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NCM 112 OXYGENATION - Handout
NCM 112 OXYGENATION - Handout
Tidal volume
Pulmonary Ventilation
-Approx. 500ml of air is inspired and
Ventilation of the lungs is accomplished
expired with each breath.
through the act of breathing: inspiration
and expiration. Lung compliance
-Expansibility or stretchability of lung
Adequate ventilation depends on several tissue, plays a significant role in the
factors: ease of ventilation.
• Clear airways Lung recoil
• An intact central nervous system -The continual tendency of the lungs to
and respiratory system collapse away from the chest wall.
• An intact thoracic cavity capable -Elastic fibers in lung tissue contribute to
of expanding and contracting lung recoil, also surface tension of
• Adequate pulmonary compliance fluid lining the alveoli.
and recoil
Surfactant, a detergent-like phospholipid,
Intrapleural pressure reduces the surface tension of the fluid
Pressure in the pleural cavity lining the alveoli. When surfactant
surrounding the lungs. production is reduced, the lung
becomes stiff and the alveoli collapse.\
Is always slightly negative in
Alveolar Gas Exchange
relation to atmospheric pressure
Diffusion refers to the movement of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the air (in
Intrapulmonary pressure the alveoli) and the blood (in the
Pressure within the lungs; Always equalize capillaries). The appropriate gas moves
with atmospheric pressure passively from an area of higher
pressure or concentration to an area of
lesser pressure or concentration
Inspiration When the pressure of oxygen is greater in the
When the diaphragm and intercostals alveoli than in the blood, oxygen diffuse
muscles contract ___ ↑ the size of the thoracic into the blood. The PO2 in the alveoli is
cavity ____ volume of the lungs ↑ ____ ↓ about is about 100mmHgm whereas the PO2
intrapulmonary pressure → then air moves. in the venous blood of the pulmonary arteries
into the lung is about 60mmHg. Therefore, PO2 diffuse
Expiration from the alveoli to the blood. By contrast
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles PCO2 in the venous blood entering the
relax ___ the size of the thoracic cavity ↓ pulmonary capillaries is about 45mmHg,
____ volume of the lungs ↓____ whereas PCO2 in the alveoli is about
↑intrapulmonary pressure → then air moves 40mmHg, Therefore CO2 diffuse from the
out the lung blood into the alveoli.
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Respiratory regulation
Dioxide Respiratory regulation includes
Most of O2 97% combines loosely both neural and chemical controls to
with hemoglobin as maintain the correct concentration. of
oxyhemoglobin. The remaining is O2 and CO2
dissolved and. transported in the A chemo sensitive center in the
fluid of the plasma and cells medulla oblongata is highly
Several factors affect the rate of oxygen responsive to ↑in blood CO2 or
transport from: the lungs to the tissues hydrogen ion concentration. This
Cardiac output- center can ↑ the activity of the.
inspiratory center and the rate and
• Any pathologic condition that
depth of respiration
decreases cardiac output
diminishes the amount of O2 Also, there is special neural
delivered to the tissues receptors sensitive to ↓ O2
• Number of erythrocytes and concentration. ↓ in O2
blood hematocrit concentration in carotid arteries
Excessive ↑ in the blood stimulate these receptors to
hematocrit raise the blood stimulate the respiratory. center to
viscosity, reducing the C.O and ↑ ventilation
therefore reducing O2 transport. FACTORS AFFECTING
Excessive reductions in RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
the blood hematocrit, such as A variety of factors affect adequate
occur in anemia, reduce oxygen respiratory functioning.
transport
• Exercise- • Health status
In well trained athletes, In the healthy person, the respiratory
oxygen transport can be ↑ up to system can provide sufficient O2 to meet the
20 times the normal rate, due to ↑ C. body’s needs. Diseases of the respiratory
O and to ↑ use of O2 by the cells system, can adversely affect the O2 of the
blood.
Orthopnea- Is the inability to breath except The patient’s health history is an essential
in an upright or standing position. component for assessing respiratory
functioning. Either the patient or a family
Dyspnea- Difficult or uncomfortable member can provide this information.
breathing
Nursing History
Complications:
o hypoxemia
o trauma to the airway
o nosocomial infection
o cardiac dysrhythmia