Garciano, Arly P. - Module 3 - Biochemistry

Arly P.
Garciano BSED IV – Bio Sci Module 3 - Biochemistry
Lesson 1: Fatty Acids
 Consist of
three
carbon
chains.
 Hydrogen
and Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fats oxygen
- have one or more carbon-carbon double
- are the simplest fatty acids that are bonded to
bonds. The term unsaturated indicates that
unbranched, linear chains of CH2 groups themfewer
in than the maximum possible number
linked by carbon –carbon single bondschains.
of hydrogen atoms are bonded to each
with terminal carboxylic acid group.  Madecarbon
of in the molecule.
carboxylic
acid.
 Both fats
are
insoluble
Why are lipids important?

Lipids are important because they serve as structural components of the cell membrane, act
as energy reserve stores and are also of crucial importance for signal molecules. Insulation,
protection and communication within the cell is not possible without lipids.
Common Saturated Fatty Acids
No. of
Trivial Name Systematic Name Carbon in Typical Sources
Chain
Lauric acid n-dodecanoic acid 12 palm kernel oil, nutmeg
Myristic acid n-tetradecanoic acid 14 palm kernel oil, nutmeg
Palmitic acid n-hexadecanoic acid 16 olive oil, animal lipids
Stearic acid n-octadecanoic acid 18 cocoa butter, animal lipids
Behenic acid n-docosanoic acid 22 brain tissue, radish oil
Lignoceric acid n-tetracosanoic acid 24 brain tissue, carnauba wax
Common Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

No. of
Trivial Name Systematic Name Carbon in Typical Sources
Chain
cis-9-hexadecenoic
Palmitoleic acid 16 marine algae, pine oil
acid
cis-9-octadecenoic
Oleic acid 18 animal tissues, olive oil
acid
Gadoleic acid cis-9-eicosenoic acid 20 fish oils (cod, sardine)
cis-13-docosenoic
Erucic acid 22 rapeseed oil
acid
cis-15-tetracosenoic
Nervonic acid 24 sharks, brain tissue
acid
Common Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
No. of
Carbon
Trivial Name Systematic Name Typical Sources
in
Chain
corn oil, animal tissues,
Linoleic acid cis-9-, cis-12-octadecadienoic acid 18
bacteria
cis-9-, cis-12-, cis-15-
18 animal tissues
octadecatrienoic acid
5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 20
Linolenic acid 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 20 brain tissue
7,10,13-docosatrienoic acid 22 phospholipids
8,11,14-docosatrienoic acid 22
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20 liver, brain tissue
Arachidonic 4,7,10,13-docosatetraenoic acid 22 brain tissue
acid
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic
22 brain tissue
acid
Lesson 2: Fatty Acids and Derivatives
Structures of Monoglyceride, Diglyceride, and Triglyceride
Why it is important for some plants, animals and insects to have waxes on their surfaces
and or skin?
Waxes on some plants, animals, and insects protect them from wet and unwanted contact from
different surfaces. The presence of wax allows them to be water resistant not allowing the water
to penetrate to their bodies which could affect their homeostasis.
Explain the biosynthesis of waxes in Plankton:

Planktons biosynthesize waxes for them to be able to store energy. Moreover, waxes also
help them adjust their floating density as well as how deep they are able to reside in the ocean.
With the biosynthesis of such waxes, when planktons die, petroleum is made obtainable.
Liposome and its uses:

A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane.
Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases.
Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and
a tail group.
Lesson 3: Cholesterol and its Derivatives
CHOLESTEROL
A. B.
- serves as structure of cell membranes
- can damage arteries
- produce hormones like estrogen,
testosterone and adrenal hormones - can cause heart disease
- help in the making and processing of - can trigger stroke
vitamin D - can cause peripheral vascular disease
- helps make digective fluids - can trigger high blood pressure and cardiac
- help regulate body temperature disease
What do you think is the important role/s of cholesterol in our body?
Cholesterol is a sterol synthesized by animal cells and is also a component of the diet, being
present in food of animal origin. Its main function is to maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell
membranes and to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of substances that are vital for the
organism including steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
Explain the transport and storage of cholesterol.

There is around 100 grams of cholesterol in the average human body, but this amount can
differ considerably among healthy people. Of this number, approximately 60 grams pass
dynamically through the organism. Because cholesterol is insoluble in water, which is the source
of body fluids, lipoprotein transfer particles are transported through the circulatory system in the
blood.
Both lipids and proteins are present in these microscopic complexes that can accommodate
cholesterol and also be soluble in the blood. Cholesterol is processed into the intestinal lining
cells, where it is integrated into chylomicrons called lipoprotein complexes and later secreted
into the lymphatic circulation. In the end, the lymph enters the bloodstream and the lipoproteins
are transferred to the liver.
Cholesterol, whether derived from a diet or newly synthesized by the liver, is transferred to the
tissues and organs of the body by lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the blood. The cholesterol is
absorbed into biological membranes or deposited there as cholesteryl esters-molecules formed by
a fatty acid (most commonly oleate) reaction with the cholesterol hydroxyl group.
Cholesterol esters are much more hydrophobic than cholesterol itself and they combine into
droplets in cells that are identical to lipid droplets in adipose cells. By transferring to another
form of circulating lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood, cholesterol is lost from cells in peripheral
tissues and is then returned to the liver where it is metabolized into bile acids and salts.
Lesson 4: Biological Functions of Lipids
Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through a cascade of cytochrome P450
enzymes that oxidize, hydroxylate, and rearrange the cholesterol backbone into specific steroids
with unique biological activities. They are crucial in maintaining the normal morphology and
growth of MSCs. The steroid hormones consume a very small fraction of the total cholesterol
available in the organism, but they are very important physiologically. (See below Biological
functions of lipids.) There are five principal classes, all derived from cholesterol: progestins
(active during pregnancy), the glucocorticoids (promoting the synthesis of glucose and
suppressing inflammatory reactions), the mineralocorticoids (regulating ion balances), estrogens
(promoting female sex characteristics), and androgens (promoting male sex characteristics). With
the exception of progesterone, all of these closely related biologically active molecules have in
common a shortened side chain in ring D and, in some cases, an oxidized OH group on ring A.
The individual molecules are synthesized on demand by the placenta in pregnant women, by the
adrenal cortex, and by the gonads.
Organs Affected by Steroid Hormones
Hormone Class Target Organs
Glucocorticoids Kidneys
Uterus, hypothalamus,
pituitary, bone,
Estrogens
mammary tissue, and
liver
Progesterone Uterus
Androgens Heart

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Arly P.

Garciano BSED IV – Bio Sci Module 3 - Biochemistry

Lesson 1: Fatty Acids

Why are lipids important?

Myristic acid n-tetradecanoic acid 14 palm kernel oil, nutmeg

Palmitic acid n-hexadecanoic acid 16 olive oil, animal lipids

Stearic acid n-octadecanoic acid 18 cocoa butter, animal lipids

Behenic acid n-docosanoic acid 22 brain tissue, radish oil

Lignoceric acid n-tetracosanoic acid 24 brain tissue, carnauba wax

Common Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Gadoleic acid cis-9-eicosenoic acid 20 fish oils (cod, sardine)

Explain the biosynthesis of waxes in Plankton:

Liposome and its uses:

Lesson 3: Cholesterol and its Derivatives

Explain the transport and storage of cholesterol.

Organs Affected by Steroid Hormones

Hormone Class Target Organs

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