CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENCE

I. OBJECTIVE:

After successfully completing this Chapter, you should be able to;

a. define basic intelligence;
b. construct basic report; and
c. differentiate report from intelligence

II. REFERENCE:

GESCON FC2 -012

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Intelligence – is the end product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
information.

2. Information – is any unevaluated data for every description which

when processed may produced intelligence.

3. Source – is a person, thing or activity from which information is

originally obtained.

4. Observation – complete and accurate awareness of individual in

his/her surroundings.

5. Investigation – to make systematic examination or to conduct an

official inquiry.

6. Interrogation – the art of questioning and examining a source to

obtain a maximum amount of usable information.

7. Elicitation – obtaining information from a person who is unaware that

he/she is providing wanted information.

8. Dissemination – timely transmission of information and or/

intelligence in an appropriate form and by any suitable means to those who need it.

9. Interview – information is obtained from another person who is aware

that he/she is giving information.

10. Military Intelligence – is consists of collection, evaluation,

interpretation and dissemination of information pertaining to possible or actual enemy
operation.
A. Types of Military Intelligence:

1. Combat Intelligence
2. Strategic Intelligence
3. Counterintelligence

Combat Intelligence – is the knowledge of people, weather, enemy and

terrain or geographical features required by a Commander in the planning and
conduct of tactical operations.

a. Knowledge of People:
1. Customs and tradition
2. Education
3. Religions and beliefs

b. General Military Aspects of the Weather:

1. Visibility 4. Temperature

2. Clouds 5. Wind

4. Precipitation

c. Knowledge of the Enemy:

1. CPP/NPA/NDF
2. MILF – Seccessionist movement
3. ABU SAYAFF
4. Ultra Rightist group
5. Syndicated Crime Groups

Acronym use in reporting and recording information about the enemy:

“S A L U T E”

S – ize U – nit/uniform

A – ctivity T – ime

L – ocation E – quipment
 Example:

S – seven enemy/soldiers

A – traveling NE

L – crossed road junction GC 123456

U – OD fatigue with red star on left shoulder

T – 301300 Dec 01

E – Carrying assorted high powered firearms with one machine gun

and one rocket launcher.

d. Five Military Aspects of the Terrain: (OCOKA)

1. Observation and Fire:

a) Terrain influences the ability of a force to

exercise surveillance over a given area through the use of personnel or
sensors. The best observation generally is obtained from the highest terrain features in an
area.

b) The term “fire” encompasses the influence of the

terrain on both direct and indirect fire weapons. Indirect fire weapons such as mortars and
howitzers are affected primarily by terrain conditions within the target area which may
influence the terminal effect of the projectile. Direct fire weapons such as machineguns and
automatic rifles are primarily affected by terrain conditions which affect fields of fire.

2. Concealment and Cover:

a) Concealment may be provided by darkness,

smoke screens and terrain features such as
woods, underbrush, snowdrifts, tall grass, or
cultivated vegetation. Concealment from visual
ground observation does not necessarily
provide concealment from air observation or
from electronic or infrared detection devices.
b) Cover may be provided by trees, rocks, ditches,
quarries, caves, river bunks, bunkers, shell
craters, buildings, walls, railroad embankments
and cuts, sunken roads and highway fills.
 3. Obstacles:

a) An obstacles is any natural or artificial feature

which stops, impedes, or diverts military
movements.
b) Mission execution is influence by obstacles. In
the defense obstacles stops or impedes enemy movement within the battle area. In the
attack the obstacles within the unit’s zone of action influence friendly movement.

4. Key Terrain:

A key terrain feature is an area whose seizure or

control affords a marked advantage to the occupying or controlling force.

5. Avenue of Approach:

a) An avenue of approach is a route for a force of

a particular size to reach an objective. To be
considered an avenue of approach, a route
must provide enough width for the development
of the size force.
b) The analysis of an avenue of approach at any
level of command is based on the following considerations:

 Observation and fire

 Cover and concealment
 Obstacles
 Utilization of key terrain
 Adequate maneuver space
 Ease of movement

Strategic Intelligence – is the knowledge which requiring to serve as

basis for the formulation of policy and military plans at national and international level.

Components of Strategic Intelligence:

a. Biographic Intelligence
b. Geographic intelligence
c. Transportation and telecommunication
d. Scientific intelligence
e. Sociological intelligence
f. Political intelligence
g. Economic intelligence
h. Armed Forces

Counterintelligence – the aspect of military intelligence relating to all

security control measures both active and passive designed to ensure safeguarding of
information and materials, personnel and installation sabotage, espionage and subversive
activities of foreign powers.
 Counterintelligence - is that element of military operations which
deals with neutralizing or destroying the effectiveness of the enemy intelligence system.

B. Difference Between Information and Intelligence:

1. Information – is unevaluated material of every description including

that derived from observations, communications, reports, rumors,
imagery, and other sources from which intelligence is produced.
Information itself may be:

a. True or false
b. Accurate or inaccurate
c. Confirmed or unconfirmed
d. Pertinent or impertinent
e. Positive or negative

2. Intelligence – is the product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, and interpretation of information which concerns one or more aspects of foreign
nations or of functional or geographic areas and which is immediately or potentially
significant to the development and execution of plans, policies and operations.

C. Sources of Information:

Source – is defined as a person, thing or activity from which information is

originally obtained.

1. Types of Sources of Information:

a. Signal Intelligence: (SIGINT)

Advantage:

1) Fast/timely information.
2) Accurate/reliable information
Disadvantage:

1) Can not be tasked.

