Women's

empowerment

Women's empowerment is the process of

empowering women. [1][2] Empowerment
can be defined in many ways, however,
when talking about women's
empowerment, empowerment means
accepting and including people (women)
who are on the outside of the decision-
making process into it. Women’s
empowerment is the most crucial point to
be noted for the overall development of a
country. Many celebrities are all for girl
power such as Liza Koshy and Lilly Singh
(who has her own late night show and has
won many awards and also raised money
for #girllove and other charities) “This puts
a strong emphasis on participation in
political structures and formal decision-
making and, in the economic sphere, on
the ability to obtain an income that
enables participation in economic
decision-making.”[3] Empowerment is the
process that creates power in individuals
over their own lives, society, and in their
communities. People are empowered if
they have an access to opportunities
without any limitations or restrictions such
as in education, profession and in their
way of life. Feeling entitled to make your
own decisions creates a sense of
empowerment. Empowerment includes
the action of raising the status of women
through education, raising awareness,
literacy, and training and also give training
related to self defense. Women's
empowerment is all about equipping and
allowing women to make life-determining
decisions through the different problems
in society.[4]
Former First Lady Michelle Obama greets students
during a Room to Read event with First Lady Bun Rany
of Cambodia in support of the Let Girls Learn
initiative, at Hun Sunni Prasat Bakong High School in
Siem Reap, Cambodia, March 21, 2015.

Alternatively, it is the process for women

to redefine gender roles that allows them
to acquire the ability to choose between
known alternatives whom have otherwise
been restricted from such an ability.[1]
There are several principles defining
women's empowerment such as, for one
to be empowered, they must come from a
position of disempowerment. For
example: A stripper no longer has to take
off her clothes to get money and now is a
receptionist for a respectable company.
Empowerment stems from self respect.
Furthermore, one must acquire
empowerment themselves rather than
have it given to them by an external party.
Other studies have found that
empowerment definitions entail people
having the capability to make important
decisions in their lives while also being
able to act on them. Lastly, empowerment
and disempowerment is relative to other at
a previous time; therefore, empowerment
is a process, not a product.[2]
Women empowerment has become a
significant topic of discussion in
development and economics. It can also
point to the approaches regarding other
trivialized genders in a particular political
or social context.[5]

Women's economic empowerment refers

to the ability for women to enjoy their right
to control and benefit from the resources,
assets, income and their own time, as well
as the ability to manage risk and improve
their economic status and well being.[6]

While often interchangeably used, the

more comprehensive concept of gender
empowerment refers to people of any
gender, stressing the distinction between
biological and gender as a role.

Businesswoman Ivanka Trump (right) and Japanese

PM Shinzo Abe attending the World Assembly for
Women in Tokyo to speak on women's rights and
empowerment, 2017

Entire nations, businesses, communities

and groups can benefit from the
implementation of programs and policies
that adopt the notion of women
empowerment.[7] Empowerment of women
is a necessity for the very development of
a society, since it enhances both the
quality and the quantity of human
resources available for development.[8]
Empowerment is one of the main
procedural concerns when addressing
human rights and development.

Women's empowerment and achieving

gender equality is essential for our society
to ensure the sustainable development of
a country. Many world leaders and
scholars have argued that sustainable
development is impossible without gender
equality and women's empowerment.[4]
Sustainable development accepts
environmental protection, social and
economic development, including
women's empowerment. In the context of
women and development, empowerment
must include more choices for women to
make on their own.[9]

Methods
Scholars have identified two forms of
empowerment, economic empowerment
and political empowerment.[10][11]
Economic Empowerment …

