Daylight Savings Report

Attitudes Towards the Daylight Saving Extension:
General Public & Dairy Farmers – FINAL REPORT

3 September 2008
Confidential
Attitudes Towards the Daylight Saving Extension:

General Public & Dairy Farmers – FINAL REPORT
PREPARED FOR The Department of Internal Affairs Te Tari Taiwhenua

PREPARED BY Shane Palmer
Katrina Fryer
Emanuel Kalafatelis
CONTACT DETAILS Katrina Fryer
Research New Zealand
Phone 04 499 3088
www.researchnz.com
PROJECT NUMBER #3757
Contents
Contents 3
1.0 Executive Summary 4

1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Key findings 5
2.0 Introduction 11
2.1 Background 11
2.2 Objectives 12
2.3 Methodology 12
2.4 Analysis 13
2.5 Sample profile 16
2.6 Report structure 18
3.0 Approval of daylight saving and the

extension 19
3.1 Approval of daylight saving 19
3.1.1 General public 20
3.1.2 Dairy farmers 20
3.2 Approval of the extension 21
4.0 Perceived impacts of the extension 27

4.1 Perceived impacts on self and others 27
4.2 Population groups perceived to be impacted by the
extension 29
4.3 Personal impacts of the extension 31
5.0 Awareness of the extension 44

5.1 Awareness of the timing of the extension 44
Appendix A Questionnaire
1.0 Executive Summary
This report presents the results of a survey of the general public and dairy farmers,
conducted by telephone, between 8 and 29 April 2008, following the end of the
daylight saving period. The overarching purpose of the survey was to measure the
impact of the extended period of daylight saving on New Zealanders.
This section of the report provides the key findings.
1.1 Introduction
Historically, daylight saving has generated much public debate in New Zealand. At the end of
daylight saving in 2006, a petition to further extend daylight saving was presented to Parliament.
This led to the Government deciding to extend daylight saving in 2007, so that the daylight saving
period starts on the last Sunday in September and finishes on the first Sunday in April.
When the extension of the daylight saving period was announced, the Government stated that it
would monitor the effect of New Zealand's extended period of daylight saving to see if there were
benefits. As part of this monitoring, Research New Zealand was commissioned to measure the
extent and impact of the extended daylight saving period among the general public (16 years or
older) and dairy farmers.
Specifically, a telephone survey was conducted with randomly selected, nationally representative
samples of the general public (n=1006) and dairy farmers (n=494). Quotas were set by region, so
as to allow for the analysis and reporting of the survey results by those living in the North, Central,
and South of the country. The country was split into these three areas as sunset and sunrise times
vary considerably by latitude.
Interviews were completed by telephone, between 8 and 29 April 2008 (i.e. following the end of the
extended daylight saving period). The response rate for the survey was 53 percent of those
phoned overall.
Results for the general public sample have been weighted by 2006 Census population counts to
reflect age and population distributions in the North, Central and South regions of New Zealand.
The maximum margin of error for the total sample of n=1006 general public respondents is ±3.6
1
percent, at the 95 percent level of confidence.
1
The maximum margin of error (at the 95 percent confidence level) provides the range around the reported percentage
which is likely to include the true percentage for the population of interest, assuming a normal sample distribution. In other
words, one is 95 percent confident that the "true" percentage is within the plus/minus range quoted, given a survey sample
of the size in question.
Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 4

Results for the dairy farmers sample have been weighted by 2006-07 dairy farm herd counts to
reflect the population distributions of dairy farms in the North, Central and South regions of the
2
country. The maximum margin of error for the total sample of n=494 dairy farmers is ±4.5 percent,
at the 95 percent level of confidence.
Margins of error are higher for subgroups of the general public and dairy farmers, and for
differences between subgroups.
1.2 Key findings

Table 1 overleaf summarises the key findings of the survey. These are as follows:
N General public:
N Approval of daylight saving in general was measured using a five-point scale, running
from strongly approve to strongly disapprove. Using this scale, 90 percent of all
respondents approved, with 72 percent strongly approving. In contrast, six percent
disapproved.
N Approval of the extension to daylight saving was measured using the same five-point
approval-disapproval scale. Eighty-two percent of respondents approved, with 57 percent
strongly approving. In contrast, 5 percent disapproved and 6 percent strongly
disapproved.
N There were some differences by age, with older adults (aged 60 or more) less likely
to approve (77 percent approved) than those aged 16 to 24 or 25 to 39 (85 percent of
both these age groups approved).
N There were also some rural/urban differences, with respondents living in rural areas
less likely to approve (73 percent approved) than those living in metropolitan areas
(83 percent).
N There were also some differences depending on whether respondents identified

positive or no positive impacts of the extension (92 percent approved and 74 percent
approved respectively).
N Just over one-half of respondents (52 percent) believed the extension to daylight saving
3
had a personal impact on them, with 47 percent believing it had no impact on them.
N Just over one-half of all respondents (53 percent) also believed the extension had an
impact on other people. Most notably, these other people were identified as being
farmers generally (mentioned by 34 percent of respondents), dairy farmers (23
2
Dairy farm population figures provided by Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC).
3
One percent of respondents responded “Don’t know” to this question.

percent), everyone (22 percent), young children (12 years or younger) (20 percent),
and shift workers (14 percent).
N Respondents who believed the daylight saving extension had had a personal impact on
them were more likely to say that these impacts were positive. Expressed as a proportion
of the total sample, 31 percent of respondents claimed that the impacts on them were all
positive, 5 percent claimed they were all negative, and 14 percent claimed the impacts
were both positive and negative. About half (49 percent) believed the extension had
neither a positive nor negative impact (including the 47 percent noted above who
reported no personal impact at all).
N On an unprompted basis, the positive impacts more frequently identified included:
N Positive comments about more daylight hours in general (34 percent of

respondents who mentioned the extension had had a personal impact on them).
N Positive comments about liking and enjoying the extra daylight (28 percent).
N Positive comments about being able to do more evening leisure activities (19
percent).
N Positive comments about being able to do more gardening/lawns/outdoor work

at home (17 percent).
N Positive comments about being able to do more exercise, etc. in the evening (13
percent).
N In contrast, the negative impacts more frequently identified on an unprompted basis

included:
N Negative comments about it being too cold and dark in the morning (17 percent
of respondents who mentioned the extension had had a personal impact on
them).
N Negative comments about it being harder to get up earlier in the morning (10
percent).
N Negative comments about it being more difficult getting children to bed and
asleep (six percent).
N Almost all (93 percent) of the general public were aware that the daylight saving
period had changed in the last year, before further prompting or questioning about
this. While most people (58 percent) realised that it had run for a longer period in a
general sense, fewer specifically noted that it had started earlier than usual (21
percent) or finished later than usual (34 percent).

N Dairy farmers:
N Using the five-point approval scale, 82 percent of all dairy farmers approved of daylight
saving in general, with 45 percent strongly approving. In contrast, 15 percent
disapproved.
N Just over one-half (54 percent) of dairy farmers approved of the extension to daylight
saving. In contrast, 41 percent disapproved.
N There were some differences by ownership status, with farm owners and managers
less likely to approve (49 percent approved) than those farmers in other roles (e.g.
share-milkers, farm assistants and employees) (63 percent).
N There were also some differences based on age, with dairy farmers aged between
16 and 24 more likely to approve (73 percent) than those aged 60 years or more (18
percent), for example.
N Reflecting this, there were also some differences by experience, with dairy farmers
who had been farming for 30 or more years less likely to approve (31 percent
approved) than those who had been farming for less than 10 years (65 percent), for
example.
N There were also some differences by herd size, with dairy farmers who had a herd
size of less than 250 cows less likely to approve (48 percent approved) than those
with a herd size of 400 or more cows (59 percent).
N Just under one-half of dairy farmers (49 percent) believed the extension to daylight
saving had a personal impact on them, although the same proportion (50 percent)
4
believed it had no impact on them.
N Two-fifths (43 percent) of dairy farmers also believed the extension had an impact on
other people. Most notably, these other people were identified as being dairy farmers
(mentioned by 33 percent of dairy farmers), farmers generally (27 percent), young
children (12 years or younger) (21 percent), everyone (19 percent) and shift workers
(11 percent).
4
One percent of respondents responded “Don’t know” to this question.

N Dairy farmers who believed the daylight saving extension had had a personal impact on
them were more likely to say that these impacts were negative. Expressed as a
proportion of the total sample of dairy farmers interviewed, 20 percent claimed that the
impacts were all negative, 10 percent claimed that the impacts on them were all positive,
and 18 percent claimed the impacts were both positive and negative. About half (52
percent) believed the extension had neither a positive nor negative impact (including the
50 percent noted above who reported no personal impact at all).
N On an unprompted basis, the positive impacts more frequently identified included:
N Positive comments about more daylight hours in general (18 percent of

respondents who mentioned the extension had had a personal impact on them).
N Positive comments about liking and enjoying the extra daylight (16 percent).
N Positive comments about being able to do more evening leisure activities (12
percent).
N Positive comments about having longer days to do more work (nine percent).
N In contrast, the negative impacts more frequently identified on an unprompted basis

included:
N Negative comments about it being too cold and dark in the morning (47 percent
of respondents who mentioned the extension had had a personal impact on
them).
N Negative comments about it being hard to get up earlier in the morning (15
percent).
N Negative comments about leaving for work in the dark (10 percent).
N Negative comments about it being more difficult getting children to bed and
asleep (nine percent).
N Negative comments about dairy/milk production disrupted (nine percent).
N Almost all (97 percent) of dairy farmers were aware that the daylight saving period
had changed in the last year, before further prompting or questioning about the
extension. Dairy farmers were as likely as the general public to know that daylight
saving had run for a longer period generally (53 percent), although again fewer
specifically reported that it had started earlier than usual (37 percent) or finished later
than usual (38 percent).

Conclusions
Based on the results of this survey, it can be concluded that both the general public and the dairy
farming community in New Zealand approve of the extension to daylight saving.
At 82 percent approval for the general public, this is a very high rate of approval. While the
approval rating for dairy farmers is significantly higher than the disapproval rating (54 percent and
41 percent respectively), this result is more marginal and other factors might need to be taken into
consideration (e.g. the proportion who felt they had been impacted by the extension and/or the
nature of those impacts, and the extent to which they approve of daylight saving in general).
Table 1: Key results – General public and dairy farmers samples
General Dairy
Public Farmers
Total Total
n=1006 n=494
Indicator % %
Approval of daylight saving and extension

Daylight saving generally
Approve 90↑ 82
Disapprove 6 15↑
Extension
Approve 82↑ 54
Disapprove 11 41↑
Perceived impacts of extension

Impact on self 52 49
Impact on others 53↑ 43
No impact on self or others 33 41↑
Others impacted:*
Farmers generally 34 27
Dairy farmers 23 33
Everyone 22 19
Young children (12 years or younger) 20 21
Shift workers 14 11
Significant differences between samples in this table are represented by ↑ symbols, where the
result for one sample is significantly higher than for the other sample.
* Based on respondents who reported that the daylight saving extension had an impact on others
(n=526 general public, n=218 dairy farmers).

