AMITY UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI AIBAS

Title: Eysenck’s Personality Inventory

Practical No.: 02 Date: 2.11.20

Class: BSc CP Roll No.:

PSYBSC18038

Teacher’s Sign:

Index-

Sr.
Topic
No.

01
AIM

02 INTRODUCTION

03 REFERENCES

PRACTICAL 3
 AIM

To measure the three dimensions of personality namely extroversion, neuroticism

and psychoticism using EPQ.

INTRODUCTION

What is Personality?

McClelland (1951) defined personality as “the most adequate conceptualization

of a person’s behavior in all its detail”.

Menninger (1953) defined it as “the individual as a whole, his height and weight
and love and hate and blood pressure and reflexes; his smiles and hopes and bowed legs
and enlarged tonsils. It means all that anyone is and that he is trying to become.”

Cohen and Swerdlik (2017) define personality as an individual’s unique

constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time.

Hall and Lindzey (1970) wrote: “It is our conviction that no substantive definition
of personality can be applied with any generality” and “Personality is defined by the
particular empirical concepts which are a part of the theory of personality employed by
the observer.”

Approaches to Personality

The trait approach to personality. According to the trait approach, behavior is

formed by comparatively stable traits that are the elemental units of one’s personality.

Traits incline one to act in a very particular manner, no matter the case. This
implies that traits ought to stay consistent across situations and over time, however might
vary between different individuals. It is also possible that individuals dissent in their
traits because of their genetic variations.

These theories are generally stated as psychometric theories, attributable to their

stress on measuring personality by using psychometric tests. An individual is given a
numeric score to point what proportion of a trait they possess.
 The type approach to personality. The term type is implied to spot an explicit
assortment of traits that compose a broad, general personality classification. Type theory
views characteristics of individuals as distinct classes.

The type approaches tries to understand human personality by examining some

broad patterns within the ascertained behavioral characteristics of people.

Type theory has its roots in personality scales like the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator, that posits sixteen personality types deriving from a collection of 4 elementary
dichotomies: extroversion vs. introversion, thinking vs. feeling, sensing vs. intuitive, and
perceiving vs. judging. Proponents of this theory believe that, even as a person orients
toward left or right handedness, one orients toward one in all the sixteen attainable
combos of those dichotomies which later becomes their "type".

The state approach to personality. Personality can be referred as the assortment

of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are related to an individual.
Personality Traits can be defined as characteristic behaviors and feelings that will
probably be consistent and also long lasting.

Unlike traits, that are mentioned as are stable characteristics, States are said to be
temporary behaviors or feelings that rely upon a person’s scenario and motives at a
specific time. The distinction between traits and states is analogous to the distinction
between climate and weather. For instance, L. A encompasses a hot climate; however on
some days it tends to have cool weather. Accordingly, an individual who has the attribute
of calmness could encounter a state of uneasiness or nervousness on some day if he or
she faces a troublesome challenge.

Approaches to Personality

Personality is such a field in the study of psychology that studies the thoughts,
feelings, behaviors, goals, and interests of various humans. It hence covers a really wide
section of necessary psychological characteristics. Moreover, totally different theoretical
models have generated various different ways for measuring these characteristics.

Objective assessment. Objective tests (Loevinger, 1957; Meyer & Kurtz, 2006)
represent the very much acquainted and broadly used approach to assessing personality.
Objective tests involve administering a customary set of items, where each of them is
answered by employing a bounded set of response choices (e.g., true or false; completely
disagree, slightly disagree, slightly agree, completely agree).
 Responses to those items then are scored in a very standardized, pre – set method.
For instance, self-ratings on items assessing communicativeness, self - assertiveness,
amiability, adventuresome, and energy may be brought up together to make an overall
score on the personality attribute of extraversion.

It should be emphasised that the term “objective” refers to the strategy that's used
to score a person’s responses, instead of to the responses themselves.

Projective assessment. Some approaches to personality inventory are supporting

the idea that vital thoughts, feelings, and motives operate outside of responsive or
reactive awareness. Projective tests represent significant early samples of this approach.

Projective tests are based on the projective hypothesis (Frank, 1939; Lilienfeld,
Wood, & Garb, 2000): If an individual person is asked to explain or elucidate
unstructured stimuli—that is, things that may be understood during a range of various
ways—their responses are influenced by non – conscious wants, feelings, and
experiences (note, however, that the theoretical principle underlying these measures has
evolved over time) (see, as an example, Spangler, 1992).

Two prestigious examples of projective tests are the projective test Inkblot
projective test (Rorschach, 1921) and also the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(Morgan & Murray, 1935).

Eysenck’s Theory of Personality

Hans Eysenck was primarily a personality theoretician who centered on

temperament—innate and genetically based personality dimensions. He believed
temperament is basically ruled by biology, and he used to view individuals as having
only two specific types of temperament (or personality) dimensions which are, namely,
extroversion vs. introversion and neuroticism vs. stability.

