DRIVE GEARBOXES

GPT/GFA
Copyright © ZF Industrieantriebe Witten GmbH

This document is protected by copyright.

Complete or partial reproduction or dissemination of this document
is prohibited without the consent of ZF Industrieantriebe Witten GmbH.
Infringements shall lead to civil and criminal prosecution.
 Drive Gearboxes GPT/GFA

GPT
∙∙ Sizes GPT 160 to 1300
∙∙ Output torques from 160 to 1,300 kNm

GFA
∙∙ Sizes GFA 169 to 400
∙∙ Output torques from 250 to 2,180 kNm

Features Content
∙∙ Compact, space-saving planetary gearbox design Functional description 2
∙∙ Planet wheels carried in full-complement bearings Dimensions and technical data 4
∙∙ Robust main bearing system GPT 160 - 580 6
∙∙ Simple mounting GPT 600 - 1300 8
∙∙ Easy oil change GFA 169 - 400 10
∙∙ Integrated static spring pressure multi-disk brake Customer specification wheel/chain/drum application 13
∙∙ Low-noise operation

ZE77110 /06.2016 3
Functional Description

Description
ZF gearboxes GPT and GFA are drive components for mining ap- Both gearboxes - GPT and GFA - are characterized by high ro-
plications and large construction machinery. bustness and reliability. This is - in addition to the design of the
As successor company of the former Lohmann + Stolterfoht gears in the development and manufacturing quality - achieved
GmbH the ZF Industrieantriebe Witten GmbH incorporates through the use of case hardened gears, and tempered and surfa-
decades of know-how into the development and production of ce-hardened ring gears. In addition, the ZF travel drives are easy
travel drives. In combination with the latest calculation methods, to install and easy to maintain in order to keep the subsequent
such as the finite element method (FEM), drive gearboxes of the operating costs as low as possible.
highest quality, which have proven themselves with high efficien-
cy in hard use and under adverse conditions, are being produced.
The development and production expertise is supplemented
through an unique expertise in the dynamic simulation and
testing.

Compact drive gearboxes GPT for output torques from 160 to 1300 kNm Compact drive gearboxes GFA for output torques from 250 - 2180 kNm
with spring pressure multi-disc brake. with spring pressure multi-disc brake.

ZF travel drives are divided into two groups: drive gearboxes GPT The gearbox types listed in this catalog describe the standard
take in addition to the rollers and the weight of the wheeled or range of ZF Industrieantriebe Witten GmbH. If you need deviating
track-driven vehicle on. In opposition, drive gearboxes GFA, are gearbox types, our technical sales will be happy to assist you
suitable for large-scale equipment, in which the turas is mounted anytime.
separately in the driving cage. In this case, the weight of the ve-
hicle is supported directly onto the chain and the gearbox is used
exclusively for transmitting the torque.

4 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Functional Description

Gearbox design Disconnecting device

Our gearbox design is based on long years of experience and If requested, some of the drive systems may also be provided with
reflects not only the customary standard design regulations but a mechanical disconnecting device so that, if time is of essence,
also satisfies operational strength requirements as per DIN 3990, the equipment can be towed without damaging the hydraulic
ISO 6336, AGMA, GL or DNV. The output torque values indicated system.
are short-term admissible peak torques meant for excavator travel
drive applications. We offer application-specific consultation to Sealing system
customers aimed at finding the optimum drive configuration as
An axial mechanical seal is mounted between the stationary and
early as in the project stage.
rotating gearbox sections. This prevents moisture and dirt from
entering the drive even under extreme operating conditions.
Integrated spring pressure multi-disc brake
As standard supply feature the gearbox comes with one Oil changes
spring-loaded hydraulically released multiplate parking
Except for regular oil changes the gearboxes do not require main-
brake integrated on the input side. The static multiplate parking
tenance. Oil changes may conveniently be made from the outs-
brake system is only a parking brake. The parking brake torque
ide. Recommendations as to lube oils are given in the operating
will suit the respective motor torque.
manual.