Table1 (continued): Key results – General public and dairy farmers samples
General Dairy
Public Farmers
Total Total
n=1006 n=494
Indicator % %
Perceived impacts of extension (continued)
Positive impacts for self (unprompted)*
Mentioned at least one positive impact (net measure) 88↑ 58
More daylight hours generally 34↑ 18
Like it / enjoyed the extra daylight 28↑ 16
Did more evening leisure activities 19↑ 12
No positive impacts 12 42↑
Positive impacts for self (prompted)

Mentioned at least one positive impact (net measure) 95↑ 90
Did more evening leisure activities 72↑ 60
Used less electricity or power 69↑ 53
Did more outdoor activities at home 67↑ 61
No positive impacts 5 10↑
Negative impacts for self (unprompted)*

Mentioned at least one negative impact (net measure) 50 78↑
Too cold / dark in morning 17 47↑
Harder to get up earlier in morning 10 15
Left for work in darkness 1 10↑
No negative impacts 50↑ 22
Negative impacts for self (prompted)

Mentioned at least one negative impact (net measure) 48 63↑
Had more difficulty getting up in the morning 28 39↑
Even more difficult to adjust when clocks went back 15 22↑
More difficulty getting children up in morning (parents) 16 27↑
No negative impacts 52↑ 37
Awareness of extension
Aware that daylight saving changed this year 93 97↑
Ran for longer period 58 53
Started earlier than usual 21 37↑
Finished later than usual 34 38
Significant differences between samples in this table are represented by ↑ symbols, where the
result for one sample is significantly higher than for the other sample.
* Based on respondents who reported that the daylight saving extension had an impact on
themselves (n=507 general public, n=246 dairy farmers).

2.0 Introduction
This section provides a detailed introduction to the survey of the general public and
dairy farmers, including the background and objectives of the research, the
methodology used, and a profile of the samples achieved.
2.1 Background
Historically, the number of daylight saving hours has generated much public debate in New
Zealand. New Zealand trialled a period of daylight saving in 1927; when clocks went forward an
hour. The period was extended in 1928, but clocks went forward by only a half hour instead of an
hour. This continued until 1941 when the period of daylight saving was extended by emergency
regulations to cover the whole year, which was made the permanent standard time in 1946.
Daylight saving was subsequently re-introduced in 1975 and lasted from the last Sunday in
October through until the first Sunday in March. The New Zealand Daylight Time Order 1990
extended daylight saving so that it ran from the first Sunday in October each year until the third
Sunday in March of the following year. At the end of daylight saving in 2006, a petition to further
extend daylight saving was presented to Parliament with an estimated 42,000 signatures. This led
to a review of the period and, as a result, the Government decided to extend daylight saving in
5
2007, to a 27-week period. Clocks went forward one hour on the last Sunday in September 2007
(a week earlier than in previous years) and went back an hour on the first Sunday of April 2008
6
(instead of the third Sunday in March).
When he announced the extension of daylight saving hours, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Hon.
Rick Barker, also said the Government would monitor the effect of New Zealand's extended period
of daylight saving on the country, including parts of the economy, to see if there were any
significant benefits.
As a result, Research New Zealand has been commissioned by the Department of Internal Affairs
to measure the perceived impact of the extended daylight saving period among the general public
and dairy farmers. It was decided to focus more specifically on dairy farmers (rather than other
types of farmers) as the nature of their work means that they are most likely to be affected by
daylight saving and any extension to it. A survey commissioned in 1985 by the Department found
that, of all farming types, dairy farmers reported more negative impacts on themselves.
Consequently it was decided to focus particularly on dairy farmers in this survey. Also, the
department recently communicated with organisations representing farmers indicating that farming
communities' attitudes to daylight saving may have changed. The Department wished to
investigate this further.
5
Although in rare circumstances the period will be 28 weeks in length. This will first happen in 2023-24.
6
For more information see http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Resource-material-Information-We-Provide-
About-Daylight-Saving?OpenDocument

2.2 Objectives
Note that the objective of this research is not to measure the public’s attitude towards daylight
saving per se, but rather their attitudes to and the perceived impact of the extended period of
daylight saving. This survey was specifically focused on members of the general public and dairy
farmers.
More specifically, the research was designed to measure:
N What peoples’ attitudes and beliefs were towards the extended daylight saving period, and
whether they approved or disapproved of the extension.
N What (if any) impact the extended daylight saving period had on people and their everyday
lives, particularly in relation to their household, work and recreation patterns.
N Whether or not the general public and dairy farmers were aware that the daylight saving
period has been extended.
2.3 Methodology
A telephone survey was conducted with randomly selected, nationally representative samples of
the general public and dairy farmers.
Potential respondents for the survey were randomly selected from the electoral roll. Dairy farmers
in particular were identified from the occupation field in the electoral roll. Prior to the survey
commencing, households were sent a pre-notification letter outlining the purpose of the research,
how they were selected, and providing the opportunity to contact Research New Zealand for
further information, to arrange an interview appointment, or to be removed from the contact list.
Respondents in the general public sample were randomly selected from within the pre-notified
households by asking for the person aged 16 years or older who had the next birthday. Within the
dairy farmers sample, the person identified from the electoral roll as a dairy farmer was considered
the eligible respondent – this was confirmed through screening questions, and the survey
terminated if the respondent did not self-identify as a dairy farmer.
Quotas were set for the general public and dairy farmer samples respectively. Within these
samples, independent quotas were also set by the region in which respondents lived (defined as
North, Central, and South – see Section 2.4 below for further details).
Interviews were completed by telephone between 8 and 29 April 2008 (i.e. following the end of the
daylight saving period). At the completion of interviewing, a total sample of n=1500 had been
interviewed, including:

N n=1006 interviews with the general public, including n=376 respondents in the North, n=386
7
respondents in the Central region, and n=244 respondents in the South.
N n=494 interviews with dairy farmers, including n=200 farmers in the North, n=194 farmers in
the Central region, and n=100 farmers in the South.
The response rate for the survey was 53 percent overall, which is higher than normal for a
8
telephone survey of this type.
Results for the general public sample have been weighted by 2006 Census population counts to
reflect age and population distributions in the North, Central and South regions. The maximum
margin of error for the (weighted) total sample of n=1006 general public respondents is ±3.6
9 10
percent, at the 95 percent level of confidence. As shown in Table 2 (page 16), margins of error
are higher for smaller subgroups of the general public, and for differences between subgroups.
Results for the dairy farmers sample have been weighted by 2006-07 dairy farm herd counts to
11
reflect the population distributions of farms in the North, Central and South regions. The
maximum margin of error for the (weighted) total sample of n=494 dairy farmers is ±4.5 percent, at
10
the 95 percent level of confidence. As for the general public sample, and as shown in Table 3
(page 17), margins of error are higher for smaller subgroups of dairy farmers, and for differences
between subgroups.
2.4 Analysis
For the purposes of analysis and reporting, the results for the survey were cross-tabulated by a
range of variables, as outlined below. Differences between subgroups have only been reported
where these are statistically significant (at the 95 percent level of confidence).
N The following subgroups were analysed for the general public sample:
N Region: North, Central and South.
7
Note that the general public sample included some farmers of various types, but excluded dairy farmers specifically.
8
The response rate calculation method used is an internationally recognised standard, approved by the American
Association of Public Opinion Researchers. The calculation first takes into account the rate of eligible contacts as a
proportion of all eligible and ineligible contacts; then calculates an estimate of eligible non-respondents among those of
unknown eligibility; then calculates the response rate as the number of interviews completed as a proportion of all eligible
and estimated eligible contacts.
9
The maximum margin of error (at the 95 percent confidence level) provides the range around the reported percentage
which is likely to include the true percentage for the population of interest, assuming a normal sample distribution. In other
words, one is 95 percent confident that the "true" percentage is within the plus/minus range quoted, given a survey sample
of the size in question.
10
The weighting used in this survey means that the actual margin of error is slightly higher than the conventional
calculation.
11
Dairy farm population figures provided by Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC).

Region was identified from the Territorial Local Authority (TLA) identifier in the electoral
roll. Northern respondents were drawn from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of
Plenty, and Gisborne regions; Central respondents were drawn from the Hawke’s Bay,
Taranaki, Manawatu, Wanganui, Wellington, Tasman, Nelson, Marlborough, and West
Coast regions; Southern respondents were drawn from the Canterbury, Otago, and
Southland regions. This regional split was chosen as sunrise and sunset times vary by
latitude and the extension may have had different impacts at different latitudes.
N Area of residence: Rural (under 1,000 population), Provincial (small towns with 1,000 to
9,999 population, and medium-sized towns with 10,000 to 29,999 population), and
Metropolitan (large towns and cities with 30,000 or higher population). This was chosen
because the main occupations and activities in these areas can be quite different,
particularly so for rural and metropolitan areas. The extension might have been expected
to have different impacts in these areas.
N Households with children aged 15 years or younger, compared to households without

children aged 15 years or younger. This subgroup is to determine if there are differences
in attitudes towards the extension for families with young children who might have been
expected to face difficulties in adjusting to the apparent changes in light.
N Age: 16 to 24 year olds, 25 to 39 year olds, 40 to 59 year olds, and those aged 60 years
or older.
N The following subgroups were analysed for the dairy farmers sample:
N Region: North, Central and South.
Region was identified from the Territorial Local Authority (TLA) identifier in the electoral
roll, with the same regional divisions as for the general public sample above.
N Age: 16 to 24 year olds, 25 to 39 year olds, 40 to 59 year olds, and those aged 60 years
or older.
N Years of farming experience: less than 10 years, 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 years

or more.
N Size of farm (as defined by herd size): small (less than 250 cows), medium (250 to 399
cows), and large (400 or more cows).
N Role of farmer: Farm owners and managers, compared to other farm workers (share-
milkers, other farm assistants/employees).
Note that several of these variables are co-related with each other to some degree. Not
surprisingly, the strongest relationship is between the age of farmers and years of farming
experience. However, for simplicity of analysis and reporting, these variables have been
reported on separately.

Note also that throughout the report there may be cases where reported percentages do not sum
exactly to 100 percent or some other summed percentage. This may be for a number of reasons:
N Rounding of percentages.
N Some response options not being reported (e.g. “don’t know” or “refused” options).
N A list of multiple response options where only the most frequently mentioned responses have
been reported.

