
encloses the protoplasm. Food entering the cell and wastes leaving
it always pass through this membrane. Some cells have cell walls
outside their membrane. Composed of cellulose, cell walls give
strength and protection to the cell.
1 (■ ENGLISH IN
10 MEDICINE 1
 I. COMPREHENSION. Test your understanding o f the reading w ith
the follow ing exercises.

c .l. TRUE/ FALSE: F ind out the fa lse statements and correct them
1. Ceils are always round.
2. Some living cells contain protoplasm.
3. Protoplasm is not always colorless.
4. The cytoplasm in plants often contains cavities which are filled
with watery liquid.
5. The function of vacuoles is digesting food.
6. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.

C.2. COMPLETION: On the line on the left, w rite the word th a t

BEST completes each sentence
_ _ i. Protoplasm Is not present In _______.
(A) animal (B) plant (C) cell (D) iron
__2. Food entering the c e ll_______passes through cell membrane.
(A) never (B) always (C) usually (D) sometimes
__3. Some cells do not have_______.
(A) protoplasm (B) cavities (C) material (D) cell membrane
__4. Cytoplasm is 1______ ,
(A) inside the nucleus (B) the protoplasm outside the nucleus
(C) the same as nucleus (D) not part of living things
5. Before It is digested, food is held in the cell by t h e _______.
(A) nucleus (B) vacuole (C) cellulose (D) water

C.3. COMPREHENSION: Answer the follow ing questions.

1. What does the presence of protoplasm provide?
2. Where Is protoplasm never found?
3. How do cells differ from each other?
4. How are cells similar?
5. What is found in most cells?
6. What does the nucleus do?
7. What are vacuoles?
Do all cells have cell walls outside their membrane?
9. What is the use of cell walls?

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 17
II. VOCABULARY:

v .l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. They w ill help
y o u to understand the passage better. The word(s) w ritten in b o ld
letters are som e o f the new words from the passage above.

liquid:
Water, milk, oil, and alcohol are liquids.
Paper, rice, meet, and fruit are not liquids.

jelly:
Jelly Is a material that is not hard nor liquids.
The Inside of a chicken egg Is jelly-like.

appearance:
It is the size of an egg. It has the shape of an egg. It has the appearance
of an egg.
Jelly is not liquid. It has the appearance of a liquid.

made of, made up of, composed of:

That machine has many different parts. It is made up of many different
parts. It is composed of many different parts. I
Air is composed of several different gases. Air is made up o f several j
different gases. I
The syringe Is made of plastic. I
f
contain, hold:
There are ten tablets of aspirin in the cycle. The cycle contains ten I
tablets of aspirin.
Susan has a bag In her hand. She IS holding a bag. There is a
stethoscope in the bag. Her bag contains a stethoscope.

cavity:
The space inside the abdomen Is a cavity. The space inside the nose
Is also a cavity.

eliminate: -
The food and water that living things eat but do not use are eliminated.
Vacuoles help eliminate excess water from the cell.
ENGLISH IN
18 MEDICINE 1
 V.2. SIMILAR/ DIFFERENT: Tell whether the follow ing p a irs o f
sentences are alm ost the same, or similar, or they are very different.
____ 1. Food wastes are eliminated from the cells. VERY DIFFERNT
Food wastes are put Into the cells.
____ 2. This jelly-like material is always present in living things.
SIMILAR
This jelly-like substance always exists in living things.
____3. Glass Is transparent.
Glass is not clear. VERY DIFFERENT

____4. Cells are composed of protoplasm.

Cells are enclosed by protoplasm. VERY DIFFERENT
____5. Leukocytes are phagocytic whereas erythrocytes are not.
Leukocytes can destroy bacteria but erythrocytes cannot. SIMILAR

V.3. COMPLETION: Choose the word(s) that best cọmplete(s) each

o f the below sentences:
a. bend b. flexible c. pass through d. phagocytic
e. adhesive f. amoeboid g. motile h. stretch
i, permeable j. elastic k. impermeable 1. cell

1. Some cells can pass through capillary walls. In other words

capillaries are _ permeable
:____.
2. Some white blood cells can destroy bacteria. They a re ______.
3. Platelets are very small particles which stick together to stop bleeding,
I.e. they a re ______ .
4. Erythrocytes can _ BEND
_ _ _ _ to get through narrow blood vessels
and then return to their original shape.
5. Blood cells cannot pass through artery walls. This means that arteries
a re ______.
IMPERMEABLE
6. Leukocytes can move around in the tissue. In other words they are
MOTILE
7. Leukocytes can pass through capillary walls. Capillary walls are PERMEABLE
__
to leukocytes.
8. Both erythrocytes and leukocytes can bend to various shapes.
FLEXIBLE
They a re ______.
9: Some cells m ove like the amoebae. They have the property
o f ______movement.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 19
III. STRUCTURE: Study the follow ing word form ation, a n d th en do
the exercises in thừ section
s.l. WORDS with - LESS
- less means without or having no.
COLOURLESS: without color.
TASTELESS: having no taste
EXERCISE: Complete each statem ent with a proper adjective
1. The liquid had no color. It's______.
2. The coffee has no sugar in it. It's______.
3. Liquid has no shape. It's______.
4. The food has no taste. It's______.
5. The corpse has no head. It's ______.
S.2. WORDS OF FREQUENCY: Study this table o f adverbials o f
frequency.

Every now and then

now and again
once/ twice an hour
two/ four/ five times a day/ a year
every hour/ day/ week
every other
every two/ three minutes/ hours/ days
every second/third day/ week
Notes: The adverbials illustrated in this table often have end position
N ow read a n d translate the follow ing quotation into Vietnamese.
1. All bottled-fed babies must be taken to health centers once a month.
2. At the sixth month the baby should have 4-5 spoons of mashed food
before a breast-fed, four times a day.
3. A six-month-old baby needs solid food and breast milk four times a
day plus breast milk without extra food two or more times a day.
4. Give one glass of rehydration fluid (mixture of salt, sugar, and water)
every time the child passes a watery stool.
5. Change the bandage every two days until the wound has healed and
become dry.
6. Put tetracycline eye ointment under the eyelids five times a day until

ENGLISH IN
20 MEDICINE!
 the discharge has stopped. Then continue with the ointment three
times a day for three days.
7. Give the baby the same injection of procaine benxylpenicillin tw ice
a day for three days. Examine the baby daily for more three days.

Exercise: F ill in each blank with appropriate adverbs o f frequency.

1. The disease occurs______in this small city.
2. She goes to the dentist's______a year.
3. The laboratory must be cleaned____
4. Take one tablet .

IV, FREE READING: R ead the follow ing reading selection

Cell (biology), the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms.
Some cells are complete organisms, such
as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa;
others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle
cells, are specialized com ponents o f
m ulticellular organisms. Cells range
in size from the smallest bacteria-like
mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer
In diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches,
which are about 8 cm (about 3 inches) in
diameter. Although they may differ widely
in appearance and function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and
an internal, water-rich substance called the cytoplasm, the composition
of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell.
Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), containing
coded instructions for the behavior and reproduction of the cell and also
the chemical machinery for the translation of these instructions into the
manufacture of proteins. Viruses are not considered cells because they lack
this translation machinery; they must parasitize cells in order to translate
their own genetic code and reproduce themselves.
Structure and Function
Cells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and
nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority of organic compounds.
The most important organic compounds in a cell are proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates). The "solid" structures
of the cell are complex combinations of these large molecules. Water
makes up 60 to 65 percent of the cell, because water is a favorable
environment for biochemical reactions.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 21
 All cells are dynamic at some stage of their life cycle, in the sense that
they use energy to perform a variety of cell functions: movement, grow th,
maintenance and repair of cell structure, reproduction of the cell, and
manufacture of specialized cell products such as enzymes and hormones.
These functions are also the result of interactions of organic molecules.

Plant ceils
Plant cells contain a variety o f membrane-bound structures called organelles. These Include
a nucleus that carries genetic material; mitochondria that generate energy; ribosomes and rough
endoplasmic reticulum that manufacture proteins; smooth endoplasmic reticulum that manufactures
lipids used for making membranes and storing energy; and a thin lipid membrane that surrounds
the cell. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and a single flu id-
filled vacuole that stores compounds and helps in plant growth. Plant cells are surrounded by a
rigid cell wall that protects the cell and maintains its shape.

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Animal Cell ENGLISH IN

22 MEDICINE 1
 CHEMISTRY

Reason and purpose

"Sentence pattern: S+V+ To-infinitive
(phrase)

R ead carefully thefollow ing passage before doing the, comprehension

exercises

All things cán be classified as living or

non-living... They can also be classified as
matter or energy. Physics is the study of
energy; chemistry is the study of matter.
Anything that takes up space and has
weight is called matter. It has been proved
that all matter is composed of one or more
elements or basic parts. There are more
than 115 elements in the universe.
One of these elements is oxygen; another is hydrogen. The chemical
symbol for oxygen is O; for hydrogen is H. These elements are gases.
Both of them are colorless, odorless and tasteless. Like many of the
elements, hydrogen and oxygen can be mixed to become a mixture
or combined to make a compound. In a mixture, elements retain
their properties. For example, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
are still a gas. The combining of elements to make a compound is
called a chemical reaction ... A chemical reaction would even take
place even if there is no catalyst.
In a compound, elements lose their properties: hydrogen and
oxygen can combine to make the compound H 20, which is a liquid.
The compound then has its own properties which make it different
from all other compounds.
ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 23
 To understand what happen in a chemical reaction w e must
understand molecules. A molecule is the smallest amount o f an
element or compound that retains the element and compound o f that
element or compound. Molecules are composed of two or more atoms
connected together. When the atoms of a molecule are separated,
they do not retain the properties of that molecule.
An atom is composed of electrons spinning around a nucleus. In
a mixture the atoms in the molecule of one element are relatively
unaffected by the atoms in the molecules of other elements.
In a chemical reaction, the electrons in the atoms of one element
are shared with those of another element. The result of this sharing
of electrons is a compound.
I. COMPREHENSION Test your understanding o f the reading with
the follow ing exercises.

c .l . TRUE/ FALSE: F ind out the fa lse statements and correct them
1. Everything in the universe is either matter or energy. T
2. The study of both matter and energy is called chemistry. F
3. The atoms of the different elements in a mixture share their electrons. F
4. Everything In the universe Is composed of oxygen or hydrogen. F
5. Many elements can be combined with other elements.
6. When elements combine to make a compound, they still retain their
properties. F
7. An element is composed of only one kind of molecule. F
8. An atom Is composed of electrons spinning above a nucleus. F
9. When atoms are separated, they lose the properties of the molecule
they were a part of. T

C.2. COMPLETION: F ill each blank with the one w ord or sentence
yo u choose from those in the parentheses.
1. Physics and chemistry are _______ (properties, sciences, compounds,
energy).
2. All of the materials In the universe are called_____ (molecule, energy,
chemical reactions, matter).
3. A chemical reaction is ' (a mixture, the mixing of elements, the
combining of elements, a compound).

ENGLISH IN
24 MEDICINE!
 4. The result of a chemical reaction is ______(an atom, a compound, a
mixture, an element).
5. The elements in a m ixture______(retain their own properties, lo se
their properties, become a compound).
6. _____are composed of atoms (Electrons, Nuclei, Symbols, Molecules).
7. In a chemical mixture, the molecules of one kind of elements are
______by the molecules of other kinds of elements (unaffected,
retained, taken, produced).

C.3. Answer the follow ing questions.

1. What is the different between physics and chemistry?
2. What is matter?
3. How many elements are there In the universe?
4. What are some properties o f oxygen and hydrogen?
5. When do elements lose their properties?
6. What is a molecule?
7. What happens to a molecule when its atoms are separated?
8. What is an atom composed of?

II. VOCABULARY
V.l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. They will help
you to understand the passage better. The word(s) written in bold
letters are some o f the new words from the passage above.

take up:
The picture covers half of the page. The picture takes up half a page.
I study most of my time. My studies take up most of my time.

weigh, weight:
The box weighs 500 grams. The weight of the box is 500 grams. Last
month Mary weighed 50 kilos. Her weight is now 55. She has put
on weight.

prove, proof:
I think that he took the stethoscope, but I'm not sure. I cannot prove
It. I have no proof that he took the stethoscope.

ENGLISH IN
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 symbol:
The symbol for number twenty is 20.
H is the chemical symbol for hydrogen.

both:
Oxygen is a gas. Hydrogen is a gas. The two substances are gases.
Both oxygen and hydrogen are gases. Hydrogen and oxygen are
both gases.
mix, mixture:
A mixed salad is made up of several different vegetables. We mix
water and salt to make a water mixture. A mixture of water and salt
is called salt water.

properties:
When we give the properties of an element, we tell what it is like.
These are some of the properties of oxygen: It is a gas; it has no color,
taste, or odor; it combines easily with other elements.

Exercises: F ill in each blank with appropriate words:

WEIGHT
1. Anything th a t______and
TAKE UP h as______ is called matter.
2. The chem ical______for
SIMBOL oxygen is o.
3. Hydrogen and oxygen can b e ______to
MIXED become a mixture.
4. Oxygen as well as hydrogen has no COLOR
■
5. In a mixture, elements retain th e ir______.
PROPERTY

V.2. Choose the answ er that has the sam e m eaning as the word(s)
p rin ted in capital letters.
1. Chemistry is the study of MATTER.
(A) colorless and odorless
(B) things that have weight and take up space
(C) the structure of atoms
(D) chemical reaction
2. Scientists have PROVED that there are about 100 basic chemical
elements.
(A) required (B) thought (C) showed (D) suggested
- 3. Matter is anything that TAKES UP space.
(A) supplies (B) destroys (C) fills (D) makes up

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 4. Many elements can be COMBINED with other elements.
(A) separated from (B) mixed (C) added to (D) taken from
5. An atom is composed of electrons SPINNING AROUND a nucleus.
(A) running quickly on (B) covering
(C) going around fast on (D) dancing around

V.3. COMPLETION 1. F ill in the space with proper words. The

initial letter o f each word has already been given.
1. Our earth Is part o f the u _____ .
2: To learn about energy one can study p _____ .
3. The air we use is made up of several g _____ .
4. A common chemical s ______is Fe.
5. A m ______of water and salt is called salt water.

COMPLETION 2: Choose the word(s) that best complete(s) each o f

the below sentences:
2 1 6
a. physics 5
b. weightc. properties d. combines
ẹ. symbol
4
f. retainS g. odor8
h. atoms 3
7
1. _____ is the force with which a body Is attracted by the earth.
2. The methods used in measuring length, time and mass require
knowledge of all branches o f ______.
3. A molecule of water has tw o ______of hydrogen and one of
oxygen.
4. T h e ______# denotes approximately equal to.
5. Phagocytic is one of t h e ______of leukocytes.
6. Hydrogen______oxygen to form water.
7. Water _____ heat much longer than air.
8. Sulfur often has an unpleasant______.

in . STRUCTURE

s .i. QUESTION WORDS: Use proper question words to ask questions

about the underlined words.
1. All things can be classified as living or non-living things.
2. Physics is the study of energy.

ENGLISH IN
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 3. There are more than 115 elements in the universe.
4. A chemist studies chemistry.
5. We say a thing Is colorless because It has no color.
6. To understand what happen in a chemical reaction we must
understand molecules.

S.2. REASON AND PURPOSE: Study the follow ing examples:

- The chemical symbol for oxygen is o, for hydrogen is H.
- For example, a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is still a gas.
- What do you use a stethoscope for?
- The combining of elements to make a compound is called a
chemical reaction.
- The nurse stepped aside so that the patient could go in.

WHY BECAUSE FOR

Why did they put Because he stole a car.
REASON For stealing a car j
him in prison? Because they wanted
PURPOSE For punishment. Ị
to punish him.
For purpose we also have: (in order) to + verb or
in order that + sentence
so that + sentence
e.g.: They tied the p a tien t to the bed in order to exam ine him -
They tied the patient to the bed in order that they could examine him.
They tied the p a tien t to the bed so that they could exam ine him..
They tied the p a tien t to the bed to exam ine him.
Exercise 1: Answ er the follow ing questions:
1. What did you go to the drugstore for?
2. What do you go to the bank for? To deposit money or exchange
money?
3. What do you study medical English for, to read medical books
for your reference, or to be able to communicate at workshops?
4. Why do you use a dictionary, to study English or to look up new
words?
5. What do you use a stethoscope for?
6. .What .is. the use o f a m icroscope?.......................
7. What is the formula H20 for?

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 Exercise 2: Say whether you think the FOR phrases tell the reason
or the purpose.
1. He went to the hospital for an operation.
2. He was operated for cancer.
3. The boy was sent to the health center for the final diagnosis.
4. The man died for not being sent to hospital In time.
5. He got bronchitis for smoking too much.
6. The doctor apologized for keeping the patient waiting too long.

S3. SENTENCE PATTERN: SU BJEC T 4- V E R B S+ TO IN F IN IT IV E .

■In this, pattern, the infinitive expresses purpose.
1. We stopped to have a rest.
2. H e sat up to take a deeper breath.
3. She stood up to see better.
4. H e rushed in to save the boy.
N ote: In sentences 1-4, TO - IN ORDER TO, indicate purpose.
. Sentence 3 m ay paraphrased as follow ed:
She stood up for a better view/ sight,
or She stood up so that/ in order that she would/ could see better.

EXERCISE: Combine each o f the follow ing pairs o f sentences

using SO A S TO / IN ORDER TO where possible.
1. A sick child needs to eat and drink. This is required to help the
child fight the sickness.
2. John does physical exercises regularly. He wants to grow strong
and healthy.
3. They clean the laboratory every day. They want to keep it clean.
4. Mary tried a tablet of aspirin. She wanted to relieve the terrible
toothache.
5. Patients with diarrhea should drink much water if they want to
replace the amount of water they have lost.
6. Mr. Brown went to the health center. He wanted to have his
blood pressure checked.

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 IV. FREE READING: R ead the follow ing reading selection
New Fields of Chemistry
The most striking advances in chemistry in the 19th century w ere
in the field of organic chemistry. The structural theory, which gave a
picture of how atoms were actually put together, was nonmathematical,
but employed a logic of its own. It made possible the prediction and
preparation of many new compounds, including a large num ber of
important dyes, drugs, and explosives that gave rise to great chemical
industries.
At the same time, other branches of chemistry made their appearance.
Stimulated by the advances in physics then being made, some chemists
sought to apply mathematical methods to their science. Studies of reaction
rates led to the development of kinetic theories that had value both for
industry and for pure science. The recognition that heat was due to m otion
on the atomic scale, a kinetic phenomenon, led to the abandonment of
the Idea that heat was a specific substance (termed caloric) and initiated
the study of chemical thermodynamics. Continuation of electrochemical
studies led the Swedish chemist Svante August Arrhenius to postulate
the dissociation of salts In solution to form Ions carrying electrical
charges. Studies of the emission and absorption spectra of elements
and compounds became important to both chemists and physicists. In
addition, fundamental research in colloid and photochemistry was begun.
By the end of the 19th century, studies of this type were combined Into
the field known as physical chemistry.
Inorganic chem istry also required organization. The num ber o f
new elements being discovered continued to grow, but no method
of classification had been developed that could bring order to their
reactions..
At the end of the 19th century chemistry, like physics, seemed to
have reached a stage in which no striking new fields remained to
be developed. This view changed completely with the discovery of
radioactivity. Chemical methods were used In isolating new elements
such as radium, in the separation of the new class of substances known
as Isotopes, and In the synthesis and isolation of the new transuranium
elements. The new picture of the actual structure of atoms obtained by
physicists solved the old problem of chemical affinity and explained the
relation between polar and nonpolar compounds.

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 The other major advance for chemistry in the 20th century was th e
foundation of biochemistry. This began with the simple analysis o f b o d y
fluids; methods were then rapidly developed for determining the nature
and function of the most complex cell constituents. By m idcentury
biochemists had unraveled the genetic code and explained the function
of the gene, the basis of all life; the field had grown so vast that Its study
had become a new science, molecular biology.

Analysis in an Alchemist’s Laboratory

Sixteenth-century metal analysis had much more in common w ith refining than it did
with modern chemistry, as shown by the assortment of furnaces in this illustration of an assay
laboratory. Called assayists or alchemists, these workers are pictured monitoring the processes of
combustion, melting, mixing, and refining. The man In the middle is making nitric acid, used for
separating silver and gold.

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 TISSUE: CELL SPECIALIZATION

i f T^ựords used to describe structure

— -died to describe actions in sequence
' - Conju ns-
j

Read carefully thefollow ing passage before doing the comprehension

. exercises

Growth is one of the criteria

by which we differentiate between
living and non-living things. Growth
begins to occur when a cell in
one living thing increases in size
or number. Individual cells do
not increase in size very much,
even when they are mature, almost
all cells are microscopic in size.
Therefore, growth usually involves an increase in the number o f cells.
As living things grow, they usually become more complex. The
cells become organized into tissue to perform different life activities.
There are several kinds of tissue in most higher plants and animals.
For instance, in the human body there are four basic types of tissue:
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
The outer layer o f skin is composed of epithelial tissue, also
called epithelium. Epithelium also forms glands and lines organs
inside the body, such as the stomach.
Connective tissue serves the important function of connecting other
tissues to each other and to the bones of the skeleton which support
and protect the body. The skeleton itself is built of a special kind of—
connective tissue. Another type of connective tissue produces blood cells.

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 Muscles make possible all of the movements necessary for life
activities. Muscular tissue is composed of long, thin cells, fibers,
which can conừact and relax. Connective tissue connects these
muscle cells to bones.
Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Nerve cells receive stimuli from inside and outside the body. They
conduct these stimuli to the brain and spinal cord. In response to
the stimuli, impulses are sent out to the muscles and glands. This
causes the muscles to contract and the glands to secrete or stopping
secreting fluids.
When smaller cells are organized into one group, they are called a
tissue. Several different tissues organized into a larger group form an
organ. The stomach, which helps digest food, is an example of an organ.
It is composed of four types of tissue found in the human body. When
a group of organs works together to perform one general function,
they form a system. The nervous system, composed of the brain,
spinal cord, and nerves, is the most complex of all the body systems.

I. COMPREHENSION Test yo u r understanding o f the reading with

the follow ing exercừes.

c .l. TRUE/ FALSE F ind out the fa lse statements and correct them
___ t. Complex living things have the groups of cells that can perform
special functions.
____ 2. A one cell animal has a more complex structure that an animal
that has tissues and organs.
___ 3. Growth in living things usually occurs through the production
of more cells.
4. Tissues are often composed of only one cell.
___ 5. Most plants and animals are higher forms of life, but man is not.
___ 6. Few higher plants and animals have more than one kind of tissue.
___ 7. Epithelium is present only on outer surfaces of the body.
___ 8. Connective tissue cells serve the same function as epithelial cells.
___ 9. Stimuli are carried to the brain before impulses go to the muscles
and glands.
„__ 10. Glands respond to the nervous Impulses by secreting fluids.

ENGLISH IN
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___11. Nervous tissue is composed of cells that are specialized to
contract.
___12. Living things having specialized cells are considered to be more
complex than those with unspecialized cells.

C.2. COMPLETION Choose the answ er that best com pletes each
sentence.
1. Contraction o f a muscle is a response t o ____
(A) stimuli (B) fibers (C) glands (D) growth
2. The stomach is ______,
(A) an organ (B) epithelial tissue
(C) a gland (D) the skeleton
3. Connective tissue does all the following EXCEPT______.
A. Connect other tissue to each other B. produces blood cells
c. supports and protects the body D. conducts stimuli to glands
4. Most animals are able to move around because _
(A) they are organized in different groups
(B) they have a large number of cells
(C) they have cells that can contract
(D) they have different activities
5. Each kind of tissue______.
(A) serves a special function (B) can be found in every organ
(C) covers and lines parts of the body (Ò) can contract and relax
6. Nervous tissue does n o t______,
(A) connect muscles to bones
(B) receive stimuli from outside the body
(C) conduct Impulses to muscle cells
(D) cause gland cells to secrete
7. Muscles and glands receive _____ from the brain and the spinal cord.
(A) contraction (B) fluids (C) secretion (D) impulses
8. Living things become more complex w h e n ______.
(A) the cells mature and die (B) there are no organs
(C) there is need for movement (D) there Is cell specialization
9. The function of the nervous system is t o ______.
(A) respond to stimuli
(B) perform all life activities

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 (C) make body cells specialize
(D) organize the body into organs and glands

C.3. Answer the follow ing questions:

1. What happens when a cell increases in size and number?
2. What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?
3. What is epithelium?
4. What does epithelium do?
5. What is the function of connective tissue?
6. What is the skeleton built of?
'7. What is muscular tissue?
8. How are impulses sent out to the muscles and glands?
9. How is an organ formed?

II. VOCABULARY: B uild yo u r vocabulary by doing the fo llo w in g

exercừes
v .l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. They w ill help
you to understand the passage better. The word(s) written in b o ld
letters are some o f the new words from the passage above.

individual:
We can see groups of cells without using a microscope, but to see
individual cells, we must use a microscope.

mature, maturity, immature:

When a boy matures, he becomes a man. When a girl matures, she
becomes a woman.
That animal is still very young. It Is not mature. It will continue to grow.
Thirty-year-old people are usually very mature, but this man is not.
He Is very immature for his age.

involve:
You must study very hard to become a doctor. Becoming a doctor
involves much study.
For a chemical reaction to occur, tw o or more elements must
combine. A chemical reaction Involves the combining of two or more
elements.
ENGLISH IN
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line, lining:
We cover the inside of the box with paper. We line the box with paper.
The box has a paper lining.
Epithelial tissue covers the inside of the stomach. The inside o f the
stomach is lined with epithelium.

serve a function:
What does the vacuole do? What Is its function? What function does
it serve?
What is the function of respiration? The process of respiration serves
the important function of supplying the body with energy.

cord:
The student's books were hold to his Honda by a cord. The spinal
cord Is made up of nerve cells and surrounded by the vertebrae of
the spine.

Exercise: F ill in the blanks with the words ju st studied:

1 . _____ cells do not increase very much even when they are

2. Growth usually______an increase in the number of cells.

3. Epithelium also forms glands and _ organs inside the body.
4. Connective tissu e ______the important function of connecting
other tissues to each other.
5. The nervous tissue is composed of the brain, spinal_____ and nerves.

V.2. WORD MEANING: M ark the letter o f the answer that has the
same meaning as the word(s) in capital letters.
1. The inside of the stomach is LINED with a mucous membrane.
A. covered on top B. combined c. made of D. covered inside
2. Many muscles CONTRACT when we walk.
A. are connected B. become shorter
c. become soft D. are used
3. Water is a FLUID.
A. good tasting B. substance c. mixture D. liquid
4. Some materials CONDUCT electricity better than others.

ENGLISH IN
36 MEDICINE 1
 A. control the strength of B. permit the movement of
c differentiate the kind of D. break down and synthesize

V.3. COMPLETION: Choose the word(s) that best complete(s) each

o f the below sentences:
а. blood b. brain c. fibers d. function e. glands f. impulses
g. responses h. skin Ỉ. spinal cord j. stimulus k. stomach 1. system

1. T h e ______runs from the brain to the lower parts of the back.

2. ______is an essential liquid in the body.
, 3. A tree is made up of thousands of strong______.
4. Food Is broken down for the use of the body In th e ______.
5. When a driver sees a red light, he is responding to a ______.
6. Staying In the sun too long will make t h e ___ __ dark.
7. W h ich _____ of the body has the function of eliminating
wastes.
8. The most im portant______of the blood is to provide energy
for the body.
9. Small_____ In the mouth release fluids that helps break down food.
fo .T he______makes it possible for man to think and learn.