If further type variants, not listed in this catalogue, are required,

please contact us.

ZE77110 /06.2016 5
Dimensions and Technical Data GPT 160-580

Drive gearboxes GPT for output torques from 160 to 600 kNm

Technical Data
Design variant Output torque Gear ratio Holding torque
T2 max from/to TBr max
Nm i Nm
GPT 160 T3 1000 · 9000 160,000 210.8 · 251 1,020
GPT 220 T3 2000 220,000 67.7 · 97.7 · 188.9 · 246 · 293 1,100
GPT 220 T3 9000/2 220,000 67.7 · 97.7 -
GPT 220 T3 9000/3 220,000 145.4 1,400
GPT 220 T3 9000/4 220,000 345 1,100
GPT 260 T3 9000 260,000 188.9 1,600
GPT 330 T3 2000 · 3000 330,000 168.9 · 209.9 · 252.0 · 302.4 2,500
GPT 330 T3 9000 330,000 302.4 2,500
GPT 330 T4 1000 2) 330,000 826.6 -
GPT 330 T4 2000 330,000 451.7 625
GPT 400 R3 1000 460,000 95.61 · 347.1 1,450
GPT 450 T4 1000/1 450,000 421.7 1,450
GPT 580 T4 1000 600,000 610 1,450

GPT 220 T3 9000/4 = index no. for different structural lengths, diameter or motor attachment
2)
Gearbox with angular stage on input side

Dimensions

Variant T
Connection frame

Motor attachment surface

Motor attachment surface

Variant K
Connection frame

View T/K = turas attachment possible

6 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Dimensions and Technical Data GPT 160-580

Type code
GPT 160 T3 2000 SL
Travel Drive GPT Enhanced output bearings

Type Internal code
(Type = output torque T2 [kNm]

T = Track laying
R = Wheel drive

Number of gear stages

Dimensions, bearing load ratings and masses

Design variant D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

mm
GPT 160 T3 1000 450 510 560 20xM30 535 600 650 30xM24x2
GPT 160 T3 9000 450 510 560 30xM24x2 535 600 650 30xM24x2
GPT 220 T3 2000 460 600 650 30xM30 610 680 735 24xM30
GPT 220 T3 9000/2 460 520 570 24xM30 610 680 735 24xM30
GPT 220 T3 9000/3 460 600 650 30xM30 610 680 735 24xM30
GPT 220 T3 9000/4 450 515 568 29xM36x3 570 620 670 42xM30x2
GPT 260 T3 9000 560 630 685 28xM30 610 750 810 28xM30
GPT 330 T3 2000 580 680 735 30xM30 660 730 785 30xM30
GPT 330 T3 3000 580 680 735 30xM30 660 730 785 30xM30
GPT 330 T3 9000 450 515 658 32xM30x2 570 620 670 44xM24x2
GPT 330 T4 1000 2) 580 680 735 30xM30 660 730 785 30xM30
GPT 330 T4 2000 580 680 735 30xM30 660 730 785 30xM30
GPT 400 R3 1000 450 515 568 29xM36x3 570 620 670 42xM30x2
GPT 450 T4 1000/1 450 515 568 29xM36x1.5 570 620 670 42xM30x1.5
GPT 580 T4 1000 450 515 568 29xM36x1.5 570 620 770 42xM30x1.5

Design variant L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 A+B Mass Variant