2.5 Sample profile
Profiles of the general public and dairy farmers samples are provided in Table 2 and Table 3
below, in the form of unweighted frequency counts (i.e. the actual numbers of respondents
surveyed). These tables also provide the maximum margins of error for specific subgroups of
respondents.
Note that differences between subgroups are only reported on when these are statistically
significant. Also, results for subgroups with small base sizes (less than n=30) are indicative only,
and cannot be tested for statistical significance.
Table 2: Demographic profile and maximum margins of error for the general public sample
General Public
Base=1006
n= Maximum
(unweighted) margin of error
Age
16-24 226 ± 7.6%
25-39 237 ± 7.4%
40-59 244 ± 7.3%
60+ 299 ± 6.6%
Region
Northern 376 ± 5.9%
Central 386 ± 5.8%
Southern 244 ± 7.3%
Household
Has child 502 ± 5.1%
Does not have child 504 ± 5.1%
Area*
Rural area 91 ± 12.0%
Provincial area 284 ± 6.8%
Metropolitan area 621 ± 4.6%
Employment
Self employed 127 ± 10.2%
A salary or wage earner 492 ± 5.2%
Other 446 ± 5.4%
Education*
No qualifications 143 ± 9.6%
NCEA, School Certificate, or other secondary school
qualification 370 ± 6.0%
Polytechnic qualification or Trade Certificate 254 ± 7.2%
University degree 224 ± 7.7%
Other 4 na
Gender
Male 510 ± 5.1%
Female 496 ± 5.1%
* Note: May not sum to n=1006 due to exclusion of “don’t know” and/or “refused” responses.

Table 3: Demographic profile and maximum margins of error for the dairy farmer sample
Dairy Farmers
Base=494
n= Maximum
(unweighted) margin of error
Age
16-24 44 ± 15.4%
25-39 200 ± 7.2%
40-59 221 ± 6.9%
60+ 29 na
Region
Northern 200 ± 7.2%
Central 194 ± 7.3%
Southern 100 ± 10.2%
Household
Has child 337 ± 5.6%
Does not have child 157 ± 8.1%
Area*
Rural area 367 ± 5.3%
Provincial area 114 ± 9.5%
Metropolitan area 10 na
Employment
Self employed 376 ± 5.3%
A salary or wage earner 114 ± 9.5%
Other 15 na
Education*
No qualifications 87 ± 10.9%
NCEA, School Certificate, or other secondary school
qualification 200 ± 7.2%
Polytechnic qualification or Trade Certificate 144 ± 8.5%
University degree 59 ± 13.3%
Other 1 na
Gender
Male 343 ± 5.5%
Female 151 ± 8.3%
Farming role
Farm owner or manager 338 ± 5.5%
Other 156 ± 8.2%
Farming experience
Less than 10 years 133 ± 8.8%
10 - 19 133 ± 8.8%
20 - 29 116 ± 9.5%
30 plus 112 ± 9.6%
Largest herd size*
Less than 250 148 ± 8.4%
250 - 399 135 ± 8.8%
400 plus 204 ± 7.1%
* Note: May not sum to n=494 due to exclusion of “don’t know” and/or “refused” responses.

2.6 Report structure
The key findings from this research are divided into three inter-related sections, following the lines
of questioning covered in the survey questionnaire. In a general sense, these sections represent
the key areas of information necessary to measure the effect of a population-level ‘event’, change,
or social intervention of the kind represented by the daylight saving extension. The three sections
are briefly described below:
N Section 3: Approval of daylight saving and the extension.
The Department wanted to understand whether the public supported the extension after they
had actually experienced it. Also the Department believes that measuring the public's
approval may provide a useful guide for future decision-making.
Respondents were asked to indicate the degree of their approval or disapproval of daylight
saving and the extension after they had been given an opportunity to consider the positive
and negative impacts the extension had on them.
N Section 4: Perceived impacts of the extension.
The Department wanted to understand how extending daylight saving affected New
Zealanders. In particular, whether there were groups of New Zealanders more affected than
others by the extension, whether the extension provided the public benefits its supporters
expected, what those benefits were, and whether there were any unintended negative
consequences of the extension.
Respondents were asked about both positive and negative impacts of the extension, on both
an unprompted and prompted basis. An unprompted approach allows respondents to provide
open and spontaneous responses to a question, and therefore represents the most genuine
measure of what is consciously important or relevant to a respondent.
Respondents were also asked to identify on an unprompted basis which (if any) particular
groups of the population they believed would be more affected than others by the extension.
N Section 5: Awareness of the extension.
Before asking in-depth questions about the impact and approval of the extension, it was
necessary to establish whether respondents were aware of the extension, and what
knowledge they held about the extension (i.e. if they knew the extent of the extension). Given
that all interviewing was conducted following the end of the extended daylight saving period,
awareness of the extension was expected to be high. However, it was still useful to know how
informed respondents were about the nature of the extension.
Note that all respondents were given a precise explanation about the extension prior to
questions about the impact this had on them.

3.0 Approval of daylight saving and the
extension
This section summarises the findings related to general public and dairy farmer
approval of both daylight saving generally, and the recent extension specifically.
Overall, the majority of both the general public and dairy farmers approve of daylight saving in
general. However, while approval for the extension is high among the general public, dairy farmers
are polarised in their approval of the extension.
3.1 Approval of daylight saving

Approval for the concept of daylight saving generally – without consideration of the recent
extension - is very high across both general public and dairy farmer audiences. In fact, most
people strongly approve of the concept.
Figure 1: Approval of daylight saving in general
100
80 72
60
General Public
% 45
Dairy Farmers
40 37
19
20
10
3 3 3 5 3
0
Strongly Approve Neutral Disapprove Strongly
approve disapprove

3.1.1 General public
As the following results indicate, most general public respondents approved of daylight saving in
general:
N Almost all respondents (90 percent) approved of daylight saving to some degree, including 19
12
percent who approved and 72 percent who strongly approved.
N In contrast, only 6 percent disapproved at all (with 3 percent disapproving and 3 percent
strongly disapproving).
There were few differences in approval of daylight saving among subgroups of the general public.
However, while approval was universally high, significant differences were observed:
N The majority of older adults approved of daylight saving, although they were less likely than
younger adults to approve. Specifically, those aged 60 years or more were less likely than
those aged 25 to 39 to approve overall (85 percent compared to 94 percent), and less likely to
strongly approve (69 percent compared to 78 percent).
N In addition, while 16 to 24 year olds were equally likely as others to approve of daylight
saving overall (91 percent), they were least likely to strongly approve (56 percent).
N Not surprisingly, those who identified positive impacts of the extension were more likely to
approve of daylight saving overall (97 percent). However, even those who identified no
positive impacts of the extension were overwhelmingly in favour of daylight saving (85
percent).
3.1.2 Dairy farmers

Reflecting the general public findings, most dairy farmers also approved of daylight saving
generally. Again, many strongly approved of the concept, although less so than the general public:
N The majority of dairy farmers (82 percent) approved of daylight saving to some degree,
including 37 percent who approved and 45 percent who strongly approved.
N In contrast, 15 percent disapproved to some degree (with 5 percent disapproving and 10

percent strongly disapproving).
While approval of daylight saving in general was very high among dairy farmers overall, the
following significant differences were observed:
N While farmers with a large herd size (of 400 or more cows) were equally likely as other
farmers to approve of daylight saving overall (85 percent), they were more likely to strongly
12
Note that the 19 percent approval and 72 percent strongly approved do not add strictly to 90 percent because of
rounding.

approve of the concept (50 percent, compared to 37 percent of farmers with a small herd size
of less than 250 cows).
N More experienced farmers (as determined by number of years farming) were less likely to
approve of daylight saving overall (69 percent of those farming for 30 or more years,
compared to 83 percent farming for 20 to 29 years, 88 percent farming for 10 to 19 years, and
86 percent farming for less than ten years). Those farming for more than 30 years were also
less likely than dairy farmers overall to strongly approve of the concept (25 percent).
N While younger farmers (aged 16 to 24) were no less likely to approve of daylight saving
overall (78 percent), they were significantly less likely than some older adults to strongly
approve (28 percent, compared to 56 percent of 25 to 39 year olds).
N Farmers who identified positive impacts of the extension were more likely to approve of
daylight saving overall (90 percent compared to 78 percent who identified no positive impacts
of the extension).
3.2 Approval of the extension

Approval for the daylight saving extension is also very high, at least among the general public.
While many dairy farmers also approve of the extension, approval is actually polarised among this
13
group.
Figure 2: Approval of the extension to daylight saving
100
80
57
60
General Public
% Dairy Farmers
40
29 28
25 25
20 13
5 5 5 6
0
Strongly Approve Neutral Disapprove Strongly
approve disapprove
13
Note that respondents who were initially unaware of the daylight saving extension were explicitly made aware of this in
subsequent questioning before being asked for their approval or disapproval rating. All respondents were informed of the
exact timing of the extension before being asked for their beliefs about the impacts of the extension.

Figure 3: Reasons for approval of the extension to daylight saving (most frequently mentioned) (unprompted)
100
80
60 53
48
%
40
18 20 17
20 13 12 15
0
Can do more More time for More More time with
things in outdoor relaxation in family
evening activities evenings
General Public (n=821)* Dairy Farmers (n=267)*
* Based on subsample of respondents who approved of the extension to daylight saving.
Figure 4: Reasons for disapproval of the extension to daylight saving (most frequently mentioned) (unprompted)
100
80
60 52
%
40 32
26 27 25 26
20 13
7
0
Change in Too dark in Lost benefits Disruption to
routine morning during farm routine
disruptive extension
* Based on subsample of respondents who disapproved of the extension to daylight saving.

Most general public respondents approved of the extension to daylight saving, as indicated by the
following results:
N Overall, four-fifths (82 percent) of general public respondents approved of the extension,
(including 25 percent who approved and 57 percent who strongly approved).
N In contrast, 11 percent disapproved to some degree (with 5 percent disapproving and 6

percent strongly disapproving).
Again, there were few differences in approval of the extension between subgroups of the general
public, although the following significant differences were observed:
N While the majority of those in rural areas approved of the extension overall (73 percent), they
were less likely than those in metropolitan areas to strongly approve (43 percent compared to
60 percent).
N While the majority of older adults (aged 60 or more) approved of the extension overall (77
percent), they were less likely than younger adults to approve (compared to 85 percent of
those aged 16 to 24 and 25 to 39 respectively).
N However, 16 to 24 year olds were again least likely to strongly approve (44 percent).
N Again not surprisingly, those who identified positive impacts of the extension were more likely
to approve of the extension overall (92 percent, compared to 74 percent who identified no
positive impacts of the extension). In addition, three-quarters (74 percent) of those with
positive impacts strongly approved of the extension (compared to 44 percent with no positive
impacts).
Respondents provided a range of reasons for either approving or disapproving of the extension to
daylight saving:
N The most frequently mentioned reasons provided by those who approved of the extension
included the following:
N Can do more things in the evening (48 percent overall).
N More likely for 16 to 24 year olds than for older adults (62 percent, compared to 43
percent of 40 to 59 year olds and 41 percent of those 60 years or more).
N More time for outside activities / work at home (18 percent overall).
N More relaxation time in the evenings (13 percent overall).
N More time to spend with children / family (12 percent overall).