IV. WORDS USED TO DESCRIBE STRUCTURE:

The follow ing verbs or verbal phrases are com m only used in
describing structure.
Consist of, made up of, composed of, contain, converted by,
cover, attached to, line, lined with, divide, divided into, filled
with, supported by, connected with/to/ by, include, fitted into.
Exercise 1: Look at the diagram and answer the questions.
1. What does the digestive tract consist of?
2. What are the Intestines made up of?
3. O f what parts Is the large Intestine composed?
4. What does the respiratory tract consist of?
5. What makes up the pharynx?
б. What do the lungs contain?
7. What does the skeleton system consist of?
ENGLISH IN
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 Exercise 2: R ea d the fo llo w in g p a ssa g e a n d f ill in the blanks:
Tissue______of living cells which are similar in structure and function,
and non-living intercellular substance joining the four main types:
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue.
Tissue______up the outer layer of skin as the epidermis/ is epithelial
tissue, and so are the tissues lining systems such as the digestive,
respiratory, urinary, etc... (I.e. systems opening into the body surface.)
Tissue______of one layer of cells is called simple epithelial and tissue
______of more than one layer Is known as stratified epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue can also be classified according to the shape of the cells
at the surfaces squamous (flat), cubic or columnar.
The skin or cutis, is a membrane____ _ of two layers, and attached
to the subcutaneous tissues of collagen fibers. The outer layer Is the
epiderm is,______of epithelial tissue developed from the ectoderm.
The epidermis has a deeper layer of growing cells. The Inner layer is
derm is,______of vascular connective tissue developed from embryonic
mesoderm.

III. STRUCTURE
s .l. ACTIONS IN SEQUENCE Actions in sequence are expressed
by words, phrases o f tim e or conjunctions such as first, initiatty, next,
later, afterward, eventually, finally, in the first place, as, when, after,
before, as soon as, until....
A. PRECEEDING ACTIONS;

before it is implanted,
The em bryo segm ents before being implanted,
before implantation.
B. SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS
As
the zygote segments, it moves to the uterus
While

Segm entation
D uring the zygote moves to the uterus
the segm entation stage

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 c . FOLLOWING ACTIONS
When the ovum is fertilized, the zygote Is formed.
When the ovum Is fertilized, it becomes the zygote.
After the blastocyte is Implanted, there Is a period o f rapid growth.
After being implanted, the blastocyte grows rapidly.
After implantation, the blastocyte grows rapidly.

D. COMPLETE ACTIONS
B y the beginning o f the embryonic period, the three germ s o f
layers have form ed.
, B y the end o f the em bryonic period, the embryo has taken on
human form .
Look at this:
First Then L ater Eventually
A occurs. B occurs. Subsequently D occurs. X occurs.
Initially N ext A fterw ard Finally

Now read the following passage

Every hospital needs large supplies of blood for transfusions. It's given
by donors. Before giving blood, the donor is given tests to determine
his blood group and make sure he Is not suffering from certain diseases.
Whẹn this has been done, his blood can be taken.
First he lies down with his arm on a pillow, next the nurse puts the
cuff of the sphygmomanometer around his upper arm, and: inflates it
to compress the veins. At this state she cleans his skin with ether and
inserts the needle Into the vein. As she does this, the blood begins to
flow into the bottle until it is full. Meanwhile the donor opens and closes
his hand to increase the flow.
As soon as the bottle is full, the nurse takes off the sphygmomanometer
and withdraws the needle. Finally, she puts a dressing on the donor's
arm. The blood is immediately labeled and refrigerated.
1. Coordinate conjunctions: and, but, as well as, or, as well as,
neither.... nor, elther...or, both...and.
2. Subordinate.conjunctions:
A. of time: as, before, since, when, until, after.
B. of purpose: in order that, so that that
c. of cause and reason: because, as, since, for
ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 39
 D. of condition: if, unless, on condition (that), supposed/supposing
(that), providing/ provided (that), otherwise.
E. of concession : (al)though, if, whether....o r , even if.
F. of result: s o ....that .
G. of manner: as, as if.
H. of comparison: a s .....as m o re .... than...
I. of place: where
EXERCISE: F ill the gaps with proper conjunctions.
1. Respiration is as im portant______digestion.
2. ______we understand molecules, we cannot know what
happens in a chemical reaction.
3. A chemical reaction would even take place______there Is no
catalyst.
4. Vacuoles hold fo o d ______it is digested.
5. He behaves______he was a doctor.
6. We e a t______we may live.

TEST 1
a. What is histology?
b. What feature would you expect to be prominent in the
micro-organism Trichomonas ?
c. In the development of white blood cells which stage appears
first, the lymphoblast or the lymphocyte?
d. What is a karyocyte?
What part of the body are affected by the following diseases?
e. Pellagra
f. Dermatitis
. g. Cutitis
h. Sarcostosis

ANSWER TO TEST 1
a. The study of tissues
b. They have hair-like projections (flagella)
c. The lymphoblast
d. A cell with a nucleus
e. The skin ( and also the alimentary tract and nervous system)

ENGLISH IN
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 f. The skin
g. The skin
h. The fleshy tissues

TEST 2
Which parts of the body are affected by the following diseases?
a. Osteitis.
b. Hepatitis
c. Ankylosing spondylitis
d. Dysentery
e. Proctitis
f. Osteomyelitis
Deduce which of the words on the left have the meanings
listed on the right
g. Chondrocyte I. Removal of the stomach or part of the stomach
h. Myelogram II. A record of types of cells found in a
i. Gastrectomy preparation of bone marrow
j. Myogram III. A surgical incision of the colon in the region
k. Ileocolostomy of the crest of the hip
l. ileostomy IV. Surgical procedure in which an opening into
the small intestine is made
V. A cartilage cell
VI. A record of a muscular contraction
m. Between which organs does the entero-hepatic circulation take place?
n. What region of the body is supplied by the splanchnic nerves?
o. Which two of the following words are synonyms (have the same
meaning)? biliary, intestinal, colonic, arthritis, hepatic, enteric

ANSWER TO TEST 2
a. The bones h. II
b. The liver i. 1
c. The vertebrae j. Vi
d. The intestines k. Ill
e. The anus l,IV
f. The bone marrow m. Between the intestines and liver
g. V n. The intestine
0. Intestinal, enteric

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 41
 IV. FREE READING R e a d the fo llo w in g reading selection

Tissue, group of associated, similarly structured cells that perform

specialized functions for the survival of the organism (physiology). Anim al
tissues, to which this article is limited, take their first form when the
blastula cells, arising from the fertilized ovum, differentiate into three
germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (embryology:
Normal Development in Animals). Through further cell differentiation,
or histogenesis, groups of cells grow into more specialized units to form
organs made up, usually, of several tissues of similarly performing cells.
Animal tissues are classified Into four main groups.
Epithelial Tissues
These tissues include the skin and the Inner surfaces of the body, such
as those of the lungs, stomach, Intestines, and blood vessels. Because
its primary function is to protect the body from injury and infection,
epithelium is made up of tightly packed cells with little intercellular
substance between them.
About 12 kinds o f epithelial tissue occur. One kind Is stratified
squamous tissue found In the skin and the linings of the esophagus and
vagina. It is made up of thin layers of flat, scale like cells that form rapidly
above the blood capillaries and are pushed toward the tissue surface,
where they die and are shed. Another is simple columnar epithelium,
which lines the digestive system from the stomach to the anus; these
cells stand upright and not only control the absorption of nutrients but
also secrete mucus through individual goblet cells. Glands are formed
by the Inward growth o f epithelium— for example, the sweat glands of
the skin and the gastric glands of the stomach. Outward growth results
In hair, nails, and other structures.

Connective Tissues
These tissues, which support and hold parts of the body together,
comprise the fibrous and elastic connective tissues, the adipose (fatty)
tissues, and Cartilage and bone. In contrast to epithelium, the cells of
these tissues are widely separated from one another, with a large amount
of intercellular substance between them. The cells of fibrous tissue, found
throughout the body, connect to one another by an irregular network of
strands, forming a soft, cushiony layer that also supports blood vessels,
nerves, and other organs. Adipose tissue has a similar function, except

ENGLISH IN
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 that its fibroblasts also contain and store fat. Elastic tissue, fo u n d in
ligaments, the trachea, and the arterial walls, stretches and contracts
again with each pulse beat. In the human embryo, the fibroblast cells
that originally secreted collagen for the formation of fibrous tissue later
change to secrete a different form of protein called chondrion, fo r the
formation of cartilage; some cartilage later becomes calcified b y the
action of osteoblasts to form bones. Blood and lymph are also often
considered connective tissues.

Muscle Tissues
These tissues, which contract and relax, comprise the striated,
smooth, and cardiac muscles. Striated muscles, also called skeletal or
voluntary muscles, Include those that are activated by the somatic, or
voluntary, nervous system. They are joined together without cell walls
and have several nuclei. The smooth, or involuntary muscles, which are
activated by the autonomic nervous system, are found In the internal
organs and consist of simple sheets of cells. Cardiac muscles, which have
characteristics of both striated and smooth muscles, are joined together
in a vast network of interlacing cells and muscle sheaths.

ENGLISH IN
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 BACTERIA

-Expressions used in describing shapes

i -Determinative
-Sentences wii^W HICH
-Cause and efilct

R ead carefully thefollow ing passage before doing the comprehension

exercises

Very small organisms that can

be seen only with a microscope
are called microorganisms. Some
microorganisms are classified as
animals; some as plants. Bacteria
(singular, bacterium) are examples of
microorganisms that are considered
plants by most biologists.
Although they are very small,
bacteria are present in more places
than any other kinds of organisms. They live in the ocean, on the
desert, and in the snow. They have been found many kilometers high
in the air, as well as at the bottoms of rivers and lakes. Bacteria also
live in and on animals and plants. Although an individual bacterium
cannot be seen without a microscope, groups or colonies of bacteria
can be seen with the naked eyes.
Most bacteria have only one cell. This cell is spherical, spiral,
or rod -shaped; and it is usually covered by a strong cell wall.
Most bacteria have a slimy capsule surrounding their cell walls for
additional protection. Many spiral and rod-shaped bacteria have
tail-like extensions o f cytoplasm called flagella (singular, flagellum)
which they use for swimming. Most spherical bacteria do not have
flagella.
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44 MEDICINE!
 A few kinds o f bacteria are able to get the energy they need from
certain chemicals like ion and sulfur. However, most of bacteria get their
energy from plants and animals. Bacteria that live on dead organisms
or on substances produced by living plants or animals are called
parasites. The organism on which the parasite lives is called the host.
Although some bacteria cause disease, most bacteria are very
helpful. For instance, when saprophytes feed on dead organisms,
they break down the organic material into elements and compounds
that can be used in the synthesis of protoplasm by other organisms.
Without bacteria, all life activities would eventually cease because
these elements and compounds would be tied up in the bodies o f
dead organisms.
I. COMPREHENSION Test your understanding the reading selection
with the follow ing exercises

c.l TRUE/ FALSE I f the sentence is TRUE, write T on the line.

I f the sentence is FALSE, write F on the line
___ _ 1. Bacteria exist nearly everywhere.
_ 1 ___2. Individual bacteria cannot be seen with our naked eyes.
_____ 3. Some bacteria have only one cell which Is spherical in shape.
___ 4. Flagella are tail-like extensions of cytoplasm that help
bacteria swim.
_____5. Different kinds of bacteria have different shapes.
_____ 6. All bacteria have flagella.
_____7. All bacteria get the energy they need from iron and sulfur.
_____8. Hosts are organisms on which parasites feed.
_____9. Bacteria are all harmful because they cause diseases.

C.2. COMPLETION Choose the right word to fill in the blank.

1. a plant or animal which live upon another living organism is called
a _____
A. host B. flagella c cells D. parasite

2. The capsule outside the cell wall of some bacteria______,

A. protects cells B. helps them swim ------ ----------
c. gives them energy D. gives additional protection to their cell walls

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 45
 3. Some bacteria______.
A. are organic B. have no cells
G cause diseases D. are called hosts
4. Bacteria use their flagella fo r______,
A. digesting food B. swimming
c. additional protection D. attacking other bacteria
5. Any organism living upon dead or decaying organic matter is called

A. saprophytes B. parasites
c. cocci D. hosts

C.3. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

A nsw er the follow ing questions:
1. Where can bacteria be found?
2. When can we see bacteria with our naked eyes?
3. What is the use of the slimy capsule surrounding the cell walls
of bacteria?
4. Do all bacteria have flagella?
5. What is the use of flagella?
6. What are parasites?
7. What are hosts? What would happen to life if there were no
bacteria?

II. VOCABULARY:

v .l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. The words

p rin ted in bold letters are from the reading selection.

colony
When the number of animal or plant live or grow together, they are
called a colony.

naked
A single microorganism cannot be seen without a microscope. It can
be seen with a microscope, it cannot be seen with the naked eyes.

slimy
Oil mixed with dirt result in a slimy structure. The white of an egg is
slimy before it Is cooked.
ENGLISH IN
46 MEDICINE 1
 capsule
A small container which protects the material inside is called a
capsule.
Capsules are often used to hold dry medicines.
While you are sick, take one of these capsules three times a day.

substance
Water, ice and snow are not different substances. They are the same
substance in different forms.
What materials are In the mixture? What substances is this mixture
composed of?

organic
Anything which is living or has life or which comes from a living
thing is organic material. Any compound which contains carbon (C)
is organic material.

eventually
He kept on solving the problem, and finally succeeded in finding out
the answer. He eventually succeeded In the finding out the answer. If
you work long enough, you will eventually finish the job.
(eventually = finally = in the end = at last)

EXERCISE: F ill in the blank with the words yo u have ju s t studied.

1. Groups o r ______o f bacteria can be seen with th e ______ eyes.
2. Most bacteria have a slim y______surrounding their cell walls.
3. Bacteria that live on dead organisms or o n ______produced by
living plants or animals are called parasites.
4. When saprophytes feed on organisms, they break down the
____ materials into elements or compounds that can be used
in the synthesis of protoplasm by other organisms.
5. Without bacteria, all life activities______cease.

V.2. WORD MEANING: Choose the word o r phrase that has the
same meaning as the word(s) in the capital letters.
1. Some animals FEED ON other animals
A. depend on B. take up ...... ■ "
c. eat D. live with
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MEDICINE 1 47
 2. Mrs. Susan couldn't eat well because she HAD A DISEASE.
A. was very sad B. was ill
c had to work D. didn't have enough time
3. CERTAIN plants cannot make their own food.
A. some but not many B. only a few
c. a variety o f D. a lot of
. 4. Oranges are almost always SPHERICAL
A. round B. oval
c. square D. flat
5. The plants fell down to the earth in a SPIRAL MOVEMENT.
A. without control B. going round and round
c. in several directions D. very quickly
V.3. COMPLETION Choose the answer that best com pletes each
sentences to show that you understand the word(s) in capital letters.

1. ALTHOUGH bacteria are very small, they are_____ other life on earth.
A. unimportant to B. less interesting to
c. necessary to D. smaller than
2. Trees are ORGANIC materials, b e t______are not,
A. animal bodies B. hosts
c dead plants D. iron and sulfur
3. When the heart CEASES all activities, a person______.
A. needs medicine B. is healthy
c. dies D. gets thin
4. ______move their TAILS when they are pleasured.
A. people B. children c. dogs D. chickens
5. M o s t_____ _ are rod-shaped.
A. mountains B. clocks c. pencils D. roads

V.4. TERMINOLOGY M atch each word with its definition.

1. cytobiology a. description of the tissue
2. microtomy b. the study of the chemical processes In the tissue
3. histochemistry c. cutting In thin sections
... 4. histography d. the study of the chemical processes in cells
5. cytochemistry e. the study of the life of cells

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 in . STRUCTURE
s .l. SENTENCE PATTERNS USED IN DESCRIBING SHAPES
e.g. M ost bacteria have only one cell, which is spherical, sp ira l,
or rod-shaped.
Study this table:

h as the shape o f a cone

T h e heart is shaped like a cone
is a cone shaped organ.
is conical in shape

EXERCISE 1. L ook a t this diagram and com plete the sentences

with the follow ing nouns or their corresponding adjectives: trian g le,
triangular, pear, sphere, bean, cone, conical, tube, tubular, dom e,
pyram id, pyram idal.
a. The eye is shaped lik e _______,
b. The kidneys_______,
c. The lungs_____
c|. The esophagus_______,
e. The liver ______ ,
f. The nose '
g. The gallbladder _______

EXERCISE 2. Complete the statements

1: The gallbladder is ■ organ.
2. The sigmoid colon is _____ _ organ.
3. T h e _______s shaped like a cone.

EXERCISE 3. Complete each o f the follow ing sentences by choosing

the appropriate phrase from those given on the right.
1. The liver is a. conical in shape.
2. The eye is b. a long tubular organ.
3. The nose is c. triangular In shape.
4. The kidneys are d. a small spherical organ.
5. The heart is e. pyramidal In shape.
6. The small intestine is f. a beán-shaped organ.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 49
S.2: SENTENCES WITH WHICH: Study each sentence very carefully,
then write the answer to the questions which follow.
1. The organisms on which parasites live are called hosts.
a. What do parasites live on? _____________________
b. What are hosts?__________________ ■ ____________ _
2. The lake in which I swam was very cold.
a. What was cold ?___________ ;__________________________
b. What did I swim in ? ___________________________________ _
3. The drugs which he paid for included ampicillin, penicillin, and
tetracycline.
a. What did he pay fo r? ________________________ __________
b. What included ampicillin, penicillin, and tetracycline?_________

4. The horse on which he rode was relatively small.

a. What did he ride o n ? ________ :______ ___________________
b. What was relatively sm all?______________________________
5. The hospital at which she works was big and modern.
a. What was big and modern?__________ . _____________ _
b. Where did she w ork?_________________________ ________
6. Many organisms which we depend on are very small in side.
a. What do we depend on? • • _ ___________________
b. What are sm all?______________________________________

si: CAUSE AND EFFECT

The cause an d effect relationship can be expressed in EN G LISH
through a variety o f constructions. H ere are som e possibilities.

EFFECT/ CONJUNCTIONS CAUSE/ REASON

RESULT
because
I did not get since , I did not eat the
diarrhea as vegetables
due to the fact that
for the (simple) reason
..................- ....................................... that

ENGLISH IN
50 MEDICINE 1
 CAU SE/ REA SO N C O N JU N C T IO N S E FFE C T / RESU LT

A s a result,
I did not eat the fruit. T herefore, I d id n o t get d ia rrh e a
So
C onsequently,
T h a t’s w hy

I did not eat the fruit. O therw ise I w ould have g ọ t d iarrhea.

These constructions are not freely interchangeable. Their use is

limited by certain rules of grammar and condition of appropriateness.
Only two of the above constructions can serve as answer to the
questioning of cause and reason. For example:
A: -How come you didn’t get diarrhea? (Why didn’t you get diarrhea?)
B:-For the simple reason that I didn’t eat the vegetables.
. Because + s (because she died) has the corresponding form
Because o f + NP (because of her death)
E xercise 1: R ew rite the fo llo w in g sentences into corresponding
phrases
1. Because the physiotherapist was absent _________________
2. Because he returned la te _________________ ______________
3. Because he is careless________ . ; ____________________
4. Because the disease is severe __ ________________________
5. Because he was i l l __________________ ____________ _____
6. Because the need is very big ' ____________________
7. Because the cut is d e e p _______ _________________ _______
8. Because his condition was serious ________________________

Exercise 2: Combine these two pairs o f sentences into corresponding

ones using: BECAUSE, BECAUSE OF,DUE TO (THE FACT THAT),
SINCE, THEREFORE, AS A RESULT.
1. The patient reacts to the drug. It is not safe to use the drug.
2. Medicine prices are rising. The cost of treatment is increasing.

ENGLISH IN
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 VI. FREE READING R ead the follow ing reading selection
Bacteria (bacterium, singular), microorganisms that lack internal cell
membranes. Being the most common and ancient organisms on earth,
bacteria are intimately connected to the lives of all. organisms.
Most bacteria are less than 1 micron (0.001 mm/0.00004 in) in length.
Hundreds of thousands of bacteria can fit Into a space the size o f the
period at the end of this sentence. However, colonies of bacteria, such
as on a laboratory culture plate or on the surface of salt marsh muds,
can easily be viewed without a microscope.
Classification
Microbiologists (scientists who study life forms that can only be
observed with the aid of a microscope) classify bacteria according to
whether or not they require oxygen to survive. Bacteria that require
oxygen are called aerobic bacteria, or aerobes. Bacteria that live w ithout
oxygen are called anaerobic bacteria, or anaerobes. Both aerobes and
anaerobes can be either phototrophic or non-phototrophlc.
Microbiologists further classify bacteria according to their basic shapes.
Spherical bacteria are called cocci, corkscrew-shaped are called spirilla
or spirochetes, rod-shaped are called bacilli, and threadlike bacteria are
called filamentous. Some bacteria, called pleiomorphic, take various forms
depending on conditions. Microbiologists have discovered that bacteria
are more complex than previously believed. For example, some groups
of filamentous bacteria grow into stalked structures nearly big enough
to be seen with the unaided eye, while members of the cyanobacteria
group feature filaments with specialized cells. These examples suggest
that some bacteria can organize themselves into a kind of multicellular
system. Moreover, many bacteria have very complex metabolic systems.
Some even can live on iron and other metal deposits.
Finally, many bacteria may also be classified as gram-negative or gram-
positive according to the composition of their cell wall. This classification
is done by means of a laboratory staining technique invented by the
Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram. Gram's stain consists of the
dye crystal violet mixed with iodine. After a slide with bacteria on its
surface has been heated so that the organisms adhere to the glass, the
stain Is applied to the slide, and the cell walls of the bacteria become
stained. Alcohol Is then applied to the slide. In bacteria with multilayered
cell walls, the alcohol removes most of the stain. These bacteria appear

CO ENGLISH IN
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 reddish and are called gram-negative. In bacteria with a thicker, sin g le ­
layer cell wall, the alcohol dehydrates the stained walls and causes the
pores In the cell walls to close, preventing the stain from escaping. These
bacteria appear purple and are called gram-positive.
I Structure
.V
Like all ceils, bacteria contain genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA). However, whereas cellular DNA is arranged in strands, bacterial
y DNA has a circular arrangement. Bacteria also often have additional
y genes on smaller rings called plasmids. Bacterial DNA is not enclosed In.
a nucleus, as is the DNA of eukaryotic cells. Like eukaryotic cells, bacteria
y have ribosomes - round structures active in protein synthesis - but they
y are smaller and have different density characteristics than eukaryotic
y ribosomes.
Many bacteria feature small protrusions from their outside cell surface
known as pili (singular, pilus). These hair-like outgrowths assist the bacteria
Ị in attaching to certain surfaces.
Some bacteria have structures known as endospores around their
DNA and other cell portions. These thick-walled bodies are extremely
resistant to environmental stresses and can live in a kind of dormant
condition for decades or even centuries.

ENGLISH IN
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 PRACTICE ON ANATOMICAL
TERMS OF TH E HUMAN BO D Y

DIRECTIONS Students are required to do the follow ing exercises

to enrich their knowledge o f the various anatomical terms and h o w
to use them.

I. PARTS OF THE BODY Write the answer or give them orally. In

the TRU E /F A L SE section, you have to change the statements w hich
are fa lse so that they become true.

A. TRUE/FALSE
______ 1. The tongue is inside the mouth.
2. We have five fingers on each fo o t
______ 3. The elbow Is a part of the arm.
______ 4. The eyebrow is a part of the arm.
______ 5. The upper part of the leg is called the thigh.
____ _6. You have a nose on both side of your face.
______ 7. The neck Is below the chin.
______ 8. The calf is the back part of the lower arm.
______ 9. The cheeks are parts of the face.
______ 10. The shin is a part of the leg.
______ 11. Your lips help you see.
______ 12. The thumb is in the middle of the hand.
______ 13. Some Vietnamese people have pupils which are brown.
______ 14. The ankle is between the calf and the foot.
______ 15. The ears are located on each side of the head.

B. SHORT ANSWERS
1. ....Do you see with your eyes or your ears?
2. When we walk, do you use your arms or your legs?

ENGLISH IN
54 MEDICINE!
 3. Is the iris part of the mouth or the eye?
4. Is the head above or below the neck?
5. Is the heel on the hand or on the foot?
6. Is the shin a part of the face or the leg?
7. When you close your eyes, are they covered by the eyelids o r
the eyelashes?
8. If you hurt your wrist, does that make it difficult for you to
write or walk?
9. Is the tongue Important for reading or for speaking?
10. Is the calf a part of the upper leg or lower leg?
11. Is the brain in the head or the chest?
12. Is the chest next to the neck or to the knee?
13. Is it more serious to be shot In the back or in the knee?
14. Is the ankle above or below the knee?
15. Which is usually bigger? The thigh or the calf?

n . BODY MOTIONS AND DIRECTIONS

The follow ing words are often used by the physicians in g ivin g
directions to p a tien ts during p h ysica l exam ination. M atch th e
directions to the patients with an appropriate p a rt o f the body.
i. BEND 20. WRINKLE your
2. FOLD your 21. OPEN your
3. ROTATE your 22. STRETCH your
4. DRAW IN your 23. TURN OVER your
5. BLOW your 24. LOOK AT your
6. RAISE your 25. BREATHE THROUGH your
7. BUNK your 26. EXTEND your
8. GRASP your 27. RUB your
9: STAND ON your 28. TWIST your
10. CROSS your 29. LEAN TOWARD your
11. LIFT your 30. LIE ON your
12. TIGHTEN your 31. ROLL OVER your
13. RELAX your 32. SCRATCH your
14. FLEX your 33. TAKE OFF your
15. TILT your 34. SHAKE your
16. CRACK your 35. SQUEEZE your

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 55
 17. CLOSE your 36. SPREAD your
18. LOWER your • 37. SUCK your
19. WAVE your 38. TWIDDLE your

c. Use the follow ing words in the appropriate verb form to com plete
the sentences below (use each only one time)
twist grasp raise squeeze twiddle I
blink rub scratch squat tilt II
squeeze relax blow lift watch !
stick out wrinkle suck bend ________________ I

1. My arm was very sore after playing tennis. To relieve the

stiffness, I ______some liniment over the sore area.
2. His vision was completely blurred from the smoke and soot, and
he had to k e e p ______in order to focus his eyes.
3. A good method of strengthening your wrist and forearm is to
keep______ a rubber in the palm of your hand.
4. He was v e ry ______after taking the sedative and exhibited no
signs of nervousness at all.
5. He was so obese that he could not perform the simplest of
exercises such a s ______down to touch his toes.
6. Please do not _____ the sore on your arm with your finger
nails. It may become infected if you open it.
7. H e ______my hand so hard when he shook it that l heard all
my fingers crack.
8. The doctor noticed several red blotches on the soft palate of
the patient when s h e ______her tongue.
9. Mary didn't like the smell of the perfume a n d ______her nose
to show her dislike.
lO.Susan's arm had b e e n ______behind her back while practising
judo and now hung limply from her right shoulder.
11 .Bob was tired of standing, and since there were no chairs in the
room he decided to _ _ _ _ _ down on haunches.
12.During hydrotherapy the patient began to slow ly______her
toes until they regained full flexibility. . ......... .......
13.She didn't believe anything the doctor said a n d ______her
eyebrows to show her doubt.