After collaborating along with his female spouse and fellow personality
theoretician Sybil Eysenck, he further added another dimension to the current model:
psychoticism vs. socialization.

Extraversion vs. introversion. Considering the theory of Eysenck's personality

theory, individuals who have high score on the attribute of extroversion are found to be
more socially able, outgoing and have less issue in connecting with other individuals
placed in their vicinity, whereas on the other hand, individuals who have high value on
the attribute of introversion are found to have a major need to be isolated, launch into
 unsocial (or lonesome) behaviors, and limit their involvement when encountered with
other individuals.

Neuroticism vs. stability. According to the second dimension of neuroticism vs.

stability, the individuals who show high trait of neuroticism can be more anxious; they
are also found to have a hyperactive flight or fight response which is activated by SNS
(sympathetic nervous system) along with low stress levels, which makes the individual's
bodies go in an emotional state. In polarity, individuals who possess high levels of
stability will need more excitation to activate their sympathetic nervous system which
releases flight-or-fight reaction and are hence found to be in a stable emotionally state.

Psychoticism vs. socialization. For the last dimension consisting of

psychoticism/socialization, individual showing high levels of psychoticism will be more
inclined towards the trait of independent thinkers, icy, individualist, impromptu,
misanthropic, and unfriendly. Whilst, individuals that have high socialization trait may
own high impulse control—they are more selfless, altruistic, have fellowship with
empathy, show harmony, and are traditionally conventional.

Research on Personality using EPI

Study 01: The influence of Eysenckian personality traits in choice of

specialization by young Omani doctors.

Aim. The role that personality plays in making an occupation based specialty
decisions has been explored in several locations of the Earth. According to the
information, there's a lack of such studies within the Arab/Islamic population and
Sultanate of Oman isn't any exception. This research study was aimed to find out more
about the link between temperament (personality) traits and specialty decision taken
among residents of Sultanate of Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB).

Method. A cross-sectional study was dispensed among Omani resident physicians

operating beneath OMSB. The Hans Eysenck's EPQ - R inventory was used to quantify
temperament sub types (e.g., psychoticism, socialness, and neuroticism). Specialties were
classified as surgical, medical, and nosology as per the custom of North American
medical specialties. A complete of two hundred and fifty five residents found in
seventeen medical specialties participated within the study (m = forty.4%; f = 59.6%) out
of three hundred eligible subjects giving a response rate of eighty five per cent.
 Result. Respondents who had chosen surgical specialties scored considerably
higher on the psychoticism subscale than those that had opted for medical and diagnostic
specialties. As for individual specialty choices, the resident respondent of orthopedic had
shown statistically important higher mean scores on psychoticism and neuroticism when
compared to radiologists and psychiatrists who had scored all-time low within both the
personality (temperament) traits.

Conclusion. This study helped researchers find statistically important links

between the traits of personality and selection choice of specialty by young Omani
resident doctors. They also tend to suggest additional elaborated studies that examine
additional psychological and cultural variables that are doubtless to have an effect on the
alternatives of specializations by young Omani professionals in each medical and
nonmedical field.

Study 02: The psychological status of volunteers in a Phase I Clinical Trial

assessed by Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
(EPQ).

Aim. The researchers aimed to investigate the psychological status of volunteers

so as to provide a theoretical method for Phase I clinical trial management and derive a
result analysis.

Material/Methods. The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Eysenck Personality

Questionnaire (EPQ) were the prime psychological tools that were used to assess the
psychological status of 200 healthy Chinese volunteers who became the subject for the
study.

Result. The results of SCL-90 had indicated that the most average value of
positive factors was shown to be 10.32±14.26 with the method of self-assessment of all
healthy subjects, somatization factor was found to be 1.13±0.13, compulsive symptom
factor came to be 1.29±0.27, interpersonal sensitivity factor was discovered as
1.31±0.21, depression factor was found at 1.26±0.33, anxiety factor stood at 1.21±0.21,
hostility factor came as 1.08±0.26, phobia factor lied at 1.05±0.18, paranoid factor was
noticed at 1.12±0.23, and the last, psychotic symptom factor was resulted at 1.17±0.26.

Conclusion. When compared to the norm found in China, the score of each and
every factor of healthy subjects of the study was unexpectedly relatively low, with a
statistically prominent difference (P<0.001). Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire
inventory showed the result that P score was found at 4.59±2.33, E score at 13.13±4.32,
N score to be at 6.89±5.26, and L score was known at 13.21±4.25 for all the 200 healthy
volunteers (or subjects). Comparatively to the norm found in China, the P score and the
N score was relatively lower, and the E score and the L score was significantly higher,
with a statistically important difference (P<0.001).
 REFERENCES

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Jeyaseelan, L. (2017). Influence of Eysenckian Personality Traits in Choice of

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