N More likely for 25 to 39 year olds (21 percent).
N More likely for those living in metropolitan areas than for those in rural areas (14
percent compared to six percent).
N As expected, more likely for those in families with children than for other people (25
percent compared to seven percent).
N The most frequently mentioned reasons provided by those who disapproved of the extension
included the following:
N Change in routine is disruptive (32 percent overall).
N Too dark in the morning / harder to get up in the dark (27 percent overall).
N Lost its usefulness / benefits during the extension (25 percent overall).
N Disruption to farm / stock routine (seven percent overall).
3.2.2 Dairy farmers

In contrast to the general public, dairy farmers were divided in their approval of the daylight saving
extension. Nevertheless, many did approve of the extension:
N Over half (54 percent) of all dairy farmers approved of the extension (including 25 percent
who approved and 29 percent who strongly approved).
N However, two-fifths (41 percent) of dairy farmers disapproved of the extension (including 13
percent who disapproved and 28 percent who strongly disapproved).
Some farmers were more approving of the extension than others, as the following differences
indicate:
N Farm owners and managers were less likely to approve of the extension overall than were
farmers in other roles (e.g. share-milkers or other farm assistants and employees) (49 percent
and 63 percent, respectively).
N More experienced dairy farmers were less likely to approve (31 percent of those farming for
30 or more years, compared to 51 percent farming for 20 to 29 years, 64 percent farming for
10 to 19 years, and 65 percent farming for less than ten years).
N Older farmers were less likely to approve of the extension than were younger farmers (18
percent aged 60 or more, 47 percent aged 40 to 59, compared to 62 percent aged 25 to 39,
and 73 percent aged 16 to 24).

N Farmers with a large herd size of 400 or more cows were more likely to approve than were
those with a small herd size of less than 250 cows (59 percent compared to 48 percent).
Dairy farmers provided a range of reasons for either approving or disapproving of the extension to
daylight saving, as summarised below.
N The most frequently mentioned reasons provided by dairy farmers who approved of the
extension included the following:
N Can do more things in the evening (53 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers in the North than for those in the Central or South regions (62
percent, 43 percent, and 41 percent, respectively).
N More likely for those farming for 10 to 19 years than for those farming for 20 to 29
years or 30 or more years (64 percent, 43 percent, and 39 percent, respectively).
N More time for outside activities / work at home (20 percent overall).
N More likely for 25 to 39 year olds than for younger adults and older adults (26
percent, compared to 11 percent of 16 to 24 year olds and 15 percent of 40 to 59
year olds).
N More relaxation time in the evenings (17 percent overall).
N More time to spend with children / family (15 percent overall).
N The most frequently mentioned reasons provided by dairy farmers who disapproved of the
extension included the following:
N Too dark in the morning / harder to get up in the dark (52 percent overall).
N Disruption to farm / stock routine (26 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers in the Central region than for those in the North (38 percent
compared to 21 percent).
N More likely for more experienced than for the least experienced farmers (35 percent
of those farming for 30 or more years compared to 17 percent of those farming for
less than ten years).
N Change in routine is disruptive (19 percent overall).

N Lost its usefulness / benefits during the extension (13 percent overall).
N More likely for 40 to 59 year olds than for 25 to 39 year olds (17 percent compared to
three percent).
N Less likely for those farming for less than ten years than for those farming for 20 to
29 years (four percent compared to 19 percent).

4.0 Perceived impacts of the extension
This section outlines results related to perceived impacts of the extension, including
the degree to which people believe it has impacted on themselves and others, who in
the population they believe have been most affected by the extension, and what
positive and negative impacts people have experienced personally.
4.1 Perceived impacts on self and others

Respondents were asked whether they believed the extension to daylight saving had an impact on
themselves and/or other types of people in the population. While many believed there had been
impacts on themselves or others, substantial proportions of both the general public and dairy
farmers believed there had been no particular impact on either themselves or others.\
Figure 5: Perceived impact of the extension to daylight saving
100
80
60 52 53
49 General Public
% 43 41 Dairy Farmers
40 33
20
0
Personal impact Impact on others No impact (on self or
others)

N Approximately half of the general public believed that the extension had an impact on
themselves personally (52 percent). A similar proportion (53 percent) believed it had an effect
on other people.
N However, one-third (33 percent) believed the extension had no impact on either themselves or
others.

Notable differences in this regard between subgroups of the general public included the following:
N People in the Central region were more likely than those in the South to believe the extension
had an impact on themselves (55 percent compared to 44 percent). In fact, those in the South
were most likely to believe the extension had no particular impact on themselves or others (40
percent, compared to 31 percent in the North and 30 percent in the Central region).
N Those aged 16 to 24 were less likely than those aged 40 to 59 to believe the extension had an
impact on themselves (44 percent compared to 56 percent).
N People in rural areas were more likely than those in provincial areas to believe the extension
had an impact on themselves (60 percent compared to 45 percent). Those in metropolitan
areas were more likely than those in provincial areas to believe the extension impacted on
other types of people (56 percent compared to 43 percent). However, people in provincial
areas were most likely to believe it had no particular impact on themselves or others (40
percent).
4.1.2 Dairy farmers

N Just under half of the dairy farmers believed that the extension had an impact on themselves
personally (49 percent), and/or on other people (43 percent).
N However, a similar proportion (41 percent) believed the extension had no impact on
themselves or others.
There were few differences in this regard between subgroups of dairy farmers, except for the
following:
N Farmers with less than ten years experience were more likely than those farming for 30 or
more years to believe the extension had no particular impact (47 percent compared to 34
percent).

4.2 Population groups perceived to be impacted
by the extension
Those who believed that the extension had an impact on particular types of people in the
population were asked to identify which groups or types of people these were. Overall, both the
general public and dairy farmers were most likely to identify farmers as being affected by the
extension, although a range of other population groups were also identified.
Figure 6: Specific groups believed to be most affected
100
80
60
General Public
% Dairy Farmers
40 34 33
27
23 22 19 20 21
20 14 11
0
Farmers in Dairy Everyone People with Shift
general farmers young workers
children

Among the 53 percent of the general public who believed other types of people had been affected
by the extension, the following population groups were most frequently identified as being affected:
N Farmers generally (34 percent overall).
N More likely for older adults (39 percent aged 60 or more, and 38 percent aged 40 to 59,
compared to 23 percent aged 16 to 24).
N Dairy farmers (23 percent).
N More likely for older adults (34 percent aged 60 or more, compared to 24 percent aged 40
to 59, 21 percent aged 25 to 39, and 12 percent aged 16 to 24).
N Everyone (22 percent).

N People with young children (12 years or younger) (20 percent).
N Less likely for younger adults (6 percent aged 16 to 24, compared to 25 percent aged 25
to 39, 20 percent aged 40 to 59, and 24 percent aged 60 or older).
N Shift workers (14 percent).
N More likely for those living in metropolitan areas than in rural areas (17 percent compared
to six percent).
4.2.2 Dairy farmers

Among the 43 percent of dairy farmers who believed other types of people had been affected by
the extension, the following population groups were most frequently identified as being affected:
N Dairy farmers (33 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers with 30 or more years experience than for those farming for 20 to
29 years (43 percent compared to 23 percent).
N More likely for farmers with medium-sized herds (250 to 399 cows) than for those with
smaller herds (43 percent compared to 26 percent).
N Farmers generally (27 percent).
N People with young children (12 years or younger) (21 percent).
N Less likely for less experienced farmers (8 percent farming for less than ten years,
compared to 28 percent of those farming for 10 to 19 years, 20 percent of those farming
for 20 to 29 years, and 29 percent of those farming for 30 or more years).
N Everyone (19 percent).
N Shift workers (11 percent).
N More likely for those farming for 20 to 29 years than for those farming for more than 30
years (16 percent compared to three percent).

4.3 Personal impacts of the extension
Respondents who believed that the daylight saving extension had had an impact on themselves
personally were asked to specify in what ways they had been affected, in terms of both positive
and negative impacts. Questions related to these impacts were asked in both an unprompted and
prompted manner.
Applicable findings for both the general public and dairy farmers are presented below.
Figure 7: Personal impacts of the extension (unprompted)
100
80
60 52
49 General Public
% Dairy Farmers
40
31
18 20
20 14
10
5
0
Positive impact Both positive Negative No impact
only and negative impact only
Figure 8: Perceived positive impacts of the extension (most frequently mentioned) (unprompted)
100
88
80
58
60
%
40 34
28
18 16 19 17
20 12 13
9
3 4 5
0
At least one More Enjoyed Did more Did more Did more Worked
positive daylight extra evening outdoor exercise more hours
impact generally daylight leisure work at
activities home
* Based on subsample of respondents who reported they had been personally affected by the extension to daylight saving.

Figure 9: Perceived negative impacts of the extension (most frequently mentioned) (unprompted)
100
78
80
60
50 47
%
40
17 15
20
10 9 10
6
1
0
At least one Too cold/dark in Harder to get up Harder getting Left for work in
negative impact morning earlier in morning children to bed dark
* Based on subsample of respondents who reported they had been personally affected by the extension to daylight saving.

As mentioned in section 4.1.1, 52 percent of the general public believed that the extension had an
impact on themselves personally. Taken as a proportion of the total sample, and based on
unprompted responses, the following proportions of the general public experienced a range of
positive and negative impacts as a result of the extension:
N 31 percent overall reported experiencing positive impacts only.
N 14 percent overall reported experiencing both positive and negative impacts.
N Five percent overall reported experiencing negative impacts only.
14
N 49 percent overall reported experiencing no impacts (neither positive nor negative).
The following sub-sections summarise the specific impacts that were experienced, in relation to
positive and negative impacts respectively.
Positive impacts
N On an unprompted basis, the 52 percent of general public respondents who reported the
extension had an impact on themselves personally, most frequently identified the following as
positive impacts or benefits they had experienced as a result of the extension:
14
This 49 percent includes the 47 percent of people who earlier stated that the extension did not have an impact on them
personally, as well as a small number of people who had earlier reported that the extension did have an impact on them,
but stated no specific impacts on an unprompted basis.

N More daylight hours generally (34 percent overall).
N More likely for those who approved of the daylight saving extension than for those
who did not approve (38 percent compared to 12 percent).
N Liked it / enjoyed the extra daylight (28 percent overall).
N More likely for people in the Central regions than for those in the North or the South
(39 percent, 23 percent, and 25 percent, respectively).
N More likely for those who approved of the extension than for those who did not
approve (32 percent compared to seven percent).
N Did more evening leisure activities (19 percent overall).
approve (23 percent compared to one percent).
N Was able to do more gardening / lawns / outdoor work at home (17 percent overall).
N More likely for those aged 40 to 59 than for 16 to 24 year olds (21 percent compared
to nine percent).
N More likely for those without children in the household (19 percent compared to nine
percent of households with children).
approve (18 percent compared to 10 percent).
N Did more exercise / went for walks in the evening (13 percent overall).
N More likely for those who approved of daylight saving than for those who did not
approve (15 percent compared to five percent).
N However, some respondents who believed they had experienced personal impacts
reported that they felt there were no positive impacts (12 percent of the general public
overall).
N Grouping common responses together, half (50 percent) of these respondents mentioned
general benefits of the extension (related to enjoying the extra daylight hours), one-third (33
percent) reported household-related benefits, 29 percent leisure-related benefits, 23 percent
recreation-related benefits, and 11 percent work-related benefits.
N Respondents in the North were less likely to suggest general benefits (46 percent), those
in the Central regions were less likely to mention recreation-related impacts (15 percent),
and those in the South were less likely to mention work-related issues (five percent).