Economic empowerment increases

women's agency, access to formal
government programs, mobility outside
the home, economical independence, and
purchasing power. Policy makers are
suggested to support job training to aid in
entrance in the formal markets.[10] One
recommendation is to provide more formal
education opportunities for women that
would allow for higher bargaining power in
the home. They would have more access
to higher wages outside the home; and as
a result, make it easier for women to get a
job in the market.[12]
Strengthening women's access to property
inheritance and land rights is another
method used to economically empower
women. This would allow them better
means of asset accumulation, capital, and
bargaining power needed to address
gender inequalities. Often, women in
developing and underdeveloped countries
are legally restricted from their land on the
sole basis of gender.[12] Having a right to
their land gives women a sort of
bargaining power that they wouldn't
normally have; in turn, they gain more
opportunities for economic independence
and formal financial institutions.
Race has a huge impact on women's
empowerment in areas such as
employment. Employment can help create
empowerment for women. Many scholars
suggest that when we discuss women's
empowerment, discussing the different
barriers that underprivileged women face,
which makes it more difficult for them to
obtain empowerment in society, is
important when examining the impact of
race in connection to employment.
Significantly examining how opportunities
are structured by gender, race, and class
can transpire social change. Work
opportunities and the work environment
can create empowerment for women.
Empowerment in the workplace can
positively affect job satisfaction and
performance, having equality in the work
place can greatly increase the sense of
empowerment.[13] However, women of
color do not have the same accessibility
and privileges in work settings.
They(Women of color) are faced with more
disadvantages in the work place. Patricia
Parker argues that African American
women's empowerment is their resistance
to control, standing up for themselves and
not conforming to societal norms and
expectations. In connection to power,
feminist perspectives look at
empowerment as a form of resistance
within systems of unequal power relations.
Within the societal setting of race, gender,
and class politics, African American
women's empowerment in work
environment “can be seen as resistance to
attempts to fix meanings of appropriate
identity and behavior, where such
meanings are interpreted as controlling,
exploitative, and other- wise oppressive to
African American women.”[14] When talking
about women's empowerment, many
scholars suggest examining the social
injustices on women in everyday
organizational life that are influenced by
race, class, and gender.
Another popular methodology for women's
economic empowerment also includes
microcredit.[15] Microfinance institutions
aim to empower women in their
community by giving them access to loans
that have low interest rates without the
requirement of collateral.[16] More
specifically, they(microfinance institutions)
aim to give microcredit to women who
want to be entrepreneurs.[16] The success
and efficiency of microcredit and
microloans is controversial and constantly
debated.[17] Some critiques claim that
microcredit alone doesn't guarantee
women have control over the way the loan
is used. Microfinance institutions don't
address cultural barriers that allow men to
still control household finances; as a
result, microcredit may simply be
transferred to the husband. Microcredit
doesn't relieve women of household
obligations, and even if women have
credit, they don't have the time to be as
active in the market as men.[16][18]

Political empowerment …

Political empowerment supports creating

policies that would best support gender
equality and agency for women in both the
public and private spheres. Methods that
have been suggested are to create
affirmative action policies that have a
quota for the number of women in policy
making and parliament positions.[12] As of
2017, the global average of women who
hold lower and single house parliament
positions is 23.6 percent.[11] Further
recommendations have been to increase
women's rights to vote, voice opinions, and
the ability to run for office with a fair
chance of being elected.[7] Because
women are typically associated with child
care and domestic responsibilities in the
home, they have less time dedicated to
entering the labour market and running
their business. Policies that increase their
bargaining power in the household would
include policies that account for cases of
divorce, policies for better welfare for
women, and policies that give women
control over resources (such as property
rights).[12] However, participation is not
limited to the realm of politics. It can
include participation in the household, in
schools, and the ability to make choices
for oneself. Some theorists believe that
bargaining power and agency in the
household must be achieved before one
can move onto broader political
participation.[19][20]

Digital skills enhance political

empowerment …
Digital skills can facilitate women’s
engagement with local government and
increase their decision-making power in
their communities. The Women-gov
project in Brazil and India, for instance, has
helped women improve their
understanding of and communication with
local government via ICTs.[21] In Brazil, the
project trained female community leaders
to access and utilize online data on
government health services to better
respond to public health concerns in their
communities. In India, the project worked
with women’s collectives to establish
women-run, internet-connected
community information centres to
facilitate applications for government
assistance (including welfare and
entitlements), which in turn improved
linkages between the collectives, local
authorities and public institutions.[22]

Women with digital skills are better able to

make their voices heard on local issues
and influence the outcome of decisions
that affect themselves and their
communities. Digital skills can also
empower women to participate in political
movements.[21] For instance, the
anonymity of ICTs may allow some
women to avoid limitations on freedom of
speech in repressive societies, while
collective mobilization through online
networks can enable women to campaign
on gender-based issues.[22] Studies show
an Iraqi women’s group used a multimedia
campaign, including an online component,
to successfully lobby the Kurdish regional
government to outlaw the practice of
female genital mutilation.[23] Images taken
on mobile phones and distributed via
social media have called attention to
domestic violence in China and influenced
media treatment of court cases on forced
abortion.[24]

Measurements And
Assessment
Women empowerment can be measured
through the Gender Empowerment
Measure (GEM), which shows women's
participation in a given nation, both
politically and economically. GEM is
calculated by tracking "the share of seats
in parliament held by women; of female
legislators, senior officials and managers;
and of female profession and technical
workers; and the gender disparity in
earned income, reflecting economic
independence".[7] It then ranks countries
given this information. Other measures
that take into account the importance of
female participation and equality include:
the Gender Parity Index or the Gender-
related Development Index (GDI).[7]

