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EE493 - First Set of Lecture Slides-Spring 2021
EE493 - First Set of Lecture Slides-Spring 2021
communication
EE 493
Lecture # 1
Chapter 1
Historical Perspective of Optical Systems
The physics of light:
Defined light?
What is light?
Frequency f
wavelength λ
Energy E
Frequencies range from 1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized
interstellar medium (~1 kHz).
Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have very short
wavelengths that are fractions of the size of atoms, whereas wavelengths can be as long as the universe.
Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest
energy (around a billion electron volts), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a
femtoelectronvolt). These relations are illustrated by the following equations:
where:
- 1940 Coaxial cables put for use which increased the capacity to 3
MHz which allowed 300 voice channel or one signal television
channel to be transmitted.
The need was for coherent optical source and transmission medium.
1966 was suggested that optical fiber could be the medium. main problem was fiber
losses. (>1000dB/km)
1970 breakthrough when fiber losses reduced to 20 dB/km
On the same time GaAs Laser running continually at room temperature
demonstrated.
Now a days the bit rate-distance product is 107 first generation light wave systems.
1.1 The need for Fiber optic communications (3):
1.1 The need for Fiber optic communications (4):
-1950’s found that B X L product will be higher if we use light waves.
-The need was for coherent optical source and transmission medium.
-On the same time GaAs Laser running continually at room temperature
demonstrated.
- Now a days the bit rate-distance product is 107 first generation light
wave systems.
1.2 Basic Concepts:
Analog and digital signals
- Optical Receivers:
Optical Transceiver
Problem:
1.1 Calculate the carrier frequency for optical communication systems operating at
0.88, 1.3, and 1.55 μm. What is the photon energy (in eV) in each case?
Solution:
Where:
c = 3108 m/s is the speed of light in vacuum
Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n si yticolev eht ecniS . 1n >2
muidem dnoces eht ni rewol V2<V1 ,the angle of refraction θ2 is less than the angle of incidence θ ni yar eht ,si taht ; 1
.lamron eht ot resolc si muidem xedni -rehgih eht
In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence or refraction, and in experimental optics
and gemology to find the refractive index of a material. The law is also satisfied in metamaterials, which allow light to
be bent "backward" at a negative angle of refraction (negative refractive index)
Although named after Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius ( yb debircsed yletarucca tsrfi saw wal eht ,) 1626–1580
984 ni nehw ,truoc dadhgaB ta lhaS nbI tstineics barA ehthe used the law to derive lens shapes that focus light with
no geometric aberrations in the manuscript On Burning Mirrors and Lense
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio
of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the opposite ratio of the indices of refraction :
sin 1 V1 n2
Snell's law is
sin 2 V2 n1
Total internal reflection and critical angle:
When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index to one
with lower refractive index, Snell's law seems to require in some cases
(whenever the angle of incidence is large enough) that the sine of the
angle of refraction be greater than one. This of course is impossible,
and the light in such cases is completely reflected by the boundary, a
phenomenon known as total internal reflection. The largest possible
angle of incidence which still results in a refracted ray is called the
critical angle; in this case the refracted ray travels along the boundary
between the two media.
sin 1 n2
sin 2 n1
Example:
• consider a ray of light moving from water to air with
an angle of incidence of 50°. The refractive indices of
water and air are approximately 1.333 and 1,
respectively, so Snell's law gives us the relation
Find the refraction angle when an incident beam with angle 45 degrees cross
the interface between air and medium with refractive index n1=1.4.
Is the light refracted or totally reflected back?
Explain when it will be totally reflected back
sin 1 n2 Air
n2 =1
sin 2 n1
2
1.4
sin( 2 ) sin( 45) 0.9898
1 n1=1.4
2 81.9
n2
sin( c )
n1
c 45.6
Step Index Fiber
Total internal reflection is the basic
mechanism behind light confinement in
optical fibers where most of the light energy
will be confined in the core area.
Fiber losses up to 1000 dB/km
Photon Energy (E) = 6.63×10−34 J.s 3108 m.s-1 / (1.5510-6 m) = 12.83 10-20 J
Solution:
(a) The critical angle c at the core-cladding interface is given by
c = sin−1 (n2 / n1 )
= sin−1 (1.47 / 1.5 )
= 78.5°
(b) NA n1 2 2
1
where,
n1 n2
n1
NA = 0.30
Multipath Dispersion
2.1 Geometrical Optics Description
2.1.2 Graded-Index Fibers
2.1.2 Graded-Index Fibers
that satisfies the appropriate boundary conditions and has the property
that its spatial distribution does not change with propagation
Fiber modes classification:
- Guided modes Signal transmission in fiber-optic communication
- Leaky modes
- Radiation modes
To take advantage of the cylindrical symmetry, the wave equation is written in the
cylindrical coordinates ρ , φ , and z as
Where
2.2.2 Fiber Modes:
Using the method of separation of variables:
Where,
2.2.2 Fiber Modes:
A general solution for the last equation take the form:
2
2.405 a 1.45 2 5 10 3
1.55 106
a 4.1m
When the radius (a) = 10 µm
8.38 10 4
2.2.2 Fiber Modes: Mode index n
The mode index n at the operating wavelength can be obtained by using Eq.
(2.2.34) in the text book, according to which
The normalized propagation constant (b ) and by using Fig. 2.5, which provides b
as a function of V for the HE11 mode. An analytic approximation for b is:
b (V ) ≈ (1.1428−0.9960/V)2
where w is the field radius and is referred to as the spot size. It is determined by
fitting the exact distribution to the Gaussian function. Figure 2.7 shows the
dependence of w/a on the V parameter.