2) Use for deception.

b. Photo Intelligence: (PHOTINT)

Advantage: Could be reached.

Disadvantage:

1) Weather dependent.
2) This could be deceived by camouflage.
c. Interrogation:
Advantage: Ask direct question.

Disadvantage:

1) Not very reliable

2) Time consuming

d. Patrols:

Advantage:

1) Could be tasked.
2) It could get into enemy area.
3) First hand information.

Disadvantage:

1) It could be subjected to enemy action.

2) Information may not be complete.

e. Documents Exploitation:

Advantage:

1) We will have direct information.

2) Future plans.
3) Current history

Disadvantage:

1) Susceptible for deception.

2) Out dated
3) Can not be tasked.

f. Human Intelligence:(POW, Civilians, DPA and Troops)

Advantage: Could be tasked.

Disadvantage: Time consuming

f. Other Intel Units

 2. Common Sources of Information:

a. Enemy activities
b. POW
c. Local residents/civilians
d. Refugees, evacuees, displaced person
e. Captured enemy documents and materials
f. Maps
g. Weather forecast
h. Studies and reports
i. Informants
j. Intelligence report and studies

D. Handling of POW, Captured documents and materials:

1. Handling of POW:

a. Prisoners of War – are valuable sources of information of

immediate tactical value and the effects of friendly
psychological operations. Maximum information is obtained
through skillful handling of POW from the time of capture until
the interrogation is completed.
b. Intelligence interrogation personnel must stay abreast of the
current enemy OB, tactics and organization in order to be effective in their interrogations.

c. Intelligence interrogation personnel are brief on the

information desired and are provided with aids and aerial photos to assist them in the
conduct of interrogations.
d. POW of counterintelligence interest should be identified and
separated early from other POW.

e. When sick or wounded POW are undergoing treatment at

medical treatment facilities, suitable arrangements for interrogation will be coordinated with
the medical officer in-charge.

f. Procedures for interrogation and handling of POW are

standardize.

2. Handling, Reporting, and Evaluation of Captured Enemy

Documents:

Handling of captured enemy documents of recorded information should

be outlined in unit SOP.
b. Captured documents will be processed through the various
echelons with each echelons extracting that data of immediate tactical significance.

c. Documents found on POW will be delivered to higher

headquarters by the guards escorting the POW.
 E. Intelligence Operations:

1. Two Geographical areas of military intelligence:

a. Area of Influence – is that potion of the assigned zone or area

of operations in which the commander is capable of directly
affecting the course of combat by the employment of his own
available combat power.

b. Area of Interest – intelligence operations are concerned not

only with the area of influence but also extend further to the area from which information and
intelligence are required to permit planning for the extension of the area of influence or for
the displacement of potential targets into the area of influence.

2. Basic Principles of Intelligence Operations:

a. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are

interdependent.

b. Intelligence must be useful.

c. Intelligence must be timely.
d. Intelligence operations must permit flexibility in
procedures.

e. Intelligence operations must require imagination and foresight.

f. The nature of intelligence requires employment of
continuous security measures.

g. Intelligence processing requires free, complete, and timely

exchange of information and intelligence to permit production
of a complete and usable product.
 Check Point

EVALUATION:
Window Hour 0800H Nov 27-29, 2020. Deadline of submission 1700H 29 Nov
2020

https://forms.gle/Q3JbURySxcCWdvkk9
 CHAPTER 2
BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

IV. OBJECTIVE:

After successfully completing this Chapter, you should be able to;

d. define signal communication;
e. familiarize different radio equipment ; and
f. memorized military prowords, flashing lights, hand and arm signals

V. REFERENCE:

COMBAT COMMUNICATION SP11-011

VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

Definition of Terms

a. Signal Communication - Transfer of information from one place to or

person except by direct conversation.

b. Means of Communication - Means by which information or message is

conveyed from one place to another.

c. Facility or Agency of Signal Communication - Is the place that

comprises embraces personal and equipment necessary to provide signal communication.

Principles of Communication

a. Superior to Subordinate - Provides that the commander is the one

responsible for installation, operation and maintenance of Signal Communication to the
lower units.

b. Supporting to Supported - Provides that the commander is the one

responsible for installation, operation and maintenance of Signal Communication to the
lower units.

c. Reinforcing to Reinforced - these principle holds true only for artillery

units for it is only an artillery unit can reinforce the fire of another artillery unit.

d. Lateral Communication - Normally, the responsibility for the

establishment of communication between adjacent units is fixed by the next higher
commander or may be established in the unit's SOP.

e. Maintenance of Communication - Effective maintenance requires the

close coordination and joint participation of all units concerned.
 Characteristics of Communication:

a. Reliability.

1. Multiple means.
2. Alternate.
3. Reserve equipment.

b. Speed.
c. Security.
d. Flexibility.
e. Appropriate means.
f. Simplicity in operation.
g. Dispersion.

Means of Signal Communication:

STRESS: Telecommunication means derive from the Greek word "TELE"

meaning Far or Far Off, broadly operating at a distance.

a. Electronic Means:

1. Radio - the fastest means of Signal Communication but it is least

secured as the principal means of communication in the AFP.

2. Wire.
3. Telephone.
4. Teletypewriter.
5. Television.

b. Physical Means:

1. Messenger - the oldest and relatively most secured means of

communication.
2. Trained Animals - the ability of some animals to find their way back
from relatively extended distance and from strange places.
3. Mail - used by civilians
4. Sound - it is supplementary means of communication in the AFP.