C Co
mm kN kg
GPT 160 T3 1000 30 168 340 538 138 26 688 1,520 680 T
GPT 160 T3 9000 30 168 340 538 138 26 688 1,520 680 T
GPT 220 T3 2000 45 170 350 565 155 35 710 1,560 680 T
GPT 220 T3 9000/2 45 170 350 565 155 35 710 1,560 850 T
GPT 220 T3 9000/3 45 170 350 565 155 35 710 1,560 850 T
GPT 220 T3 9000/4 - 255 305 - 190 17 710 1,560 880 K
GPT 260 T3 9000 98 175 415 688 114 74 710 1,560 1,000 T
GPT 330 T3 2000 150 125 400 675 190 25 1,040 2,450 1,250 T
GPT 330 T3 3000 87 188 400 675 190 25 1,040 2,450 1,230 T
GPT 330 T3 9000 45 253 442 740 178 37 1,040 2,450 1,210 K
GPT 330 T4 1000 2) - 188 430 1,175 190 25 1,040 2,450 1,410 -
GPT 330 T4 2000 - 188 400 675 190 25 1,040 2,450 1,320 T
GPT 400 R3 1000 13 255 522 820 175 34 1,040 2,450 1,260 K
GPT 450 T4 1000/1 13 255 512 810 175 19 1,040 2,450 1,240 K
GPT 580 T4 1000 13 255 533 831 178 28 1,040 2,450 1,440 K

ZE77110 /06.2016 7
Dimensions and Technical Data GPT 600-1300

Drive gearboxes GPT for output torques from 600 to 1,300 kNm

Technical data
Type/Design variant Output torque Gear ratio Holding torque Application
T2 max from/to TBr max **
Nm i Nm
GPT 0600 N/1*** 600,000 243.5 1x* 3,115 ST
GPT 0600 N/2*** 600,000 on request 2x* 1,200 ST
GPT 0600 N 600,000 on request 2x* 1,830 CC
GPT 0800 N 792,000 284.8 integrated in the motor ST
GPT 0800 N 984,000 386.7 2x* 1,830 CC
GPT 1100 N 1,117,000 401.5 2x* 1,700 ST
GPT 1300 N 1,300,000 458.5 2x* 1,700 ST

* No. of brakes ** ST = Standard; CC = Application crawler crane *** number of motors

Dimensions

Application ST

Application CC

8 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Dimensions and Technical Data GPT 600-1300

Type code
GPT 600 N2
1000
Travel Drive GPT Internal code

Type
(Type = output torque T2 [kNm]

Number of stages
N = 3 planet stages and 1 spur wheel stage
T3 = 3 planet stages

Dimensions, bearing load ratings and masses

Design variant D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

mm
GPT 0600 N/1 670 750 815 30xM39 885 975 1,055 24xM29
GPT 0600 N/2 730 810 880 41xM30x2 885 965 1,020 48xM30x2
GPT 0600 N 668 726 779 30xM36x1.5 780 850 900 45xM36x1.5
GPT 0800 N 830 980 1,050 48xM30x2 920 976 1,055 48xM30x2
GPT 0800 N 668 726 779 30xM36x1.5 780 850 900 45xM36x1.5
GPT 1100 N 1,110 1,230 1,310 48xM36 1,040 1,170 1,226 52xM30
GPT 1300 N 1,110 1,230 1,310 48xM36 1,040 1,170 1,226 52xM30

Type/Design variant L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 A+B Mass

GPT C Co
mm kN kg
GPT 0600 N/1 60 242.5 459.5 1,167 186 62 1,320 3,150 2,500
GPT 0600 N/2 57.5 245 464.5 1,161 186 62 1,320 3,150 2,600
GPT 0600 N 33 405 368 1,211.5 248 6 1,320 3,150 2,850
GPT 0800 N 25 229 673 1,332 69 186 2,450 5,200 3,800
GPT 0800 N 66 405 486 1,324 244 2 2,450 5,200 3,320
GPT 1100 N 60 503 585 1,524 318.5 48.5 3,900 7,650 7,050
GPT 1300 N 60 503 593 1,565.5 319 49 3,900 7,650 7,500

ZE77110 /06.2016 9
Dimensions and Technical Data GFA 169-400

Drive gearboxes GFA for output torques from 18 to 2,180

The standard design of our travel drive GFA will be delivered with Deviating from this in the type variant GFA-W the spur stage is
a spur gear and two planetary gear stages (variant GFA-K). replaced by a bevel gear.