N Younger adults, aged 16 to 24 years old, were less likely to mention household-related
benefits than were all older adults (19 percent, compared to more than 30 percent of
adults in all other age groups). Also, 25 to 39 year olds were more likely than those aged
60 years or older mention recreation-related issues (28 percent compared to 14 percent).
N Those who approved of the extension were more likely than those who did not approve to
report general benefits (57 percent compared to 18 percent), household-related benefits
(36 percent compared to 17 percent), leisure-related impacts (34 percent compared to six
percent), and recreation-related impacts (25 percent compared to nine percent).
N Respondents in rural areas were more likely than those in provincial and metropolitan
areas to report work-related benefits (29 percent, nine percent, and nine percent,
respectively). In particular, 15 percent of rural residents mentioned longer days to work
more hours as a benefit.
N Taken together, 88 percent of the general public who believed there were impacts on
themselves mentioned at least one positive impact (representing 45 percent of the total
general public sample).
N Not surprisingly, those who approved of the extension were more likely than those who
did not approve to report at least one positive impact (97 percent compared to 42
percent).
N Older adults aged 60 years or older were less likely than 16 to 24 year olds and 25 to 39
year olds to mention at least one positive impact (79 percent, 89 percent, and 95 percent,
respectively).
The total general public sample was prompted with a range of positive impacts, whether or not
they had reported experiencing any impacts on themselves personally.
N The following were most frequently reported as positive impacts or benefits after prompting:
N Did more leisure activities in the evening (72 percent overall).
N Less likely for those aged 60 years or more (60 percent) compared to about three-
quarters of adults in all other age groups.
N Used less electricity or power in my household (69 percent overall).
N More likely for 25 to 39 year olds than for those aged 60 years or more (75 percent
N Did more outdoor activities at home (for example, gardening or doing the lawns) (67
percent overall).
N Less likely for 16 to 24 year olds (52 percent) than for all older age groups.

N Returned home from work, study or other activities in daylight (65 percent overall).
N More likely for those in the North than for those in the Central and Southern regions
N More likely for 16 to 24 year olds and 25 to 39 year olds than for 40 to 49 year olds
and those aged 60 or older (83 percent, 72 percent, 69 percent, and 38 percent).
N Spent more time with my children and/or family (60 percent of parents overall).
N More likely for those parents aged 25 to 39 (70 percent).
N After prompting, only five percent of general public respondents believed there were no
positive impacts at all.
N Older adults aged 60 years or older were more likely to believe there were no
positive impacts at all (10 percent).
Negative impacts
N On an unprompted basis, the 52 percent of general public respondents who reported the
extension had an impact on themselves personally, most frequently identified the following as
negative impacts or problems they had experienced as a result of the extension:
N It was too cold / dark in the morning (17 percent overall).
N Less likely for those who approved of the extension than for those who did not
N More likely for those in provincial areas than for those in metropolitan areas (27
percent compared to 12 percent).
10 percent).
N Harder to get up earlier in the morning (10 percent overall).
N More difficult getting children to bed / sleep (six percent overall).
N However, over half (61 percent) of the general public respondents who believed they had
experienced personal impacts reported that they felt there were no negative impacts.
N People in the Central regions were more likely than those in the North to report they
had experienced no negative impacts (69 percent compared to 56 percent).

N Grouping common responses together, one-quarter (26 percent) of these respondents
mentioned general impacts or problems of the extension (related to being too cold or dark in
the morning, harder to get up, etc.), 14 percent reported household-related issues, and two
percent work-related issues.
N Those who approved of the extension were less likely than those who did not approve to
mention general problems (18 percent compared to 63 percent), and household-related
problems (10 percent compared to 30 percent).
N Those aged 40 to 59 years were more likely than 16 to 24 year olds to report general
problems (30 percent compared to 17 percent). Those aged 25 to 39 years were most
likely to mention household-related issues (20 percent).
N Taken together, 50 percent of the general public who believed there were impacts on
themselves mentioned at least one negative impact (representing 20 percent of the total
general public sample).
N As expected, respondents who approved of the extension were less likely than those who
did not approve to report at least one negative impact (30 percent compared to 80
percent).
N Residents in rural areas were more likely than those in metropolitan areas to report at
least one negative impact (56 percent compared to 33 percent).
The total general public sample was prompted with a range of negative impacts or problems,
whether or not they had reported experiencing any impacts on themselves personally.
N When prompted, fewer respondents mentioned any specific negative impacts (compared to
positive impacts), with the most frequently mentioned negative issues including:
N I had more difficulty getting up in the morning because it was so dark in those last three
weeks of daylight saving (28 percent overall).
N It was even more difficult to adjust when the clocks finally went back again (15 percent
overall).
N More likely for those in provincial areas than for those in metropolitan areas (20
percent compared to 13 percent).

12 percent).
N I had more difficulty getting my children up in the morning during the last three weeks of
daylight saving because it was so dark (16 percent of parents overall).
N Less likely for parents who approved of the extension than for those who did not
N More likely for parents aged 40 to 59 or 25 to 39 than for those aged 16 to 24 years
(24 percent, 16 percent, and six percent, respectively).
N I had more difficulty getting my children to bed or to sleep because it’s lighter (11 percent
of parents overall).
N More likely for parents in the Central region than for those in the North (18 percent
compared to eight percent).
N More likely for parents aged 25 to 39 than for those aged 16 to 24 years (15 percent
compared to six percent).
N However, half (52 percent) of all general public respondents believed there were no
negative impacts at all, even when prompted.
N Those who approved of the extension were more likely than others to report
experiencing no negative impacts (49 percent compared to 17 percent).
N Older adults aged 60 years or more were more likely to report none of the negative
impacts when prompted (66 percent, compared to 54 percent of 40 to 59 year olds,
44 percent of 25 to 39 year olds, and 45 percent of 16 to 24 year olds).
4.3.2 Dairy farmers

As mentioned in section 4.1.2 , 49 percent of all dairy farmers believed that the extension had an
impact on themselves personally. Taken as a proportion of the total sample, and based on
unprompted responses, the following proportions of dairy farmers experienced a range of positive
and negative impacts as a result of the extension:

N 10 percent overall reported experiencing positive impacts only.
N 18 percent overall reported experiencing both positive and negative impacts.
N 20 percent overall reported experiencing negative impacts only.
15
N 52 percent overall reported experiencing no impacts (neither positive nor negative).
The following sub-sections summarise the specific impacts that were experienced by dairy
farmers, in relation to positive and negative impacts respectively.
Positive impacts
N On an unprompted basis, the 49 percent of dairy farmers who reported the extension had an
impact on themselves personally, most frequently identified the following as positive impacts
or benefits they had experienced as a result of the extension:
N More daylight hours generally (18 percent overall).
N Less likely for farm owners and managers than for other farm workers (15 percent
N Less likely for farmers with more than 30 years experience (five percent).
N Liked it / enjoyed the extra daylight (16 percent overall).
N Did more evening leisure activities (12 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers in the North and Central regions than for those in the South
(15 percent, 12 percent, and two percent, respectively).
N More likely for farmers with less than 10 years experience or 10 to 19 years
experience than for those farming for 30 or more years (18 percent, 17 percent, and
four percent).
N Longer days / more work hours (nine percent overall).
N More likely for farm owners and managers than for other farm workers (11 percent
compared to three percent).
N Did more relaxation / socialising outside (eight percent overall).
15
This 52 percent includes the 50 percent of dairy farmers who earlier stated that the extension did not have an impact on
themselves personally, as well as a small number of dairy farmers who had earlier reported that the extension did have an
impact on them, but stated no specific impacts on an unprompted basis.

N More likely for farmers with less than 10 years experience, 10 to 19 years
experience, and 20 to 29 years experience, than for those farming for 30 or more
years (10 percent, 10 percent, 12 percent, and zero percent, respectively).
N However, 42 percent of dairy farmers who believed they had experienced personal
impacts reported that they felt there were no positive impacts.
N Grouping common responses together, one-quarter (28 percent) of these dairy farmers
mentioned general benefits of the extension (related to enjoying the extra daylight hours),
one-fifth (19 percent) mentioned leisure-related benefits, 16 percent work-related benefits, 15
percent household-related benefits, and nine percent recreation-related benefits.
N Farmers in the North and Central regions were more likely than those in the South to
report any work-related impacts (18 percent, 16 percent, and six percent, respectively). In
addition, those in the North were more likely than those in the South to mention leisure-
related benefits (24 percent compared to eight percent).
N Farmers aged 25 to 39 were more likely than those aged 40 to 59 to mention any leisure-
related benefits (28 percent compared to 13 percent), and recreation-related benefits (15
percent compared to four percent).
N Farmers with 30 or more years experience were least likely to report any general benefits
(13 percent), leisure-related benefits (four percent), and recreation-related benefits (one
percent).
N Taken together, just over half (58 percent) of dairy farmers who believed there were impacts
on themselves mentioned at least one positive impact (representing 28 percent of the total
dairy farmers sample).
N Farm owners and managers were less likely than other farm workers to report at least
one positive benefit of the extension (52 percent compared to 72 percent).
N Younger farmers aged 25 to 39 were more likely than those aged 40 to 59 to mention at
least one positive benefit (70 percent compared to 53 percent).
The total dairy farmers sample was prompted with a range of positive impacts, whether or not they
had reported experiencing any impacts on themselves personally.
N The following were most frequently reported as positive impacts or benefits after prompting:
N Returned home from work, study or other activities in daylight (64 percent overall).
N More likely for younger farmers aged 25 to 39 than for those aged 40 to 59 or 60
years and older (71 percent, 60 percent, and 44 percent, respectively).

N More likely for those with 10 to 19 years farming experience than for those with 30 or
more years experience (73 percent compared to 54 percent).
N Did more outdoor activities at home (for example, gardening or doing lawns) (61 percent
overall).
N Less likely for farmers with a small herd size of less than 250 cows than for those
with a medium herd size of 250 to 399 cows (52 percent compared to 65 percent).
N Less likely for farmers with 30 or more years farming experience (47 percent).
N Did more leisure activities in the evening (60 percent overall).
N Less likely for farm owners and managers than for other farm workers (57 percent
N More likely for farmers aged 16 to 24 and 25 to 39 years than for those aged 40 to 59
years or 60 years and older (71 percent, 72 percent, 53 percent, and 19 percent).
N Less likely for farmers with 20 to 29 years experience, or more than 30 years
experience (58 percent and 42 percent, respectively).
N Less likely for farmers with a small herd size of less than 250 cows than for those
with a large herd size of 400 or more cows (54 percent compared to 66 percent).
N Spent more time with my children and/or family (54 percent of parents overall).
N Less likely for parents with 30 or more years farming experience (34 percent).
N Used less electricity or power in my household (53 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers with less than 10 years or 10 to 19 years experience
compared to those with 20 to 29 years or more than 30 years experience (57
percent, 63 percent, 47 percent, and 44 percent, respectively).
N Only 10 percent of all dairy farmers believed there were no positive impacts after
prompting.
N Farm owners and managers were more likely to believe there were no positive
impacts (13 percent compared to five percent of other farm workers).
N Older adults aged 60 years and older or 40 to 59 years were more likely to mention
there were no positive benefits than were those aged 25 to 39 (26 percent, 12
percent, and six percent, respectively).