Example: Bugles, horns, gongs, weapons & other noise making

devices.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Radio

a. Advantages:

1. Speed of Installation
2. Flexibility
3. Maintained while troop are mobile
4. Use for air to ground communication
5. Provide communication over impossible terrain
 b. Disadvantages:

1. Subject to atmosphere condition

2. Subject to interference (natural or manmade interference)
3. Least secured.

Fundamentals of Radio Communication:

a. Radio Net - a group of several stations working together in the same

frequency
b. Calls Sign - combination of characters (letters and numbers) or
pronounceable words that identifies the facility or station.

a. Individual Call Sign b. Collective Call Sign

c. Net Call Sign - a call sign that identifies all radio station operating in a
particular net and using the same frequency.

d. Call - a method of establishing communication whereby the station

calling transmits the identity of the stations called as well as his own identity.

e. Prowords - are pronounceable words that have assigned meaning to

facilitate transmission by radio.

VII. Phonetic Alphabet

Letter Word Pronunciation Letter Word Pronunciation

A ALFA AL FAH N NOVEMBER NO VEM BER
B BRAVO BRAH VOH O OSCAR OSS CAH
C CHARLIE CHAR LEE P PAPA PAH PAH
D DELTA DELL TAH Q QUEBEC KEH BECK
E ECHO ECK OH R ROMEO ROW ME OH
F FOXYTROT FOXS TROT S SIERRA SEE AIR RAH
G GOLF GOLF T TANGO TANG GO
H HOTEL HOH TELL U UNIFORM YOU NEE FORM
I INDIA IN DEE AH V VICTOR VIK TAH
J JULIETT JEW LEE ETT W WHISKEY WISS KEY
K KILO KEY LOH X XRAY ECKS RAY
L LIMA LEE MAH Y YANKEE YANG KEY
M MIKE MIKE Z ZULU ZOO LOO

VIII. Numerical Pronunciation

1. To distinguish numerals from words similarly pronounced, the

proword “FIGURES” might be used preceding such numbers.

2. When numerals are transmitted by radiotelephone, the following rules for

their pronunciation will be observed:

Numeral Spoken As Numeral Spoken As

0 ZE RO 5 FIFE
1 WUN 6 SIX
 2 TOO 7 SEV - EN
3 TREE 8 AIT
4 FOW - ER 9 NIN - ER

3. Numbers will be transmitted digit by digit except that exact multiple of

thousands may be spoken as such. However, there are special cases, such as anti-air
warfare reporting procedures, when the normal pronunciation of numerals is prescribed for
example, 17 would then be “seventeen.”

Numeral Spoken As
44 FOW-ER FOW-ER
90 NIN-ER ZERO
136 WUN TREE SIX
TIME 1200 WUN TOO ZE-RO ZE-RO
1478 WUN FOW-ER SEV-EN AIT
7000 SEV-EN TOU-SAND
16000 WUN SIX TOU-SAND
812681 AIT WUN TOO SIX AIT WUN

4. The figure “ZERO” is to be written “0,” the figure “ONE” is to be written “1”
and the letter “ZULU” is to be written “Z.”

5. Difficult words may be spelled phonetically using the four-step method.

Abbreviations and isolated letters should be phonetisized without the proword “I SPELL.”