Technical data
Type/Design Design GFA-K Design GFA-W
variant
GFA Output torque Gear ratio Holding torque Output torque Gear ratio Holding torque
T2 max from/to TBr max T2 max from/to TBr max
Nm i kNm kNm i kNm
GFA 169 18,000 165 · 245 41.8 10.74 -
GFA 174 250,000 210 1,250 - - -
GFA 245 523,000 299.1 · 457.36 2,500 - - -
GFA 250 792,000 342 2,600 - - -
GFA 280 860,000 212.5 · 225.5 · 286 · 348.8 - 800 212.49 -

GFA 305 1,900,000 367.3 3,200 2x 1,977 271.6 -

GFA 325 1,648,000 384.7 3,200 - -
1,822,000 369.6 3,200 -
GFA 350 1,977 271.63 · 207.88
378,000 14.09 - -
GFA 355 2,182,000 361.10 - - - -
GFA 400 - - - 2,180 355.7 -

Other nominal sizes on request. Please contact our sales staff if required.

Dimensions

Variant GFA-K Variant GFA-W and GFA-V

Examples: output via insert shaft/sprocket shaft

10 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Dimensions and Technical Data GFA 169-400

Type code

GFA 305 K 1000

Travel Drive GFA Internal code

Type
(Center distance in the output stage)

Number of stages
G = 1 Planet stage and 1 spur wheel stage
K = 2 Planet stages and 1 spur wheel stage
V = 1 Planet stage and 1 spur wheel stage
W = 2 Planet stages and 1 spur wheel stage
Z = Special design

Dimensions, bearing load ratings and masses

Design variant D1 D2 D3 d1 D2

mm
GFA 169 708 550 650 W240x28x8 So -
GFA 174 700 650 580 ø330 Flansch -
GFA 245 980 925 820 N260x5 DIN5480 -
GFA 250 930 870 690 N300x10 DIN5480 -
GFA 280 1,220 1,130 1,020 N320x8 DIN5480 -
GFA 305 1,220 1,140 1,070 N380x8 DIN5480 -
GFA 325 1,200 1,100 935 ø660 Flansch -
1,620 1,530 1,400 N400x8 DIN5480 -
GFA 350
1,540 1,440 1,330 N380x8x46x9H DIN5480 140
GFA 355 1,540 1,440 1,330 2.5 / 5 DP -
GFA 400 1,540 1,440 1,330 N380x8 DIN5480 114

Design variant L1 L2 L3 I1 L2 Mass Standard

design *

mm kg
GFA 169 380 550 730 149 551 1,285 V
GFA 174 208 811 228 - 252 1,300 K
GFA 245 180 890 255 - 318 2,000 K
GFA 250 250 865 30 - 418 3,300 K
GFA 280 270 880 50 - 408 3,000 K
GFA 305 454 963 315 - 345 4,100 K
GFA 325 240 958 50 - 372 5,500 K
120 1,071 70 - 900 7,350 K
GFA 350
310 1,050 1,300 149 823 7,180 W
GFA 355 515 1,010 60 - 640 7,760 K
GFA 400 310 1,296 1,521 149 745 9,890 W

* Other design variants are available on request. Please contact our sales staff if required.

ZE77110 /06.2016 11
Customer specification for a wheel application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a wheel application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 1/3

Operating data / design

Type of machine
ET negative
Machine weight empty loaded t
Max. traction force of machine F N
Center of wheel Z
1)
Gradeability s %
Total number of wheels
Number of driven wheels
Wheel radius
- static R mm
ST

- dynamic R mm
DY

Max. travel speed V km/h

max

Working speed V km/h

Ambient temperature from/to °C
Axial Force

Wheel width B mm
R
ET positive 1)
Wheel rim diameter D Zoll
F

Center of wheel
Wheel offset E mm
T
1)
Center diameter / wheel rim mm
1)
Bolt circle diameter / wheel rim mm
1)
Wheel stud diameter mm
1)
Number of studs
Radial force each drive F N
R

