THE Rulers of Sky and Earth: The Symbol of The Dragon and The Tiger in Chinese and Japanese Art Grade Level
THE Rulers of Sky and Earth: The Symbol of The Dragon and The Tiger in Chinese and Japanese Art Grade Level
Grade Level
This lesson is written for grades 9-12; it can be used in a World History or an Art class.
Purpose
To look at how symbols of power, the dragon and the tiger, are portrayed in the art of China and
Japan; students will then compare and contrast this with the Western conception and portrayal of
the dragon.
Concepts
In the Western world, dragons are portrayed as evil, fire-breathing creatures that must be
subdued and killed by heroes. The Western dragon is seen as essentially negative, a
symbol of evil and a sign of the devil.
In Asia, the dragon is a positive force, a symbol of peace and harmony. Chinese and
Japanese dragons are considered to be benevolent and auspicious. They breathe water
rather than fire and have the power to bring rain, an important attribute in an agricultural
society.
The Chinese dragon is a supernatural, mythical creature that inhabits the sky and the
waters and is connected with clouds, rains, and fertility on one hand and the emperor and
his venerated ancestors on the other. For the last 4,000 years, the dragon has intertwined
itself into all phases of China's social and political life as well as every form of art and
literature. The dragon is the most important symbol of power, and the symbol of the
emperor; no other animal has occupied such an important place in the thought and art of
the Chinese people.
Like the dragon, since ancient times the tiger has been regarded as an auspicious symbol
in China. It is considered the ruler of the earth (in contrast to the dragon who is looked on
as the ruler of the sky).
Unlike the dragon, which is a mythical animal, there were real tigers living in ancient
China. In Asia, the tiger is considered the king of the animals, playing the same role as
the lion in the West. The four stripes on a tiger's forehead are said to form the character
for wang, 王 (Prince).
Both the dragon and the tiger are symbols used in the 12-year Chinese zodiac.
Key Ideas
The dragon, or a dragon-like creature, exists in the mythology of practically every
civilization. The earliest known depiction of a dragon was found in Mesopotamia and
predates any Chinese dragon image by many thousands of years.
There are nine types of dragons in all—the Celestial Dragon, Spiritual Dragon, Dragon of
the Hidden Treasures, the Winged Dragon, Horned Dragon, Coiling Dragon, the Yellow
Dragon, the Dragon King, and the Homeless Dragon. Only the emperor was permitted to
wear all nine types as decorations on his robes.
The five-clawed imperial dragon is a symbol used only by the emperor and represents the
male force, or yang, the positive principle of the universe in Chinese thought. (The
phoenix, symbol of the empress, represents the female principle, or yin.) The dragon
holds first place among the Earth's four great creatures, which also include the phoenix,
tiger, and tortoise.
The majestic dragon flying in and out of the clouds has been the most important design
motif in Chinese arts and crafts, such as paintings, textiles, and ceramics. A dragon with
a pearl in its beard represents wishes for wealth and good luck.
In Asia, each of the cardinal directions is traditionally ruled by a mythical creature. The
Azure Dragon, a symbol of spring, stands for the East; the White Tiger, a symbol of
autumn, rules the West. The tiger is personified by the constellation Orion, which is
prominent in the autumn skies.
The Chinese god of wealth (Chao Gongming) is depicted as riding a black tiger, and in
Daoism, the "First Master of Heaven" (Zhang Daoling) rides a tiger as he escorts the dead
to their final destination.
The tiger is also an important symbol in the military. The Chinese call an able general, a
"tiger general" and brave soldiers are known as "tiger soldiers."
Dragon-Tiger Mountain, the name for the legendary palace of the hereditary head of the
Daoist religion, is located east of Nanchang (Jiangxi Province).
Tiger images are painted on the walls of houses and temples to keep danger away. In
Chinese folktales, tigers are a symbol of protection, taking care of the good and killing
the evil spirits. Tiger charms are often worn to keep away harm and disease. Babies are
given colorfully embroidered "tiger shoes" for protection, and images of tigers are
frequently used to decorate children's clothing and toys.
One of the most frequently depicted figures in European art is the legendary St. George,
the Dragon Slayer. According to tradition Saint George was born in England in the third
century and served in the imperial Roman army in Asia Minor. A Christian, St. George
was martyred for his faith, and has come to personify the ideal of martial valor and
selflessness.
Saint George has been the patron saint of England since the Middle Ages, when the
English King Edward III (r.1327-1377) made him the patron of the newly formed Order
of the Garter. Saint George was also adopted as a protector by several other medieval
powers, such as Portugal, Genoa, and Venice, making him a powerful political symbol as
well as a religious one.
Materials
Chinese
Old Pine Tree, late 1530s, CMA 1964.43
Dragon, c.1250-1279, CMA 1958.427.1
Tiger, c.1250-1279, CMA 1958.427.2
Japanese
Dragon, mid-17th century, CMA 1985.134.1
Tiger, mid-17th century, CMA 1985.134.2
Dragon, 16th century, CMA 1959.136.1
Tiger, 16th century, CMA 1959.136.2
Tiger Family, early 1800s, CMA 1983.3.1-.2
European
Saint George Slaying the Dragon, Lucas Cranach (German, 1472-1553), c.1510-1515
CMA 1999.47
Books with Dragon Tales
Dragon Tales: A Collection of Chinese Stories. Beijing, China: Chinese Literary Press, 1988.
The Enchanted World: Dragons. New York: Time/Life Books, 1984.
Williston, Theresa Pierce. Japanese Fairy Tales. New York: Rand McNally, 1930.
Yep, Laurence. The Rainbow People. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
Enrichment
A. Research why the dragon has such a different reputation in the West and when and how
this dichotomy came about.
B. Saint George's slaying of the dragon can be seen as a Christian version of the Greek myth
of Perseus rescuing Andromeda from a sea monster. Write a one-page paper comparing
the two stories.
C. The production of artworks, such as those listed above, was encouraged by rulers of the
royal courts in both Europe and Asia. It was both a symbol of the artistic and intellectual
vitality of these courts and a symbol of the ruler's generosity as a patron of the arts.
Research and write a one-page opinion paper as to how this patronage differed in Asia
and Europe.
This lesson was developed by Bonnie Morosi, Beachwood High School, Beachwood, Ohio