IX. Prowords

Proword Meaning
ALL AFTER The portion of the message to which I have reference
is all that which follows
ALL BEFORE The portion of the message to which I have reference
is all that which precedes ____________.
AUTHENTICATE The station called is to reply to the challenge that
follows ____________.
AUTHENTICATION IS The transmission authentication of this message is
________________.
BREAK I hereby indicate the separation of the text from other
portions of the message.
CORRECT You are correct or what you have transmitted is
correct.
CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission.
Transmission will continue with the last word correctly
transmitted.
An error has been made in this transmission (or
message indicated). The correct version is _______.
DISREGARD TRANSMISSION-OUT This transmission is in error. Disregard it. (This
proword shall not be used to cancel any message that
has been completely transmitted and for which receipt
or acknowledge has been received)
DO NOT ANSWER Stations called are not to answer this call, receipt for
the message, or otherwise to transmit it connection
with this transmission. When this proword is
employed, the transmission shall be ended with the
proword “OUT”.
EXEMPT The addresses immediately following are exempted
from the collective call.
FIGURES Numerals or numbers follow. (Optional)
FLASH Precedence FLASH. Reserved for initial enemy contact
reports on special emergency operational combat
 traffic originated by specifically designated high
commanders of units directly affected. This traffic is to
SHORT reports of emergency situations of vital
proportion. Handling is as fast as is humanly possible
with an objective time of 10 minutes or less.
FROM The originator of this message is indicated by the
address designation immediately following.
GROUPS This message contains the number of groups indicated.
IMMEDIATE Precedence immediate. The precedence reserved for
message relating to situations which gravely affect the
security of national/allied forces or populace, and
which require immediate delivery.
INFO The addressees immediately following are addressed
for information.
I AUTHENTICATE The group that follows it is the reply to your challenge
to authenticate.
I READ BACK The following is my response to your instructions to
read back.
I SAY AGAIN I am repeating transmission or portion indicated.
I SPELL I shall spell the next word phonetically.
I VERIFY That which follows has been verified at your request
and is repeated. (To be used as a reply to verify)
MESSAGE A message that requires recording is about to follow.
(Transmitted immediately after the call)
MORE TO FOLLOW Transmitting station has additional traffic for the
receiving station.
OUT This is the end of my transmission to you and no
answer is required or expected. (Since OVER and OUT
have opposite meanings, they are never used together.
OVER This is the end of my transmission to you and a
response is necessary, Go ahead; transmit
PRIORITY Precedence PRIORITY. Reserved for important
messages that must have precedence over routine
traffic. This is the highest precedence that normally
may be assigned to a message of administrative
nature.
READ BACK Repeat this entire transmission back to me exactly as
received
RELAY (TO) Transmit this message to all addresses (or addresses
immediately following this proword). The address
component is mandatory when this proword id used.
ROGER I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.
ROUTINE Precedence ROUTINE. Reserved for all types of
messages which are not of sufficient urgency to justify
a higher precedence, but must have be delivered to
the addressee without delay.
SAY AGAIN Repeat all of your last transmission. (Followed by
identification data means “Repeat ____(Portion
indication).”)
SERVICE The message that follows is a service message.
SILENCE “Cease Transmission Immediately.” Silence will be
maintained until lifted. (Transmission imposing silence
must be authenticated).
SILENCE LIFTED Silence is lifted. (When an authentication system is in
force the transmission lifting silence is to be
authenticated).
SPEAK SLOWER Your transmission is too fast a speed. Reduce speed
of transmission.
THIS IS This transmission is from the station whose designator
immediately follows.
TIME That which immediately follows is the time or
date/time group of the message.
TO The addressee(s) immediately following is (are)
addressed for action.
UNKNOWN STATION The identity of the station with which I am attempting
to establish communications is unknown.
VERIFY Verify entire message (or portion indicated) with the
originator and send correct version. (To be used only
at the discretion of the addressee to which the
questioned message was directed)
WAIT I must pause for a few seconds.
WAIT OUT I must pause for a longer than a few seconds.
WILCO I have received your signal, understand it, and will
comply. (To be used only by the addressee. Since the
meaning of ROGER is included in that of WILCO, the
two prowords are never used together).
WORD AFTER He word of the message to which I have reference is
that which follows _____________.
WORD BEFORE The word of the message to which I have reference is
that which precedes.
WORD TWICE Communication is difficult. Transmit (ring) each
phrase (or each code group) twice. This proword may
be used as an order, request, or as information.
WRONG Your last transmission is incorrect. The correct version
is ____________.

XI. Communication Security - is the protection resulting from all measures

designed to deny unauthorized person in their interpretation of the result of such study.

1. Function of Net Control Station (NCS)

a. Prevent unofficial conversation between radio operator.

b. Monitor All transmission to ensure that correct procedures are used.
c. Carry out commander’s order.
d. Order frequency change if needed.

2. Practices Specifically Forbidden

a. Violation of radio silence.

b. Unofficial conversation between radio operator.
c. Transmitting in a directed not without permission.
d. Excessive tuning and testing of equipment.
e. Using profane or indirect language.

3. Authentication - is a security measure design to protect commos system

from fraudulent use or transmission.

Two kinds of Authentication:

a. Station (Identification) authentication b. Message authentication.

4. Factors to consider that affect Radio Transceiver:

a. Location.
b. Weather and Terrain.
c. Antenna Height.
d. Power Output.
e. Distance Range.
 STRESS: SSI - Signal Standard Instructions - What will you do
SOI - Signal Operating Instruction - How will you do

XII. Message Writing

1. Definition - a thought or idea expressed in brief, plain or secret language and

prepared in form suitable for transmission by any means of communication.

Parts of Message:

a. Addressee - activity of person to when a message is sent.

(1) Action Addressee - the individual that will take

action in the message.
(2) Information Addressee - for informative
purposes but not to take action.
(3) Exempted Addressee -

2. Body or Text:
3. Types of Messages according to precedence or procedure.

a. Flash - Z b. Urgent - U
c. Priority - P d. Restricted - R

4. Types of Messages According to Security:

a. Top Secret - High Echelon b. Secret - create endorsement

c. Confidential d. Restricted

5. Originator - The authority in whose name a message is sent. The originator of

a message is always the commander of the unit that originates it.

6. Drafter or Writer - The person actually composes a message. This may be the
commander himself or other personnel that has been delegated with the responsibility of
preparing the message.

H. Practical Exercises - Practical exercises on installation of a radio, antenna

propagation and establishing contact

How to establish initial contact in the radio:

1. Set up the radio set

a. Put up the battery
b. Put up the antenna
c. Put up the handset
d. Adjust/set the frequency
 2. Press to talk - PTT
3. Call the station to be called as well as your identity

Example: ALPHA - this is BRA-VO

BRAVO - this is AL-FA

4. Check your radio signal

Q - How do you read my signal
A - I hear you loud and clear – Weak/Garble

Field Expedients for Antennas

Expedient antennas are temporary antennas designed and constructed by the user to
increase the range of tactical radio sets. Antennas that are components of tactical radio
sets are, for the most part, vertical antennas resulting in the signal being radiated equally in
all directions. Expedient antennas increase the operating range of a given radio set,
providing increase efficiency through the use of an antenna specifically designed for the
operating frequency in use, elevation of the antenna above ground, or by concentrating the
radiated signal along a given direction. Field expedient antennas are easily constructed
from field wire using poles or trees for support. Whatever antenna is used, it must be
remembered that the most important consideration is SITE LOCATION AND LOCATION OF
THE RADIO SET.