N Farmers with 30 or more years experience were more likely to believe there were no
positive benefits (16 percent)
Negative impacts
N On an unprompted basis, the 49 percent of dairy farmers who reported the extension had an
impact on themselves personally, most frequently identified the following as negative impacts
or problems they had experienced as a result of the extension:
N It was too cold / dark in the morning (47 percent overall).
N More likely for those aged 40 to 59 than for those aged 25 to 39 years (54 percent
N More likely for those with 30 or more years farming experience (61 percent).
N Hard to get up earlier in the morning (15 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers in the North than for those in the South (18 percent compared
to eight percent).
N More likely for farmers with a small herd size of less than 250 cows than for those
with a medium herd size of 250 to 399 cows, or a large herd size of 400 or more
cows (25 percent, 12 percent, and 11percent, respectively).
N Left for work in darkness (10 percent overall).
N More difficult getting children to bed / sleep (nine percent overall).
N Dairy / milk production disrupted (through change in routine and/or milking times) (nine
percent overall).
N One-fifth (22 percent) of dairy farmers who believed they had experienced personal
impacts reported that they felt there were no negative impacts.
N Grouping common responses together, three-fifths (60 percent) of these dairy farmers
mentioned general impacts or problems of the extension (related to being too cold or dark in
the morning, harder to get up, etc.), one-fifth (19 percent) reported household-related issues,
14 percent work-related issues, and 11 percent other farm-related issues.
N Farm owners and managers were more likely than other farm workers to mention general
impacts (64 percent compared to 48 percent).

N Farmers aged 40 to 59 years were more likely than those aged 25 to 39 to report any
general issues (69 percent compared to 48 percent).
N Farmers with 30 or more years experience were more likely to mention any general
problems (79 percent). Those farming for less than 10 years were more likely than those
with 10 to 19 years experience to report work-related issues (21 percent compared to
seven percent).
N Taken together, 78 percent of dairy farmers who believed there were impacts on themselves
mentioned at least one negative impact (representing 38 percent of the total dairy farmers
sample).
The total dairy farmers sample was prompted with a range of negative impacts or problems,
whether or not they had reported experiencing any impacts on themselves personally.
N When prompted, fewer dairy farmers mentioned any specific negative impacts, with the most
frequently mentioned including:
N I had more difficulty getting up in the morning because it was so dark in those last three
weeks of daylight saving (39 percent overall).
N More likely for those aged 60 years or more and 40 to 59 year olds than for 25 to 39
year olds and 16 to 24 year olds (56 percent, 46 percent, 34 percent, and 14 percent,
respectively).
N More likely for those with 30 or more years of farming experience (53 percent).
N More likely for farmers with small or medium herds than for those with larger herds
N I had more difficulty getting my children up in the morning during the last three weeks of
daylight saving because it was so dark (27 percent of parents overall).
N More likely for farmers with small herds than for those with medium or large herds
N Less likely for parents with less than 10 years farming experience than for those with
10 to 19 or 20 to 29 years experience (17 percent, 32 percent, and 31 percent,
respectively).
N I had more difficulty getting my children to bed or to sleep because it’s lighter (26 percent
of parents overall).

N It was even more difficult to adjust when the clocks finally went back again (22 percent
overall).
N I found it hard to change my routine (16 percent overall).
N More likely for farmers with 20 to 29 years experience than for those farming for 10 to
19 years (21 percent compared to 12 percent).
N Milk production has been disrupted because of change in milking times or routine (14
percent overall).
N However, one-third (37 percent) of all dairy farmers believed there were no negative
impacts, even when prompted.
N Farmers with large herds were more likely than those with medium or small herds to
report that there were no negative impacts (45 percent, 30 percent, and 23 percent,
respectively).

5.0 Awareness of the extension
Respondents were asked about their awareness of the daylight saving extension as a
means of introducing them to the survey topic. This section summarises the findings
related to respondents’ awareness of the daylight saving extension, including the
extent to which they realised it started earlier and finished later than previous years.
Note that all interviewing for the survey was completed following the end of the daylight saving
extension, so this obviously has an impact on the extent to which people would have been aware
16
of the extension.
5.1 Awareness of the timing of the extension

Overall, the majority of both the general public and dairy farmers were aware that the daylight
saving period had changed in the last year. However, people were generally less certain about the
specific timing or duration of the extension.
Figure 10: Awareness of the extension of daylight saving
100 97
93
80
60 General Public
% Dairy Farmers
40
20
7
3
0
Aware Not aware
16
Following the questions about their awareness of the extension and its duration, all respondents were specifically
informed about the timing of the extension, before any further questioning. Refer to the questionnaire in Appendix A for the
exact wording of this explanation (Q8).

Figure 11: Knowledge of change to timing of latest daylight saving period
100
80
58
60 53
%
37 38
40 34
21
20
9
4
0
Run for longer Started earlier than Finished later than Don't know
period usual usual
* Based on subsample of respondents who were aware of the extension to daylight saving.

Awareness of the fact that daylight saving had changed this year was very high among the general
public:
N Almost all (93 percent) general public respondents reported they were aware that daylight
saving had changed this year.
N Young adults (16 to 24 year olds) were less likely to be aware of the change (81 percent).
N Residents in rural areas were more likely than those in provincial and metropolitan areas
to be aware that daylight saving had changed this year (98 percent, 92 percent, and 93
percent, respectively).
N However, a small proportion (seven percent) were not aware of the change.
Those who were aware of a change were asked to specify what was different about the timing of
the latest period of daylight saving. Many respondents were aware that it had run for a longer
period, although fewer specified that it had started earlier and finished later than previous years.
N Over half (58 percent) of the general public respondents reported that daylight saving had run
for a longer period, while 21 percent mentioned it had started earlier than usual, and 34
percent mentioned it had finished later than usual.
N People in the North were more likely than those in the South to report that daylight saving
started earlier than usual (24 percent compared to 14 percent). They were also more

likely than those in the Central and South regions to mention that daylight saving finished
later than usual (41 percent, 28 percent, and 23 percent, respectively).
N Younger adults aged 16 to 24 years were less likely than older adults to know that
daylight saving had run for a longer period (48 percent), that it had started earlier than
usual (11 percent), and that it had finished later than usual (28 percent).
All respondents were informed that the latest daylight saving period was longer than last year.
Asked how much longer it was, few could identify the exact nature of the change:
N 16 percent believed it was longer overall by two weeks or less, 24 percent by three weeks, 13
percent by four weeks, and five percent by more than four weeks overall.
N Eight percent reported that it was longer at the beginning of daylight saving by one week, 10
percent by two weeks, and two percent by three weeks.
N Four percent reported that it was longer at the end of daylight saving by one week, 19 percent
by two weeks, 16 percent by three weeks, and four percent by four or more weeks.
5.1.2 Dairy farmers

Awareness of the fact that daylight saving had changed this summer was also very high among
dairy farmers:
N Overall, almost all (97 percent) of dairy farmers reported they were aware of daylight saving
changing.
N Only 3 percent of dairy farmers did not realise that the daylight saving period had changed.
Asked what specifically was different about the timing of the latest daylight saving period
compared to previous years, many respondents who were aware of the change were also aware
that it had run for a longer period, although fewer specified that it had started earlier and finished
later than previous years.
N About half (53 percent) of dairy farmers reported that daylight saving had run for a longer
period, while 37 percent mentioned it had started earlier than usual, and 38 percent
mentioned it had finished later than usual.
N Farmers in the South were less likely than those in the North and Central regions to
realise that daylight saving started earlier than usual (22 percent, 41 percent, and 36
percent, respectively).
N Farmers aged 16 to 24 years were less likely than older farmers to realise that daylight
saving had started earlier than usual (22 percent), and that it had finished later than usual
(17 percent).

N Farmers with less than ten years experience were less likely than more experienced
farmers to report that daylight saving had finished later than usual (30 percent).
As for the general public, all dairy farmers were informed that the latest daylight saving period was
longer than last year. Asked how much longer it was, few could identify the exact nature of the
change:
N 15 percent believed it was longer overall by two weeks or less, 30 percent by three weeks, 17
percent by four weeks, and nine percent by more than four weeks overall.
N Eight percent reported that it was longer at the beginning of daylight saving by one week, nine
percent by two weeks, and four percent by three weeks or more.
N Three percent reported that it was longer at the end of daylight saving by one week, 16
percent by two weeks, 14 percent by three weeks, and two percent by four or more weeks.

Appendix A Questionnaire
Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008

LOCATION: QUOTA: GENERAL PUBLIC (N=1000) QUOTA: DAIRY FARMERS (N=500)
1.General Public – North Northern ................................ n=375 Northern ................................ n=200
2.General Public – Central Central................................... n=375 Central ................................... n=200
3.General Public – South Southern................................ n=250 Southern................................ n=100
4. Dairy Farmers – North
5. Dairy Farmers – Central
6. Dairy Farmers – South
DIA DAYLIGHT SAVING EXTENSION – April 2008

GENERAL PUBLIC & DAIRY FARMERS SURVEY
Research New Zealand #3757

APRIL 2008
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION FOR GENERAL PUBLIC
Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is ^I from Research New Zealand. Could I please
speak to [NAME]?
The Department of Internal Affairs recently sent your household a letter about a survey we are
conducting on people’s opinions about Daylight Saving. Did you receive this letter?
IF YES, CONTINUE.
IF NO, PROVIDE SUMMARY OF LETTER/RESEARCH, AND ARRANGE FOR RE-SEND IF REQUIRED.
This research takes about 10-15 minutes depending on your answers.
We are surveying both men and women in your household. To make sure we speak to a good
cross-section of New Zealanders, we would like to talk to the male aged 16 to 39 who has his
birthday next. Could you please tell me his name, and may I speak with him please?
IF NO MALE 16-39 AVAILABLE, ASK FOR FEMALE 16 TO 39

What about the female aged 16 to 39 in your household, who has the next birthday? Could you
please tell me her name, and may I speak with her please?
IF NO-ONE 16-39 AVAILABLE, ASK FOR MALE 40+

Are there any males aged 40 or older in your household that I could speak to?
IF NO MALE AVAILABLE, ASK FOR FEMALE 40+