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56 1
m e d ic in e
 III. PARTS OF THE BODY Complete each statement by supplying
the appropriate information in the blank spaces.
1. The nurse felt the patient's_____ to see if he had a fever.
2. The spine is often referred to as th e _____ ,
3. My ears need to be irrigated because they have too much
______ in them.
4. Your lower lip is below y o u r_____ .
5. He can't walk quickly because he has______arches.
6. He has a large scar on h is ______just below his left eye.
, 7. His right eye has b een _____ _ since birth.
8. He is allergic to mangoes and gets a skin ;_____ every time he
eats them.
9. The gums of children become swollen during _
10.HÌS arm is very .______from playing too much tennis.
11. If you want to see something hidden from your view, you may
have t o ______your neck.
12.lt is very difficult for John t o _____ food or liquid because his
throat Is still sore.
13-VHis______was removed but he can still bend his knees.
14vThe______of his hand was burned by a cid ..
15.After th e ______ or his lungs, the patient died.
1Ố.HÍS face shows extreme _ _ _ _ _ during the operation.

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w

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

VOCABULARY AND PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE:

L isted below are various medical specialties. One specialty does
not exclude another.
1. Surgery 17. gastroenterology
2. Pathology 18. neurological surgery
3. Allergy 19.. radiology
4. Rehabilitation 20. urology
5. Dermatology 21. thoracic surgery
6. Otolaryngology 22. child psychiatry
7. Proctology 23. neurology
8. Obstetrics 24. plastic surgery M
9. Preventive medicine 25. pulmonary diseases
10. Internal medicine 26. ophthalmology
11. Cardiovascular disease 27. orthopedic surgery
12. Anesthesiology 28. gynecology
' 13. Psychiatry 29. geriatrics
14. Pediatrics 30. pharmacology
15. Physical medicine 31. general practitioner
16. Cardiology .1

Please read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with
the correct words from above.
1. The branch of medicine that deals with and treats the essential nature
of disease is called______. It is especially concerned with the structural '•'js

and functional changes In tissues and organs of the body. ■fi

;h
2. _____ is concerned with the study of the urinary tract and the genital
organs. It is concerned with the development of the kidney stone
along with other urinary tract problems. :Ể

ENGLISH IN
58 MEDICINE 1
 3. If someone wants to study the branch of medicine that d e a ls
with temporary loss of pain, he should study _ _ _ _ _ . It is concerned
especially with the loss of pain which permits surgery or other painful;
procedures.
4. If I have a skin rash or an itching of the skin, I might go to a doctor
who has specialized in ______.
5. Diseases of the rectum are studied in ______
6. If someone has pneumonia, he might be taken to a doctor w h o
specializes in ______.
7 ______ is a branch of medicine which deals with the use of radioactive
; substances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It will make
use o f cobalt and X-ray treatment
8. The concern o f _____ Is with the restoration or reconstruction o f
body structure that is or has been damaged by injury or by disease.
9. _______________ deals with the ears, nose, and throat
10. HÌS leg did not grow correctly and It is now deformed or malformed.
His mother should get him to a doctor who is a specialist in ______ .
11.If someone wants to study the branch of medicine dealing with the
development and treatment of children and with the care of childhood
diseases, he must study______.
12. The specific area of medicine which deals with the management of
pregnancy, labor, and the treatment of the child after labor is known
a s ______.
13. The study of the heart and its function Is called '.
14. Diseases, not usually treated surgically, allergy for example, are the
concern o f ______.
15. is the treatment of disease by physical energy and skill. In this
specialty an operation is usually performed to correct a physical defect.
16. The branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of the
stomach, intestines and colon is called______.
17. A specialist In matter pertaining to the heart and blood vessels is
concerned w ith ______.
18. uses physical means in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
It include the use of heat, cold, water, light, electricity, manipulation,
massage, exercise and mechanical devices. ........................
19.Surgery which is done in the chest is known a s ______.

ENGLISH IN
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20. The branch of medicine which deals the disorders of the organ of
thought, judgment, and emotion; the mental life including both
conscious and unconscious processes Is______,
21.A ______is a person who has studied general medicine, but has not
specialized in any one branch.
22. The study of the nervous system is ca lle d ____ .
23.The study and practice o f______seeks to avoid disease by preventing it.
24. ____ is concerned with surgery of the nervous system.
25. The study and treatment of the disease of the female, particularly the
genital, urinary or rectal organs is ______.
26. The study of the disorders in thought of children is ____________ .
27. __________ Is a condition produced by exposure to a particular
substance. It Is an exaggerated or abnormal reaction to substances,
situations, or physical states harmful to most people.
28. ___________Is the restoring to health o f person p h ysically
handicapped.
29. The study o f drugs, their origin, nature, properties and their effect
upon living organisms is called________
30. _______is a branch of medicine dealing with the age and
problems of aging.
31.If a person is having eye trouble, he had better see a specialist in

Nowfill in thefollowing blanks with a word(s)fitting to the situation.

1. That handsome doctor standing near the wall i s ____________
specialist. He specialized in geriatrics. His Interest In old people and their
medical problems stems from the fact that his father was also involved
in___________ . On the other hand, his brother is interested in children
and their mental problems. He has been Interested in ____________
since high school. Even though his specialty is with children, he is still
classified as _______ ' . His interest Is in ____________ . In fact,
he is now working o n ____________ ward of one of the largest
hospitals In this city.
2. John: Hello, Bob. How are you?
Bob: Not so well. I have this terrible rash on hand and leg.
What should I do about It?

ENGLISH IN
60 MEDICINE 1
 John: I think you should see a ____________,
Bob: A ____________. What's a ____________?
John: It is someone who has studied dermatology.
Bob: That Isn't much help. I have also been having trouble
with my heart.
John: How do you know?
Bob: Well, it has been beating quickly these past months.
John: Then I think you should see a ____________ . That's
someone specializing In cardiology. Then your problem
may be connected to your heart and blood vessels.
Then you should see someone who Is concerned with

Bob: That's terrible. Here I am sick and I don't even know what
kind of a doctor to see. He's a ________ _ and could
probably recommend the specialist I should see, if any.
3. That social worker you were talking to Is not very Interested in the
treatment of disease or the distribution of medicine. He is interested
in preventing disease. He is now working in a sanitation project. He
is in the field of medicine called ____________ .
4. Another type of medicine dealing with non-surgical treatment, and
involving in Internal structure of the body Is c a lle d ____________.
Prescribing medicines is one example of a process in this type of
medicine.
5. Treatment of disease by physical agents such as heat, cold, light,
electricity, manipulation, or the use of mechanical devices is commonly
called____________.
6. Since he performs__________, he must be a surgeon. If he performs
__________on the spinal cord, he would be called a __________.
7. Since he Is an anesthetist, he can give an T_______ . He spent
three years studying____________.
8. Betty: Hello. How are you Susan?
Susan: As usual, I feel terrible. I read some magazine articles on
gynecology, but I still don't know what my problem Is. I'd
better see a doctor soon. But I'm so ashamed, so bashful.
Betty: There is “nõthĩrig tõ ^ ẽ ashamed o f We ail have problems

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 and doctors are meant to help. You shouldn't be ashamed
of your body. After all God gave it to you, you'd better take
care of it or you won't have it forever.
Susan: I know but you know how I was brought up. I did go to a
____________ when I had trouble with my first child. I
understand that he was one of the best pediatricians in th e
city. What's the difference between o b stetrics a n d
pediatrics?
Betty: Well, a n _____________takes care of the woman during and
after pregnancy, and a ___________ is mostly concerned
with children in early life.
Susan: How about urology?
Betty: That has nothing to do with either one of them. But I suppose
someone who studies urine is a ___________ .
Susan: No, I'm sorry to say that you are wrong. A ____________ is
someone who is concerned with th e ____________tract
Betty: It certainly is confusing. Does a pathologist examine urine?
Susan: Wrong again. A laboratory technician does that. A pathologist
is someone who is concerned with pathology.
Betty: Of course. But what is ____________?
Susan: It is the study of the change in tissues and the diagnosis of
tissues removed during an operation.
Betty: I feel sick just thinking about all these doctors and diseases.
I will take some pills and go to sleep. See you later.
9. A proctologist is a specialist i n ____________.
10. A ra d io lo g ist doesn't study the radio. He is a sp ecialist in

11.One who studies and treats the ear, nose and throat is an

12.He works in a ___________ . He is a pharmacist.

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 f.UMT 8 .

STRUCTURE UNITS OF OUR BODY

Sentences introduced by IT
- Relative clauses
- Noun" clauses introduced
by WHETHER and IF

R ead carefully thefollowing passage before doing the comprehension

exercises
To understand the various
organs and systems of our body,
it is necessary to have a clear
picture of its structural parts. Just
as bricks, mortar, lumber, wires,
and many substances enter into
the structure of a house, so do
many kinds of units to make up
our body.
The basic unit of our body’s structure- as in all living matter-
is the cell, of which there are many different kinds. Groups and
combinations of cells form tissues. For example, a great many skin
cells are grouped together to form the outer layer of skin tissue on
our body. Two or more kinds of tissue joined together to perform
special work make up an organ. The stomach, lungs, brain, kidneys,
and liver are all body organs. And a group of organs contributing to
one vital function of the body comprise a system. Thus the digestive
system includes the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the intestines
and associated glands.
All cells are alike in the certain way. Each cell is filled with a jelly-
like substance called cytoplasm, each containing a denser structure
known as nucleus, and each is surrounded by a cell membrane.

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 The nucleus determines whether a cell shall be a bone cell, a
muscle cell, or any of the many kinds which make up the structure
of the body. In the cell’s nucleus lie the genes which pass on certain
traits from one generation to another.
The body grows through cell division, each kind of cell dividing
to make more of its own kind, and only its own kind. Cells also
control through a mechanism not yet understood, the stopping of
the growth at maturity.
I. COMPREHENSION Test yo u r understanding o f the rea d in g
selection by doing the follow ing exercises
C.I. TRUE/FALSE: I f the statem ent is TRUE, write T on the line. I f
the statem ent is FALSE, write E
_____ 1. The basic unit of our body is the tissue.
_____ 2. Tissues are groups or combinations of cells.
_____ 3. Food goes down into the stomach over the esophagus.
____ 4. Each cell is filled with a water-like substance called cytoplasm.
_____ 5. The nucleus and the gene are the same structure.
____ 6. The genes pass on certain traits from one generation to another.
_____ 7. It is cells that control the stopping of the growth at maturity.

C.2. COMPLETION: F ill the blanks w ith the words yo u choose

from the options.
1. The basic unit of your body structure i s ____________,
A. the heart B. the gene c the cell D. the tissue
2. The outer layer of skin tissue Is formed b y ____________.
A. the nucleus B. associated glands
c. a great many skin cells D. connective tissue
3. The stomach has the function o f ____________.
A. eating food B. digesting food
c. holding foreign substances D. absorbing blood
4. All cells a re _________ in size.
A. big B. alike c. similar D. different
5. A nucleus is found in m o st____________.
A. membranes B. substances c. vacuoles D. cells
6. The gene lines i n ____________,
A. the stomach B. the cell c. the heart D. the cell's nucleus
r A ENGLISH IN
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 7. The body grows through ____________.
A. cell classification B. an unknown mechanism
c. cell division D. the action of cytoplasm
8. All cells in our body are alike in that th ey______ ■
A. contain acid B. are not surrounded by w alls
c are fill up with cytoplasm D. are rather big

C3. COMPREHENSION QUESTION: Answer the following questions

1. What's the basic unit of our body's structure?
2. What's tissue?
3. What makes up an organ?
4. What comprises a system?
5. How are cells alike?
6. What is the important function of the cell's nucleus?
7. How are traits passed on from one generation to another?
8. How does our body grow?
9. What controls the growth of our body at maturity?

III. VOCABULARY
v .l. WORD STUDY: Study each group o f sentences. The words in
bold letters are from the reading selection.
enter, entrance
You cannot enter a college without passing the entrance exam.
After years of training, John entered the practice of medicine.
Calling on Dr. Brown didn't enter our original plan.
go
After her son's death, the lady lost all her interest in life and then
gradually went mad.
After the accident the man lost his ability to see. His eyesight was
going blind.
We tried our best but failed to keep the patient's temperature from
going high.
Very roughly, Albert Einstein's theory of relativity goes like this ...
Most of the aid has gone into urban medical services.
perform, performance
A medical operation is a form of treatment which is performed by
the surgeon to cut open the patient's body In order to Improve, replace

ENGLISH IN
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 of repair the diseased or damaged part of it.
Hue Central Hospital has so far undertaken a lot of complex operations
for congenital cardiac defects. About 200 heart operations are performed
a year here.
comprise
There are about 206 bones in the body. These bones comprise its
framework which is called the skeleton or we can say the skeleton is
composed of more than 200 bones.
contribute, contribution, contributor, contributory
Poor food often contributes to illness and hunger itself can be a
contributory cause to poor nutrition.
The lack of vegetables in a diet is often a contributory factor o f
improper growth of children.
Drinking alcohol is a possible contributor to liver cancer,
determine, determinant, determination
Chromosomes are threadlike bodies made up of genes which determine
such inherited traits such as sex and pattern of development.
An X-ray determined that no bones were broken.
His future has not been vet determined, but he may study medicine.
Heredity and environment are among determinants of a man's character.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE F ill in the blank with those o f the

words ju s t studied.
1. The surgeon needs at least 2 or 3 nurses to help him during his
of an operation. He gives them orders and they execute them.
2. Louis Pasteur, a well-known French scientist, made much;___________
to the field o f medicine.
3. Diagnosis________ treatment.
4. The patient's temperature keeps___________higher and higher.
5. Two or more kinds of tissue which are joined together to__________ a
special job make up an organ.
6. A group of organs____________ to one vital function of the body
_________ __ a system.
7. It is the nucleus th a t__________ whether a cell shall be a bone cell,
a muscle cell or any of the many kinds which make up the structure
of the body.

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 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
YOUR BO DY S FRAMEWORK

R e a d carefu lly the fo llo w in g p a ssa g e before doin g th e

comprehension exercises

The human body consists

of many bones and a substance
resembling bone known as cartilage
or gristle. The primary purpose o f
the skeleton is to support the body.
The bones are held together by
tough tissue called ligaments.
Bones have another important
function besides support. They
protect vital organs of the body.
The skull, which is the bony shell,
gives protection to the brain. The
spinal column or “backbone” is
made up of 33 small bones called
vertebrae which completely encase or surround the spinal cord.
The ribcage has 12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are attached to the spinal
column. Then they curve around to the front, where ten pairs of ribs
fasten themselves to the sternum or breastbone. The ribcage protects
organs in the thoracic area such as the lungs and the heart.

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 TYPES OF BONES There are more than 200 bones in the human
body at maturity. They are of three principle types: long, flat and
irregular. Long bones are of the kind found in the upper arms and
the lower arms, the thigh and legs and collarbones. The breast- bone,
the ribs, and certain bones of the skull are called flat bones. Irregular
bones are of different sizes and shapes. Some irregular bones are
found in the hands, feet, ears, pelvic girdle and spinal column.
STRUCTURE OF BONES Bones contains living cells. The hard
outer portion of the bone contains special cells called osteocytes.
This outer bone is largely made up of a mineral called calcium.
The active portion of the bone is the material inside called bone
marrow which manufactures the hard outer layer of the bone and
red blood cells. Certain types of white blood cells are also made
by the marrow.
HOW BONES GROW Your bones grow thicker as get older. The
thin covering on the outside of the bone puts down hard new bone
cells to make the bone thicker and stronger. Your bones also grow in
length. During your growing years, the end of your long bones are
fastened to the bone shaft, mainly by wide cartilage plate known as
the growth plate, or epiphysis. Gradually bone cells come up from
the shaft and start destroying the cartilage cells and put down new
hard cells in their place. The cartilage cells are often then forced
to move out forward the ends of the long bones. As the cartilage
grows out, your long bones grow thicker.
When a bone is broken, healing takes place through the action o f
the bone-making cells in the bone and its covering membrane.
JOINTS The places where bones come together are called joints.
Some joints are movable while others are immovable. Immovable
joints are called fixed joints, for example, those in the cranium.
Some movable joints have more movements than others. Two o f
the most familiar types of movable joints are the ball-and-socket
joints as in the shoulder and hip; the hinge joints as in the knees,
fingers and toes. Another type of movable joint is pivot joint. Pivot
joints in the body are combined with the hinge joints.
Joints are held together by ligaments, muscles and tendons.
Ligaments are tough stringy bands which hold the bones together.
Tendons joints the muscles to the bones.

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 1. C O M P R E H E N S IO N

c . l. T R U E /F A L S E I f the statement is TRUE write T on the line, if

the sentence is FALSE write F on the line
____1. The human body is supported by the ligaments
___ _ 2. Osteocytes are cells in the hard outer layer of the bone.
____3, The tissue which holds bones together is tough.
____4. The backbone is made up of 33 vertebrae.
____5. Irregular bones are generally found in the hands, feet,
and pelvic girdles etc...
____6. The active cells of the bones are located inside the bone itself.
____7. The bone marrow manufactures the white blood cells of the body.
____8. Calcium aids in the development of the hard proportion o f
the bone.
C.2. M U L T I P L E C H O I C E Write the letter you choose that you think
best completes each statement
____1. The special cells in the bone are called ___________
A. marrow B. osteocytes c. active cells D. lymphocytes
^___2. The active portion of the bone is ______ ______.
7 A. around the bone B. outside the bone
c. around thè ligament D. inside the bone
__3. The inner portion of the bone is ca lle d ____________ .
A. a sponge B. joints c. red blood cells D. marrow
____4. The knee and the elbow joints a re ____________ ,
A. slightly movable B. immovable
c. very movable D. not movable
____5. Calcium Is produced in ___________ .
A. bone marrow B. joints c. red blood cells D. osteocytes
____6. The vertebral co lu m n ____________ the spinal cord.
A. completes B. divides c. goes around D. holds up
__ _ 7. The ribcage is attached in the front to t h e __________
A. rib B. backbone c. sacrum D. sternum
____8. The thoracic cage must be movable to allow the lungs to

A. collapse B. shorten c. enlarge D. contract

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 ____9. The rib cage is ____________ ,
A. square B. curved c straight D. triangular
____10. The brain is ____________ .
A. a shell B. a cord c. an organ D. a vertebra

C.3. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. How many bones are there in the body?
2. How are bones held together?
3. What is the ribcage composed of and what function does it serve?
4. What are three principal types of bones?
5. Where are irregular bones found?
6. What does the outer hard portion o f the bone contain?
7. What's the use of calcium?
8. What is marrow?
9. What are joints and how many kinds of joints are there?

II. VOCABULAR:

y .l. WORD STUDY Study each group o f sentences. The words in

bold letters are from the reading selection.
resemble, resemblance
The two ladies look almost exactly alike. There must seem to be a
close similarity between them. They resemble each other very much
physically. There Is very little different between them.
The two boys show great resemblance. They look like each other
entirely. Are they twins?

support
Our skeleton, composed of more than 200 bones, serves as a firm
frame work to hold up our body. In other words, they give support to
our body.
John hurt his ankle. He couldn't walk at all, so he had to be supported
home.
This local, hospital runs into its financial difficulties. It was then
supported by voluntary contribution from the town's residents.
There was simply no evidence to support such a theory; therefore, it
has fallen into less and less favor.

n r. ENGLISH IN
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 grow, growth
Rice grows in warm climate.
How quickly you are growing!
Our bones do not grow very much during our childhood.
As the cartilage grows out, our long bones grow longer.
If someone, especially a child, becomes so tall or big that their clothes
no longer fit them, they grow out of their clothes.

heal, treat, treatment, cure

When a c u t , a broken bone, or other injury becomes healthy and
normal again, it heals or heals up.
If you heal someone who has an illness, you make them recover, (but
now the word cure is more usual.)
The wound is not yet healed; the new skin has not yet recovered it.
The wound healed slowly. It soon healed up/ over.
His leg needs support while the bone is healing.
This medicine will heal the cut.
An Illness can be cured. Death, however, remains incurable.
There are a few remaining diseases that modern drugs cannot cure.
. The man has tried all sort of treatment, but he is still ill.
There are only two doctors and eight nurses to treat more than 300
patients.
He has tried many different treatments for his skin complaints.
M y sister is still under treatment in the hospital.

E X E R C I S E F O R P R A C T I C E Fill in the blanks with those words

that fit into the situation.
1. Cartilage is a substance th a t____________.
2. The primary purpose of the skeleton is t o _______ _ the body.
3. John had his left leg hurt. He had to b e _________ _ home.
4. She h a s__________tall.
5. As we get older, our b ones__________thicker.
6. During o u r_______ years, the end o f our long bones are
fastened to the bone shaft, mainly by a wide cartilage plate

ENGLISH IN
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 known as th e ____________plate.
7. When a bone is broken,____________takes place through
the action of the bone-making cells in the bone and its
covering membrane.
8. Which d o cto r____________for her skin complaint?
9. There has been n o ____________for Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome.

V. 2. W O R D M E A N I N G Replace the capital words with those from

the reading selection that have similar meaning.
1. Our body is HELD UP by the skeleton.
2. The MAIN function of the skeleton is to GIVE SUPPORTTO the body.
3. The skull, which is a shell MADE of bone, gives protection to the brain.
4. The SPINE is BUILT UP of 33 bones called vertebrae.
5. Of the twelve pairs of ribs, ten pairs fasten themselves to the
BREASTBONE.
6. The hard outer portion of each bone contains special cells
called BONE-MAKING CELLS.
7. The marrow RESEMBLES a sponge.

y. 3. C O M P L E T I O N Complete each sentence by filling in the blanks

with proper words.
1. The special cells in the bone are called ___________ .
2. The outer portion of the bone is.very____________.
3. The inner portion of the bone is ca lle d ___________ .
4. The vertebral column ____________the spinal cord.
5. The ribcage is attached In front to t h e ___________
6. The bones p rotect____________organs in the body.
7. The thoracic cage must be to allow the lung to contract.
8. Calcium, which is a ____________, is necessary in the
development of the body.
9. Ligaments are made up o f ____________tissue.

V.4. C L O Z E T E S T
The human body consists of m any____________ . These bones
_________ __the skeleton. The prim ary____________ of the
skeleton is ____________ the body. The bones are ____________

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 together by tough tissues called ................Place where
bones___________ are called joints. Some joints are m ovable
while others are _ ______ , The hard outer portion of the
bone is the material inside, called __________, which______ _
a sponge.

V.5. D E F IN IT IO N C O M P R E H E N S IO N : What terms are defined in

the following definitions?
1. The framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones.
2. A strong, flexible substance inside the body, for example in o u r
nose and around our joints.
3. Places where bones come together.
4. A band of strong tissue that connects bone and holds parts o f
the body in place.
5. A tough strong band or cord of tissue that joins a muscle to a bone.
6. A zone of growing cells in which the growth of a bone occurs.
It is found at the end of the long bones.

V.6. T E R M I N O L O G Y Learn by heart the following prefixes an d

their meanings.
CRANI(O)-: skull SPONDY(LO)-: vertebra OS-, OST(EO)-: bone
MYEL-: boner marrow, ARTHR-: joint
CHONDR-: cartilage

E X E R C IS E F O R P R A C T IC E
1. Which part of the body are affected by the following diseases?
Ostitis, spondylopathy, osteomyelitis, chondritis, myeloma, arthrosis
2. Deduce which of the terms on the left have the same meanings
listed on the right:
a. chondrocyte 1. the study o f the skull
b. myelocyte 2. a cartilage cell
c. osteoarthritis 3. Inflamed condition of bones and joints.
d. spondylodynia 4. A large cell In red bone marrow from
e. craniology which leukocytes are derived
5. Pain In vertebra

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 III. STRUCTURE

s . l . OF-PHRASES: S tu d y the m eaning o f the fo llo w in g O F-

PHRASES.
1. The human body consists of many bones.
2. Bones protect vital organs of the body.
3. The spinal column is made up of 33 vertebrae.
4. Bones are of three principal types.
5. Long bones are of the kinds found in the upper and lower arms.
6. Two of the most familiar types of movable joints are the ball-and-
socket joints and the hinge joints.
Study also the meaning o f the following OF-PHRASES
1. Within a year of his father's death.
2. The old man died of cerebral hemorrhage.
3. Be proud/ ashamed/ glad/ tired of (doing) something.
4. Cure somebody of his disease.
5. Relieve somebody of his pain.
6. The victim is an old woman of 80 years of age.
7. It Is a problem of great importance.
8. Doctor of medicine.
9. The boy Is hard of hearing / blind of one eye.
1o.lt's a coat of many colors.

S.2. THE SUFFIX - ABLE

The suffix -ABLE attached to a verb is equivalent to can be + past
participle: e.g. something movable Is the thing that can be moved from
a place or position to another.
The first of these things is applicable in the following case = The first of
these things can be applied in the following case.
ABLE is also added to uncountable nouns to form adjective describing
something as being In a particular state or as having a particular quality:
Comfortable, valuable, miserable...

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 E X E R C I S E Restate thefollowing sentences by changing the underlined
phrases with adjectives ending in -ABLE.
1. The fraction can be reduced further.
2. One is a number that cannot be divided.
3. In this solution, the ingredients cannot be separated.
4. There is a change on color that can be noticed.
5. Once this substance hardens It cannot be broken.
6. AIDS Is among some fatal diseases that still cannot be cured.

S.3. C O M P O U N D A D J E C T IV E S

Noun + present participle (V -ing)

Noun + p a st participle (V-ed):

We've seen that the past and present participles can function as
modifiers: e.g. the meaning of a digit depends on identifying position
in the written numeral. Constructions like these can form the nucleus of
longer noun phrases with recognizable internal relationship. For example,
from the sentence Chem icals regulate growth it is possible to derive two
noun phrases that preserve the same relationship of s + V + c growth-
regulating chemicals and chemical-regulated growth.

E X E R C I S E : Answer the following questions

1. What is an air-cooled engine?
2. What are sleep inducing drugs?
3. What are government-owned hospitals?
4. What is a disease-causing bacterium?
5. What is a time-consuming experiment?
6. What are habit-forming drugs?
7. What is heat-inactivated pancreatitis?
2.
Adjective + V-ing
Adjective + noun-ED
Noun + noun-ED

Professor John is an absent-m inded person.

H e fe ll in love with a blonde-haired girl.

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 W hat is a long-standing hypertension?
What is a long-lasting effect?
EXERCISE:
Restate the following sentences as directed.
1. The boy has a quick mind. That's a quick-minded boy.
2. th e man has only one eye.
3. The nurse has a kind heart.
4. The girl has long legs.
5. The woman has curly hair.
6. The problem has many sides.
7. The kidney is shaped like a bean.
8. The lungs are in the shape of a cone.

S.4. INTERCHANGE OF PARTS OF SPEECH

To restate a sentence we can change any sentence element, i f
possible, from one p a rt o f speech to another. For example:
The primary purpose of the skeleton is to support the body.
= The primary purpose o f the skeleton is to give support to the body.