Antenna Length. In order to achieve the most efficient expedient antennas, it is

necessary to know the wavelength of the frequency being used.
The physical length in meters of ¼ wavelength for a given operating frequency can
be computed as follows:

Length (meters) = 234/Operating frequency (MHZ)

¼ wavelength is the minimum size antenna. ½ wavelength or greater provides a

higher degree of reliability.
Computation for ½ wavelength is computed the same as ¼ but use the constant
468; for a full wavelength, use the constant 936.
 Examples of Expedient Antennas.

Suspended Vertical Antenna.

Vertical field expedient antennas improve radio set performance by virtue of

the height above the ground. The most effective height above the ground is equal to a
minimum of ¼ wavelength of the operating frequency in meters. Elevation above this
height requires ground plane elements.

Vertical Half Rhombic Antenna

A vertical rhombic antenna can be made directional with the use of a resistor.
A typical vertical half-rhombic antenna consists of 100 feet of field wire WD-1 erected over a
single 30-foot support base. The principal disadvantage of this antenna is that if the angle
between the earth and the antenna wire is too small, the signal may be radiated at an
upward angle that may be above the intended receiver. Therefore, it is important that the
angle between the antenna and the surface of the earth be 45 degrees - 55 degrees. The
insulators and the resistor are installed approximately knee high.

Length - 5 wavelengths of operating frequency, with a 5-foot lead-in.

Height - 10 meters.
Range - Up to 2 t0 3 times operating range of set.
Resistor - 400 – 700 ohms, or a BA30 core may be use as an expedient.
Radiation - Without resistor-equally off both ends.
- With resistor-off resistor end only.
 Long Wire Antenna

This antenna is used with both AM and FM radios to increase range. It is

normally used in open terrain where installation can be accomplished with ease.

Length - 5 to 7 wavelengths of operating frequency, 100 feet for FM* radio is

a good mid frequency range antenna.
Height - 3 meters.
Range - Up to 2 t0 3 times operating range of set.
Resistor - 400 – 700 ohms, or a BA30 core may be use as an expedient.
Radiation - Without resistor-equally off both ends.
- With resistor-off resistor end only.

Planning range of FM radios are computed using whip antennas. Directional

antennas radiate the radio power primarily in one direction, which increases the probability
of a successful radio contact.
 Jungle Antenna or Expedient 292

1. Cut all four wires for a ¼ wavelength antenna. Connect them as in the
illustration.
2. Connect two insulators, one at each end of the vertical element. Attach a rope
with a rock tied to it to throw the rope over a tree limb.
3. Connect the WD-1 as shown before pulling the antenna up in the air.
4. At the radio, connect the vertical element wire of WD-1 to the antenna connector
and the ground plane wire to the radio set chassis.

INSULATORS
VERTICAL ELEMENT
GROUND

PLANE

ELEMENT

LEAD-IN TO
ANTENNA

CONNECTOR

a. Antennas are sometimes broken or damaged resulting in failed or poor

communications. If a spare is available, replace the damaged antenna. When there is no
spare, fabricate an emergency antenna. For more information on how to repair and fabricate
antennas refer to FM 24-18. The following suggest ways to construct an emergency
antenna.

(1) The best wire for antennas is copper or aluminum. In an

emergency, however, use any wire available. WD-1/TT is suitable for this purpose.

(2) The exact length of many antennas is critical. Therefore, the

length of the emergency antenna should be the same as the length of the antenna it
replaces.
 (3) Antennas supported by trees can usually survive heavy
windstorms if the trunk of a tree or a stout limb is used for support. To keep the antenna
taut and to prevent it from breaking or stretching, attach a spring or a strip of old inner tube
to one end of the antenna, or pass a rope through a pulley or eye hook, attach the rope to
the end of the antenna, and load the rope with a heavy weight to keep the antenna taut.

(4) Guys used to hold antenna supports are made of rope or wire. To
ensure that wire guys will not affect the operation of the antenna, cut the wire into several
short lengths and connect the pieces with insulators. Small pieces of dry wood, bottles, or
even suitably shaped stones may be used.

b. An improvised antenna may change the performance of a radio set. Use

either of the two following expedient methods to determine whether the improvised antenna
is operating properly.

(1) The distant receiver may be used to test the antenna. If the signal
received from a station is strong, the antenna is operating satisfactorily. If the signal is
weak, adjust the height and length of the antenna and transmission line to receive the
strongest signal at a given setting of the volume control of the receiver. If your set is
equipped with a power or SWR meter, use this device to adjust your antenna.

(2) In some radio sets, the transmitter is used to adjust the antenna.
First, set the controls of the transmitter in the proper position for normal operation; then,
tune the system by adjusting the antenna height, length, and the transmission line length to
obtain the best transmission output.

c. When a whip antenna is broken into two sections, the portion of the
antenna that is broken off can be connected to the portion attached to the base fitting by
joining the sections together. When both parts of the broken whip are available and usable,
connect the two broken ends together and wrap with wire, ensuring that wrapping is clean
and tight. Lash pole or branch to antenna until antenna will stand-alone. When the portion
of whip that is broken is missing or unusable, add a piece of wire that is nearly the same
length as the broken section. Then, lash a pole the length of the antenna securely to the
base section of the antenna and tie wire to the top of pole. If possible, solder the
connections.

d. Emergency repair of wire antennas can be grouped into two

categories: repair or replacement of the wire used as an antenna or transmission line; and
repair or replacement of the assembly used to support the antenna wires.