Axial force each drive F N

A

Axial Force

Radial Force
Traction Force

Side View of the Wheel

1)
Optional entry

12 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Customer specification for a wheel application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a wheel application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
E-mail:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
Date:

Page 2/3

1)
Required load spectrum and expected service life
condition output torque (Nm) radial load (N) output speed (rpm) time slice (%)
1
2
3
4
Estimated service life ∑h

Techn. gearbox data Selected gearbox type GPT

Max. output torque T kNm
2 max

Max. output speed n rpm

2 max
1)
Gear ratio i
Disconnect mechanism no yes
Multi-disc parking brake yes no
Min. park. torque of multi-disc park. brake Nm
Release pressure, max. P bar
max
1)
Release pressure, min. P bar
min
Dynamic brake yes no
Top coat specific nein yes
Color
RALno

Dimensions of gearbox
D1 mm
D2 mm
D3 mm
Motor
attachment surface D4 No. / Thread pcs.
D5 mm
D6 mm
D7 mm
D8 No. / Thread pcs.
L2 mm
frame connection

1)
Optional entry

ZE77110 /06.2016 13
Customer specification for a wheel application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a wheel application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 3/3

Tech. basic data of hydraulic motor Hydraulic circuit open closed

Motor type code
3
Displacement Vg min cm
3
Displacement Vg max cm
Flushing valve yes no
Speed sensor yes no
if yes: type
Counter balance valve yes no
Pressure relief valve yes no
Pressure relief valve setting bar
Working pressure ∆p bar
Input flow, max. q l/min
v max

1)
Estimated Number of transmission units per year
1)
Price range
1)
Requested ship date
Special application conditions
Further customer-specific requirements
Are there any legal requirements and/or standards to be considered?
no yes if yes, please specify

Other (e.g. load spectra, application-relevant data, customer drawings, name plate):

1)
Optional entry

14 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Customer specification for a chain application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a chain application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer
Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected]
Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 1/3

Operating data / design

It is mandatory to fill out all fields!
For exceptions see footnotes.

Type of machine
Machine weight empty loaded t
Max. traction force of machine F N
Z
1)
Gradeability s %
Track type Rubber track Steel track
Sprocket pitch diameter D mm
T
1)
Track width B mm
T

Radial load lever arm C mm

T

Max. travel speed V km/h

max
1)
Working speed V km/h
Ambient temperature from/to °C

1)
Required load spectrum and expected service life
status output torque (Nm) output speed (1/min) time slice (%)
1
2
3
4
Estimated service life ∑h

1)
Optional entry

ZE77110 /06.2016 15
Customer specification for a chain application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a chain application? Company:
Name/Dept.:
To be able to quote, please send this customer
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 2/3

Technical data gearbox Selected gearbox type GPT

Max. output torque T kNm
2 max
Max. output speed n rpm
2 max
1)
Gear ratio i
Disconnect mechanism no yes
Multi-disk parking brake yes no
Min. park. torque of multi-disc park. brake Nm
Release pressure, max. P bar
max
1)
Release pressure, min. P bar
min
Dynamic brake yes no
Top coat specific no yes
Color RAL

Dimensions of gearbox
D1 mm
D2 mm
D3 mm
Motor D4 No. / Thread pcs.
attachment surface
D5 mm
D6 mm
D7 mm
D8 No. / Thread pcs.
L2 mm

frame connection

Tech. basic data of hydraulic motor Hydraulic circuit open closed

Motor type code
3
Displacement Vg min cm
3
Displacement Vg max cm
Flushing valve yes no
Speed sensor yes no
if yes: type
Counter balance valve yes no
Pressure relief valve yes no
Pressure relief valve setting bar
Working pressure ∆p bar
1)
Optional entry Input flow, max. q l/min
v max

16 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Customer specification for a chain application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a chain application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 3/3

1)
Estimated Number of transmission units per year
1)
Price range
1)
Requested ship date
Special application conditions
Further customer-specific requirements
Are there any legal requirements and/or standards to be considered?
no yes if yes, please specify