EXERCISE Restate thefollowing sentences by completing the attached

sentences.
1. Bones also protect vital organs of the body.
Bone a ls o ________ ___________________________ i______ .
2. I am very concerned about your health.
I have______________ _______________________ :________.
3. These programs don't seem to be very popular in remote areas.
These program s______________________________________ .
4. People blamed air pollution to the careless use of chemicals.
People p u t __________________________________ .
5. He emphasized that he wasn't interested in the case.
He p u t______________________________________________ .
6. Good hygiene will noticeably reduce morbidity.
Good hygiene will bring a b o u t_________ ________________ .
7. We are completely responsible for her safety.
We have '_________________________________________ .

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 S.5. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
Study the following tables.
Table 1
As soon as she started to go.
As he arrived, she left the clinic.
At the (very) moment it began to rain.

Table 2

While / As he was putting on his gloves, the light went out.

He was putting on his gloves when the light went out.

Table 3

As the scale rises, the other (scale)falls.

When the one valve opens, the other (valve) closes.
Every time he gets sick, his wife is away from home.

E X E R C I S E : Arrange the given words or phrases into com plete

sentences.
1. Living things/ grow/ become/ more complex.
2. Groups of organs / work together / perform one general
function/form a system.
3. air / enter/ nose cavity/ be warmed and moistened.
4. ribs / move upward/ diaphragm/ move downward.
5. Similar cells/ organized / one group/ call tissue.

ENGLISH IN
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 U M T 1 0

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Way of Describing Functions
Genetive’s
-ED Structure.

Read carefully thefollowing passage before doing the comprehension

exercises
All living things are able to take
notes and respond to various factors
in the surrounding world. The ability
depends on a highly organized system
called the nervous system. This system
consists of the brain and the spinal
cord and is known as the central
nervous system. Connected with the
brain and the spinal cord are peripheral
nerves including the twelve cranial
nerves, which arise in the brain and
serve mostly the sense organs.
A nother part o f the b o d y ’s
com m unication netw ork is the
autom atic system . This system
affects the automatic and involuntary
actions o f the internal organs,
such as the heart, blood vessels,
kidneys, bladder and sweat glands.
An important function of the nervous system is to pick up
sensations o f light, sound, touch, taste, heat, cold, pain etc...
These sensations are carried from sense organs to the brain over the
sensory nerves. The brain receives these massages of sensations and
reacts to them, makes plans and sends orders for action. These orders

ENGLISH IN
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 are carried by the motor nerves to the muscles of a particular p art of
the body. Thus the brain is the control center of the entire nervous
system. It is a soft, spongy mass of tissue surrounded and protected
by the bones of the cranium. Both the brain and the spinal cord
consist of two kinds of nervous tissue called gray matter and white
matter because of their outer appearance. Gray matter consists largely
of nerve cell bodies, while white matter is made up of nerve fibers.
NERVE CELLS The basic unit of the nervous system is the
nerve cell or neuron. Like all the cells of the human body, neuron
contains a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm. All neurons
are, however, distinguished from other body cells by thin fibers or
extensions, called dendrites or axon. Dendrites are the part of the nerve
cell that receive stimulus from any part of the body. The stimulus
passes into the nerve cell and then into the axon. The axon carries
the stimulus along to the dendrite of another nerve cell. The nerve
fibers of the connecting nerve cells do not meet or even touch each
other at their points of connection; they communicate their impulse
chemically across gaps called synapses.
The tiny cell body is the vital part of the cell though it is the
least conspicuous part. If it is destroyed, it cannot be repaired. But
if an axon or dendrite is cut, it will often heal and function again.
, KINDS OF NERVES The sensory nerves carry stimuli from the
various sense organs to the brain. Motor nerves carry impulses from
the brain or other nerve centers to the muscles. A third kind of nerves
are associative or connecting nerves which serve as the connections
between each other and between sensory and motor nerves.
The nervous system plays a vital part in our life activities. Without
it, our ability of taking notes of and responding to various factors
in the surrounding world is entirely destroyed and useless.

I. C O M P R E H E N S I O N

c . l . T R U E / F A L S E F ind out the FALSE statements and correct

them.
____ 1. It is owing to the nervous system that we can take notes and
respond to our surrounding world.
___ 2. The brain and the spinal cord are separated by the twelve cranial
nerves.

ENGLISH IN
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___ 3. The involuntary actions of the internal organs of the body are
controlled by the automatic system.
___ 4. The sensory nerves serve the function of carrying sensations
to sense organs.
___ 5. The motor nerves help carry orders from the brain to the muscles
or certain parts of the body.
___ 6. The nervous system is controlled by the brain.
___ 7. Gray and white matters are found only in the brain.
___ 8. Neurons are distinguishable from all other cells of the body by
thin fibers called dendrites and axon.
___ 9. Each neuron has more than one axon.
___ 10. Stimuli from any part of the body are received by the dendrites.
___ 11. If the axon Is cut, It cannot heal,

C.2 COMPLETION: Choose the one w ord that B E ST com pletes

each statement.
1. Our ability o f taking notes and responding to our surrounding
w o rld _________the nervous system.
(A) depends on (B) controls (C) affects (D) decides
2. Peripheral nerves including the twelve cranial nerves_________
mostly the sense organs.
(A) constitute (B) serve (C) affect (D) make up
3. The brain is a sof t,_________mass of tissue.
(A) black (B) spongy (C) hard (D) spherical 1
4. The brain Is the _________ center o f the entire nervous system.
(A) speech (B) motor (C) control (D) writing
5. Each neuron contains a nucleus surrounded by .
(A) protoplasm (B) watery fluid (C) cytoplasm (D) a wall
6. If an axon or dendrite i s _________, it will often heal and
function again.
(A) destroyed (B) cured (C) cut (D) dyed
7. T h e _________nerves carry stimuli to the brain.
(A) motor (B) sensory (C) cranial (D) peripheral
C.3. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. How are living things able to respond to their surrounding world?"
2. What's the nervous system composed of?

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 3. What's the function of the automatic system?
4. How are sensations carried to the brain?
5. What makes muscles contract and relax?
6. Where are white and gray matters found?
7. Why are they so called?
8. What are neurons?
9. How can they be distinguished from other body cells?
10. What are dendrites?
11 .What happens to a dendrite or axon if it is cut?
12.What do motor nerves do?

n VOCABULARY
v . l. W O R D S T U D Y : Study each group o f sentences . The word(s)
printed in bold letters are those used in the reading selection.
note
The doctor left a note saying that he would not come.
When Marry asked her boss for a two-day leave, he reminded her
to ask for a sick note.
I think Marry is getting sick as I note that her hands are very cold,

respond, response, reaction

One of the way living things respond to the surrounding world is by
changing the color of their skin. The response of this type helps them
avoid danger and get the things they need.
Some diseases usually respond quickly to penicillin. However the
physician should be careful when administering it as some patients
may react to it.
If you react to a substance, usually a drug that has got into your body,
you are affected unpleasantly or made ill by it.

serve, service:
Mrs. Brown served as a health worker in a rural health station north
of London before she moved to a big hospital of the city.
In Britain the National Health Service is the system which provide
free or cheap medical care to everybody.
The service of this private clinic is good but the cost of medical care
is too high.

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 affect, effect
When a disease affects, it attacks someone or a part of his body, it
causes him to become ill, or it causes that part of the body to stop
functioning properly. The effect it produces may sometimes be so
severe as to lead to death.
The disease primarily affected Jane's left lungs. Her left lungs were
affected by cancer. She tried a variety of drugs but they produce no
satisfactory effect.

control
Man was not yet in control of his environment.
The fever is brought under control.
The epidemic Is out o f control. He had discovered a way to prevent
it from spreading.
Birth control Is extremely necessary where there is population
explosion. This is done through the planning of the number of
birth, e.g. by the use of such contraceptive as IUD, pills, condoms,
sterilization...

V.2. W O R D M E A N I N G Write the word(s) on the line before the

corresponding definition.

A. receive B. neuron c. heart D. consist of E. conspicuous

E motor nerves G. synapse H. nervous system I. Entirely J. but for

_______1. The basic unit of the nervous system.

_______2. The vital organ of the circulatory system.
_______3. Take something offered or sent.
_______4. Include .
_ 5. A combination of nerve cells.
_______6. Places where a nerve impulse passes from one nerve
cell to another.
_______7. Easily seen.
_______8.. Those nerves that carry impulses from the brain or
other nerve centers to the muscles.
_______ 9. Without.
_______10. Completely.

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 in. STRUCTURE
s .l. SENTENCE PATTERNS USED IN DESCRIBING
FUNCTIONS
1. One function o f the nervous system is to pick up the sensation o f fig h t
2.
is involved In the excretion o f wastes
The liver is concerned with waste excretion
plays a part in excreting wastes
3. The pancreas helps to produce horm ones.
4. The live r serves as/ functions as an organ o f secretion.
5. Thè live r performs the function of excreting waste production.
6. These nerves serve m ostly the sense organs.
7. The nose enables US to breathe.

VERBS EXPRESSING FUNCTIONS

Absorb, break down, destroy, digest, control, circulate, excrete,
form, protect, regulate, detoxify, maintain, manufacture, produce,
remove, secrete, synthesize.
N ow study the various functions done by the main organs o f the
upper abdomen and thorax.
-2-
Blood circulation The heart
Digestion
Waste excretion
Protein synthesis The liver
Bile secretion
Protein-glycogen storage
Blood glucose level regulations
Blood filtration
The spleen
Antibody formation and destruction

Digestion
Enzyme secretion The pancreas
Hormone production
Urea excretion
The kidneys
Water regulation
Hormone secretion

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EXERCISE 1 Complete the following sentences.
1. ________ is involved in the secretion of a number of waste products.
2. ________ circulates the blood through the arteries to the tissues.
3. _________ filters the blood.
4. _________ plays an important part in the excretion of urea.
5. _________ synthesizes protein from amino acids.
6. _________ helps to remove and destroy faulty red blood cells.
7. One function of t h e _________is to secrete enzymes.
8. _________ is concerned with storing proteins and glycogen.
9. _________ is involved in digestion as well as in producing
hormones.
10. _______ functions as an organ of both digestion and excretion.
11. _______ plays a part in forming antibodies.
12. _______ is concerned with the regulation of the level o f
glucose in the blood.

EXERCISE 2 Complete these statements to describe the p ro p er

function o f each organ.
1. The pancreas_________hormones a n d _________ .
2. _________the liver is to store_________ .
3. The spleen ________ blood filtration.
4. The liver_________bile.
5. The kidneys_________regulating_________ .
6. The kidneys also _________hormones.
7. The liver h e lp s_________blood sugar level.
8. The function of the heart i s _________.
9. The p a n c re a s _________ an organ o f secretion as well as

10.The liver plays a part in

EXERCISE 3: What organs do the follow ing functions?

1. Blood circulation
2. The regulation amount of water in the body
3. Waste excretion is a/ the function
4. Water regulation of
5. The excretion of waste products

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 E X E R C I S E 4: Ask questions and answer them after the model.
MODEL: Q: - What does the speech center control?
A: - It controls speech.
Visual area to move
to sense/ feel .
Sensory area to write
to hear
Motor area enables US to taste
to remember
The writing center to speak
to think
The hearing center to see
vision
The taste center movement
sensation/ feeling
The memory center controls writing
hearing
The thought center taste
memory
The speech center speech
thought

E X E R C I S E 5: Write five other sentences about our different senses

and faculty after the model.
Our ability to write is controlled by the writing center of the brain.

E X E R C I S E 6:
Put the verbs in the parentheses into their correct forms.
1. The liver (produce) bile. .
2. The liver (form) vitamin A from vegetable substances.
3. Speech (control) by the speech center of the brain.
4. Thyroxin (manufacture) in the thyroid gland.
5. White blood cells (destroy) harmful microbes and bacteria.
6. The eyes (protect) by the eyelashes.

ENGLISH IN
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 7. The pituitary glands (secrete) hormones.
8. The sweat glands in the skin (excrete) waste materials.

E X E R C I S E 7:
F ill in the blanks w ith word(s) that fit into the situation.
The s k in _________ many important functions. It ■ as a
physical barrier,_________ ing the underlying tissues from injury
and harmful bacteria. It contains nerve endings w h ic h _________
information to the brain concerning touch, pain and temperature.
It is exceedingly im portant in the _________ o f temperature. It
_________some functions as an excretory organ, in that it _____ _
water, sodium chloride and some urea through its sweat glands. And
finally it can ' as a means of identification through finger
prints.

S.2. G E N I T I V E ‘ S
e.g. The nervous system : your b o d y’s communication netw ork
1. SPELLING: The children's health, Dr. Charles's discovery, Henry
the Eight's death, Vietnam's export, my father-in-law's car, a
boy's school.
2. PRONUNCIATION: The genitive of a noun is pronounced exactly
like a plural ending [iz], [z], [s]: doctor's, dentist's, nurse's, Jack's,
Denise's, George's ,...
3. USE: Observe the use of the genitive case in the following
examples:
John's broken leg. The cat's tail. Three hours' operation.
Summer's day. The government's health policy. The world's
population. A women's college. The nation's social security. Our
body's communication network. A girls' school.

S.3 -E D C L A U S E S : These clauses are reduction o f relative clauses

with passive meaning.
The man (who was) injured in the accident was taken to the nearest
hospital.
H ere are som e more exam ples o f the structure:
A highly organized system called the nervous system.
A soft, spongy mass o f tissue surrounded and protected by the bones

ENGLISH IN
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 o f the cranium.
Thin fibers or extensions called dendrites or axons.
Each cell contains a dense structure known as the nucleus.

EXERCISE F ill in the gaps with proper past or present participle.

iff® 1. The nervous system may be divided into two main parts: the
s central nervous system ________ of the brain and the spinal
cord and the peripheral nervous system________ of 31 pairs o f
spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the automatic part
of the nervous system.
2. The nerve tissue is made up of a vast number of nerve cells
neurons.
3. The cerebellum ________ behind the pons of varolli and below
the posterior portion of the cerebrum Is ovoid In shape and is
concerned with the coordination of muscular activity, posture
and balance.
4. The spinal c o rd ________ like a tube within the vertebral
canal extends from the foremen magnum to the upper part of
the lumbar region.
5. The nasal cavity is a large cavity_________Into two parts by
the nasal septum.
6. The pharynx is a muscular tube ext_________from the base of
the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

IV: FREE READING

Autonomic Nervous System
Among the motor fibers may be found groups that carry impulses to
viscera. These fibers are designated by the special name of autonomic
nervous system. That system consists of two divisions, more or less
antagonistic in function, that emerge from the central nervous system at
different points of origin. One division, the sympathetic, arises from the
middle portion of the spinal cord, joins the sympathetic ganglionated
chain, courses through the spinal nerves, and is widely distributed
throughout the body. The other division, the parasympathetic, arises both
above and below the sympathetic, that is, from the brain and from the
lower part of the spinal cord. These two divisions control the functions
of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and urogenital systems.

ENGLISH IN
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m
ii
 Disorders of the Nervous System
Consideration of disorders of the nervous system is the province o f
neurology; psychiatry deals with behavioral disturbances of a functional
nature. The division between these two medical specialties cannot be
sharply defined, because neurological disorders often manifest both
organic and mental symptoms. For a discussion of functional m ental
illness, see Mental Disorders.
Diseases of the nervous system include genetic m alform ations,
poisonings, m etabolic defects, vascular disorders, inflam m ations,
degeneration, and tumors, and they involve either nerve cells o r their
supporting elements. Vascular disorders, such as cerebral hemorrhage or
other forms of stroke, are among the most common causes of paralysis and
other neurologic complications. Some diseases exhibit peculiar geographic
and age distribution. In temperate zones, multiple sclerosis is a com m on
degenerative disease o f the nervous system, but it is rare in the Tropics.
The nervous system is subject to infection by a great variety o f
bacteria, parasites, and viruses. For example, meningitis, or infection of
the meninges investing the brain and spinal cord, can be caused by many
different agents. On the other hand, one specific virus causes rabies. Some
viruses causing neurological ills affect only certain parts of the nervous
system. For example, the virus causing poliomyelitis commonly affects
the spinal cord; viruses causing encephalitis attack the brain.
Inflammations of the. nervous system are named according to the
part affected. Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord; neuritis is an
inflammation of a nerve. It may be caused not only by infection but also by
poisoning, alcoholism, or injury. Tumors originating in the nervous system
usually are composed of meningeal tissue or neuroglia (supporting tissue)
cells, depending on the specific part of the nervous system affected, but
other types of tumor may metastasize to or invade the nervous system
In certain disorders of the nervous system, such as neuralgia, migraine,
and epilepsy, no evidence may exist of organic damage. Another disorder,
cerebral palsy, is associated with birth defects.

ENGLISH IN
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 $$p.
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8. Acenstic
I.olfactory nerve (vestienlececặlear)
..... smell nerve
ij§: 2. optic nerve
Hearing and balance
9. Glossopharyngeal
ito’lTv- E. Vision nerve
T aste and throat
sensations
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IIP 3 ,4 ,6
0(«U ẹạtir,tradtle« r,
\'h‘*r an* iM io t M nerves
Eye mvvements
5. Trigemln*! nerve
Faciei sensation and
. Jaw movements
?. racial nerve —
Facial expressions to . Vases nerve
and ta ste breathing, circulation,
and digestion
12. Hypoglossal nerve 11 . spinal accessary nerve
Tongue movements Movements of neck
and hack muscles

Cranial Nerves
Whereas most major nerves emerge from the spinal cord, the 12 pairs of cranial nerves project
directly from the brain. All but 1 pair relay .motor or sensory information (or both); the tenth, or
vagus nerve, affects visceral functions such as heart rate, vasoconstriction, and contraction o f the
smooth muscle found in the walls of the trachea, stomach, and intestine.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF BONES

' Measurement 1: Proportion

' Measurement 2: Quantity
Cause and effect

R e a d the fo llo w in g p a ssa g e ca refu lly before yo u do th e

comprehension exercises.
OSTEOBLASTS One type of cells
is the osteoblast, which is associated
with the construction or deposition of
new bone material and the repair of
broken bones. Osteoblasts are found
in most surfaces of the bone and in
many cavities. The Osteoblasts secrete
an organic material which, after being
secreted combined mainly to form the
collagen fibers,1make up the organic
matrix o f the bone.
A small portion of osteoblastic
activity occurs continually in all living
bones so that at least some new bone
matrix is constantly being formed. The matrix in turn possesses a
special property, which causes calcium phosphate precipitation. During
this early mineralization o f bone, these initial deposits of calcium and
phosphate are gradually transformed into a more permanent type of
calcium salt. This transformation into the harder and more durable
crystals requires anywhere from several weeks to months.
OSTEOCLASTS The osteoclast appears to have the task of
dissolving or absorbing bits of bone that are no longer important to
the efficient design o f the skeleton.
ENGLISH IN
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 Osteoclasts which are located in many cavities throughout all
bones, can form from osteocytes, osteoblasts or even from fibroblasts
in the bone marrow.
It is believed that the bone absorption results from osteoclastic
secretion of acids that digest or dissolve the organic matrix and
simultaneously cause dissolution of the bone salts.
Normally, except in growing bones, the rate of deposition and
absorption are equal to each other so that the total mass of bone
remains constant. Osteoclasts actually eat holes in large areas o f the
bone; while in other areas, new bone is formed. Usually osteoclasts
exist in large masses and once a mass of osteoclasts begin to develop,
it usually eats away at the bone about three weeks. At the end of
this time the osteoclasts are connected to osteoblasts and new bone
begins to develop. The new bone is laid down in successive layers
on the inner surface of the cavities until the hole is filled up. Each
new area of bone deposited in this way is called osteon.
OSTEOCYTES The osteocyte, the remaining type of cell, is a
former osteoblast that has been trapped in a tiny space within the
bone. The osteocytes is assigned the job of maintaining the bone
around it, using repair material it gets from the blood flowing through
nearby capillaries.
JThe continual deposition and absorption of bone has a number
of physiologically important functions.
Bone ordinarily adjusts its sfrength in proportion to the degree of
bone stress. Consequently, bones thicken when subjected to heavy
loads. The bones of athletes, for instance, become considerably
heavier than those of non-athletes. Also, if a person has one leg
in a cast and walks on the opposite leg, the bone in the cast will
become thin and decalcified, while the opposite bone remains thick
and normally calcified. Therefore, continual physical stress stimulates
osteoblastic deposition of bone.
The same is true when a bone is fractured, for the osteoblasts in
the area are activated. Within a short time a callus forms around the
break. This large bulge of osteoblastic tissue and new bone matrix
soon begins to harden as calcium salts are deposited. Then, after the
callus has served its purpose, osteoblasts slowly shave-it away.------
The normal toughness of bone is generally maintained by the
ENGLISH IN
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 constant formation o f new bone matrix. However, when bone ages,
it become relatively weak and brittle as the old matrix begins to
degenerate. Because the rates o f deposition and absorption o f n e w
matrix are slower in the bones o f the aged, their bones show m ore
brittleness than the bones o f children, in whom the rates o f deposition
and absorption are rapid.

I.COMPREHENSION
C.l.TRUE/FALSE
I f the statem ent is TRUE, p u t a T on the line, i f it is FALSE p u t
Ỉ
an F on it.
____1. Toughness of bone is maintained by the replacement of old
material with new.
__ _ 2. Osteoclasts destroy bone that Is vital to the body.
___ 3. Bones grow stronger if they are under constant stress.
____4. New bone is deposited in layers, one on top of another.
____5. A bone which is not used will become thin and decalcified.
___ 6. Osteocytes demolish new bone as it is being formed.
____7. Bone tends to be more brittle in old than In young people.
____8. Bone is deposited in proportion to a person's height.
____9. The strength of bone normally stays about the same because
of the continual deposition of new bone matrix.
____10. D eposition and absorption proceed at a faster pace in
children's bones than in adults'.
____11. Osteoclasts give off acids which help In the calcification of bone.
____12. When the callus is no longer useful, it is dissolved by the
osteoclasts.
^___ 13. During osteoclastic activity, there is no deposition of new
bone matrix.
c . 2.MULTIPLE-CHOICE
Write the letter o f the item which B E ST completes the statem ent on
the blank to .show you that you understand w hat you have read.
____1. The strength o f bone normally Increases if stress on the
....-..........b o n e ........ ...............................
(A) varies (B) decreases (C) increases (D) stops

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 ___ 2. The organic matrix i s ____by osteoblastic activity.
(A) deposited (B) repaired (C) maintained (D) digested
___ 3. Bones of athletes may become heavier than those of n o n ­
athletes because____
(A) athletes always weigh more than non-athletes.
(B) athletes' bones remain thick and normal calcified.
(C) athletes' bones receive more stress.
(D) athletes' bones are naturally tougher.
____4. Osteoclasts are found in th e _____ of bone.
(A) outer layers (B) hollow spaces
. (C) calcium salts (D) collagen fibers
___ 5. The organic matrix and the bone salts are absorbed____
(A) when the callus is formed.
(B) at the same time.
(C) when the bone Is subjected to heavy loads,
(D) until the hole is filled up.
___ 6. Decalcification is the result of _____
(A) a bone fracture (B) secretion of the osteoblasts
(C) osteoclastic activity (D) weakening of the bone
___ 7. The osteocyte depends on the ____ to carry out its task.
(A) osteoblasts (B) blood (C) calcium salts (D) osteon
___ 8.The total amount of bone usually_____
(A) varies little
■ (B) increases as bone ages
(C) varies greatly from year to year
(D) lessens as stress increases

ILVOCABULARY:
Study each o f the follow ing groups o f sentences. The words p rin ted
in bold letter are fro m the reading selection.

effect, effective, efficient, effectual

The medicine the doctor prescribed had a (n) good/lmmediate effect
in relieving pain.
The noun effect also refers to a physical change of feeling in your body
that is caused by an illness or drug. E.g. the effects of seasickness.
ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 93
 M y arm went numb, then the effect passed off under the effect o f
anesthetic.
Several new drugs are effective In treating serious diseases.
Heat is an efficient cause in changing water to steam.
A skilled surgeon is efficient. He Is able to produce the effect wanted
or intended without wasting much time.
The campaign launched is an effectual means of the public about
tuberculosis.
Quinine is still an effectual preventive medicine of malaria,
dissolve, dissolution
Water dissolves salt. It becomes liquid. Salt dissolves in water. It is soluble
in water. Water is a solvent of salt. It can be held in solution in water.
develop, development
Plants develop from seed.
Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals.
A chicken develops in the egg.
Fresh air and exercise develop healthy body.
Every winter Susan develops a bad cough.
She develops an enormous appetite.
Not all alcoholics develop cirrhosis,
eat
She was too ill to eat.
Acid eats (into) metals.
The river had eaten away the banks.
If we give too much candy to our children, they'll develop a bad
eating habit. I It's bad especially for their teeth.
degenerate, degeneration
John's health and mental capacity got worse after his long illness.
The disease causes his physical and mental degeneration. He suffered
progressive deterioration of health.

EXERCISE.F ill in the blanks with words that fit into the situation.
1. Bits of bone no longer Important to t h e _________design of
the skeleton are dissolved or absorbed by osteoclasts.
2. Sugar as well as salt._________ in water.
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 3. Fresh air and exercise are necessary for th e __________ of
healthy bodies.
4. A cid s__________ metals.
5. M ental_____________is not the same as mental retardation.

V.2. WORD M E A N I N G F ind the answ er with the same m eaning

as the word(s) written in capital letters. Write the letter on the lin e
on the left.

_____1. BITS o f bone that are longer essential to the skeleton are
dissolved and absorbed by osteoclasts.
; (A) small pieces (B) small amount
(C) part of the bone (D) heads
____ 2. Osteoclasts are LOCATED in many cavities throughout all bones.
(A) places (B) inserted (C) situated (D) destroyed
____ 3. Dissolution of the matrix and bone salts occur SIMULTANEOUSLY.
(A) at the same time (B) side by side
(C) at the same speed (D) in the same manner
4. The blood pressure must remain CONSTANT.
(A) continuous (B) fixed (C) at a high level (D) continual
5. At this time the osteoclasts are CONNECTED to the osteoblasts
and new bone begins to develop.
(A) separated (B) attached (C) reached (D) sealed
____ 6. The osteoblasts are ASSIGNED the job of maintaining the bone
around It
(A) supplied (B) given (C) suggested (D) applied for
____ 7. CONSEQUENTLY, bones thicken when subjected to heavy loads.
(A) as a result (B) so (C) therefore (D) all of these
___ _8. The normal toughness of bone Is generally maintained by the
CONSTANT formation of new bone matrix.
(A) unchangeable (B) successive (C) continual (D) steady

V.3. COMPLETION Complete the blanks with the given words.

a. fibroblasts d. degenerate g. matrix
b. stress e. osteocytes h. osteoblastsic
c. osteoclasts f. holes i. osteoblasts

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 95
 1. Dissolving and absorbing bits of bone which are no longer im portant
to the efficient design of the skeleton is the task of_________ ,
2. Osteoclasts can form from _____ __________ ___or e ven
fro m ____________ in the bone marrow.
3. Osteoclasts actually e a t__________in large areas of the bone.
4. Bone ordinarily adjusts its strength inproportion to the degree
o f bone___________,
5. C o n tin u a l physical stress s t im u la t e s _______ d e p o s itio n
o f bone.
6. The norm al toughness o f bone is generally m aintained by
the constant formation of new b o n e_______
7. When bone ages, it becomes relatively weak and brittle as the
old matrix begins t o ____

III. STRUCTURE
s.l. CAUSE AND EFFECT (continued)
Study the follow ing examples:
1. It is believed that bone absorption results from osteoclastic secretion
of acids that digest or dissolve the organic matrix and simultaneously
cause dissolution of bone salts.
2. Bone ordinarily adjusts its strength in proportion to the degree
o f bone stress. Consequently, bones thicken when subjected to
heavy loads.
3. The same is true when bone is fractured, for the osteoblasts in
the area are activated.
4. ______ Therefore, continual physical stress simulates osteoblastic
deposition of bone.
Study also the follow ing expressions o f CAUSE, REASO N and
E F FE C T or RESULT.
(1 ) causes
produces
Induces
result in
leađs-tơ...-
Is responsible for

ENGLISH IN
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 is caused by
is produced by
is induced by
results from B
occurs as a result of
is due to
is attributable to

Look and read:

Edema can be caused by increased production of tissue fluid.
. Edema can be due to decreased reabsorption of tissue fluid.
Edema may occur because of/as a result of water retention in the tissue.
Note: When there is more than one possible cause, we use MAY or
CAN. if, however, the cause is certain, the present simple tense is usually
used.