(1) When one or more wires on an antenna are broken, reconnecting

the broken wires can repair the antenna. To do this, lower the antenna to the ground, clean
the surface of the wire, and twist the wires together. Whenever possible, solder the
connections.

(2) If the antenna is damaged beyond repair, substitute another

antenna. If antenna sections are not available, WD-1 (field wire) can be used as a
substitute. Ensure the length of the wire is the same length as the original antenna and you
have a good wire to antenna contact.
 XIII. Radio Sets

a. Tactical Radio Set AN/PRC 77

(1) Purpose and Use

Radio Set PRC-77 is a short range, manpack portable,

frequency-modulated (FM) receiver-transmitter used to provide two-way radiotelephone
voice communication.

(2) Technical Characteristics

Frequency Range:
Low Band - 30.00 t0 52.95 Mhz
High Band - 53.00 t0 75.95 Mhz
Number of Channels - 920
Types of Transmission and Reception:
Transmission - Voice (300-3,500 khz and 150 khz squelch tone.
Reception - Voice (no squelch) or voice and 150 khz squelch tone.
Security or Digital Data Equipment … Wideband 10 to 20,000 Hz without 150 khz
squelch tone.

Transmission and Reception Power Requirements

Reception - 12.5 to 15 VDC, 0.06 Amperes Average
Transmission - 12.5 VDC, 780 Milli Amperes Average
Channel Spacing - 50 Khz
Type of Squelch - Tone operated by 150 Khz signal
Type Modulation - Frequency Modulated
Transmitter Output Power - 1.0 to 4.0 Watts
Distance range - 8 Km (varies with conditions)
Battery Life - 60 Hrs (with 9:1 receive-transmit ratio)

(3) Siting Operation

The PRC-77 operates at low power and on high frequencies;

therefore, the location of the equipment greatly affects its operating range. Normally, a
line of sight range can be expected; that is, if the other station can be seen, satisfactory
operation is probable. An intervening hill or a tall building may hamper or prevent contact
with other stations. Valleys, densely wooded areas, and low places are poor sites. Location
on a hilltop or a tower will increase the operating distance. If possible, avoid locations near
a source of electrical interference such as power or telephone lines and radar sets.

(4) Operating Procedure

(a) Set the function switch to ON. A rushing noise should

be heard in the handset.
(b) Set the BAND switch at 30-52 or 53-75, depending on
channel used.
(c) Turn the Mhz and Khz tuning controls so that the
desired frequency shows the channel dial.
(d) Transmit as follows:
 (1) Press the push-to-talk switch on the handset.
(2) Speak into the handset.

(e) To receive, release the push-to-talk switch on the

handset.
(f) The receiver rushing noise can be eliminated by setting
the function switch to SQUELCH during periods when the other station is not transmitting.
To determine whether squelch operation possible, use the following procedures:
(1) Arrange for the distant station to send a short
transmission while operating without its squelch.
(2) Switch the function switch ON; the rushing noise
should be heard until the other station transmits.
(3) Arrange with the other station to turn its squelch
switch to the ON position and to send a short transmission.
(4) Set the Function Switch to SQUELCH; the rushing
noise should stop and the distant station should be heard when it transmits.
(5) If the other station cannot be heard now, reset
the function switch to ON and advise the other station of the situation.

Note: The failure of either station to receive transmission from the other may
indicate that the distance between the two stations is too great or that the squelch circuit of
either radio station is defective.

(6) If either station is moving about, leave the

function switches in the ON position at both stations until it has been determined (by using
the procedures in (1) through (5) above) that reception can be accomplished with the
function switch at SQUELCH.

(5) Recognition and Identification of Jamming

Under real or simulated tactical conditions, the enemy may

jam the receiver. Jamming is easily done by transmission of a stronger signal on the
frequency being used, which makes it difficult or impossible to hear the desired signal.
Unusual noises or strong interference heard on the receiver may be enemy jamming, signals
from friendly station, noise from a local source, or a defective receiver. To determine
whether the interference is originating in the receiver, disconnect the antenna. If the
interference continues, the receiver is defective.

(6) Anti-Jamming Procedures

When jamming of a channel is first noticed, notify your

superior officer immediately and continue to operate the equipment. To provide maximum
intelligibility of jammed signals, try the following:

(a) The effects of enemy jamming may be reduced by

placing the equipment so that nearby obstructions acts as a screen in the direction of
probable sites of enemy jamming transmitters. This screen action may also reduce the
transmitted signal strength toward the enemy and thereby make it more difficult for him to
intercept your signals. If possible, try several different locations within the designated area
and stay at the one where jamming is minimum.
(b) Vary the volume control. The level of the desired
signal may be raised enough to be distinguish from the jamming signal.
 (c) If the procedures in (a) and (b) above do not provide
sufficient signal separation for operation, request changes to an alternate frequency and call
sign.

b. Tactical Radio Set RT-157/PRC –126

(1) Purpose and Use

Radio Set AN/PRC-126 is a hand-held receiver-transmitter that

provides two-way radiotelephone communications. When used with the TSEC/KYV-2A
Secure Voice Module (SVM), it also has the capability of providing speech operation.