Some critiques of GEM is that it is not

concerned with factors regarding society,
such as gender, religion, cultural context,
legal context, and violations of women's
rights.[25] Gender empowerment measure
attempts to makes a consistent
standardized approach to measure
women's empowerment; in doing so, it has
been critiqued that the GEM doesn't
account for variation in historical factors,
female autonomy, gender segregation, and
women's right to vote.[26]
The Gender-related Development Index
(GDI) is a way in which the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP)
measures the inequality between genders
within a country. Some critique of this
measurement is that, because GDI
calculations rely solely on the achievement
distribution between males and females of
a population, GDI doesn't measure gender
inequality; rather, it measures absolute
levels on income, education and health.[25]

A more qualitative form of assessing

women's empowerment is to identify
constraints to action. This allows for the
identification of power relations between
genders. Because this is a participatory
process, it facilitates conversation on
gender discrimination.[2] Comparing
constraints on women at a later time also
allows for any changes or expansion to be
better identified. The evaluation of the
development of women's agency allows
for an evaluation of actions taken. These
assessments must also be based on the
action taken by women, and not external
groups. External groups can help facilitate
women's empowerment, but cannot
bestow it on them.[2]

Barriers
Many of the barriers to women's
empowerment and equity lie ingrained in
cultural norms. Many women feel these
pressures, while others have become
accustomed to being treated inferior to
men.[27] Even if legislators, NGOs, etc. are
aware of the benefits women's
empowerment and participation can have,
many are scared of disrupting the status
of the women and continue to let societal
norms get in the way of development.[28]

Research shows that the increasing

access to the internet can also result in an
increased exploitation of women.[29]
Releasing personal information on
websites has put some women's personal
safety at risk. In 2010, Working to Halt
Online Abuse stated that 73% of women
were victimized through such sites. Types
of victimization include cyber stalking,
harassment, online pornography, and
flaming.[30] Sexual harassment in
particular is a large barrier for women in
the workplace. It appears in almost all
industries, but is most notable in the
following: business, trade, banking and
finance, sales and marketing, hospitality,
civil service, and education, lecturing and
teaching.[31] According to the International
Labour Organisation (ILO), sexual
harassment is a clear form of gender
discrimination based on sex, a
manifestation of unequal power relations
between men and women. Furthermore,
the UN Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) is urging for increased
measures of protection for women against
sexual harassment and violence in the
workplace. 54% (272) had experienced
some form of workplace sexual
harassment. 79% of the victims are
women; 21% were men.[31]

Recent studies also show that women

face more barriers in the workplace than
do men. Gender-related barriers involve
sexual harassment, unfair hiring practices,
career progression, and unequal pay where
women are paid less than men are for
performing the same job.[32] When taking
the median earnings of men and women
who worked full-time, year-round,
government data from 2014 showed that
women made $0.79 for every dollar a man
earned. The average earnings for working
mothers came out to even less—$0.71 for
every dollar a father made, according to a
2014 study conducted by the National
Partnership for Women and Children.
While much of the public discussion of the
"wage gap" has focused around women
getting equal pay for the same work as
their male peers, many women struggle
with what is called the "pregnancy
penalty". The main problem is that it is
difficult to measure, but some experts say
that the possibility of having a baby can be
enough for employers to push women
back from their line.[33] Therefore, women
are put in a position where they need to
make the decision of whether to maintain
in the workforce or have children. This
problem has sparked the debate over
maternity leave in the United States and
many other countries in the world.

However, despite the struggle for equal

pay, in Nepal the tech industry has made
progress in helping to encourage equal
pay across gender. In March 2016, tech
career website Dice released a study of
more than 16,000 tech professionals that
found that when you compare equivalent
education, experience and position, there
is no pay gap—and hasn't been for the last
six years.[33] However, this industry also
struggles to employ women in executive
positions. This is partially due to the
barrier of sexual harassment and
pregnancy that was aforementioned.

Such barriers make it difficult for women

to advance in their workplace or receive
fair compensation for the work they
provide.

Role of education
It is said that education increases
"people's self-confidence and also enables
them to find better jobs and they can work
shoulder to shoulder with men". They
engage in public debate and make
demands on government for health care,
social security and other entitlements".[34]
In particular, education empowers women
to make choices that improve their
children's health, their well-being, and
chances of acquiring survival skills.[35][34]
Education informs others of preventing
and containing the disease, and it is an
essential element of efforts to reduce
malnutrition. Furthermore, it empowers
women to make choices that can improve
their welfare, including marrying beyond
childhood and having fewer children.
Crucially, education can increase women's
awareness of their rights, boost their self-
esteem, and provide them the opportunity
to assert their rights.[36]

Despite significant improvements in recent

decades, education is not universally
available and gender inequalities persist. A
major concern in many countries is not
only the limited numbers of girls going to
school but also the limited educational
pathways for those that step into the
classroom. More specifically, there should
be more efforts to address the lower
participation and learning achievement of
girls in science, technology, engineering
and mathematics (STEM) education.[37]