Exercise 1:
F ill the blanks with proper causal verbs.
1. An excessive Intake of vitamin A ________symptoms of toxicity.
2. A deficiency in vitamin A _________bad vision.
3. Extreme deficiency of vitamin B1 beri-beri.
4. Lack of vitamin K ______ failure of blood to clot.
5. Prolonged vitamin c deficiency________to poor growth of bone.
6. Poor night vision m ay_______ from a lack of vitamin A.
7. A lack of oxygen in the lungs may be i_______by insufficient partial
pressure of oxygen in the air inhaled.
8. Diarrhea i s _____ _by germs that enter the body through dirty
drinking water.
9. Lung cancer may b e ________cigarette smoking.

EXERCISE 2:
M ake sentences using the information provided.
1. Poor night vision/vitamin A deficiency.
2. Fatlgue/lack o f vitamin B1.------ - -
3. Skin disease/a deficiency of vit.B2

ENGLISH IN
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 4. Anemia/lack of vỉt. c
5. Poor growth of bone/vit. D deficiency.
6. Poor healing of wound/an inadequate amount of v it c
Read this short passage.
There are many different reasons why people become ill. Some diseases
are hereditary, some exist from birth, and others develop later for a
number of reasons. Infectious diseases, such as influenza, tuberculosis and
typhoid fever are caused by minute organisms called bacteria and viruses.
Some other diseases, such as goiter, diabetes mellitus and Kwashiorkor
are caused by deficiency o f vitamins in the body or diet.
(3) Since
Because carbohydrate Is nọt metabolized, the blood glucose rises.
As
; therefore
Carbohydrate is not ; consequently the blood glucose level
metabolized rises. . Hence
. As a result

Carbohydrate is not ,thereby raising the blood

metabolized ,thus glucose level.

Although more than one preposition can indicate a causal relationship,

with some verbs the choice is somewhat systemic, for example, DIE. A
person dies of a malfunction in the body from something inflicted from
outside. If the location Is a factor, then in, on, and so on, are often used.
For example, all three of the following causes of a person's death could
apply simultaneously.
of a heart attack
Mrs. Brown died from too much exertion
in a traffic accident
E X E R C IS E :
M ake sentences using the information provided after the model.
Model: a. old age/Frank/die: Frank died of old age.
b. overwork/Sally/die: Sally died from overwork.
1. accident/Jim:

ENGLISH IN
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 2. cancer/uncle:___________ ______
3. burns/Betty:____________________________________
4. fire/Susan ___________________ ;______________
5. blow on the head/old man:___________________
6. airplane crash/John's family:________________________
7. fall/Juliet:_________________________ ;___________
8. loss of blood/Joe:_____________
9. serious wound: ___________________________ _

EXERCISE:
Cross out whichever phrases that do not jit the m eaning a n d
structure o f the sentence.
1. a. the cause of
b. because of
c. responsible for
d. the result of
Bad sanitation is more illnesses
e. for the reason of
and diseases
f. due to
g. for the purpose of
h. attributable to
2.

The cause of
b. Because of
c. The result of
d. Fpr reason of increased production of tissue fluid,
e. Responsible for edema develops,
f. Due to
g. Attributable to

a. the cause of
b. because of
3. An adequate c responsible for preventing poor
amount of vitamin d. for the reason of growth of bone.
Is needed e. the result of
f. due to
g. for the purpose of

ENGLISH IN
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 a. the cause of
b. because of
4. Lack of vitamin c. responsible for fatigue.
is partly d. for the reason of
e. due to
f. the result of
g. for the purpose
h. attributable to

S.2. MEASUREMENT: Proportion

B one ordinarily adjusts its strength in proportion to the degree
o f bone stress.
Pattern 1. Our head is relatively bigger at birth than at the age o f 20
proportionally
EXERCISE:
F ill in the blank with words used to express proportion.
1. When are the legs longest____________to the whole body?
2. When are the arm s___________longest?
3. When is the n eck______ thickest?
4. When is the n e ck ___________ thinnest?

Pattern 2
directly
(a) X is indirectly proportional to Y
inversely
(b) X increases in direct/inverse proportion to/with Y
(c) X and Y increase at the same rate.
(d) The less X is secreted the more Y is released
The more the less
EXERCISE
R ea d and translate into Vietnamese the follow ing statements.
1. Growth rate is directly proportional to the level of growth hormone
(GH) in the blood.
2. The more GHRF (GH-Releasing Factor) is secreted, the faster is the
growth rate.
3. Food intake is directly proportional to the body weight.
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 4. The more a person exercises, the less his body weight will be.
5. Insulin level is indirectly proportional to glucose level in t h e
blood.

IV: FREE READING

Composition of Bone
Bone consists of a chemical mixture of inorganic salts (65 to 70 percent).
and various organic substances (30 to 35 percent) and Is both hard and
elastic. Its hardness is derived from inorganic constituents, principally
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, with small amounts o f
fluorides, sulfates, and chlorides; its elasticity is derived from such organic
substances as gelatin, collagen, and traces of elastin, cellular material,
and fats. Internal tubular structures called Haversian canals contain nerve
tissues and blood vessels that provide bones with organic nourishment.
Surrounding these canals is a somewhat porous tissue composed o f
thin plates, known as lamellae, and usually containing cavities filled
with a network of connective tissue called marrow or myeloid tissue.
Bone marrow accounts for from 2 to 5 percent of the body weight of a
person and consists of tissue of two types. Yellow bone marrow is made
up principally of fat, and red bone marrow is tissue In which red and
white blood cells and blood platelets originate (see Blood). The external
portions of bones, enclosing all the components mentioned above, include
the compact and hardest of all bone tissue, which is in turn generally
sheathed by a vascular, fibrous membrane known as the periosteum.

Disorders
The body continually replaces bone through a complex interaction
among minerals In the blood, particularly calcium and phosphorus; certain
hormones; specialized bone cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts; and
the stresses and strains of bodily activity. In the disease known as rickets,
the mineral matter in bones is deficient, and the two flexible leg bones
bend under the weight of the body. In older persons, the rate of bone
resorption exceeds that of bone formation, resulting in the condition
known as osteoporosis. Symptoms include a reduction of height and a
susceptibility to fracture.
Many radioactive elements have an affinity for bone. Excessive amounts
of radiation may be stored In bone tissue and initiate a cancer. Moreover,
bone marrow Is particularly susceptible to radiation. A single exposure
ENGLISH IN
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 of 25 roentgens produces a detectable drop of circulating lymphocytes
(white blood cells). In acute radiation syndrome, first the number of w hite
blood cells and later the number of red blood cells are reduced. Both
symptoms are directly related to damage done to the blood-forming
tissue of which bone marrow is an important component.

A M u m c tic fc S im p le c *n n i(K < [

Mfeameft Iteration ■

Common Fractures
In a greenstick fracture, the bone does not break all of the way through. Fractures are called
simple, or closed, when the bone breaks but the skin does not. A compound, or open, fracture is
when the broken bone tears through the skin, introducing the dangerous possibility o f infection.
The area around a break swells and discolors, but some fractures can be detected only by X ray.
The weakened bones o f the elderly are especially susceptible to fractures.

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 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(PARTI)

R ead carefully the follow ing reading selection before you answ er
the comprehension questions.

Breathing or respiration is a
process over which man has some
control. Without this control he
cannot sing or talk. Yet, he doesn’t
completely control the respiratory
system. If he did, he would not
be able to fall asleep. Asleep, he
couldn’t tell his body to breathe. Due
to other body systems, respiratory
becomes somewhat automatic and
involuntary.
The respfratory system is made up of the nose and nasal cavities
(the sinuses, ect.), the pharynx, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs.
Air enters the body through the nostrils and passes through the
nasal cavities. Just inside the nostrils are tiny hairs or cilia.These
hairs strain or filter particles of dust and other undesirable foreign
materials from the air so thát they do not enter the lungs. The
nasal cavities are lined with a mucous membrane which secretes
or releases a somewhat thick, sticky fluid called mucus. The mucus
as well as cilia collect dust and foreign matters. Together the nose
and nasal Cavities clean, moisten, and warm the air before it enters
the lungs.
ENGLISH IN
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 From the nasal passage, the air then moves into the pharynx.
This tube serves as a passage way for both food and air. Before
going to the laiynx, the air crosses over the path used by the food
on its way to the stomach. When the air reaches the opening o f the
larynx, the flap of cartilage at the opening remains open, allowing
the air to pass into the larynx. But when food is swallowed, this
flap, called the epiglottis, folds over the opening of the larynx. If
this fails to occur, food starts down the wrong tube and causes the
person to choke. This set off the coughing reflex, which helps to
expel the foreign substance from the larynx.
I- COMPREHENSION

c.l. TRUE/FALSE I f the statem ent is TRUE, write a T on the line;

i f it is FALSE, w rite an F on the line.
1. ____ The larynx removes foreign matter from the air.
2. ____ The food goes into the wrong passage, a person will start
coughing.
3. ____ Large hairs line the inside of the nostrils.
4. ____ The larynx is closed when the food is swallowed.
5. ____ Mucous comes from the bone marrow,
6. ____ The pharynx leads to both the stomach and the lungs.
7. Breathing is completely involuntary and automatic
8. 1 When a person speaks, he must control his breathing rate.
. 9.______The nasal cavities are lines with a thick, sticky fluid.

C.2.MULTIPLE CHOICE
Choose A, B, c, or D to complete each o f the follow ing Statements.
1. If a m an had to te ll his body to breathe, he co u ld
never___________.
(A) control his respiration (B) sing or talk
(C) go to sleep (D) breathe
2. Air begins Its jo u rn e y to the lungs through the body at

(A) the pharynx------ (C) the lungs

(B) the nasal cavities (D) the nostrils

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 3. The nose and nasal cavities have the job o f ______________ .
(A) taking the air to the heart
(B) controlling the temperature of the air
(C) closing the larynx
(D) filtering the cilia from the air
4. Both food and air move through_______________ ,
(A) the nasal passage (B) the larynx
(C) the nostrils (D) the pharynx
5. When the food is swallowed, the epiglottis__________
(A) carries the food into the stomach
'(B) allows the food to pass through the larynx
(C) closes over the larynx
(D) starts the coughing reflex
6. The hairs in the nose act as____________ ,
(A) heaters (B) flaps to close off the nasal cavities
(C) filters (D) controls
7. The epiglottis is a piece of___________ ,
(A) tough tissue (C) hair
(B) sticky fluid (D) soft bone
8 l A person will start coughing if_____________ .
(A) he breathes (B) air reaches the opening of the larynx
(C) food enters the larynx (D) the epiglottis closes
9. When the coughing reflex is set off, the person_____________ .
(A) starts the coughing reflex automatically (B) begins to choke
(C) thinks he must cough (D) makes himself cough

II.VOCABULARY Widen y o u r vocabulary range by doing the

follow ing exercises.

v.l. WORD U S A G E
Study the use o f the follow ing words printed in bold letters.
They are selected from the reading selection.
process
By what process or processes is cloth made from wool?
The process of bones is the part that grows out or sticks o u t
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 The third chapter of the book gives a general description o f the
processes of fertilization, reproduction growth.
The process of the disease is complex.
Vegetables and fruit nowadays are all further processed b e fo re
consumers buy them, but the whole, organic foods prove to be m ore
nutritious than processed foods.
In the process of time the construction o f the new health station w ill
be finished.

fall
The ampoule falls off the table and broke.
The patient's temperature falls rapidly.
After several days of hard working, the old man began to M l sick.
The mortality has fallen by 20% with the introduction of this new
preparation into treatment.

voluntary, involuntary
People often contribute to the Red Cross at their free will. They
are not compelled to do so. The Red Cross always asks for voluntary
contributions.
These people received no fees for the work they did in the voluntary
hospital.
Some bodily movements are nqt controlled by the will, for example
breathing or respiration is mainly Involuntary because asleep, we can't
tell our body to breathe.

strain
Many people doing this sort of job often suffer from nervous strain.
Do you often suffer from the strain of modern life ?
Penicillin cannot destroy these bacteria because they resist to It. They
belong to penicillin-resistant strain of bacteria.
Strain also causes injury to a part of your body that Is caused by using
it too much or by twisting It awkwardly.
Both of us were suffering from back strain (We strained our back.)
She looked strained and tired.
The women strained the boy to her bosom. She held him tightly.

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 collect
The membrane lining the nasal cavities secretes mucus which together
with the cilia they collect dust and foreign matter.
Before you begin to make a research, you should collect the required
materials and facts.
The teacher told the boy to collect all the waste papers lying about
after the public picnic and burn it.
choke
When you choke or when something chokes you, you are unable to
breathe properly because you cannot get enough air into your lungs.
. Philip choked on his drink.
The little boy was found choked to death.

V.2. COMPLETION
Com plete each statem ent with the proper words you choose fro m
those given on the left.
FOREIGN 1. The true cause of this rare disease_______ unknown.
PHARYNX 2. Birth is a vital measure to slow down the
birth rate in countries where there Is an explosion
of population.
CONTROL 3. Artificial_______ Is the procedure for causing the air
to flow Info and from the lungs by any mechanical
means when natural breathing ceases.
RESPIRATION 4. If _________objects are swallowed, they most
often pass harmlessly along the food passage and
are excreted.
REMAINS 5. The nose and the_________ also takes part in
conveying the air to and from the lungs.
CONTROLS 6. We can, If we wish, stop breathing o r ___________
Increase either the rate or depth of respiration for
a short time.
LARYNX 7. A nerve center in the hind brain, called the
respiratory center_______respiration.
VOLUNTARILY 8. The pharynx leads to two passages: One, the
esophagus which is for food, and the other, the
is for air.

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E X E R C I S E F O R P R A C T I C E : F ill in the blanks with words y o u
have ju s t studied.
1. Breathing is a over which man has only some control.
2. Due to other body systems, respiration becomes som ew hat
automatic and__________.
3. Just inside the nostrils are tiny hairs or cilia w h ich ___________ or
filters particles of dust from the air so that they do not enter the lungs.
4. The mucus as well as the cilia__________dust and foreign matter.
5. When food is swallowed, the epiglottis folds over the opening of
the larynx. If this fails to occurs, the food starts down the wrong
tube and causes the person to choke.

V.3. WORD MEANING Replace the words printed in capital letters

with the ones from the reading selection that have same meaning.
1. Respiration Is an Involuntary process. It is unable to control it
ENTIRELY.
2. Dust and undesirable foreign materials are REMOVED from the air
we breath in by tiny hairs just inside the nostrils
3. Before the air enters the lungs, it is cleaned) MADE SLIGHTLY WET
and warmed by the nose and nasal cavities.
4. The pharynx FUNCTIONS as a passageway for both food and air.
5. When the air GETS TO the opening of the larynx, THE FLAP
OF CARTILAGE at the opening remains open to let the air enter
the pharynx.
. 6. When the epiglottis cannot cover the opening of the larynx, food
BEGINS TO ENTER the wrong tube and causes you to choke, which
CAUSES the coughing reflex TO START HAPPENING.This reflex helps
TO SEND the food OUT FROM the larynx.

V.4.TÈRMINOLOGY

EXERCISE 1: Deduce which o f the words on the left have the meaning
provided on the right.
1. bronchitis a. Plastic reconstruction of the nose.
2. tracheotomy b. Removal of the larynx.
3. nasoplasty c. Examination of the Interior of the larynx.

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 4. laryngectomy d. incision into the trachea, usually for insertion
o f tube to overcome tracheal obstruction.
5. laryngoscope e. Inflammation of the bronchus.
6. pulmonary f. Inflammation of the lungs.
7. pneumonia g. Concerning the lungs.

in. STRUCTURE
s .l. FOREIGN PLURAL FORMATION Study carefully this table
to know how English medical terms borrowed from Latin and G reek
are turned into plural.

SINGULAR PLURAL EXAMPLES

ENDINGS
a ae formula - formulae
es es species - species
is es analysis - analyses
on a phenomenon - phenomena
urn a flagellum - flagella
us 1 stimulus - stimuli
ix ces appendix - appendices
ex ces index - indices

N ote: M any foreign words also have regular English plural in

addition to the foreign form s.
e.g.: formula - formulae or formulas
criterion - criteria or criterion's
fungus - fungi or funguses
appendix - appendices or appendixes

EXERCISE 2
a. Give the plurals of the following terms: spectrum, coccus, axis, ovum,
bacterium, curriculum, basis, cerebellum, neurosis, epiglottis, esophagus,
diagnosis, nucleus, sternum, diagnosis.
b. Give the singular forms of the following terms: formulae, theses, strata,
criteria, vertebrae, indices, data, bacteria, crises, bacilli, radii, hypotheses,
curricula, viruses, syllabi, larynges, ova, pelves, larvae, pylori.

ENGLISH IN
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 S.2. INVERSION AFTER ADVERBIAL OF PLACE (Inversion
o f Subject)
In narrative and descriptive writing, it is common to begin sentences
with adverbial expressions like in the neck, round the corner, in th e !
mouth... When these are followed by intransitive verbs like "come, lie,
stand live, walk, be situated... inversion is common. The whole verb
is put before the subject.
On the hill in fro n t o f my house stood a very big statue.
R ound the corner w alked a policem an.
Just inside the nostrils are tiny hairs called cilia.
Inversion of this kind can be applied to sentences whose verbal
phrases designate location and direction. The verbs can be any verb
that includes the meaning of a final state.
Inversion of subjects also occurs when the subject is important.

A n accum ulation o f the inventions and discoveries o fp a st ages

makes up todays science - M aking up today’s science is an
accum ulation o f the inversion and discoveries o f p a st ages.

EXERCISE 3 Rearrange the follow ing sentences, using the technique

o f inversion.
1. The genes which passes on certain traits from one generation to
another lie in the nucleus.
2. An automatic nerve center is located in the wall of the right auricle.
. 3. Fibers of combined muscular and nervous characteristics run from
this center.
4. The pituitary gland is located just under the brain.
5. A group of cells called Islets of Langerhans is embedded in the
pancreas.
6. Many minute blood vessels surround each alveolus or air sac.
7. Oxygen and sulfur also fall into this group.

ENGLISH IN
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 IV. FREE READING
1. Breathing in Humans
Although the words breathing and respiration are sometimes used
interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. Breathing is the process
of moving oxygen-rich air into and out of the lungs. In respiration, b o d y
cells use oxygen to create energy, forming carbon dioxide as a w aste
product that is exhaled.
Because body cells are constantly using up oxygen and producing
carbon dioxide, the lungs work continuously. An adult normally breathes
from 14 to 20 times per minute, but vigorous exercise can raise the rate
to 80 breaths per minute. A child's rate of breathing at rest is faster than
an adult's at rest, and a newborn baby has a rate of about 40 breaths
per minute. In general, smaller animals have faster breathing rates than
larger animals. A rat, for example, breathes about 60 times per minute,
while a horse breathes only about 12 times per minute.
The process of breathing is generally divided into two phases,
inspiration and expiration. In inspiration, air is moved Into the lungs. In
expiration, air is forced out of the lungs. The lungs themselves have no
muscle tissue. Their movements are controlled by the rib cage and the
diaphragm. During inspiration the muscles around thè rib cage contract,
lifting the ribs upward and outward, and lowering the dome of the
diaphragm until it forms a nearly flat sheet. As a result of these changes, the
chest cavity expands. Because the lungs are attached to the chest cavity,
they also expand. With the enlargement of the lungs, air pressure inside
the lungs falls below the pressure of the air outside the body, creating
a partial vacuum, and air from outside the body rushes into the lungs.
The amount of air normally taken into the lungs In a single breath
during quiet breathing is called the tidal volume. In adults the tidal volume
is equal to about 0.5 liters (about 1 qt). The lungs can hold about ten
times this volume if they are filled to capacity. This maximum amount,
called the vital capacity, is generally about 3.8 liters (about 4 qt), but
varies from one individual to the next. Athletes, for example, can have a
vital capacity of as much as 4.8 to 5.7 liters (5 to 6 qt). The vital capacity
is reached only during strenuous exercise.
In expiration the muscles that lift the rib cage and lower the diaphragm
relax. As a result, the rib cage and the diaphragm return to their original
positions, and the lungs contract with them, with each contraction of

ENGLISH IN
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the lungs the air inside them is forced out.
A person can alter the rate of breathing and can even stop breathing for
a short time. But it is impossible to voluntarily stop breathing perma nently
because breathing, like the heartbeat, is an involuntary activity controlled
by nerve centers in the brain stem, the lower part of the brain.
These centers are connected with the muscles of the rib cage and
diaphragm, and they increase or decrease the rate of breathing according
to the needs of the body.

2. Respiration
In the life-supporting process of respiration, oxygen from incom ing air
enters the blood; and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from the metabolism
of food, is exhaled into the atmosphere. Air entering the lungs contains
about 21 percent oxygen and 0.04 percent carbon dioxide. Air leaving the
lungs contains about 14 percent oxygen and about 4.4 percent carbon
dioxide. The composition of the air changes between inspiration and
expiration, when the air is deep in the lung tissue.
The exchange o f gases takes place when air reaches the alveoli.
These small sacs are only one cell thick, and they are surrounded by
blood capillaries that are also only one cell thick. Air diffuses through
these cells into the capillary blood, which carries the oxygen-rich air to
the heart to be distributed throughout the body. In the alveoli, at the
same time, gaseous carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the
lung and Is expired.

Inhalation Exhalation
Air drawn into lungs Air forced out of lungs

Intercostal
' muscles
relax

Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes

and flattens and moves up

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 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(PART II)

. Comparison of Graduation and Proportion

*"*'■1(y_’y'*'
Location (Non-technical Terms)
3«j r ? 7 w S ^ * Ì * tf f V"-

R ead the follow ing reading selection carefully before you do the
comprehension exercises.

The larynx or voice box is located

below the pharynx. The vocal cords
within the larynx are surround and
protected by nine cartilages. The
cords vibrate when air is forced from
the lungs through the larynx. The
vibrations produce sound or speech.
The trachea, consisting mostly
of horse-shoe-shaped cartilages, is a
continuation of the larynx. The trachea
divides into the right and the left
bronchi, which enter the lungs. Each
bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller and smaller bronchioles.
The bronchioles lead into the alveoli or tiny air sacs of the lungs.
The right and the left lungs lie within the thoracic cage on either
side o f the heart. The contraction and expansion of the lungs is
caused by diaphragmatic action. The diaphragm, which is a sheet of
muscle attached to the ribs and spinal column, contracts and relaxes
during respiration.
The billions of air sacs of the lungs have thin, membranous walls.
Surrounding each alveolus or air sac are many minute blood vessels.
This relationship between the air sacs and the capillaries forms the
basis for chemical respiration.

ENGLISH IN
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it
 During inspiration the oxygen of the outside air enters the air sacs
and then passes into the blood of the capillaries. At the same time, the
carbon dioxide in the capillaries enters the sacs and is expelled into the
respiratory passageways through the pharynx during expiration. Thus,
inspiration is the taking of oxygen into the blood; while expừation is the
removal of carbon dioxide from the blood and expelling it into the air.

I. COMPREHENSION
c .l . TRUE/ALSE I f the statem ent is TRUE, w rite a T on the line,
i f FALSE, write an F.
___1. The vocal cords are located between the larynx and the pharynx.
___2. Oxygen goes into the alveoli before if enters the blood.
___3. The movement of air against the vocal cords produces speech.
___4. Carbon dioxide leaves the body during inspiration.
__ ;5. The trachea is made up of a thin, muscular membrane.
___6. At the end of many divisions and subdivisions of the bronchi are
tiny air sacs.
___7. Expiration occurs when oxygen enters the air sacs of the lungs
___8. Relaxation of the diaphragm causes the lungs to expand.
___9. During respiration, oxygen is taken into the body and carbon
dioxide is removed from the body.
___10. The capillaries which surround the air sacs of the lungs are
large, blood-filled tubes.
___11. The bronchioles are small tubes which branch off from the bronchi.

C.2. MULTUPLE CHOICE

Circle the letter o f the item which B E ST com pletes the statem ent
to show that yo u understand the reading selection .
___1. The lungs are connected to the trachea by ___ _______ .
(A) the vocal cord. (B) the alveoli.
(C) the bronchi. (D) the diaphragm.
___2. The lungs consist of . ______ .
(A) the bronchioles. (B) oxygen.
(C) the alveoli. (D) all of the preceding.
__3. The air sacs of the lungs are encircle b y ___________ .
(A) air, (B) oxygen

ENGLISH IN
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 (C) blood capillaries (D) tough membrane.
___4. The cartilage of the trachea Is shaped lik e __________ .
(A) a horse-shoe, (B) the letter c
(C) a shoe. (D) a square box.
___5. The alveoli g e t________from the blood
(A) membrane, (B) oxygen,
(C) blood, (D) carbon dioxide.
___6. There i s ______around the cords which move back and forth
when a person talks.
(A) bone (B) muscle
(C) tough tissue (D) a thin membrane
J__ 7. The blood vessels which surround the air sacs receive_______
from them.
(A) blood (B) oxygen
(C) cointractions (D) bronchioles
___8. During inspiration, a person is ______.
(A) taking air into the body
(B) neither of the preceding
(C) breathing out
(D) both of the preceding
9. The larynx is also calle d ______,
(A) the pharynx (B) the vocal cords
C) the voice box (D) none of the preceding
___10. The relationship between the air sacs and the capillaries is what
. makes
(A) a person talk (B) a person in ha I
(C) breathing possible (D) expansion of the lungs possible.
C.3. INTENSIVE QUESTIONING Answer the follow ing questions.
1. What is found below the pharynx?
2. What surround and protects the vocal cords?
3. What happens to the cords when the air is forced from the lungs
to the pharynx?
4. How sound or speech is produced?
5. What is bronchiole?
6. What protects the lungs?