And are there any females aged 40 or older in your household that I could speak to?
REINTRODUCE AS NECESSARY
This research takes about 10-15 minutes. When would suit, or is now a good time?
IF NO: When would be a more convenient time? MAKE APPOINTMENT ONLY IF SPOKEN TO “ST”
APPOINTMENT
INTRODUCTION FOR FARMERS
Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is ^I from Research New Zealand. Could I please

speak to [NAME]?
The Department of Internal Affairs recently sent you a letter about a survey we are conducting
with dairy farmers about Daylight Saving. Did you receive this letter?
IF YES, CONTINUE.
IF NO, PROVIDE SUMMARY OF LETTER/RESEARCH, AND ARRANGE FOR RE-SEND IF REQUIRED.
DIA Daylight Savings Survey: General Public April 2008– DRAFT QQ - Updated 25 July 2008 1
Can I confirm that you work on a dairy farm?
IF YES, CONTINUE.
IF NO, THANK AND TERMINATE. CODE ON OUTCOME SCREEN AS “NO DAIRY FARMER IN HOUSEHOLD”.
REINTRODUCE AS NECESSARY
This research takes about 10-15 minutes. When would suit, or is now a good time?
IF NO: When would be a more convenient time? MAKE APPOINTMENT ONLY IF SPOKEN TO “ST”
APPOINTMENT
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ONLY IF NEEDED:

• This is genuine market research. I’m not selling anything.
• Research New Zealand is an independent market research company, contracted by the
Department of Internal Affairs for the purposes of conducting this survey.
• Your name and contact details have been selected at random from the Electoral Roll,
specifically for the purposes of this survey. Your phone number was obtained from the White
Pages. We do not hold any other personal information about you.
• The reason we ask for males first is that women are much more willing to participate in
research and we find that at the end of the project we spend a lot of time trying to get enough
men to meet our quotas. We find if we ask for a male in the household first then this doesn’t
happen so much.
• We are specifically looking for dairy farmers to speak to, rather than people who work on
other types of farms.
• Information provided is confidential. We report summary results about groups; we do not
identify which individuals have said what.
READ
As part of our quality improvement process, my Supervisor may listen to this call.
SECTION 1: SCREENING QUESTIONS
Q1 First of all, to make sure we have spoken to a good cross-section of New Zealanders, can you
tell me which of the following age groups you belong to? READ.
1 .....16-17
2 .....18-19
3 .....20-24
4 .....25-29
5 .....30-39
6 .....40-49
7 .....50-59
8 .....60-69
9 .....70 years and over
98 ...Don’t know ***DO NOT READ***
Q2 In which of the following areas do you live? READ

1 .....Northland
2 .....Auckland
3 .....Waikato
4 .....Bay of Plenty
5 .....Gisborne
6 .....Hawke's Bay
7 .....Taranaki
8 .....Manawatu-Wanganui
9 .....Wellington-Wairarapa
10 ...Tasman
11 ...Nelson
12 ...Marlborough
13 ...West Coast
14 ...Canterbury
15 ...Otago
16 ...Southland
Q3 Which of the following best describes your household? READ

1 .....Young couple without children
2 .....Family household with youngest child under 5
3 .....Family household with youngest child 5 to 15
4 .....Family household with youngest child over 15
5 .....Older couple – no children or none living at home
6 .....Single/one person household
7 .....Flat/shared household – not a family household
96 ...Other ***DO NOT READ***
99 ...Refused ***DO NOT READ***
QUOTAS: GENERAL PUBLIC

BASED OFF SAMPLE LOCATIONS
LOCATIONS
TERMINATION STATEMENT: QUOTA FULL

I’m sorry, but we have already interviewed enough people in these groups. Thank you for your
time.
Q4 IF FARMER (LOCATION 4-6) ASK, ELSE GO Q5:
And what type of farm do you currently work on? READ. PROBE TO IDENTIFY IF MAINLYMAINLY
DAIRY.
1 .....Mostly dairy
2 .....Mostly sheep ] TERMINATE
3 .....Mostly beef ] TERMINATE
4 .....Sheep and Beef ] TERMINATE
96 ...Other ***DO NOT READ*** ] TERMINATE
98 ...Don’t know ***DO NOT READ*** ]
QUOTAS: FARMERS
BASED OFF SAMPLE LOCATION
LOCATION
TERMINATION STATEMENT: FARMERS - NOT DAIRY FARMER

Sorry, at this stage we just want to interview people who work on dairy farms. Thanks for your
time.
TERMINATION STATEMENT: FARMERS - QUOTA FULL

I’m sorry, but we have already interviewed enough people in these groups. Thank you for your
time.
SECTION 2: AWARENESS & KNOWLEDGE OF DAYLIGHT
SAVING
Q5 Every year, New Zealanders put their clocks forward for Daylight Saving time at the start of
summer. Were you aware that the Daylight Saving period had changed in the last year?
1 .....Yes
2 .....No
98 ...Don’t know
Q6 IF CODE 1 AT Q5 ASK, ELSE GO Q7.

Compared to previous years, what specifically was different about the timing of this latest period
of Daylight Saving? PROBE FULLY. CODE MANY
1 .....Ran for longer period
2 .....Started earlier than usual
3 .....Finished later than usual
96 ...Other Specify
98 ...Don’t know ;E
Q7 The latest Daylight Saving period was longer than last year. Can you tell me how much longer
it was? CODE MANY
OVERALL
1 .....One week overall

2 .....Two weeks overall
3 .....Three weeks overall
4 .....Four weeks overall
5 .....More than four weeks overall
LONGER AT BEGINNING
6 .....One week at beginning

7 .....Two weeks at beginning
8 .....Three weeks at beginning
9 .....Four or more weeks at beginning
LONGER AT END
10 ...One week at end

11 ...Two weeks at end
12 ...Three weeks at end
13 ...Four or more weeks at end
96 ...Other Specify
SECTION 3: THE IMPACT OF DAYLIGHT SAVING

Q8 READ TO ALL RESPONDENTS:
The recent Daylight Saving period started a week earlier, and finished three weeks later than it did
th
last year. This means that from 16th March to April 6 this year the sun rose later and set later
than it did this time last year. The following questions all relate to this extension to the end of
Daylight Saving, rather than the complete period of Daylight Saving.
Q9 Do you believe the extension to the end of Daylight Saving had any particular impact on
yourself or any other types of people in the population? CODE MANY.
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: What about for yourself / other people?
1 .....Yes - impact on self

2 .....Yes - impact on others
97 ...No particular impact on myself or others ;E
Q10 IF CODE 2 (“IMPACT ON OTHERS”) AT Q9 ASK:
In your opinion, which groups of the population were most affected by the extended daylight
saving period? CODE MANY. PROBE TO NO.
INTERVIEWERS: IF RESPONDENT MENTIONS SPECIFIC OCCUPATION GROUP, PLEASE ENTER AS
CODE 96 “OTHER SPECIFY”
FARMERS
1 .....Farmers (general mention)

2 .....Dairy farmers
3 .....Sheep and beef farmers
4 .....Horticulturalists
OTHERS
5 .....Shift-workers
6 .....People participating in sports / outdoor recreation
7 .....Parents
8 .....Young children (12 years or younger)
9 .....Older children / youth / students (13 years or older)
10 ...Older adults / the elderly
11 ...Everyone
96 ...Other Specify
97 ...No one in particular ;E
Q11 IF CODE 1 (“IMPACT ON SELF”) AT Q9 ASK:

What, if any, positive impacts did the extended Daylight Saving period have on you personally?
CODE MANY.
PROMPT FOR IMPACTS RELATED TO HOME LIFE, WORK, LEISURE & RECREATION.
GENERAL MENTIONS
1 .....More daylight hours

2 .....Liked it / enjoyed extra daylight
3 .....More time for volunteering / community activities
HOUSEHOLD-RELATED
4 .....Was able to do more gardening / lawns / outdoor work at home
5 .....Got more housework / domestic chores done
6 .....Got more household maintenance / repairs done
7 .....Spent more time with children / family
8 .....Spent more time relaxing with other people in my household
9 .....Spent more time relaxing (on my own)
10 ...Used less electricity / power / lighting
11 ...Was able to sleep-in (i.e. not woken by dawn sunlight)
WORK-RELATED
12 ...Extended working hours into evening

13 ...Longer days / work more hours
14 ...Was able to return home in daylight
LEISURE-RELATED (PASSIVE ACTIVITIES)

15 ...Did more evening leisure activities (general mention)
16 ...Did more relaxation / socialising outside
17 ...Had more barbecues / outdoor eating
18 ...It was safer to go out because it was light for longer
RECREATION (INC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & SPORT)

19 ...Played more time for sport
20 ...Did more exercise / went for walks in evening
21 ...Took the children out more often (e.g. to parks)
96 ...Other positive impacts Specify

97 ...No positive impacts ;E
Q12 IF CODE 1 (“IMPACT ON SELF”) AT Q9 ASK:
And in what ways, if any, did the extension have a negative impact, or create difficulties for you?
CODE MANY.
PROMPT FOR IMPACTS RELATED TO HOME LIFE, WORK, LEISURE & RECREATION.
GENERAL MENTIONS
1 .....It was too cold / dark in morning

2 .....Day was too long
3 .....It was extra hard to adjust when clocks went back again
4 .....Hard to get up earlier
5 .....Sleeping problems (hard to sleep / less sleep, etc)
6 .....Problems with calendars on computers
HOUSEHOLD-RELATED
7 .....More difficult getting children to bed / sleep
8 .....More difficult getting children / other family up in the morning
9 .....Harder for me to get up in morning / too dark
10 ...Used more power (e.g. lights on in morning, air conditioning in evening)
WORK-RELATED
11 ...Worked too long / less time for family

12 ...Left for work in darkness
FARM-RELATED
13 ...Hard to change my routine
14 ...Dairy / milk production disrupted (through change in routine / milking times)
96 ...Other negative impacts Specify

97 ...No negative impacts ;E
Q13 RANDOMISE THIS QUESTION WITH Q14. Thinking about your daily routine, compared to the
same three weeks last year, which of the following applies to you because of the longer daylight
saving period? During those last three weeks of daylight saving I… READ. CODE MANY. RAND.
FOR ALL RESPONDENTS:

1 .....Did more outdoor activities at home (for example, gardening or doing lawns)
2 .....Was able to do more housework or domestic chores in the evening
3 .....Did more household maintenance or repairs in the evening
4 .....Used less electricity or power in my household (for example, for lighting)
5 .....Returned home from work, study or other activities in daylight
6 .....Did more leisure activities in the evening (for example, relaxing outside,
barbecues, eating outside)
7 .....Felt safer going out in the evening because it was lighter for longer
8 .....Participated in more sports activities, or for longer in the evening
9 .....Did more exercise
10 ...Went for more walks in the evening, or walked for longer
FOR RESPONDENTS WITH CHILDREN (IF CODE 2, 3, OR 4 AT Q3):

11 ...Spent more time with my children and/or family
97 ...None of the above ;E ***DO NOT READ***

98 ...Don’t know ;E ***DO NOT READ***
Q14 Thinking about your daily routine, compared to the same three weeks last year, which of the
following apply to you because of the longer daylight saving period? The extra three weeks at the
end of daylight saving meant that….READ. CODE MANY. RAND.