The Internet use to Empower

Women
The growing access of the web in the late
20th century has allowed women to
empower themselves by using various
tools on the Internet. With the introduction
of the World Wide Web, women have
begun to use social networking sites like
Facebook and Twitter for online
activism.[29] Through online activism,
women are able to empower themselves
by organizing campaigns and voicing their
opinions for equality rights without feeling
oppressed by members of society.[38] For
example, on May 29, 2013, an online
campaign started by 100 female
advocates forced the leading social
networking website, Facebook, to take
down various pages that spread hatred
about women.[39]
In recent years, blogging has also become
a powerful tool for the educational
empowerment of women. According to a
study done by the University of California,
Los Angeles, medical patients who read
and write about their disease are often in a
much happier mood and more
knowledgeable than those who do not.[40]
By reading others' experiences, patients
can better educate themselves and apply
strategies that their fellow bloggers
suggest.[40]

With the easy accessibility and

affordability of e-learning (electronic
learning), women can now study from the
comfort of their homes.[41] By empowering
themselves educationally through new
technologies like e-learning, women are
also learning new skills that will come in
handy in today's advancing globalized
world.

Oftentimes, the internet is very useful as

source of empowerment for women
through its creation, dispersion, and
utilization of hashtags on social media.
One prime example of hashtags
supporting women empowerment was in
2017 when the #AintNoCinderella hashtag
came into existence. This hashtag spread
like wildfire on social media after Varnika
Kundu (a 29-year-old woman in India) was
driving home past midnight on August 4
when she was followed and harassed by
two men in a SUV.[42] Kundu was blamed
for being out late at night, particularly by
the BJP government Vice-President
Ramveer Bhatti. This led to women all
across India and the world to share
pictures of themselves out late at night
with the hashtag "#AintNoCinderella" to
show that women do not have a particular
curfew to which they have to adhere to
(like Cinderella did).[43]

Ongoing projects
The UN came out with a set of goals called
the Sustainable Development Goals, or
SDGs, to help make the world a better
place.[44] Of the 17, the fourth goal works
to allow access to education for all people
alike. A large effort has been made to
include women in schools to better their
education.[45] Similarly, the fifth goal
focuses on empowering women and girls
to achieve gender equality through equal
access to various types of opportunities
(health care, education, work, etc.).[46]

U.S. involvement …
 

Melania Trump with 2017 International Women of

Courage Awardees

Domestically, the U.S. empowered women

through passings of laws such as allowing
women to vote in 1920, banning
discrimination based on gender in 1964,
banning discrimination against pregnant
women in 1978, etc. Additionally, the
inclusion of women in politics allowed for
more gender equality. The first female
speaker of House, the First Lady to run for
president, and first women to serve on the
Supreme Court were monumental events
that proved socially the acceptance of
"subservient" women.[47]

The U.S. provides foreign aid to third world

countries in various forms, one of which is
by providing education programs. There
are currently bills in Congress that work to
ensure education to girls, one of which is
the Protecting Girls' Access to Education
Act. These are enacted with the belief that
proper education will pull them out of
poverty and reduce exploitation.[48]
Another action taken on by the U.S is the
PEPFAR program, initiated by the Bush
administration in 2003. The U.S. spent
more than $1.4 billion in funding sub-
Saharan Africa during the duration of the
program. This program was taken into
effect in response to the global HIV/AIDS
crisis, and it promoted abstinence among
young girls and women.[49] There was a
partnership with DREAMS, and its main
purpose with PEPFAR was to allow both
girls and women to develop into
Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-
free, Mentored, and Safe women.[50]
However, there are criticisms that this
program did not really do much to reduce
HIV risk behavior, and critics such as John
Dietrich worried that the context of aid
enforced Western beliefs of choosing
abstinence before marriage.[51][52] There
was and still is controversy regarding the
effectiveness of this program in reducing
HIV/AIDS through advocating abstinence
and whether this would actually empower
women in Africa.

See also
Feminism
Wahre und Falsche "Frauen-
Emanzipation", an early women's rights
essay
 Gender digital divide
Women empowerment in Nigeria
Women's rights
Women in the workforce

Sources
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code: girls' and women's education in
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content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA
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Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment
in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis
of Nine Experiences , 33, UNESCO,
UNESCO. UNESCO.

 This article incorporates text from a free

 
content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA
3.0 IGO. Text taken from I'd blush if I could:
closing gender divides in digital skills
through education , UNESCO, EQUALS
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Further reading
Heldman, Caroline; Frankel, Laura
Lazarus; Holmes, Jennifer (April–June
2016). " "Hot, black leather, whip" The
(de)evolution of female protagonists in
action cinema, 1960–2014" .
Sexualization, Media, and Society. 2 (2):
237462381562778.
doi:10.1177/2374623815627789 . Pdf .
(Includes a section titled "The
Empowerment Question").
Retrieved from
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title=Women%27s_empowerment&oldid=10108189
48"

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