T = L/ vg
where vg is the group velocity, defined as vg = (dβ /dω)−1.
2.3.1 Group velocioty dispersion
2.3.4
Where
King Faisal University
College Of Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Optical Fiber communication (EE 493)
Course Project
Wed. 10-2-2021
Students should form Project groups (4-5 Students) and submit the students’ names and
project title by next week.
Each group need to choose one topic and submit research paper or Project report about
the following: [Experimental work is optional]
Example
Solution
The condition for healthy communications for a single mode fiber is
So, The Bit rate is no more than 12.5 GB/Sec to insure healthy communications.
2.3.1 Group velocioty dispersion
2.3.2 Material dispersion
ZD
DM ≈ 122(1−λZD / λ ).
2.3.3 Waveguide Dispersion
The waveguiding of the fiber may also create chromatic dispersion. This results
from the variation in group velocity with wavelength for a particular mode.
Considering the ray theory approach, it is equivalent to the angle between the ray
and the fiber axis varying with wavelength which subsequently leads to a variation
in the transmission times for the rays, and hence dispersion.
DW is negative in the entire wavelength range 0 –1.6 μm. On the other hand, DM is negative
for wavelengths below λZD and becomes positive above that.
The main effect of waveguide dispersion is to shift λZD by an amount 30–40 nm so that the
total dispersion is zero near 1.31 μm. It also reduces D from its material value DM in the
wavelength range 1.3–1.6 μm that is of interest for optical communication systems.
Typical values of D are in the range 15–18 ps/(km-nm) near 1.55 μm. This wavelength
region is of considerable interest for light wave systems, since, the fiber loss is minimum
near 1.55 μm. High values of D limit the performance of 1.55-μm light wave systems
2.3.3 Waveguide Dispersion (2)
Total Dispersion
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU) Spectral band definitions:
It is estimated that for a source with spectral width Δ the effective value of dispersion
parameter become:
D = S Δ
So, now the BL product can be estimated for healthy communications as:
BL |S |(Δ)2 < 1
Example:
What is the max. BL product for a light source with spectral width Δ = 2 nm and
dispersion shifted fiber with S= 0.05 ps/(km.nm2) at wavelength =1.55 µm?
Solution:
Since the BL |S|(Δ)2 < 1
The BL product ≈ 5Tb.km/s
2.4.3 Dispersion induced Limitations on the Bit Rate
The broadening factor defined as σ /σ0 , where σ0 is the RMS width of the input
Gaussian pulse (σ0 = T0 / √ 2), the broadening factor is obtained
The limitation imposed on the bit rate by fiber dispersion can be quite different depending
on the source spectral width. It is instructive to consider the following two cases
separately.
Optical Sources with a Large Optical Sources with a Small
Spectral Width Spectral Width
LED’s Lasers
2.4.3 Dispersion induced Limitations on the Bit Rate(2)
Example:
Consider the case of a light-emitting diode where σλ ≈ 15 nm. Using
D = 17 ps/(km.nm) at 1.55 μm, Find the BL product ?
Solution
Since the light emitting diode is an Optical Sources with a Large Spectral Width
with σλ ≈ 15 nm then the BL product is given by:
1
BL D
4
1 1 km.nm 1 1
BL nm
4 D 4 17 10 12 s 15
BL 1 GB.km.s 1
Solution: Pi
(a) Signal attenuation 10 log 10
Po
120 10 6
10 log 10
3 10 6
10 log 10 40 16.0 dB
(b) The signal attenuation per kilometer for the fiber may be simply obtained by
dividing the result in (a) by the fiber length
Signal attenuation per kilometer = α(dB)/ L
= 16.0 /8 = 2.0 dB.km−1
(c) Since α(dB)/L = 2 dB.km−1,
the loss happened along 10 km of the fiber is given by:
α (dB) = 2 × 10 = 20 dB
However, the link also has nine splices (at 1 km intervals) each with an
attenuation of 1 dB. Therefore, the loss due to the splices is 9 dB.
Hence, the overall signal attenuation for the link is:
Signal attenuation = 20 + 9 = 29 dB
Use
Pi / Po = 1029/10 = 794.3
Problems:
1.8 A 1.55-μm fiber-optic communication system is transmitting digital signals over
100 km at 2 Gb/s. The transmitter launches 2 mW of average power into the fiber
cable, having a net loss of 0.3 dB/km. How many photons are incident on the
receiver during a single 1 bit? Assume that 0 bits carry no power, while 1 bits
are in the form of a rectangular pulse occupying the entire bit slot (NRZ format).
Solution:
Total loss = 0.3100 = 30 dB
10 P (1 W = 1 J/s),
Signal attenuation log 10 o Po = ??
L Pi (1 Hz = 1 s−1).
Energy contained in the rectangular pulse occupying the entire bit slot = Po ×TB
Photon Energy (E) = 6.63×10−34 J.s 3108 m.s-1 / (1.5510-6 m) = 12.83 10-20 J
Dm
L d 2 n1
The rms pulse broadening is given by rms 2
c d
Therefore in terms of the material dispersion parameter M defined by
rms L Dm
Hence, the rms pulse broadening per kilometer due to material dispersion
Bm n x n y
Fiber Birefringence
Because of variations in the core shape and the stress acting on the core,
Linear polarized light quickly reaches a state of arbitrary polarization.