1 .....It was even more difficult to adjust when the clocks finally went back again
2 .....I had more difficulty getting up in the morning because it was so dark in those
last three weeks of daylight saving
3 .....We had trouble with the clock on our computer because the daylight saving
period had changed
FOR RESPONDENTS WITH CHILDREN (IF CODE 2, 3, OR 4 AT Q3):

4 .....I had more difficulty getting my children to bed or to sleep because it’s lighter
5 .....I had more difficulty getting my children up in the morning during the last three
weeks of daylight saving because it was so dark
FOR DAIRY FARMERS (LOCATIONS 4 – 6 ):

6 .....I found it hard to change my routine
7 .....Milk production has been disrupted because of a change in milking times or
routine
97 ...None of the above ;E ***DO NOT READ***

98 ...Don’t know ;E ***DO NOT READ***
Q14a Can you think of any other negative things that happened because of the extended
daylight saving period, that you haven’t mentioned already?
96 ...Answer Specify
97 ...No particular reason
98 ...Don’t know
SECTION 4: APPROVAL OF DAYLIGHT SAVING & THE

EXTENSION
Q15 Taking everything we’ve talked about into account, would you say you approve or disapprove
of Daylight Saving in general? That is, thinking about the whole period of Daylight Saving, not just
the recent extension.
PROBE: Is that strongly approve/disapprove or just approve/disapprove?
1 .....Strongly disapprove
2 .....Disapprove
3 .....Neither approve nor disapprove
4 .....Approve
5 .....Strongly approve
98 ...Don’t know
Q16 And do you approve or disapprove of the extension to Daylight Saving?

PROBE: Is that strongly approve/disapprove or just approve/disapprove?
1 .....Strongly disapprove
2 .....Disapprove
3 .....Neither approve nor disapprove
4 .....Approve
5 .....Strongly approve
98 ...Don’t know
Q17 IF 98 AT Q16 GO Q18:
Can you tell me your reasons for this? PROMPT IF NECESSARY: That is, why you approve or
disapprove with the extension to Daylight Saving? CODE MANY
DISAGREE:
1 .....Too dark in morning / harder to get up in dark
2 .....Start work in dark
3 .....Makes it a longer day
4 .....Change in routine disruptive
5 .....Lost its usefulness / benefits during extension
6 .....Harder to get children to bed
7 .....Disruption to farm / stock routine
AGREE:
8 .....Can do more in day/evenings (general mention)
9 .....More relaxation time in evening (non-physical leisure)
10 ...More time to spend with children / family
11 ...More time for outside activities / work at home
12 ...More time for physical activity (e.g. walks, sport)
13 ...Use less power / electricity
14 ...Positives / benefits outweigh the negatives
OTHER:
15 ...I just accept it / no big difference
16 ...Benefitted from good weather this summer
17 ...Should start Daylight Saving earlier
96 ...Other Specify
97 ...No particular reason
98 ...Don’t know
SECTION 5: CLASSIFICATION DETAILS
FOR FARMERS (LOCATIONS 4-6):
Q18 IF LOCATION 1 – 3, GO Q23:

Thinking now about your farming property. Which of the following best describes you? READ
1 .....Farm owner-operator or joint owner or partner
2 .....Farm manager
3 .....Sharemilker
4 .....Own or farm a lifestyle block
5 .....Farm worker / employee / assistant
96…Other Specify ***DO NOT READ***
Q19 Overall, how many years have you farmed for?

1 .....Less than 5
2 .....5 - 9
3 .....10 - 14
4 .....15 - 19
5 .....20 - 24
6 .....25 - 29
7 .....30 or more (Specify)
98 ...Don't know
99 ...Refused
Q20 And how many farming properties do you currently manage and/or own?
1 .....One
2 .....More than one (Specify)
96 ...Other (Specify)
97 ...Do not own or manage any farms
Q21 And what is the size of the herd on your (largest) farm?
PROMPT IF NEEDED: An approximate answer is OK.
96 ...Answer (SPECIFY NUM)

98 ...Don't know
99 ...Refused
Q22 Is the milking on your farm(s) conducted… READ

1 .....Only in the morning
2 .....Only in the afternoon
3 .....Both morning and afternoon
98 ...Don't know ***DO NOT READ***
Q23 Now, to help us analyse our data, I would like to ask some questions about you. First of all,
which of these best describes where you live? Do you live in a…? READ WORDS AND NUMBERS
1 .....Rural area (under 1,000 population)
2 .....A small town (1,000-9,999 population)
3 .....A medium-sized town (10,000-29,999 population)
4 .....A large town or city (30,000 or more population)
Q24 Which ethnic group do you belong to? (IF NECESSARY: you can belong to more than one)
CODE MANY
1 .....New Zealand European (or Pakeha)
2 .....Mäori
3 .....Pacific
4 .....Asian
5 .....Middle East/Latin American/African
96 ...Other ethnic group (SPECIFY)
99 ...Refused ;E
Q25 And which of these categories best describes you? READ

1 .....Married/living with partner (NOTE TO INTERVIEWER: this includes civil unions)
2 .....Separated, divorced, widowed
3 .....Never married
Q26 IF CODE 6 IN Q3, SKIP TO Q28. ELSE ASK:

Including yourself, how many people live in your household?
96 ...Answer (SPECIFY NUM)

98 ...Don't know
99 ...Refused
Q27 IF CODE 2, 3 OR 4 AT Q263 ASK:

Can you tell me how many children in your household, if any, are….? READ. CODE MANY.
1 .....Under 5 years of age (SPECIFY NUM)

2 .....5-10 years of age (SPECIFY NUM)
3 .....11-15 years of age (SPECIFY NUM)
98 ...Don't know ;E ***DO NOT READ***
99 ...Refused ;E ***DO NOT READ***
Q28 Are you ...? READ CODE MANY

1 .....Self employed
2 .....A salary or wage earner
3 .....Retired
4 .....A full time home-maker
5 .....A student
6 .....Unemployed
96 ...Other beneficiary
99 ...Refused ;E ***DO NOT READ***
Q29 IF CODE 2 AT Q28 ASK:

Are you a shift worker? IF YES, ASK: Do you ever work night shifts?
1 .....Yes, work night shifts
2 .....Yes, shift worker – but don’t do night shifts
3 .....No, not a shift worker
Q30 IF CODE 2 OR 3 AT Q25 ASK:
Which of these best describes your personal income from all sources, before tax for the last year?
READ
1 .....Under $20,000
2 .....$20,000 but less than $40,000
3 .....$40,000 but less than $60,000
4 .....$60,000 but less than $80,000
5 .....$80,000 but less than $100,000
6 .....$100,000 but less than $120,000
7 .....$120,000 but less than $140,000
8 .....$140,000 but less than $160,000
9 .....$160,000 or more
Q31 IF CODE 1 AT Q25 ASK:

Which of these best describes the joint income of you and your partner before tax, for the last year?
Please include any child support, benefits or other income support you or your partner may receive.
READ
1 .....Under $20,000
2 .....$20,000 but less than $40,000
3 .....$40,000 but less than $60,000
4 .....$60,000 but less than $80,000
5 .....$80,000 but less than $100,000
6 .....$100,000 but less than $120,000
7 .....$120,000 but less than $140,000
8 .....$140,000 but less than $160,000
9 .....$160,000 or more
Q32 And which of these best describes your highest educational qualification? READ
1 .....No qualifications
2 .....NCEA, School Certificate, or other secondary school qualification
3 .....Polytechnic qualification or Trade Certificate
4 .....Bachelors degree
5 .....Post-graduate degree (Honours)
6 .....Masters degree, or
7 .....Doctorate
96 ...Other (SPECIFY) ***DO NOT READ***
Q33 CODE GENDER

1 .....Male
2 .....Female
SECTION 6: CLOSE
Q34 IF LOCATION 1-3 ASK, ELSE GO Q35:
And can I just confirm that you are the male/female in the household who is 16 years or over, and
has the next birthday? (CODE "YES" IF ALL THREE CONDITIONS ARE CONFIRMED. IF ANSWER TO ANY
ELEMENT IS "NO", CODE NO.)
1. ....Yes
2. ....No
98. ..Don't Know
99. ..Refused
Q35 Those are all the questions I have. Do you have any other comments you’d like to make
about this interview?
1 .....Comments [SPECIFY]
2 .....No
Q36 May I please have your first name in case my supervisor needs to check on the quality of this
interview?
1 .....Respondent first name [SPECIFY]
99 ...Refused
Thank you very much for your help. My name is [Q0IV] from Research New Zealand. If you have
enquiries about this survey, please ring the Project Manager, Shane Palmer, on our toll-free
number: 0800 500 168 (Wellington respondents 499-3088).
Q99VER interviewer comment Are there any additional comments/issues that need to be noted?
1 .....Yes Specify
2 .....No
Q99DEC Interviewer declaration I certify that this is a true and accurate record of the interview
conducted by me in full accordance with the Market Research Code of Practice.
1 .....Yes
2 .....No
Q99NO interviewer reason Why have you entered 'No' to the Interviewer Declaration?
1 .....Answer Specify

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Attitudes Towards the Daylight Saving Extension:

General Public & Dairy Farmers – FINAL REPORT

Attitudes Towards the Daylight Saving Extension:

PREPARED FOR The Department of Internal Affairs Te Tari Taiwhenua

1.0 Executive Summary 4

3.0 Approval of daylight saving and the

4.0 Perceived impacts of the extension 27

5.0 Awareness of the extension 44

This section of the report provides the key findings.

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 4

1.2 Key findings

N There were also some differences depending on whether respondents identified

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 5

N On an unprompted basis, the positive impacts more frequently identified included:

N Positive comments about more daylight hours in general (34 percent of

N Positive comments about being able to do more gardening/lawns/outdoor work

N In contrast, the negative impacts more frequently identified on an unprompted basis

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 6

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 7

N On an unprompted basis, the positive impacts more frequently identified included:

N Positive comments about more daylight hours in general (18 percent of

N In contrast, the negative impacts more frequently identified on an unprompted basis

N Negative comments about dairy/milk production disrupted (nine percent).

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 8

Table 1: Key results – General public and dairy farmers samples

Approval of daylight saving and extension

Perceived impacts of extension

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 9

Positive impacts for self (prompted)

Negative impacts for self (unprompted)*

Negative impacts for self (prompted)

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 10

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 11

More specifically, the research was designed to measure:

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 12

N Region: North, Central and South.

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 13

N Households with children aged 15 years or younger, compared to households without

N Region: North, Central and South.

N Years of farming experience: less than 10 years, 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 years

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 14

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 15

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 16

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 17

N Section 3: Approval of daylight saving and the extension.

N Section 4: Perceived impacts of the extension.

N Section 5: Awareness of the extension.

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 18

3.1 Approval of daylight saving

Figure 1: Approval of daylight saving in general

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 19

3.1.2 Dairy farmers

N In contrast, 15 percent disapproved to some degree (with 5 percent disapproving and 10

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 20

3.2 Approval of the extension

Figure 2: Approval of the extension to daylight saving

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 21

General Public (n=821)* Dairy Farmers (n=267)*

* Based on subsample of respondents who approved of the extension to daylight saving.

General Public (n=117)* Dairy Farmers (n=200)*

* Based on subsample of respondents who disapproved of the extension to daylight saving.

Research New Zealand | 03 September 2008 22

N In contrast, 11 percent disapproved to some degree (with 5 percent disapproving and 6