This hand-held radio is a small, lightweight, self-contained,

battery-powered, VHF/FM simplex/half duplex voice/data transceiver. The transmitter
output is 1-Watt minimum, and the receiver produces an output SINAD of equal or greater
than 10 dB at a signal input of 0.3V, deviated  6.5 kHz. The RT-1547/PRC-126’s
operating frequency range is 30 to 88 MHz, with the frequency accuracy of better than  10
parts per million over the temperature range of -40C to +55C. Channel spacing is 25 Khz.
Ten preset channels, each of which is operator-selectable for any transmit and receive
frequency in the band and provide unlimited, flexibility for configuration of simplex and half-
duplex operation.

The PRC-126 is intended to fill-up the void on small-unit

communications within platoons and among squads of operating AFP units in the field.

(2) Compatibility

The RT-1547/PRC-126 communicates with (and has been field

tested with) existing VHF/FM radios, such as the AN/PRC-68, AN/PRC-77, RT-524, AN/VRC-
12, the URC-773M and the URC-601. It provides a 150Hz tone with a deviation of  0.5 khz)
during transmission to activate the tone-operated squelch of some existing radios such as
the AN/PRC-77 and employs a temperature-stable, noise-operated squelch in the receive
mode.

(3) Operator Training

Minimal training is required. The RT-1547/PRC-126 radio set

is simple to operate and requires only channel selection to one of ten preset channels by the
Channel selector switch, setting of the volume control to a comfortable level, setting the
antenna switch to a non-beeping position and operation of the Push to Talk switch to
transmit.

Reprogramming the preset channels is similar to setting a

digital wristwatch. Preset frequencies may also be transferred from one radio to another
using an optional frequency transfer cable. This feature is particularly useful when many
radios require new tactical frequency presets, prior to a new mission.

(3) Accessories

Included in the basic hand-held radio are an internal

microphone-speaker and a push-to-talk switch, self-contained operation. An audio
connector on the RT-1547/PRC-126 case allows attachment of a handset or headset, for use
in place of the built-in microphone-speaker. Operator controls and displays include a
volume control-power on-off switch, a squelch disable switch, preset channel setting and
selecting controls, an antenna matching control, and an LCD frequency display. Two
antennas are provided, either of which may be attached to the antenna connector on RT-
1547/PRC-126. One is used for long-range, 3.0-kilometer communication, while the other
provides nominal 500 meters communication range.

There are four types of batteries available for use with the RT-
1547/PRC-126 radio set a full description of each is contained in the Specification portion of
this product description.

(a) BA-5588/U Lithium (non-rechargeable) primary battery

3.0 amp hours a typical provides over 70 hours operation on a 8:1:1 duty cycle of 8 minutes
receive with no signal (standby). 1 minute receive with signal and audio output and 1
minute transmit.
(b) BB-588/U Nickel-cadmium (rechargeable) secondary
battery 0.6 amp hours typical provides 12 hours operation under the conditions above.
(c) BA-1588/U Mercuric oxide primary battery 1.6 amp hours
typical provides 42 hours operations under the conditions above.
(d) Magnavox 548103-804 Nickel Cadmium secondary
battery 0.8 amp hours typical provides 16 hours operation under the conditions above.

Caution: DO NOT store batteries in unused equipment for more than 30 days.
Store lithium batteries in a cool (i.e., less than 130 F), dry, well ventilated area.

Single station battery chargers are available for the secondary

batteries and operate from both 110 and 220 volt, 50/60 Hz AC supplies. Five unit station
rapid charges are also available and operate from 110/220 volts, 50/60 Hz AC or 10 to 32
volts DC.
Range
Short antenna - 1648 ft (500m)
Long Antenna - 9890 ft (300m)
Battery Operating Time (Standard)
BA-5588/U Lithium - 70 hours
(Optional)
BA-1588/U Mercury - 42 hours
BB-558/Ni-CAD - 14 hours
Power Output - 1 watt
(4) Operation During Jamming

A common jamming procedure is the transmission of a strong

or annoying signal on your operating channel, making it difficult or impossible for you to
maintain communications. Sometimes this signal may be from a friendly station. It is
possible that the unusual noise or interference may be due to bad Radio Set AN/PRC-126.
To check it out, do the following:

(a) Disconnect the antenna.

(b) Set ANT match switch to 50 position

Caution: Do not key transmitter with antenna connector shorted out.

 c. Tactical Radio Set URC-187

(1) Purpose and Use

The transceiver is a self-contained communications system

that only requires connection to the antenna for immediate operation. It is a medium power
transceiver having a range of accessories to cover typical system requirements such as
fixed, portable, vehicular or manpack operation. The set can receive and transmit single
sideband USB and LSB suppressed carrier telegraph and compatible AM signals, all in the
frequency range of 2-12 MHz.

The URC-187 is a synthesized patrolfone HF Single Side Band

Transceiver set. It is designed to operate over the temperature range of –10 C to + 55 C
and can withstand shock and vibration levels, allowing it to be operated under any
environmental condition. Its fully waterproofed case permits operation out of doors in all
weather.

For power requirements, the transceiver readily uses size “D”

dry cells or an external 12 VDC source.

(2) Applications

Depending upon the choice of antenna system, frequency and

time of day, the URC-187 may be used for short, medium or long-range communication. No
specific range can be given, as this will vary according to the terrain, atmospheric
conditions, and frequency of operation and time of day, month or year. The URC 187 is
designed to provide the greatest communication range and reliability.

(3) Compatibility

The URC-187 is designed to operate with any SSB suppressed

carrier station on the 2-12 MHz band. In addition, it provides compatible AM an operation
using the carrier USB modulation, or keyed CW at a frequency located 800 Hz above or
below the suppressed carrier.