ENGLISH IN
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 7. What is diaphragm?
8. What causes the lungs to expand?
9. What surrounds each air sac or alveolus?
10. What gas leaves the body when we exhale?

n. VOCABULARY
V.l.WORD STUDY
contract, contraction, contractible, contractile
Cold causes the contraction of liquids, gases, metals ect.; heat causes
expansion. That means some substances and materials expand with th e
heat and contract with cold.
When our muscles contract or when we contract them, they tighten
and become smaller. A muscle that draws together some part of the
body is called a contractor.
When you contract an illness like pneumonia, you become ill with it.
A general practitioner contracts with the state to provides a medical
service.
The contraction of mercury by cold makes the thermometer go down,

relax
When a part of your body relaxes (e.g. the relaxation of your muscles)
it becomes less stiff or firm.
After hard work, it Is necessary for US to have some rest and relaxation
That means we should lie back and relax
John is watching the muscles of his arm hardening and relaxing.
The lungs expand at the relaxation of the diaphragm.

EXERCISE FORPRACTICEF ill in the blanks with appropriate

words.
1. When a m uscle________ , it becomes less stiff or firm.
2. The number of people tuberculosis is becoming bigger.
3. The action of the diaphragm causes the lungs to _ _ _ _ _ and

4. After hard work you should sit back for so m e_________

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 V.2. SIMILAR / DIFFERENT Write an s on
the line i f the p a ir s
o f words or phrases are SIM ILAR in meaning, and a D if they are
DIFFERENT.
1. Make up/construct 16. Allow/permit
2. Pass through/extend 17. Occur/happen
3. Due to/because of 18. Flap/cover
4. Collect/release 19. Expel/take
5. Distant/near 20. Remain/stay behind
6. Box/triangular 21. Dampen/dry
7. Gather/collect 22. Accidentally/on purpose
8. Sticky/glue 23. Awake/asleep
9. Fluid/liquid 24. Hair/cilia
10. Flap/hole 25. Set off/stop
11. foreign/strange 26. Transported/carried
12. undesirable/vital 27. Tube/lining
13. filter/strain 28. Speech/sound
14. thick/tough 29. Basic/primary
15. fold/bend 30. Expand/contract

V.3. MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the word which closely expresses

the same meaning o f the w ord which is underlined.
1. The vibration of the vocal cords produce sound
(A) stopping (B) closing (0 moving (D) resting (E) a and b
2. The trachea is a continuance of the larynx.
(A) an extension (B) a closure (C) a shortening
(D) the beginning (E) none
3. The diaphragm contracts and relaxes during respiration
(A) expands (B) strengthens
(C) loosens up (D) tightens up (E) a and d
4. The alveoli are surrounded by minute blood vessels.
(A) tiny (B) round
(C) enlarged (D) short (E)a and s
5. The contraction and expansion o f the lungs is caused by
diaphragmatic action.

ENGLISH IN . . .
MEDICINE! 117
 (A) shrinking (B) enlargement
(C) dropping (D) stretching (E) spreading

6. The trachea is shaped like a hollow column.

(A) triangle (B) box
(C) horse-shoe (D) tube (E) none of these
7. The two lungs are inside the thoracic cavity.
(A) are wedged between (B) enter through
(C) are above and below (D) lie within (E) none of these
8. The bronchioles are the paths to the alveoli.
(A) go around (B) go past
(C) surround (D) lead (E) all of these
9. Carbon dioxide is taken out of the body during expiration.
(A) removed from (B) sent out
(C) exhaled from (D) all of these
10. When choking, coughing reflex helps to expel foreiqn materials
from the larynx.
(A) undesirable (B) vital
(C) necessary (D) b and a (E) none o f these

V.4.COMPLETION:
Write on the blank the letter o f the item which B E ST com pletes
the sentence.
____ i.1. A sponge will hold a lot of________
(A) water (B) liquid
(C) moisture (D) fluid (E) all of these
_____2. When a child is poorly disciplined, the parents have little_____
over him.
(A) control (B) control
(C) protection (D) trouble (E) experience
_____3. If a person i s _______ paralyzed he cannot move at all.
(A) completely (B) nearly
(C) about (D) totally (E) a and d
_____4. An action is done without the will is _______ .
(A) a voluntary act (B) automatic
(C) an Involuntary (D) b and c (E) none of these

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 5. W hen a person has a hole in his tooth he is said to h a v e

(A) a sore (B) an illness

(C) a cavity (D) a handicap (E) all of these
_____6. Something which is divided more than once is _______ .
(A) doubled (B) expanded
(C) subdivided (D) strengthened
_____7. Water contains hydrogen oxygen.
(A) but not (B) without
(C) Instead of (D) as well as (E) plus

V.5. T E R M I N O L O G Y IN , O U T , T O , F R O M , O U T

M atch the correct m eanings w ith the appropriate

E X E R C I S E 1:
words, fo r each o f the sets o f words and meanings below.
(1) Abduct To draw away from
Adduct To draw towards

(2) Afferent Conducting outwards

Efferent Conducting towards

(3) Expire To breath in

r Inspire To breathe out

(4) Eccrine Secreting outwards

Apocrine Secreting when part of the secreting cell separates.

E X E R C I S E 2:

Answer the follow ing questions.

(1) Where would you expect to find the adrenal glands?
(2) Does the abnerval electric current pass towards or away from
a nerve?
(3) What does adoral mean?
(4) What is the meaning and derivation o f the prefix encephalo-?
(5) Which of the definitions on the right apply to the words listed
on the left?
(a) Inferent (1) to cut out
(b) Inversion (2) profusion of the eyeball
(c) exophthalmos (3) to make a cut in

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MEDICINE 1 119
 (d) encolpism (4) a turning outwards
(e) excise (5) afferent
(f) eversion (6) medication by vaginal injection
(g) incise (7) a turning inwards

III. S T R U C T U R E
A. C O M P A R IS O N O F P R O P O R T IO N A N D G R A D U A TIO N
a) graduation: ...-er and ..-er/móre...and more...
b) proportion: the ...-er/more ..., the ..-er/more...
STU D Y the follow ing statem ents.
1. Each bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller and smaller
bronchioles.
2. The fluid gets thicker and thicker.
3. His heart beats faster and faster.
4. His condition is becoming more and more serious.
5. The least she eats the fatter she becomes.
6. The more a person exercises, the less his body weight will be.
EX ER C IS E
Translate into Vietnamese the follow ing sentences.
1. The greater the amount of cigarettes smoked, the greater the risk
o f getting lung cancer.
2. The more severe the disease, the more difficult the cure.
3. His body temperature goes higher and higher.
4. The old man's mental status was getting worse and worse.
5. The more GH-RF is secreted by the hypothalamus, the faster the
growth rate.
6. The higher the plasma protein level, the higher the osmotic pressure.
7. The higher the fever, the greater the drop in body temperature
produced by aspirin.
8. More and more traffic accidents occur in big cities nowadays.

S.2. E X P R E S S I O N S O F L O C A T I O N (1Son-technical term s o f

location)
In order to describe the various positions of any organs or parts of the body
or lesions on or In the body, we can use each of the following patterns:

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120 MEDICINE 1
 below
above
(1) X is just below
behind
at the sides of
The head Is below and between the shoulder.

situated
( 2) X is located
found
embedded
The larynx is located below the diaphragm

lies In / within
extends from
(3)
runs across
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon

above
below
(4) (Just) under X is Y
behind

Below the gallbladder is the liver.

Just inside the nostrils are tiny hairs.

Lying behind
Surrounding
Embedded in
(5) X is Y
Located under
Situated near

Surrounding each alveolus are many minute blood vessels.

Embedded in the pancreas are Islets of Langerhans

EXERCISE C hoose the appropriate words after looking at th is

illustration.
1. The thorax is situated (between/above) the neck and th e
abdomen.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 121
 2. The sternum is located (in front of/below) the heart.
3. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are found (above/behind) th e
thorax.
4. The ribs are situated (between/at the sides of) the thorax.
5. The diaphragm is located (below/at the sides of) the ribs and
sternum.
6. The clavicles are (below/above) the sternum.

EXERCISE 2
Complete the statem ents.
1. The stomach lies between the liver a n d __________
2. _______is situated above th e _______ and the descending colon.
3. The small intestine is located between_______ a n d __________
4. ________is to the right of the spleen.
5. The transverse colon lie s_________the stomach.
6. The stomach is ________the liver.
7. The pancreas is located to the left o f __________
8. ________is situated below the small intestine.
9. The gallbladder lies below_______a n d ________ the duodenum.
10. The heart I situated immediately b ehind ______
11._______lies on the either side of the vertebral column.
12._______are found at the bottom end of the vertebral column.

IV, FREE READING

Lung, either of a pair of elastic, spongy organs used in breathing and
respiration. Lungs are present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most
amphibians and a few species of fish also have lungs.
In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the chest cavity from
the collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of muscle
that walls off the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. At birth the
lungs are pink, but as a person ages, they become gray and mottled from
tiny particles breathed in with the air. Generally, people who live in cities
and industrial areas have darker lungs than those who live in the country.
Structure of the Lungs
Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and passages. It
enters the body through the nostrils or the mouth, passing down the

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 throat to the larynx, or voice box, and then to the trachea, or windpipe.
In the chest cavity the trachea divides into two branches, called the right
arid left bronchi or bronchial tubes, that enter the lungs.
In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 1.2 inches) long
and roughly conical. The left lung is divided into two sections, or lobes:
the superior and the inferior. The right lung Is somewhat larger than the
left lung and is divided into three lobes: the superior, middle, and Inferior.
The two lungs are separated by a structure called the mediastinum, w hich
contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels. Both right and
left lungs are covered by an external membrane called the pleura. The
outer layer of the pleura forms the lining of the chest cavity.
' The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes of less than
1.02 mm (less than 0.04 inch) in diameter. These tubes, called bronchioles,
divide Into even narrower tubes, called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct
ends in a grapelike cluster of thin-walled sacs, called alveoli (a single sac is
called an alveolus). From 300 million to 400 million alveoli are contained in
each lung. The air sacs of both lungs have a total surface area of about 93
sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly 50 times the total surface area of the skin.
In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a vast
network of blood vessels. Each alveolus is surrounded by many tiny
capillaries, which receive blood from arteries and empty into veins. The
arteries join to form the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the
pulmonary veins.These large blood vessels connect the lungs with the heart.

Breathing
Although the words breathing and respiration are sometimes used
interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. Breathing is the process
of moving oxygen-rich air into and out of the lungs. In respiration, body
cells use oxygen to create energy, forming carbon dioxide as a waste
product that is exhaled.
Because body cells are constantly using up oxygen and producing
carbon dioxide, the lungs work continuously. An adult normally breathes
from 14 to 20 times per minute, but vigorous exercise can raise the rate
to 80 breaths per minute. A child's rate of breathing at rest Is faster than
an adult's at rest, and a newborn baby has a rate of about 40 breaths
per minute. In general, smaller animals have faster breathing rates than
larger animals. A rat, for example, breathes about 60 times per minute,
while a horse breathes only about 12 times per minute.
The process o f breathing is generally divided into two phases,
ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 123
 inspiration and expiration. In inspiration, air is moved into the lungs. In
expiration, air Is forced out of the lungs. The lungs themselves have no
muscle tissue. Their movements are controlled by the rib cage and the
diaphragm. During inspiration the muscles around the rib cage contract,
lifting the ribs upward and outward, and lowering the dome of th e
diaphragm until it forms a nearly flat sheet. As a result of these changes, the
chest cavity expands. Because the lungs are attached to the chest cavity,
they also expand. With the enlargement of the lungs, air pressure inside
the lungs falls below the pressure of the air outside the body, creating
a partial vacuum, and air from outside the body rushes into the lungs.
The amount of air normally taken into the lungs in a single breath
< during quiet breathing Is called the tidal volume. In adults the tidal volum e
is equal to about 0.5 liters (about 1 pt). The lungs can hold about ten
times this volume If they are filled to capacity. This maximum amount,
called the vital capacity, is generally about 3.8 liters (about 4 qt), but
varies from one individual to the next. Athletes, for example, can have a
vital capacity of as much as 4.8 to 5.7 liters (5 to 6 qt). The vital capacity
is reached only during strenuous exercise.
In expiration the muscles that lift the rib cage and lower the diaphragm
relax. As a result, the rib cage and the diaphragm return to their original
positions, and the lungs contract with them. With each contraction o f
the lungs the air inside them is forced out.
A person can alter the rate of breathing and can even stop breathing
for a short time. But it is impossible to voluntarily stop breathing
permanently because breathing, like the heartbeat, Is an involuntary
activity controlled by nerve centers in the brain stem, the lower part o f
the brain. These centers are connected with the muscles of the rib cage
and diaphragm, and they increase or decrease the rate of breathing
according to the needs of the body.

Respiration
In the life-supporting process of respiration, oxygen from incoming air
enters the blood; and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from the metabolism
of food, is exhaled into the atmosphere. Air entering the lungs contains
about 21 percent oxygen and 0.04 percent carbon dioxide. Air leaving the
lungs contains about 14 percent oxygen and about 4.4 percent carbon
dioxide. The composition of the air changes between inspiration and
expiration, when the air is deep in the lung tissue.
The exchange of gases takes place when air reaches the alveoli. These

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 small sacs are only one cell thick, and they are surrounded by b lo o d
capillaries that are also only one cell thick. Air diffuses through these cells
into the capillary blood, which carries the oxygen-rich air to the heart to be
distributed throughout the body. In the alveoli, at the same time, gaseous
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lung and is expired.

Illustration 1: Human lungs

Alveoli
Aorta I Bronchus

T ra c h e a

Pulmonary
arte rie s '
superior
ueria c av a

h f i r r n o n t l Bfcrctrflẩkm

Though the right lung has three lobes, the left lung, with a cleft to accommodate the heart,
has only two. The two branches of the trachea, called bronchi, subdivide within the lobes into
smaller and smaller air vessels. They terminate in alveoli, tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
When the alveoli inflate with inhaled air, oxygen diffuses into the blood in the capillaries to be
pumped by the heart to the tissues of the body, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into
the lungs, where it is exhaled.

Illustration 2: Breathing in Humans

U M M in E xhalation
Air drawn into lungs Air forced out of lungs

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 125
 TH E CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Your Body’s Transportation Network

Cừculation is the means by which

food is carried to tissues: of animals,
and wastes are carried away. Even
the simplest animals have some sort
of circulatory system.
In man, the circulatory system
consists of the heart, which pumps
the blood through the body and
the arteries, veins and tinier blood
vessels called capillaries, through
which the blood ừavels. The human
circulatory system has two main parts. One part, called pulmonary
circulation, carries the blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.
When the blood passes to the lungs, it gives off the waste gas,
carbon dioxide, and takes in oxygen which it carries to the other
parts of the body. The system that carries the blood from the heart
to the other parts of the body is called systemic circulation.
The portal circulation is a part of the systemic circulation. It
carries blood form the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and spleen
to the liver. The blood obtains the food it carries from the digestive
system. Many wastes obtained from the body tissues are carried to
the kidneys or to the lungs to be given off as wastes.
The human body also has another system called the lymph system.
The fluid called lymph circulates between the tissues and cells that
make up the body. It carries the body waste into the blood. It also
picks up fats from thè'small intestine.
The human heart, located in the front part of the chest, is covered
by the pericardium, a double membrane The heart is sometimes
called a pump. It has four chambers, two on each side. The blood
ENGLISH IN
126 MEDICINE!
 enters the heart at the upper right-hand chamber, called the right
atrium (auricle), and flows into the lower right-hand chamber, called
the right ventricle. From here it flows to the lungs and returns to
the left atrium. It then passes into the left ventricle and out into the
rest of the body through a large artery called aorta. The blood then
returns through the capillaries and the veins to the right auricle of
the heart and starts its journey all over again.

ANATOMICAL TERMS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HEART The heart is the hollow muscular organ which is the
center of the circulatory system.
ATRIUM The atrium Is the upper chamber of each half of the heart.
VENTRICLE From the atrium, the blood passes into the ventricle o f
the lower chamber on each side of the heart.
VALVES The valves open and close to control the flow of blood
in the heart.
BLOODVESSEL The blood vessels carry the blood.
ARTERY The blood is carried away from the heart by the arteries
VEINS Veins bring blood back to the heart.
CAPILLARIES The smallest blood vessels are the capillaries.The capillaries
connect the smallest arteries with the smallest veins.
RED CELLS The red (blood cells) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
WHITE CELLS The white cells in the blood help fight against infection.
PLATELETS The blood platelets help the blood to clot or coagulate.
PLASMA A little more than half of the blood is a watery liquid
called plasma.
SPLEEN In the spleen, blood is filtered or cleaned to remove
bacteria and worn-out red blood cells.

I. COMPREHENSION: D o the follow ing exercises to show yo u

UNDERSTAND the reading.

A. TRUE/FALSE: I f the sentence is TRUE, write T on the line. I f

the sentence is FALSE, write F on the line.
___ 1. Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation are two main
parts of the human circulatory system.
.2. The systematic system carries the blood from the heart to the lungs.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE! 127
 ____3. The portal circulation carries the blood from the heart to the liver.

____4. The lymph system is one of the human body's important defenses
against infection.
____5. Cell wastes pass from the cells through the lymph into the
capillaries.
____6. The lymph picks up fats from the small intestine.
____7. The human heart is in a slanting position, with the smaller end
pointing downward and toward the left.
____8. The circulation of the blood is from the right auricle to the right
ventricle then to the lungs.
___ 9. Returning from the lungs, the blood enters the right auricle.

B. COMPLETION: CHOOSE the answer that BEST completes each

statement. WRITE the letter on the line.
_1. The heart Is covered by...
(A) a mucus membrane (B) many capillaries
(C) the pericardium (D) the epidermis
_2. The heart is located...
(A) on the left of the lungs (B) in front part of the chest
(C) above the lungs (D) in the lungs
_3- The upper part of the heart is called...
(A) ventricle (B) auricle
(C) aorta (D)pericardium
_4. The great veins leading into the right side of the heart are called...
(A) capillaries (B) superior venae cavae
(C) venae cavae (D) inferior venae cavae
_5. The... carries blood from the stomach to the liver.
(A) lymphatic system (B) systematic circulation
(C) pulmonary circulation (D) the veins
_6. The lymph picks up... from the small intestine
(A) starches (B) fats
(C) sugar (D) plasma

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE.

D o the fo llo w in g exercises to INCREASE yo u r vocabulary

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 y .l. COMPLETION:
CHOOSE the answer that BEST completes each sentence to sh o w
that you understand the word(s) in capital letter. WRITE the le tte r
on the line at the left.
____1. The small INTESTINE is part of the . . .
(A) nervous system (B) digestive system
(C) muscular system (D) reproductive system
___ 2. The PORTAL CIRCULATION carries the blood from . . .
(A) the heart (B) the liver
, (C) the stomach, pancreas ect.(D) the aorta
____3. The SPLEEN stores . . . with a high concentration of red cells.
(A) blood (B) fats
(C) bile (D) saliva
___ 4. LYMPH contains . . .
(A) white blood cells and red cells
(B) white blood cells and platelets
(C) fats (D) many nuclei
___ 5. The PERICARDIUM that covers the heart is . . .
(A) a mucus membrane (B) a special membrane
(C) strong (D) a double membrane

V.2. NAMING. CHOOSE a name from the follow ing list to correctly
match the sentences below. WRITE the letter on the line o f the left.
a. aorta b. artery c. atrium d. capillary h. intestine
I. liver m. lymph n. pancreas 0. plasma p. platelets
q. vein r. ventricle

____1. Any of the blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to all
parts of the body.
____2, Part of the alimentary canal that extends from the stomach to
the anus.
____3. Either of the two lower chambers of the heart that receives blood
from the auricles and forced It into the arteries.
____ 4. Chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins.

ENGLISH IN
MEDICINE 1 129
 5. One of the tiniest of blood vessels, with a diameter the size of
a blood cell.
6. Gland near the stomach that discharges into the small intestine
a secretion that helps digestion.
7. The main artery that carries the blood from the left side o f the
heart to all parts o f the body, except the lungs.

V3. STRUCTURAL VOCABULARY.

A. Clauses with WHEN, AS SOON AS, HARDLY... WHEN
TABLE 1.

P.P. When the blood passes to the lungs, it gives off

the waste gas
N.P. As soon as the blood passes to the lungs, it gives off
the waste gas

NOTE:
“A s soon a s ” is the sam e as the Vietnamese word “ngay k h i”.
N otice that the fu tu re m ust not be used after “as soon a s ” or any
other adverbs o f time.

EXERCISE Follow the pattern above. COMBINE the follow ing pairs
o f sentences into a single sentence with (a) a WHEN clause at the
beginning, (b) a WHEN clause at the end, (c) an A S SO O N A S clause
at the beginning, and (d) an A S SOON A S clause at the end.
1. A new situation appears. Our brain may take longer to interpret
the message and decide what to do.
2. Muscles work. Waste products are formed.
3. The signal comes. All the muscles are ready to start without loss of time.
4. We become tired. The tonus of our muscles decreases.
5. Air comes into the air sacs. Oxygen in the air passes into the
blood stream.
6. Oxygen content of the blood becomes low. The spleen contract forcibly.

TABLE 2
p.p Susan had reached home when the telephone rang.
N.p Susan had. hardly reached home when the telephone rang.

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 TABLE 3

We had hardly reached the clinic when it began raining

He had hardly arrived when he was told to start.
Chau had hardly seen her mother when she ran up to her

OBESERVATION
"Hardly... when" Is the same as the Vietnamese expression "vừa mới...
thôi'" A perfect tense is usually used in the main clause. "Scarcely" may
be used instead of "Hardly" in this pattern.

EXERCISE: COMPLETE the follow ing sentences.

' 1. . The doctor had hardly entered his office.
2. They had hardly finished their homework
3. Peter had hardly set o f f . . .
4. We'd hardly finished lunch . . .
5. Tom had scarcely heard the new s. . .
6. r d hardly closed the d o o r. . .
7. He'd hardly come back
8. She had hardly opened the window . . .
, 9. They'd carried the patient into the ro om ...
10. He'd hardly left the laboratory

• B. The Prepositions BETWEEN, AMONG

TABLE 4
1. The heart is located BETWEEN the two lungs.
2. The work must be BETWEEN this and the end
finished o f this month.
3. The operation takes BETWEEN two and three hours
4. What did Chau do BETWEEN two o'clock and
three o'clock
5. It's something BETWEEN An arm chair and a sofa

Many grammar books used to insist on the use of BETWEEN in relation

to two persons or things and AMONG or AMONGST in relation to more
than two. This distinction Is no longer observed. There is nothing wrong
with writing: "We shall share the money between three of us". It Is often
necessary in geographical contexts to use Between for more than two
subjects: Switzerland lies between Italy, Germany and France.

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M ED ICIN E! 131
 IV. FREE READING
Circulatory System, in anatomy and physiology, the course taken b y
the blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to th e
heart. In humans and the higher vertebrates, the heart is made up o f
four chambers: the right and left auricles, or atria, and the right and le ft
ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood from th e
cells of the body back to the lungs for new oxygen; the left side of th e
heart receives blood rich in oxygen from the lungs and pumps It through
the arteries to the various parts of the body. Circulation begins early In
fetal life. It is estimated that a given portion of the blood completes its
course of circulation In approximately 30 seconds.
*

Pulmonary Circulation
Blood from the entire body is transported to the right atrium through
two large veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. When
the right atrium contracts, it forces the blood through an opening into
the right ventricle. Contraction of this ventricle drives the blood to the
lungs. Blood is prevented from returning into the atrium by the tricuspid
valve, which completely closes during contraction of the ventricle. In its
passage through the lungs, the blood Is oxygenated, that Is, saturated
with oxygen; it Is then brought back to the heart by the four pulmonary
veins, which enter the left atrium. When this chamber contracts, blood
is forced into the left ventricle and thence by ventricular contraction
into the aorta. The bicuspid, or mitral, valve prevents the blood from
flowing back into the atrium, and the semilunar valves at the beginning
of the aorta stop It from flowing back into the ventricle. Similar valves
are present in the pulmonary artery.
Blood from the body returns to the right atrium through two large
veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae; in addition the blood that
has supplied the heart muscle is drained directly Into the right atrium

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 through the coronary sinus. Return of venous blood to the right atrium
takes place during the entire heart cycle of contraction and relaxation, and
to the right ventricle only during the relaxation part of the cycle, called
diastole, when both right heart cavities constitute a common chamber;
near the end of diastole, contraction of the right atrium completes the
filling of the right ventricle with blood. Rhythmic contractions o f the
right ventricle expel the blood through the pulmonary arteries into the
capillaries of the lung, where the blood receives .The lung capillaries then
empty into the pulmonary veins, which in turn empty Into the left atrium.
Pulmonary venous return to the left atrium and left ventricle proceeds
simultaneously In the same manner as the venous return to the right
heart cavities. Contraction of the left ventricle rhythmically propels the
blood into the aorta and from there to all arteries of the body, including
the coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle.
The blood forced from the ventricles during systole, or contraction, is
prevented from returning during diastole by valves at the openings of
the aortic and pulmonary arteries. These valves consist of three semilunar
(half-moon-shaped) flaps of membrane, which are curved in the direction
of blood flow and which open readily on pressure in that direction;
when the original pressure subsides, back pressure forces the edges o f
thẹ flaps together. The tricuspid valve, situated between the right atrium
and ventricle, is composed of three triangular flaps of membrane, and
the bicuspid or mitral valve, between the left atrium and ventricle, has
two such flaps. The bases of the flaps in both these valves are attached
in a groove at the junction of the atrium and ventricle; the free edge is
anchored by tendinous cords, known as the chordae tendlnae, to the
'muscles of the heart wall. The flaps remain open until the ventricle fills
with blood. When the ventricle begins to contract, the valve is closed
by pressure. The chordae tendinae prevent inversion of the flaps during
this period of systolic pressure.
The rate of heartbeat is controlled by the autonomic nervous system,
being accelerated by the sympathetic system and depressed by the
parasympathetic system. Nervous impulses originate rhythmically in
a special nervous node, the sinus, or sinoatrial node, located in the
right atrium near the superior vena cava. The impulses travel along a
slender bundle of neuromuscular fibers, called the bundle of His, or the
atrioventricular bundle, which, after a relay at the atrioventricular node,
branches Into two bundles, one for each of the ventricles. Through these
specialized fibers the nervous impulse stimulates, at rapid speed and in
a known orderly sequence, contraction of the heart-muscle fibers.

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 In the embryo the heart develops from the fusion of the two ventral
aortas, forming a single pulsating organ. Separation into right and left heart
takes place later with the formation of an interatrial and an interventricular
septum (partition). The separation is not completed, however, until the
lungs begin their function at birth. Before birth the blood is oxygenated
in the placenta and returns to the right atrium through the inferior vena
cava; It is then directed by the Eustachian valve through the foramen
ovale, a persistent opening in the interatrial septum. After birth the
Eustachian valve degenerates to a rudiment and the foramen ovale
normally closes, but the opening in the interatrial septum may persist
in varying degree even in the adult in about one-fifth of the population.
The heart produces two sounds In each cycle of the beat. The first Is
rather dull and is caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and by
the contraction of the ventricular muscle fibers; the second is sharp and
is caused by the sudden closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves. In
cardiac disease these regular sounds may be replaced or accompanied by
murmurs caused by turbulent blood rushing through abnormal valves or
openings; detection of such murmurs is of great importance in diagnosis.

Illustration

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 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

' R ead carefully the follow ing reading selection before yo u answ er
the comprehension questions.