Other (e.g. load spectra, application-relevant data, customer drawings, name plate):

ZE77110 /06.2016 17
Customer specification for a drum application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a drum application? Company:
Name/Dept.:
To be able to quote, please send this customer
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 1/3

Operating data / design

Type of machine Tandem roller Road roller

Bandage
Drum
Other
Machine weight t
Required total traction force N
Drive for Drum Rear wheels
Drum Tamping plate: with without
Drum diameter D mm
B
1)
Rear wheel diameter D mm
R
1)
Reduction gear axle i
Weight distribution front rear t
Radial force drum F N
R

Max. travel speed V km/h

max

Output speed drum n 1/min

2

Gradeability s %
Ambient temperature from/to °C

1)
Required load spectrum and expected service life
Condition Output torque (Nm) Output speed (1/min) Time slice (%)
1
2
3
4
Expected service life ∑h

18 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Customer specification for a drum application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a drum application? Company:
To be able to quote, please send this customer Name/Dept.:
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 2/3
Techn. Data gearbox for drum drive *
* For wheel drives please use the „specifications for Selected gearbox type GPT
wheel drive application“ (page 12- 14).
Max. output torque T2 max kNm
Max. output speed n2 max 1/min
1)
Reduction drum drive i
Multi-disk parking brake yes no
Min. park.torque of multi-disk park. brake Nm
Release pressure, max. Pmax bar
1)
Release pressure, min Pmin bar
Top coat specific no yes
Color RAL

Dimensions of gearbox
D1 mm
D2 mm
D3 mm
Motor D4 No. / Thread pcs.
attachment surface
D5 mm
D6 mm
D7 mm
D8 No. / Thread pcs.
L2 mm

frame connection

Techn. basic data hydraulic motor front: rear:

Hydraulic circuit open closed open closed
Motor type code
3 3
Displacement Vg min cm Vg min cm
3 3
Displacement Vg max cm Vg max cm
Flushing valve yes no yes no
Speed sensor yes no yes no
if yes, type
Counter balance valve yes no yes no
Pressure relief valve yes no yes no
Setting of pressure relief valve bar bar
Working pressure ∆p bar ∆p bar
Input flow, max. q l/min q l/min
v max v max

1)
Optional entry

ZE77110 /06.2016 19
Customer specific for a drum application

You wish to receive an offer for

a ZF drive gearbox for a drum application? Company:
Name/Dept.:
To be able to quote, please send this customer
specification to: [email protected] Location/City:
Phone:
Please enclose existing drawings and diagrams.
E-mail:
Date:

Page 3/3

1)
Estimated number of transmission units per year
1)
Price range
1)
Requested ship date
Special application conditions
Further customer specific requirements
Are there any legal requirements and/or other standards to be considered?
no yes if yes please specify

Others (e.g. load spectra, application relevant data, customer drawings, nameplate):

1)
Optional entry

20 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Product program

Gearboxes for movable applications

Drive Gearboxes
∙∙ Planetary Gears GPT
∙∙ Planetary Gears GFA
Technical Documentation RE 77110

Swing Gearboxes
∙∙ Planetary Gears GFB
Technical Documentation RE 77201

Winch Gearboxes
∙∙ Planetary Gears GPT-W
Technical Documentation RE 77502

Pump Distribution Gearboxes

∙∙ GFC

Gearboxes for industrial applications

Industrial Gearboxes
∙∙ Redulus GMH/GME
Technical Documentation RE 76120

ZE77110 /06.2016 21
Notes

22 ZE77110 /06.2016
 Notes

ZE77110 /06.2016 23
ZF Industrieantriebe Witten GmbH
Mannesmannstraße
58455 Witten, Germany
Tel. +49 2302 877-0
Fax +49 2302 877-148
[email protected]
www.zf.com

Printnumber ZE77110 /06.2016

MOTION AND MOBILITY