(4) Operating Instructions

(a) Check the power supply voltage on the transceiver.

Press the BATTERY TEST PUSH BUTTON and observe the reading on the panel meter.
Meter reading should be within 12-14 volts. Should voltage reading be below 10 volts, the
batteries being used are already discharged and must be replaced with fresh ones.
(b) Set the transceiver to the frequency of operation. If an
antenna with adjustable loading coil is used set the loading coil to the correct frequency
band.
(c) Connect the appropriate antenna to the antenna OR
50-OHM dipole TERMINAL. Provide grounding if necessary.
(d) Switch on the transceiver by turning the VOLUME
control clockwise past the “OFF” position.
(e) With the speaker switch at “SPKR” position, noise
should be audible on the panel speaker.
(f) Verify your antenna setting FUNCTION control to
“TUNE” position. Meter indication should be at its near minimum.
 (g) If whip or long antenna is used, properly set ANT
TUNE2 and ANT TUNE1 controls. Best tuning is achieved if the meter needle rests on its
near minimum position.
(h) Set FUNCTION SWITCH to desired mode of operation.
(i) Adjust CLARIFIER to clearly receive incoming signal.
(j) Connect handset or telegraph key to KEY/HANDSET
connector.
(k) Select desired power output by setting POWER
SWITCH TO “HI” or “LO”.
(l) To transmit, depress the PTT switch on the handset
and speak on the mouthpiece. On CW mode, operate the telegraph key. Relative power
output will be displayed on the meter during transmission.

(5) Selection of Antennas

The location of the antenna is one of the most important

factors in ensuring effective radio communications. The antenna should be located as high
as possible and clear of obstructions. Forests, undergrowth’s, buildings, cliffs, and
operating in ground depressions will severely restrict the range of the transceiver. Every
effort should be made to erect the antenna clear of vegetation for long range
communications. The best location is usually on the top of the rise or on a flat,
unobstructed terrain. Man-made power sources can cause severe interference and the
antenna should always be located as far away from power lines, factories and vehicular
traffics.

Always bear in mind that a good antenna system is more

important than transmitter power.

(1) Portable Whip Antenna, AWP-187 – best suited for mobile

communication, specially on manpack or portable configuration. This antenna is a standard
accessory of the URC-187.

(2) Dipole Antenna, AD-187 – most efficient antenna that can be used
with the URC-187 and should therefore be used when maximum range is required. The
antenna should be erected broadside to the desired direction of transmission – although for
communication beyond 50 kilometers, the antenna orientation is not so critical.

(3) Long Wire Antenna, AL-187 – used on fixed or semi-fixed installations

where satisfactory radiation cannot be achieved with a whip antenna, and where it is not
practical to use the dipole antenna. The long wire antenna will be more efficient than the
whip antenna even if it is only possible to erect the long wire antenna a few feet above the
ground

Warning: A GOOD GROUND IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY WHEN USING A LONG

WIRE ANTENNA.

Note: FOR ALL PERMANENT INSTALLATION GROUND SYSTEMS MUST BE

INSTALLED FOR SAFETY REASONS REGARDLESS OF ANTENNA TYPE.

(6) Selection of Operating Frequency

 The frequency of operation should be chosen carefully, in
accordance with the time of operation and the distance to be covered. During daytime, a 2
MHZ frequency may give strong signals at a range of 15 kilometers yet be completely
inaudible 150 kilometers away. On the other hand, a frequency of 8 MHZ is likely to be
inaudible at short distances (due to skip zone factor), yet provide signals at increased
range. During the evening hours, the reverse may apply with the low frequencies giving
best communications over along distances.

(7) Tuning Procedures

(a) Push BATTERY TEST switch: Meter should read the

supply voltage (within 12 to 15 volts DC)
(b) Set the MHz, 100 MHz, 10 MHz and 1 MHz frequency
selector switches to the desired frequency.
(c) Turn FUNCTION switch to USB.
(d) Turn OFF/VOLUE control of the URC-187 clockwise until
noise is heard in the speaker of handset.
(e) Set ANT TUNE 1 control to 0.
(f) Rotate ANT TUNE 2 control until a sharp increase in
noise is heard.
(g) If does not increase sharply, set ANT TUNE 1 control
clockwise to next higher position and repeat step 7.
(h) Turn FUNCTION SWITCH to TUNE and note movement
of the meter.
(i) Adjust ANT TUNE 2 slowly until meter needle drops to
its near minimum position.

Caution: METER DROP MAY BE VERY SHARP

If the meter does not indicate a null condition, set ANT TUNE 1 to
next higher position and again rotate ANT TUNE 2 to find drop into (TUNE) area.

(j) Work back and forth between ANT TUNE 1 and ANT
TUNE 2 for lowest meter reading.
(k) Turn FUNCTION SWITCH to desired mode, LSB, USB,
CWL, CWU, or AM.
(l) Key the set and speak into the microphone. Meter
indication should increase per voice level.

Caution: Push battery Test Button and Repeat Step 14. If voltage drops below
9 volts on voice speaks, it is an indication that the battery is almost discharged and should
be replaced.

(m) On “receive”, adjust CLARIFIER control for best clarity

on received signal.
 Check Point

EVALUATION:
Window Hour 0800H Nov 27-29, 2020. Deadline of submission 1700H 29 Nov
2020

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