Your body is a living organism, parts

of which are continually growing and
changing even in adulthood. It therefore
needs and has, a system o f internal
control to keep its parts working in
harmony. These controls are called
hormones produced by the endocrine
glands or glands of internal secretions.
The endocrine glands form an
interrelated and interacting system of
checks and balances which controls or modified the body’s function.
The pituitary or “master gland” located just under the brain,
influences growth and development, stimulates the function of the
adrenals through ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones), influences
the thyroid function and the gonads (organ of reproduction) and plays
a part in keeping the body’s water content in proper balance.
The thyroid gland is located in the base of the throat, is known
as the “governor gland”. It influences the fate of body function
(metabolism). The texture of the skin and the growth and luster of
the hair are also affected by the thyroid gland.
The four little gland, embedded in the thyroid, or lying near it, the
parathyroids, apparently just happen to be there. There seems to be
no special connection between them and the thyroid other than that
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 of location. The parathyroid produces a hormone that is necessary
to the body’s use of calcium.
The adrenals, placed like caps on the upper end of each kidneys,
are probably the most essential to life. Removal or destruction
of both adrenal glands results in death in twenty hours, unless
substitute therapy is provided. One adrenal hormone influences blood
pressure and protects against allergies. Other potent adrenal hormone
stimulates the liver to release its stores of glycogen and speed up
the manufacture of this fuel for muscular action. The adrenals give
us those sensations we associate with fear or anger.
Embedded in the pancreas is a group of cells called islets o f
Langerhans. These cells make insulin the hormone necessary for
sugar metabolism. If enough insulin is not produced, or if it cannot
be properly used, diabetes results.
The gonads-testes in the male and ovaries in the female produce
reproductive cells, as well as the hormones which make the difference
between the sexes.
Another gland that is sometimes classified as an endocrine
gland is the thymus. The thymus, which is situated behind the
breastbone, is somewhat mysterious. The gland is large and active
before birth but it then shrivels and may disappear entirely during
late childhood. It is known to produce certain types of white blood
cells. Recently researchers have found that it may be involved in
antibody formation.

THYROID - THYROXIN controls metabolism or rate o f body process.

PARATHYROID - PARATHYROID HORM ONE controls am ount
o f calcium in blood and bone.
AD REN ALS - CORTISONE AND AD RENALINE CORTISONE
stimulates functioning o f cells; adrenaline maintains blood pressure.
TESTES (m ale gonads)- TESTERONE develops masculine physique
and characteristics, and ừ responsible fo r the growth and development
o f organs o f reproduction.
PITUITARY - SEVERAL DISTINCT HORMONES. The master gland
that regulates functions o f other endocrine glands; controls growth.
PANCREAS - IN SU LIN produced-by the islets of-Langerhans -
regulates the use o f sugar by the body.
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 OVARIES (thefem ale gonads) - ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE
develop fem inine characteristics and are responsible fo r the gro w th
and development o f organs o f reproduction.

I- COMPREHENSION

c.l. TRUE/FALSE I f the sentence is TRUE, write T on the line; i f

FALSE, write F
___1. The pituitary gland is located just above the brain.
2. The thyroid function and the gonads are influenced by this gland.
__3. The thyroid gland has its function on the texture of the skin and
the growth and luster of the hair.
___4. Location is considered as the unique connection between the
parathyroid and the thyroid.
___5. The pituitary gland is the most essential to life.
___6. Adrenaline helps maintain blood pressure.
___7. The hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans regulates
function of other glands and controls growth.
__ :8. The gonads produce testosterone in man and estrogen as well
as progesterone in women which are responsible for the growth
and development of organs of reproduction.
___9. The thymus is still present during late childhood.

C.2. COMPLETION On the line write the letter o f the answer that
B E ST completes each statement.
_____1. Each endocrine gland produces not only one but ________
(A) two different kinds of hormones
(B) several various kinds of hormones
(C) many white blood cells.
(D) more than one kind of hormones.
_____2. Each kind of gland_____________.
(A) serves a special function
(B) serves the same function
(C) can be found in every organ.
(D) has common function

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 _____ 3. The thyroid gland is located___________,

(A) under the brain

(B) behind the breastbone
(C) in the base of the throat
(D) on the upper end of each kidney

_____4. The thymus may disappear entirely___________

(A) when the man was first born
(B) during late childhood
(C) during early childhood
(D) when it outgrows
_____5. The pituitary gland is known as_____________
(A) the governor (B) the master gland
(C) the exocrine gland (D) a gland of external secretion
____ 6. The pituitary gland produces.___________
(A) thyroxin
(B) adrenocorticotropic hormone
(C) cortisone and adrenaline
(D) insulin
_____7. Parathyroid hormone is necessary to the body's
use of_____________
(A) food (B) calcium (C) sugar (D) glucose
_____ 8. If insulin is not produced____________
(A) the blood pressure decreases
(B) man may die
(C) diabetes results
(D) male physique stops developing

m . VOCABULARY
v .l. WORD STUDY
balance
A small child has to learn to keep its balance before it can walk.
A diet with the quantity and variety of food needed for good health
is called balance diet.
The pituitary gland plays a part in keeping the body's water improper
balance.

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 influence
Heredity and environments are influences on character. The two factors
exert an influence on the human character.
The young man is under the influence of alcohol.
oth er than
We couldn't do other than to amputate her right hand.
. Helen never let anybody know about her serious disease other than
Susan, her close friend.
My daughter likes all dairy products other than yogurt.
There seems to be no special connection between the parathyroids
and the thyroid other than that of location.
t

reproduce reproduction, reproductive

The ability of living things to reproduce has enable life to continue
for millions of years.
Most plants reproduce by seeds.
If we cut lizard's'tails, they will grow anew, i.e. lizards can reproduce
their tails.
Human being cannot reproduce lost limbs.
Bacteria reproduce by splitting in two.
The gonads (testes in male and ovaries in the female) produce the
reproductive cells.

V.2. S IM IL A R /D IF F E R E N T :
Write s on the line i f the two sentences are SIMILAR, or D i f
they are different.
____1. The pituitary gland is located just under the brain.
The pituitary gland is situated just under the brain.
____2. Parathyroid hormone is necessary to the body's use of calcium.
Parathyroid hormone is vital to the body's use of calcium.
____3. Destruction of both adrenal glands results in death.
Destruction of both adrenal glands leads to death.
____4. This hormone speeds up the manufacture of glycogen.
This hormone slows down the production of glycogen.
____5. The thymus is somewhat mysterious.
The thymus is very mysterious.

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 V.3. WORD MEANING:
Write the w ord on the line before its definition .

a. testosterone e. ovaries i. thyroxin

b. hormone f. adrenal gland j. pancreas
c. insulin g. cortisone k. islets of Langerhans
d. estrogen h. testis Ỉ. diabetes
______1. One of the endocrine glands, one of the upper part of each
kidney, that secretes adrenaline and cortisone.
______2. The hormone that regulates the use of sugar by the body.
______3. Hormone produced by male gonads.
______4. Any of various hormones which induce a series of physiological
changes in the females, especially in the reproductive or sexual organs.
5. Chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands that helps
regulate various body activities.
______6. The two females gonads.
_____ 7.The active substance in the hormone secreted by thethyrold gland.
______8. Disease o f the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods
cannot be properly absorbed.
______9. A group of cells that produces the hormone that is necessary
for sugar metabolism.

V.4. TERMINOLOGY: COLOUR (CHROM-) chromosome

white : I euc-, leuk-, a lb - : leukocyte, leukemia, albumin.
black : m elan-: melanodermia
grey : polio: poliomyelitis
blue cy a n -: cyanosis
red : erythr- .-erythrocyte
yellow : xanth-, flav-: flavoxanthin
green c h lo r-: chlorine

III. STRUCTURE
s.l. PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
Pattern 1 BOTH/SOME/MOST/ALL/SEVERAL_____OF WHICH/WHOM
Your body is a living thing, part of which are continually growing and
changing even in adults.

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 I went up the mountain with a group of people, few of whom were
correctly equipped for such a climb.(=few of them)

EXERCISE Join the follow ing pairs o f sentences using the p a ttern
described above. 1
1. Jane's brothers died when she was only five years old. They were
both were affected by lung cancer.
2. During the conference on tropical diseases, I met many famous
professors. Some came from the Netherlands.
3. The room was full of patients. Half of the patients were surgical
patients.
4. The medical equipment was donated by Matera Foundation of
Germany. Most of them were brand new.
5. A lot people were seriously wounded in a car crash this morning.
More than three-quarters of them were students of a local high school.
6. The fertilized egg has the original number of chromosomes (46).
23 of these chromosomes come from the sperm of the father and 23
from the egg of the mother.

by
on
Pattern 2: ... NOUN + in + WHICH
over
with

Growth is one the criteria by which we differentiate between living

And non-living things.

EXERCISE: Combine the follow ing pairs o f sentences into complex

sentences.
1: The organisms are called the host. Parasites live on these organisms.
2. Many organisms are small in size. We depend on these organisms.
3. All birds lay eggs. The embryo develops In the egg until It hatches.
4. Breathing is a process. Man has only some control over this process.
5. Digestion Is a process. Food is broken down in to smaller particles
or molecules by this process.
6. He basic unit of our body is the cell. There are many kinds of cells.

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 S.2. THE CONGEPT OF PROBABILITY, LIKELIHOOD, CERTAINTY AN D
POSSIBILITY AND HOW TO EXPRESS THEM
Study these examples:
1. The adrenals, placed like caps on the upper end kidney, are probably
the most essential to life.
2. Recently researchers have found that the thymus may be involved
in antibody formation.
These concepts may be expressed by the use of the adjectives
probable, likely, possible, and certain, the adverbs probably, certainly
or possibly as well as the nouns possibility, likelihood, arid probability.
PATTERN (1)
Certain
Very likely
It is Possible that X will occur.
(im) probable
unlikely

PATTERN (2)
X will occur
X will probably occur
X will probably occur

X may occur.
X might occur.
X could occur.

X will probably not occur.

X will certainly not occur.
PATTERN (3)
extremely high
very high 100%
high
probability

The likelihood of X occurring is/are fairly high

fairly low 50%
chances low

very low 0%
extremely low

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 PATTERN (4)
It Is impossible that a man will live for 200 years.
It is highly unllkely/improboble that he will live for 200 years.
It is possible that he will live for 70 years.
The likelihood that he will live for 100 years is low possibility
The chances that he will live for 20 years are high
H ere are some more examples:
1. It is likely/probable that she will cover well.
2. Is there any probabllity/likelihood/chance of her coming?
3. He's likely to come
4. He'll probably to come.
5. It Is possible that he'll come.
6. There is a possibility of her coming/that she will come.
7. Possibly she hasn't heard the news yet.
8. Perhaps he is ill.
When doubt is mixed with possibility, MAY/MIGHT is often used.
1. She might be ill.
2. It may rain tomorrow.
3. That may or may not be true.
Read this passage.
Many accidents, especially those which happen in the home involve
burns. It is possible to survive severe burns, but recovery may be
complicated by shock and infection. The table shows that adults aged
from 15-45 have the best chance of survival. Young children and old
people are likely to die from burns.

IV. F R E E R E A D I N G
Endocrine System, associated organs and tissues of the body that
collectively release substances known as hormones (see Hormone).
Endocrine organs are known also as ductless glands because their
secretions are released directly into the bloodstream, In contrast to
exocrine glands, which discharge their secretions on such external or
internal surface tissues as those of the skin, the lining of thè stomach,
or of the lining of the pancreatic ducts. The endocrine glands and their
hormones regulate the growth, development, and function of certain

ENGLISH IN
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 tissues and coordinate many of the metabolic processes within the
body. Endocrinology Is the study of the endocrine glands, the hormonal
substances produced by these glands, their physiological effects, and the
disorders and diseases that involve their malfunction.
Hormone-producing tissues may be classified into three groups: purely
endocrine glands, which function solely in hormone production; endo-
exocrine glands, those that produce other types of secretions as well
as hormones; and certain non-glandular tissues, such as the autonomic
nerves, which produce hormone like substances.

Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, consists of three lobes, the anterior
lobe, the intermediate lobe, which in primates Is present for only a short
part of the life span, and the posterior lobe. It is situated at the base of the
brain and has been called the master controlling gland of the body. The
anterior and the posterior lobes of the pituitary secrete different hormones.
The anterior lobe secretes various hormones that stimulate the function
of other endocrine glands, for example, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or
ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex; thyroid-stimulating hormone,
or thyrotropin, known as TSH; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulate the sex glands; and prolactin,
which, with other special hormones, influences milk production of the
mammary gland. In addition, the anterior pituitary is the source of growth
hormone, also called somatotropin, which promotes the development
of body tissues, particularly of bone matrix and muscle, and influences
carbohydrate metabolism. The anterior pituitary also secretes a hormone
called melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the intensity
of pigmentation in pigmented cells. In the 1970s scientists found that
the anterior pituitary also produces substances called endorphins. These
are peptides that act on the peripheral and central nervous systems to
reduce sensitivity to pain.
The hypothalamus, that part of the brain from which the pituitary gland
arises, secretes an antidiuretic hormone (one that controls the excretion
of water) named vasopressin, which is stored in the posterior lobe of the
pituitary gland .Vasopressin controls the amount of water secreted by the
kidneys and raises blood pressure. The posterior lobe of the pituitary also
stores another hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. This hormone,
known as oxytocin, stimulates muscular contractions, especially of the

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 uterus, and ejection of milk from lactating mammary glands.
Not long ago it was found that secretion of three anterior pituitary
hormones Is under regulation of the hypothalamus: thyrotropin secretion
is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF), and luteinIzing-
hormone secretion by luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).
Release of growth hormone Is Inhibited by somatostatin, w h ic h is
also made by the pancreas. This discovery, for which the Am erican
physiologists Roger Guiilemln and Andrew Victor Schaily earned the
1977 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, means that the brain also
functions as a gland.

, Adrenal Glands

Each adrenal gland consists of an inner part called the medulla and an
outer part called the cortex. The two glands are situated above the kidney.
The adrenal medulla is the source of epinephrine, also called adrenaline,
and norepinephrine, which affect a number of body functions; for example,
they stimulate cardiac action, increase the blood pressure, and affect
constriction and dilation of blood vessels and musculature. Epinephrine
(but not norepinephrine) raises the blood-sugar level. All these actions
help the organism deal with acute emergencies more effectively and
efficiently. The adrenal cortex elaborates a group of hormones known
as ^glucocorticoids, which Include cortisone and hydrocortisone, and
the mineralocorticoids, which include aldosterone and other hormonal
substances that are essential to the maintenance of life and to adaptation
to stress. Adrenal secretions regulate the salt and water balance o f the
body, influence the blood pressure, affect lymphatic tissue, Influence
the mechanisms of the immune system, and regulate carbohydrate and
protein metabolism. In addition to these functions, the adrenal glands
also elaborate male and female hormones.

Thyroid Gland
The thyroid is a two-lobed gland situated in the neck. The thyroid
hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine Increase oxygen consumption
and stimulate the rate of metabolism, regulating the growth and
maturation of body tissues and affecting physical and mental alertness.
The thyroid also secretes a hormone known as calcitonin, which lowers
the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and inhibits bone
resorption. See Thyroid Gland.

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 Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroids are found near or embedded in the thyroid gland. The
parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
and stimulates bone resorption. See Parathyroid Gland.

Ovaries
The ovaries are the female gonads, which are paired, alm o n d -
shaped bodies situated on either side of the uterus. The ovarian follicles
produce the ova, or eggs, and also secrete a group of hormones called
estrogens (see Estrogen), which are necessary for the development o f
the reproductive organs and of such secondary sex characteristics as
the distribution of fat, widening of the pelvis, mammary growth, and
pubic and axillary hair.
Progesterone, another hormone produced by the ovaries, has as its
principal function the maintenance of pregnancy, which it accomplishes
primarily by its effects on the lining of the uterus. Progesterone also acts
in conjunction with estrogens In promoting the growth and elasticity
of the female genital tract. The ovaries also elaborate a hormone called
relaxln, which acts to relax the cervix during childbirth, thus making
delivery easier. See Ovary.

Testes
The male gonads, the testes, are paired, ellipsoid bodies suspended
in the scrotum. The Leydig cells of the testes produce one or more male
hormones called the androgens (see Androgen). The androgens, the
most Important of which is testosterone, stimulate the development o f
secondary sex characteristics, influence the growth of the prostate and
seminal vesicles, and promote secretory activity of these structures. The
testes also contain cells that produce sperm. See Reproductive System.

Pancreas
The bulk of the pancreas consists of exocrine tissue that releases
digestive juices into the duodenum. Distributed throughout this tissue
are clusters of endocrine cells called the islets of Langerhans, which
secrete insulin and another hormone known as glucagon. Insulin affects
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, increasing the rate of sugar
utilization and prom oting formation o f protein and storage of fat.
Glucagon temporarily raises blood-sugar levels, apparently by releasing
glucose from the liver. See Pancreas.

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Í
 Placenta
The placenta, an organ formed during pregnancy from the membrane
surrounding the fetus and the uterine lining, assumes certain endocrine
functions of the pituitary gland and the ovaries that are im portant in
the maintenance of pregnancy. It secretes the hormone called chorionic
gonadotropin, a substance found in the urine during pregnancy and
constituting the basis for pregnancy tests. The placenta produces the
sex hormones progesterone and the estrogens, a protein hormone w ith
some of the characteristics of growth hormone, and lactogenic hormones
(placental lactogen).

Illustration

Pituitary gland Jk.

Thyroid gland JỂk

P arath y ro id glands Jfc
Adrenal c o r t e x Jk.

P a n cre a s -A,

o v a rie s (fe m a le ) Jk.

T e ste s (m a le ) Jk.

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 COURSE REVIEW

I. PART ONE: VOCABULARY

A. COURSE GLOSSARY

Unite 1: Living things

+ living/non-living things, biology, criteria, movement, respond,
reproduction, growth, respiration, surrounding, life activities
+ classify, indicate, grow, respond, avoid danger, supply energy

Unit 2: Cells
+ cell, cytology, erythrocyte, leukocyte, phagocyte, protoplasm,
cavity, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, wall, membrane,
composition, structure, waste, liquid, size, shape
+ transparent, colorless, watery, microscopic
+ differ, confrol life activities, contain, hold/digest food,
eliminate excess water, be composed of

Unit 3: Chemistry
+ matter, energy, space, physics, elements, oxygen, hydrogen,
gas, mixture, compound, property, chemical reaction, element,
molecule, composition, atom, electron, proton, catalyst, symbol
+ take up space, mix, retain properties, separate, spin, share

Unit 4: Tissue
+ epithelium, organ, gland, skeleton, stimuli, impulse, fiber
+ complex, epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, mature

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 + connect, conduct/receive stimuli, perform a function,
produce blood cells, send out impulses

Unit 5: Bacteria
+ capsule, colony, tail-like extension, flagellum, iron, parasite,
plant, host, organism, saprophyte, sulfur, synthesis
+ slimy, spherical
+ break down (organic materials), feed/live on dead organisms, cea

Unit 6: Anatomical terms

Nouns: ankle, calf, chin, conjunctiva, elbow, ear, face, foot,
heel, iris, lip, mouth, neck, finger, wrist, pupil, shin, tongue
Verbs: bend, blink, blow, draw in, extend, flex, grasp, lean
toward, lift, lower, raise, roll over, rub, scratch, stretch, take
off/on, tighten, turn over

Unit 7: Medical Specialties

allergy, anesthesiology, cardiology, dermatology, internal
medicine, gastroenterology, gynaecolgy, ophthalmology,
obstetrics, otorhinolaryngology, pathology, pediatrics,
pharmacy, pharmacology, physiology, preventive medicine,
surgery (neurological, orthopedic, plastic), radiology,
rehabilitation, urology, vasocardiology

Unit 8: Structure of Your Body

brain, esophagus, gall/urinary bladder, glands, heart, kidneys,
liver, lungs, mouth, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines
(small/large), system.

Unit 9: The Skeletal System

Nouns: backbone, breastbone, cartilage, collarbone, cranium,
epiphysis, gristle, ligament, marrow, pelvic girdle, growth
plate, hip, joint, ribcage, shaft, shoulder, skull, spinal cord,
sternum, tendon, thorax, vertebra

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 Adjectives: bony, fixed, flat, irregular, outer, regular,
sừingy, tough
Verbs: encase, grow out, manufacture, support

Unit 10: The Nervous System

Nouns: area (visual, sensory, motor), axon, automatic system,
brain, central nervous system, centers (writing, hearing, taste,
memory, speech), dendrite, extension, impulse, matter (gray/
white), message, nerve (cranial, motor, peripheral sensory,
spinal cord, sense organ, stimulus, synapse,
Verbs: communicate, impulses, pass/receive stimulus, pick
up sensations

Unit 11: Construction of Bones

Nouns: absorption, break, brittleness, calcium salt, callus,
cast, collagen fiber, crystal, degenerate, deposit, deposition,
dissolution, fibroblast, layer, marrow, mass, organic matrix,
mineralization, osteoblast, osteoclast, phosphate precipitation,
proportion, secretion, skeleton, toughness
Adjectives: brittle, constant, decalcified, osteoblastic,
osteoclastic, permanent
Verbs: adjust strength, digest, dissolve, eat away at the
bone, eat holes, lay down new bone, maintain bones, repair,
remain constant, stimulate

Units 12+13: The Respiratory System

Nouns: air sac/tube, alveolus, breathing, bronchiole, bronchus,
carbon dioxide, capillaries, cilia, contraction, diaphragm,
expansion, expiration, lap of cartilage, inspiration, larynx,
mucus membrane, mucosa, nasal cavity, passageway, pharynx,
process, relaxation, respiration, sheet of muscle, thoracic cage,
thorax, trachea, voice box
Adjectives: automatic, horseshoe-shaped, involuntary,
membranous, undesirable
Verbs: choke, collect dust, contract, fold over, expel, lead
to, relax, set off, strain, surround
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 B. EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Choose the one word in the parentheses that BEST com plete
each sentence
1. We can tell the differences between living and non-living th in g s
with the help o f _________(plants, size, biology, animals).
2. Biology Is a _________( science, response, principle, topic).
3. Growth and respiration are the two activities o f _________ (all
things, light, non-living things, only living things).
4. Plants usually grow_________the light, (away from, in the absence
of, toward, without).
5. Both plants and animals respond to ________ . (their surroundings,
danger, light, reproduction)
6. Because living things can respond to. their surroundings, they can
avoid_________. (movement, danger, reproduction, non-living things)
Life has been able to continue for million of years owing to (biology,
respiration, reproduction, energy)

Exercise 2: Choose the correct answers

i_ 1 . Protoplasm is not present In _________.
(A) animals (B) plant (C) cell (D) iron
__2. Food entering the cell _______ passes through cell membrane.
(A) never (B) always (C) usually (D) sometimes
3. Some cells do not have
(A) protoplasm (B) cavities (C) material (D) cell membrane
4. Cytoplasm is _______
(A) Inside the nucleus (B) the protoplasm outside the nucleus
(C) the same as nucleus (D) not part of living things
5. Before it Is digested, food is held In the cell by th e ________.
(A) nucleus (B) vacuole (C) cellulose (D) water

Exercise 3: SIMILAR/ DIFFERENT: Tell w hether the fo llo w in g

pairs o f sentences are alm ost the same, or similar, or they are very
different
1. Food wastes are eliminated from the cells.
Food wastes are put Into the cells.

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____2. This jelly-like material is always present in living things.
This jelly-like substance always exists in living things.
____3. Glass Is transparent.
Glass is not clear.
____4. Cells are composed of protoplasm.
Cells are enclosed by protoplasm.
____5. Leukocytes are phagocytic whereas erythrocytes are not.
Leukocytes can destroy bacteria but erythrocytes cannot.

Exercise 4: F ill each blank with the one word or sentence you choose
from those in the parentheses.
____ 1. Physics and chem istry a r e ______ (properties, sciences,
compounds, energy).
____2. All of the materials in the universe are called______(molecule,
energy, chemical reactions, matter).
____3. A chemical reaction I s ______ (a mixture, the mixing of
elements, the combining of elements, a compound).
____4. The result of a chem ical reaction i s ______ (an atom, a
compound, a mixture, an element).
____5. The elements in a mixture _ _ _ _ _ (retain their own properties,
lose their properties, become a compound).
____6. ____ _ are composed of atoms( Electrons, Nuclei, Symbols,
Molecules).
____7. In a chemical mixture, the molecules of one kind of elements
a r e ______ by the molecules o f other kinds of elem ents
(unaffected, retained, taken, produced).

Exercise 5: Choose the answ er that has the sam e m eaning as the
word(s) printed in capital letters.
;___ 1. Chemistry Is the study of MATTER.
(A) colorless and odorless
(B) things that have weight and take up space
(C) the structure of atoms
(D) chemical reaction
____2. Scientists have PROVED that there are about 100 basic chemical
elements.
(A) required (B) thought (C) showed (D) suggested
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 ____3. Matter Is anything that TAKES UP space.
(A) supplies (B) destroys (C) fills (D) makes up
____4. Many elements can be COMBINED with other elements.
(A) separated from (B) mixed (C) added to (D) taken from
___ 5. An atom is composed of electrons SPINNING AROUND a nucleus.
(A) running quickly on (B) covering
(C) going around fast on (D) dancing around

Exercise 6: M ark the letter o f the answer that has the same m eaning
as the word(s) in capital letters.
___ 1. The inside of the stomach is LINED with a mucous membrane.
(A) covered on top (B) combined
(C) made of (D) covered inside
___ 2. Many muscles CONTRACT when we walk.
(A) are connected (B) become shorter
(C) become soft (D) are used
___ 3. Water is a FLUID.
(A) good tasting (B) substance (C) mixture (D) liquid
4. Some materials CONDUCT electricity better than others.
; (A) control the strength of (B) permit the movement of
(C) differentiate the kind of (D) breakdown and synthesize

Exercise 7: Choose the right word to fill in the blank.

___ 1. a plant or animal which live upon another living organism is
called a ______
(A) host (B) flagella (0 cells (D) parasite
___ 2. The capsule outside the cell wall of some bacteria______.
(A) protects cells
(B) helps them swim
(C) gives them energy
(D) gives additional protection to their cell walls
___ .3. Some bacteria_____ .
(A) are organic (B) cause diseases
(C) have no cells (D) are called hosts
___ 4. Bacteria use their flagella fo r______.

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 (A) digesting food (B) additional protection
(C) swimming (D) attacking other bacteria
___ 5. Any organism living upon dead or decaying organic m atter
is called ______,
(A) saprophytes (B) parasites (C) cocci (D) hosts

Exercise 8: Choose the word or phrase that has the same m eaning
as the word(s) in the capital letters.
___ 1. Some animals FEED ON other animals
(A) depend on (B) eat (C) take up (D) live with
___ 2. Mrs. Susan couldn't eat well because she HAD A DISEASE.
(A) was very sad (C) was ill
(B) had to work (D) didn't have enough time
__ 3. CERTAIN plants cannot make their own food.
(A) some but not many (B) a variety of
(C) only a few (D) a lot of
___ 4. Oranges are almost always SPHERICAL.
(A) round (B) square (C) oval (D) flat
___ 5. The plants fell down to the earth in a SPIRAL MOVEMENT.
(A) without control (B) in several directions
(C) going round and round (D) very quickly

Exercise 9: Choose the word or phrase that has the same m eaning
as the word(s) in the capital letters.
___ 1. Some animals FEED ON other animals
(A) depend on (B) eat (C) take up (D) live with
___ 2. Mrs. Susan couldn't eat well because she HAD A DISEASE.
(A) was very sad (B) had to work
(C) was ill (D) didn't have enough time
___ 3. CERTAIN plants cannot make their own food.
(A) some but not many (B) a variety of
(C) only a few (D) a lot of
___ 4. Oranges are almost always SPHERICAL.
(A) round (B) oval (C) square (D) flat

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 ___ 5. The plants fell down to the earth in a SPIRAL MOVEMENT.
(A) without control (B) in several directions
(C) going round and round (D) very quickly

Exercise 10: The follow ing words are often used by the physicians in
giving directions to patients during physical examination. M atch the
directions to the patients with an appropriate part o f the body.
1. BEND 15. OPEN your
2. FOLD your 16. TURN OVER your
4. DRAW IN your 17. LOOK AT your
5. BLOW your 18. BREATHE THROUGH your
6. RAISE your 19. LEAN TOWARD your
7. EXTEND your 20. LIE ON your
8. RUB your 21. ROLL OVER your
9. STAND ON your 22. SCRATCH your
10. CROSS your 23. TAKE OFF your
11. LIFT your 24. SPREAD your
12. TIGHTEN your 25. LOWER your
13. RELAX your 26. CLOSE your
14. FLEX your 27. SHAKE your

Exercise 11: Complete the statements with appropriate words.

___ 1. My arm was very sore after playing tennis. To relieve the stiffness,
I ______some ointment over the sore area.
^
___ 2 His vision was completely blurred from the smoke and soot,
and he had to keep______in order to focus his eyes.
___ 3. He was v e ry ______after taking the sedative and exhibited no
signs of nervousness at all.
___ 4. He was so obese that he could not perform the simplest of
exercises such a s ______down to touch his toes.
___ 5. Please do not _ the sore on your arm with your fingernails.
It may become infected if you open it.
___ 6. The doctor noticed several red blotches on the soft palate o f
the patient when s h e ______her tongue.

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MEDICINE 1 155
___ 7. Susan's arm had been______behind her back while practising
judo and now hung limply from her right shoulder.
___ 8. During hydrotherapy the patient began to slo w ly ______her
toes until they regained full flexibility.
___ 9. She didn't believe anything the doctor said a n d ______ her
eyebrows to show her doubt.

E xe rcise 11: Com plete each statem ent by supplying the ap p ro p riate
inform ation in the blank spaces.
___ 1. The nurse felt the patient's______to see if he had a fever.
___ 2. The spine is often referred to as th e ______.
___ 3. My ears need to be Irrigated because they have too m uch
______in them.
___ 4. He has a large scar on his _ just below his left eye.
___ 5. His right eye has b e e n ______since birth.
___ 6. He is allergic to mangoes and gets a skin ____ every tim e
he eats them.
___ 7. His arm Is v e ry ______from playing too much tennis.
___ 8. H is ______was removed but he can still bend his knees.
___ 9. T h e _____ of his hand was burned by acid.
___ 10. After th e ______or his lungs, the patient died.

Exercise 12: Please read the fo llo w in g sentences a n d fill in the blanks
w ith the correct words from above.
___ 1. The branch of medicine that deals with and treats the essential
nature of disease is c a lle d ______. It is especially concerned
with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs
of the body.
___ 2. ______is concerned with the study of the urinary tract and
the genital organs. It Is concerned with the development of the
kidney stone along with other urinary tract problems.
___ 3. If someone wants to study the branch of medicine that deals
with temporary loss of pain, he should study _ _ _ . It is
concerned especially with the loss of pain which permits surgery
or other painful; procedures.
___ 4. If l have a skin rash or an itching of the skin, I might go to a
doctor who has specialized in ______.

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 _5. ______is a branch of medicine which deals with the u se of
radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatm ent of
diseases. It will make use of cobalt and X-ray treatment
_6. _______________ deals with the ears, nose, and throat.
_7. His leg did not grow correctly and it is now deform ed or
malformed. His mother should get him to a doctor w ho is a
specialist in _____ .
_8. If someone wants to study the branch of medicine dealing
with the development and treatment of children and with the
care of childhood diseases, he must study______.
_9. The specific area of medicine which deals with the management
of pregnancy, labor, and the treatment of the child after labor
is known a s _____ .
.1Ọ. The branch of medicine which deals the disorders of the organ
of thought, judgment, and emotion; the mental life including
both conscious and unconscious processes is '
.11. A ______is a person who has studied general medicine, but
has not specialized in any one branch.
.12. The study of the nervous system is called ______
.13. The study and practice o f ______seeks to avoid disease by
preventing it.
.14. ______is concerned with surgery of the nervous system.
.15. The study and treatment of the disease of the female, particularly
the genital, urinary or rectal organs is ______.
.16. The study of drugs, their origin, nature, properties and their
effect upon living organisms is called ___________ .
.18. If a person is having eye trouble, he had better see an

Exercise 12: F ill the blanks with the words yo u choose fro m the
options.
.1. The basic unit of your body structure is ____________.
(A) the heart (B) the gene (C) the cell (D) the tissue
.2. The outer layer of skin tissue is formed by ____________ .
(A) the nucleus (B) associated glands
(C) a great many skin cells (D) connective tissue

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___ 3. The stomach has the function o f ___________
(A) eating food (B) digesting food
(C) holding foreign substances (D) absorbing blood
___ 4. All cells a re ____________in size.
(A) big (B) similar (C) alike (D) different
___ 5. A nucleus is found In most ,________ .
(A) membranes (B) vacuoles (C) substances (D) cells
___ 6. The gene lines i n _________
(A) the stomach (B) the cell
(C) the heart (D) The cell's nucleus
___ 7. The body grows through______ _
(A) cell classification (B) an unknown mechanism
(C) cell division (D) the action of cytoplasm
___ 8. All cells in our body are alike in that they ___________ .
(A) contain acid (B) are not surrounded by walls
(C) are fill up with cytoplasm (D) are rather big

Exercise 13: Write the letter, you choose you think best com pletes
each statement
____1. The special cells In the bone are called___________ ,
(A) marrow (B) active cells (C) osteocytes (D) lymphocytes
____2. The active portion of the bone Is____________,
(A) around the bone (B) outside the bone
(C) around the ligament (D) inside the bone
____3. The Inner portion of the bone is called ___________ ,
(A) a sponge (B) red blood cells
(C) joints (D) marrow
____4. The knee and the elbow joints a re ________
(A) slightly movable (B) immovable
(C) very movable (D) not movable
____5. Calcium is produced in ____________.
(A) bone marro (B) red blood cells
(C) joints (D) osteocytes

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 6. The vertebral colum n___________ the spinal cord.
(A) completes (B) goes around (C) divides (D) holds up
7. The ribcage is attached in the front to th e ____________
(A) rib (B) sacrum (C) backbone (D) sternum
.8. The thoracic cage must be movable to allow the lu n g s
t o ____________.
(A) collapse (B) enlarge (C) shorten (D) contract
.9. The rib cage i s ___________ ,
(A) square (B) straight (C) curved (D) triangular

Exercise 14: Replace the capital words with those from the reading
selection that have sim ilar meaning.
__ _ Ị . Our body is HELD UP by the skeleton.
____2. The MAIN function of the skeleton is to GIVE SUPPORT TO
the body.
____3. The skull, which is a shell MADE of bone, gives protection to
the brain.
I 4. The SPINE Is BUILT UP of 33 bones called vertebrae.
____5. Of the twelve pairs of ribs, ten pairs fasten themselves to the
BREASTBONE.
___ _6. The hard outer portion of each bone contains special
cells called BONE-MAKING CELLS.
____7. The marrow RESEMBLES a sponge.

Exercise 15: Complete each sentence by fillin g in the blanks w ith

proper words.
__ _1. The special cells In the bone are called ________
__ _2. The outer portion of the bone Is very___________ .
____3. The inner portion of the bone is called____________ .
____4. The vertebral colu m n ___________ the spinal cord.
5. The ribcage is attached in front to t h e ____________
_6. The bones protect________ _ organs in the body.
7. The thoracic cage must be to allow the lung to
contract.

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____8. Calcium , w hich is a _____________, is necessary in th e
development of the body.
____9. Ligaments are made up of ___ ________ tissue.

E x e r c is e 16: C h oose the one w o rd th at B E S T com pletes e a c h

statement.
____1. Our ability of taking notes and responding to our surrounding
w o rld _________the nervous system.
(A) depends on (B) controls (C) affects (D) decjdes
____2. Peripheral nerves including the twelve cranial nerves_________
mostly the sense organs.
(A) constitute (B) serve (C) affect (D) make up
____3. The brain Is a soft,_________mass of tissue.
(A) black (B) spongy (C) hard (D) spherical
____4. The brain Is th e _________center of the entire nervous system.
(A) speech (B) motor (C) control (D) writing
____5. Each neuron contains a nucleus surrounded b y _________.
(A) protoplasm (B) watery fluid (C) cytoplasm (D) a wall
____6. If an axon or dendrite i s _________ , it will often heal and
function again.
(A) destroyed (B) cured (C) cut (D) dyed
____7. T h e _________ nerves carry stimuli to the brain.
(A) motor (B) sensory (C) cranial (D) peripheral

E xe rcise 17: W rite the word(s) on the lin e before the corresponding
definition.

a. receive b. neuron c. heart d. consist o f e. conspicuous

f. m otor nerves g. synapse h. nervous system i. E n tire ly j. b u t fo r

____1. The basic unit of the nervous system.

___ 2. The vital organ of the circulatory system.
____3. Take something offered or sent.
___4. Include.
____5. A combination of nerve cells.
___ 6. Places where a nerve Impulse passes from one nerve cell to another.

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 ____7. Easily seen.
____8. Those nerves that carry impulses from the brain or other nerve
centers to the muscles.
____9. Without.
____10. Completely.

Exercise 18: F ind the answer with the same meaning as the word(s)
written in capital letters. Write the letter on the line on the left.
____1. BITS of bone that are longer essential to the skeleton are
dissolved and absorbed by osteoclasts.
(A) small pieces (B) small amount
(C) part of the bone (D) heads
____2. Osteoclasts are LOCATED in many cavities throughout all bones.
(A) places (B) inserted (0 situated. (D) destroyed
___ 3. Dissolution of the matrix and bone salts occurs SIMULTANEOUSLY.
(A) at the same time (B) side by side
(C) at the same speed (D) in the same manner
____4 . The blood pressure must remain CONSTANT.
(A) continuous (B) fixed
(C) at a high level (D) continual
___ 5. At this time the osteoclasts are CONNECTED to the osteoblasts
and new bone begins develop.
(A) separated (B) attached (C) reached (D) sealed
___ 6. The osteoblasts are ASSIGNED the job of maintaining the bone
around it.
(A) supplied (B)given (C) suggested (D) applied for
___ 7. CONSEQUENTLY, bones thicken when subjected to heavy loads.
(A) as a result (B) so (C) therefore (D) all of these
___ 8. The normal toughness of bone is generally maintained by the
CONSTANT formation of new bone matrix.
(A) unchangeable (B) successive (C) continual (D) steady

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 Exercise 19: Com plete each statem ent w ith the proper words y o u
choose from those given on the left.

FOREIGN 1. The true cause o f this rare disease _________

unknown.
PHARYNX 2. Birth is a vital measure to slow down the birth
rate in countries where there is an explosion o f
population.
CONTROL 3. Artificial_________is the procedure for causing th e air
to flow into and from the lungs by any mechanical
means when natural breathing ceases.
RESPIRATION 4. If_________objects are swallowed, they most often
pass harmlessly along the food passage and are
excreted.
REMAINS 5. The nose and the________ also takes part in conveying
the air to and from the lungs.
CONTROLS 6. We can, if we wish, stop breathing or ___________
increase either the rate or depth of respiration for a
short time.
LARYNX 7. A nerve center in the hind brain, called the respiratory
center_______respiration.
VOLUNTARILY 8. The pharynx leads to two passages: One, the esophagus
which is for food, and the other, th e _______is for air.

Exercise 20: F ill in the blanks with words you have ju s t studied.

____ 1. Breathing is a __________ over which man has only some control.
____ 2 . Due to other body systems, respiration becomes somewhat
automatic and__________.
____3. Just inside the nostrils are tiny hairs or cilia which___________
or filters particles of dust from the air so that they do not enter
the lungs.
____4. The mucus as well as the cilia ______ dust and foreign matter.
___ 5. When food is swallowed, the epiglottis folds over the opening
of the larynx. If this fails to occurs, the food starts down the
wrong tube and causes the person to choke.

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 Exercise 21: Replace the words printed in capital letters with the ones
from the reading selection that have same meaning.
____1. Respiration is an involuntary process. It is unable to control it
ENTIRELY.
____2. Dust and undesirable foreign materials are REMOVED from the
air we breath in by tiny hairs lust inside the nostrils
____3. Before the air enters the lungs, it is cleaned, MADE SLIGHTLY
WET and warmed by the nose and nasal cavities.
____4. The pharynx FUNCTIONS as a passageway for both food and air.
____5. When the air GETS TO the opening of the larynx, THE FLAP OF
CARTILAGE at
The opening remains open to let the air enter the pharynx.
____6. When the epiglottis cannot cover the opening of the larynx,
food BEGINGTO ENTER the wrong tube and cause you to choke,
which CAUSES the coughing
Reflex TO START HAPPENING. This reflex helps TO SEND the
food OUT FROM the larynx.

Exercise 22: Circle the letter o f the item which B E ST completes the
statem ent to show that you understand the reading selection.
■ i 1 . The lungs are connected to the trachea b y __________ .
(A) the vocal cord. (B) the alveoli.
(C) the bronchi. (D) the diaphragm.
2. The lungs consist of __________ .
(A) the bronchioles. (B) oxygen.
(C) the alveoli. (D) all of the preceding.
3. The air sacs of the lungs are encircle b y _______ :___ .
(A) air (B) blood capillaries
(C) oxygen (D) tough membrane.
4. The cartilage of the trachea is shaped like __________
(A) a horse-shoe (B) the letter c
(C) a shoe (D) a square box
5. The alveoli g e t________ from the blood.
(A) membrane, (B) oxygen (C) blood, (D) carbon dioxide.

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 ____6. There i s ______around the cords which move back and fo rth
when a person talks.
(A) bone (B) muscle (C) tough tissue (D) a thin membrane
____7. The blood vessels which surround the air sacs receive______
from them.
(A) blood (B) oxygen (C) contractions (D) bronchioles
____8. During Inspiration, a person is _______.
(A) taking air into the body (B) neither of the preceding
(C) breathing out (D) both of the preceding
____9. The larynx is also c a lle d ________.
(A) the pharynx (B) the vocal cords
(C) the voice box (D) none of the preceding
____10. The relationship between the air sacs and the capillaries is what
makes_______.
(A) a person talk (B) a person inhale
(C) breathing possible (D) expansion of the lungs possible

E xe rcise 23: Choose the w ord(s) that best com plete(s) each o f the
below sentences.

1. absence 2. d ire ctio n 3. indicates 4. as w ell as 5. energy

6. includ e 7. classified 8. avoid 9. move 10. respond to

___ 1 . Evidence_________that the experiment was successful.

_____ 2. W hich_________is it to the nearest hospital?
____3. This lesson will an exercise on medical terminology.
___ 4. He Is very sick but he is beginning to_________the medicine
the doctor prescribed for him yesterday.
___ 5. The botanist studies the new plants carefully a n d _________
them into two different groups.
____6. Tom's left leg Is badly hurt, so he is unable t o _________.
____7. Susan i s _________from work today, she may get sick.
____8. He had so much that he did the work of three men.
___ _9. It is usually best t o _________overdosing drugs.

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 Exercise 24: Choose the word(s) that best complete(s) each o f the
below sentences.

a. bend b. flexible c. pass through d. phagocytic

e. adhesive f. amoeboid g. motile h. stretch
i. permeable j. elastic k. impermeable 1. cell
1. Some cells can pass through capillary walls. In other w ords
capillaries a re ______.
____2. Some white blood cells can destroy bacteria. They a re ______ .
___ 3. Platelets are very small particles, which stick together to stop
bleeding, i.e. they are ______.
____4. Erythrocytes cần ______to get through narrow blood vessels
and then return to their original shape.
____5. Blood cells cannot pass through artery walls. This means that
arteries are______ .
____6. Leukocytes can move around in the tissue. In other words they
a re ______.
___ 17. Leukocytes can pass through capillary walls. Capillary walls are
______to leukocytes.
^8. Both erythrocytes and leukocytes can bend to various shapes.
They a re ______.
____9. Some ells move like the amoebae. They have the property o f
_ movement.

Exercise 25: Choose the word(s) that best complete(s) each o f the
below sentence.
a. physics b. weight c. properties d. combines
e. symbol f. retain g. odor h. atoms
1. ______is the force with which a body is attracted by the earth.
life
2. The methods used in measuring length, time and mass require
p a knowledge of all branches o f ______.
II’
is 3. A molecule of water has two_____of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
i
W-'
4. The ______# denotes approximately equal to.

8S
1 5. Phagocytic is one of the ______of leukocytes.
b
r 6. Hydrogen ______oxygen to form water.

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____7. Water ______ heat much longer than air.
____8. Sulfur often has an unpleasant ______,

E xe rcise 26: Choose the word(s) that best com plete(s) each o f the
below sentences.
a. blood b. b ra in c. fibers d. function e. glands f. im pulses
g. responses h. skin Ỉ. spinal cord j. stim ulus k. stomach I. system
___________________________________________________ :--------------------------------------------------------
____1. The______ runs from the brain to the lower parts of the back.
____2. ______is an essential liquid in the body.
____3. A tree is made up of thousands of strong______.
____4. Food is broken down for the use of the body In th e ______ .
____5. When a driver sees a red light, he is responding to a ______ .
6. Staying in the sun too long will make th e ______dark.
____7. Which of the body has the function of eliminating wastes.
____8. The most Important____of the blood is to provide energy for
the body.
____9. Sm all______in the mouth release fluids that helps break down
food.
____10. T h e _____ makes it possible for man to think and learn.

Exercise 27: W rite the word(s) on the lin e before the corresponding
definition.
a receive b. neuron c. heart d. consist o f e. conspicuous
f. motor nerves g. synapse h. nervous system i. Entirely j. but for

_____1. The basic unit of the nervous system.

_____2. The vital organ of the circulatory system.
_____3. Take something offered or sent.
'____ 4. Include .
_____5. A combination of nerve cells.
____ 6. Places where a nerve impulse passes from one nerve cell to another.
____ 7. Easily seen.
____ 8. Those nerves that carry impulses from the brain or other nerve
centers to the muscles.
____ 9. Without.
____ 10. Completely.

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 Exercise 28: C o m p le te th e blan ks w ith th e g ive n w ords.

a. fibroblasts d. degenerate g. m atrix

b. stress e. osteocytes h. osteoblastic
c. osteoclasts f. holes i. osteoblasts

____1. D issolving and absorbing bits o f bone w hich a re no

longer Important to the efficient design of the skeleton is the
task of ______ .
____2. Osteoclasts can form from__________ , or even from__________
in the bone marrow.
____3. Osteoclasts actually e a t__________in large areas of the bone.
____4. Bone ordinarily adjusts its strength in proportion to the degree
of bone___________.
____ 5. Continual physical stress stimulates__:_____ deposition o f bone.
____6. The normal toughness of bone is generally maintained by the
constant formation of new b o n e _________
7. When bone ages, it becomes relatively weak and brittle as the
old matrix begins t o ____.

Exercise 29: D efine the fo llo w in g terms.

Biology, cytology, colorless, dermatitis, osteotitls, hepatitis, gastrectomy,
otorhlnolaringology, obstetrics, psychiatry, pediatrics, cardiology,
radiology/neurology, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, arthritis, cranlology,
laparatomy, m yelitis, perlcaridiurh, hypotension, hyperglycem ia,
intracellular.

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MEDICINE! 167
 PART TWO: GRAMMAR
E x e r c is e 1: F i ll in each b la n k w ith a p p ro p ria te a d v e rb s o f
frequency.
____1. The disease occurs______ in this small city.
____2. She goes to the dentist's______a year.
____3. The laboratory must be cleaned______.
____4. Take one ta b le t______,

E xe rcise 2: Com bine each o f the fo llo w in g p a irs o f sentences u sin g

SO A S TO / IN O R D ER TO where possible.
___ 1. A sick child needs tò eat and drink. This is required to help the
child fight the sickness.
__2. John does physical exercises regularly. He wants to grow strong
and healthy.
____3. They clean the laboratory every day. They want to keep it clean.
____4. Mary tried a tablet of aspirin. She wanted to relieve the terrible
toothache.
____5. Patients with diarrhea should drink milch water if they want to
replace the amount o f water they have lost.
____6. Mr. Brown went to the health center. He wanted to have his
blood pressure checked.

E x e rcise 3: N ow read the fo llo w in g passage an d f i l l in the b lan ks

w ith the words given: as, as soon as, before, fin a lly , firs t, m eanw hile,
next, when.
E ve ry h o sp ital needs larg e supplies o f b lood fo r transfusions. I t s’
given by donors. ( I ) _______ g ivin g blood, the donor is given tests
to determ ine h is b lo o d group and make sure he is not suffering fro m
certain diseases. (2 )______ this has been done, hừ blood can be taken.
( 3 ) ______ he lie s down w ith h is arm on a p illo w . (4 )_______the
nurse puts the c u ff o f the sphygm om anom eter around hừ upper arm ,
and in flates it to com press the veins. A t this state she cleans h is
skin w ith ether an d inserts the needle in to the vein. (5 )_______ she
does this the b lo o d begins to flo w into the bottle u n til it is fu ll.
( 6 ) ______ the donor opens h is hand to increase the flow .

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168 MEDICINE 1
 ( 7 ) _______ th e b o ttle is fu ll, the n urse takes o f f th e
sphygmomanometer and withdraws the needle. (8) _ , sh e p u ts
a dressing oh the donor's arm. The blood is immediately la b e le d
and refrigerated.
Exercise 5: F ill the m iddle columns with as m any conjunctions as
possible:
1.

I d id not I did n o t eat

g et diarrhea the v eg etab les.

2.

I d id not eat I did n o t get

th e fruit diarrhea.

Exercise 6: Restate the follow ing sentences by changing the underlined

phrases with adjectives ending in -ABLE.
____ J . The fraction can be reduced further.
____2. One is a number that cannot be divided.
____3. In this solution, the Ingredients cannot be separated.
____4. There is a change on colour that can benoticed.
____5. Once this substance hardens it cannot be broken.
____6. AIDS is among some fatal diseases that still cannot be cured.

Exercise 7: Restate the follow ing sentences as directed:

____1. The boy has a quick mind. That's a quick-minded boy.
____2. The man has only one eye.
____3. The girl has long legs.
____4. The woman has curly hair.
____5. The kidney is shaped like a bean.
____6. The lungs are in the shape of a cone.

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MEDICINE 1 169

JL r X
30.Diagnostic tests indicate the special substances _ w hich a
person may be sensitive.
(A) on (B) in (C) from (D) to

S ection 2 Terminology
2
In questions 31-40 m atch each term on the left its meaning lis te d
on the right. Write the letter you choose in the corresponding box
in the answer sheet.
31. adrenalectomy a. between the ribs
32. pericardial b. a large cell in red bone marrow
33. arterioplasty c. surgical removal of the adrenal gland
34. hyperbilirubinemia d. a pain in the joints
35. bronchiolitis e. incision Into the trachea for insertion of a tube
36. subcutaneous f. excessive amount of bilirubin (a bile
pigment) in the blood stream
37. Intercosta g. surgical repair of an artery
38. myelocyte h. an inflammation of the bronchioles
39. arthrosis I. pertaining to the cardium, the sac-like
structure that surrounds the heart
40. tracheotomy J. located beneath the skin 'I
1

S ection 3 Reading Comprehension 3

1. F ill in the blanks w ith the words yo u choose from the w ord list.
early bronchitis difficulty factors from kills lungs organs $
Ì•i
pains smokers stimulate victim
I
Cancer of the lungs seems to be caused usually by environmental.....
(41)..., cigarette smoking being the one most commonly mentioned. Any
inhaled Irritant c a n ....(42)........ some cells to begin abnormal growth. As
■ị
has been pointed out frequently,..... (43)......diagnosis Is very important.
Practically all sufferers....... (44).... lung cancer cough, most breathe ệ
with....(45).... . and many have chest.....(46)... and cough up blood. Any ị
such combination of symptoms calls for chest X rays, bronchoscopy, and
biopsy.

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176 MEDICINE 1
 Lung cancer can spread to other...(47)...., and other organs ca n send
malignant cells to th e ....(48).....In either case, the condition is serious
Since it is known that the average survival time for a .....(49).....o f lung
cancer after diagnosis is about nine months , and that cigarette
(50)....run about 20 times the risk of nonsmokers , cigarette sm oking
Is clearly a risky practice.
2. F ill in the blanks w ith appropriate words beginning w ith the
given initials.
Blood from the entire body is t______(51) to the right atrium through
two large veins. When the right atrium c_____ (52), it forces the blood
through an o______(53) into the right ventricle. Contraction o f this
ventricle drives the blood to the lungs. Blood is p______(54) from
returning into the atrium by the tricuspid valve, w _____ (55) completely
closes during c______(56) o f the ventricle. In its passage through the
lungs, the b______(57) Is oxygenated, it is then brought b______ (58)
to the heart by the four pulmonary veins , which e (59) the left
atrium. When this chamber contracts, blood is ______(60) into the left
ventricle and thence by ventricular contraction Into the aorta.
3 f R ead the passage and then say whether the sentences given below
it are TRUE or FALSE.
■ Fluids constitute approximately 60% of the body weight of an adult,
and solids approximately 40%. In a newborn baby, fluids constitute 75%
and solids 25% of the body weight.
In a healthy person, the daily intake of fluids is equal to the daily
output, but in a sick person the balance may be upset and then thè
output of fluids is either too great or too small.
A larger amount of fluid than normal may be lost because of diarrhea,
vomiting or excessive sweating. Excessive fluid loss causes dehydration.
The symptoms of dehydration include thirst, dry skin and dry mucous
membranes, constipation and oliguria. The blood pressure falls and the
pulse is weak and rapid.
Excessive fluid retention causes edema. The symptoms of edema
include weight gain, swelling of the subcutaneous tissues, distension of
the abdomen, anuria and oliguria.
61. Solids constitute a smaller percentage of the body weight o f a
child than of an adult.

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MEDICINE! 177
 62. There is not a balance of the amounts of fluid taken in and excreted
every day in a man with good health.
63. Vomiting is not the only cause of ạ loss of an abnormal am ount
of fluid.
64. Thirst, constipation, dryness of the skin and mucous m embrane
suggest dehydration.
65. Too much accumulation of fluid in the body results in edema.

Section 4 Writing 4
Rew rite the follow ing sentences without changing their m eanings:

66. The primary purpose of the skeleton is to support the body.

67. The spleen helps to remove and destroy faulty red blood cells.
68. An excessive intake of vitamin A produces symptoms of toxicity.
69. In the nucleus lie the genes which pass on certain traits from one
generation to another.
70. The nose is pyramidal in shape.

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178 MEDICINE!