Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jurnal Civense
Jurnal Civense
Abstract. Irrigation Asset Management is required to maintain the value of irrigation asset
function and condition. Surak Irrigation Area is located in Lawang Sub-District, Malang
Regency. The novelty of this research is the finding of priority to improve irrigation assets
equipped with a budget. After resurveying in 2020, 21 points of damaged infrastructure were
found in Surak Irrigation Area. The irrigation performance index was found to be 78% (good
condition) with the details were as follows: the physical infrastructure aspect was 39%, the water
availability aspect was 5 %, the planting index aspect was 4%, the supporting facilities for
operation and management aspect was 8%, the organizational and personnel aspect is 11%, the
documentation aspect was 4%, and the Water User Association aspect was 7%. Priority
calculation utilized the ranking method, which ranks asset values from the lowest to the highest.
The result was that 24 assets are in good condition, 43 assets are in good condition, and 146 are
in excellent condition. The real cost value of irrigation operations and maintenance was
calculated to be IDR 1,561,742,000 with IDR 208,507,000 for operating costs and IDR
1,353,235,000 for maintenance costs. For rehabilitation, it was found that 24 assets need regular
maintenance and repair, 24 assets need regular maintenance, and 146 assets need routine
maintenance.
Keywords: asset management, irrigation, performance index, rehabilitation priority
1. Introduction
Irrigation is a crucial factor for maximizing the potential of agriculture productivity to meet food
demands. Despite the vital position of irrigation in food demands, irrigated crops contribute to 21% of
the total agricultural area and consume 69% of withdrawn water resources worldwide (AQUASTAT)
[1]. Therefore, the agricultural sector has enormous water consumption. The water consumption often
leads to surface and groundwater resource depletion in irrigated perimeters, which harms ecosystems
and prejudices water access and food security. Therefore, the sound management of water resources in
1
Cite this as: Prayogo, T. B., Wahyuni, S., & Iqbal, M. (2021). A Study of Irrigation Performance Index and Real
Cost Value of Irrigation Operations and Maintenance in Surak Irrigation Area. Civil and Environmental Science
Journal (Civense), 4(1), 30-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00401.4
30
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
irrigated agriculture is key to sustainable development. Irrigation asset management is required for the
management of physical and non-physical assets contained in irrigation areas. A widespread study on
water management led to two relevant concluding statements as follows; 1) It is impossible to feed a
fast-growing population with improved living conditions in a region with existing low-level water
management and agricultural trends"; 2) "Food security is achievable with the existing resources in
2025 if and only if the implementation of proper water management measures is realized" [2]. The food
demand in Indonesia is supported by Indonesia's irrigation policy reform that generated an overall
sustained positive impact [3]. With expanding coverage and rising implementation quality, rice
production is likely to increase further. According to one study, maintenance in irrigation has helped
improve an irrigation system [4].
Nevertheless, the improved condition did not elevate the overall declining condition of the irrigation
system. By carrying optimal management of irrigation assets, the efficient steps can be determined to
extend and maintain asset conditions, determine the priority of assets that require rehabilitation, and
estimate the costs incurred for rehabilitation [5]. Surak Irrigation Area is located in Lawang Sub-District,
Malang Regency, and its primary channel extends across to Purwosari Sub-District, Pasuruan Regency.
From the obtained preliminary data, there were damages to structures and channels in the area, which
causes suboptimal performance of the Surak Irrigation Area.
The Surak Irrigation Area's potential area is 875 Ha, and its functional area is 795 Ha. The water
resources in Surak Irrigation Area are taken from the Surak River. The Surak Irrigation Area is located
in the Brantas River Basin.
31
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
2.5.6. Documentation
To make it easier to carry out a survey or census on the field, documentation for the irrigation area
is essential. The documentation aspect assesses the completeness of existing documents such as data
books, maps, drawings, and irrigation network schemes for the irrigation area.
33
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
2.7.5. Business Trips for Regional Technical Implementation Unit Staff, Observers, Sluice Guards,
and Weir Operational Officers
Calculation of business trips for Regional Technical Implementation Unit staff, observers, sluice
guards, and weir operational officers is based on the frequency of business trips and the number of
people.
2.7.6. Other Expenditures for Regional Technical Implementation Unit Staff, Observers, Sluice
Guards, and Weir Operational Officers
Other expenditures for Regional Technical Implementation Unit staff, observers, sluice guards, and
weir operational officers involve operation and maintenance costs (for operational vehicle documents,
34
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
costs of printing blanks for operation and maintenance activities, photocopy expenses, meeting and food
costs, coaching, and training costs, cropping plan preparation costs, and emergency maintenance costs).
There are many methods to calculate the Irrigation Performance Index value. The difference of the
technique lies between the parameter and percentage in each of the aspects. Irrigation Performance Index
can be calculated using the software as such as PDSDA-PAI 1.0 or 2.0, web-based application e-PAKSI,
Fuzzy set theory, direct measurements for indicators, Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Remote
Sensing (RS although they offer a wide range of choices for characterizing all aspects of performance
evaluation. However, still, no agreed approach could be provided to assess the performance of different
irrigation systems. It could be concluded that the selection of the evaluation framework and method
primarily depends on the nature of the irrigation system and the purpose of evaluation., the assessment
was based upon the Performance Index Assessment Guide (Revision no. 1) that was published as a guide
by the Water Resources Department in 2019. This assessment guide is derived from the Irrigation
Performance Index Assessment based by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing no. 32/2007.
The six aspects of the assessment are Physical Infrastructure Water Resource Availability, Crop
Productivity, Supporting Facilities, Personnel Organization, Documentation, Water User Associations
(WUAs). From previous research in Barugbug Irrigation Area based on the method from no 32/2007,
the result was valued at 74,24% and categorized in good condition.[14] Additionally, using the same
approach in Pungkit Irrigation Area by Sijoen using PDSDA-PAI V.1.0 that based on the same method,
the result obtained valued at 68,68% and categorized in mediocre condition. [15].
35
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
The assessment guide provides a much more detailed assessment per aspect to estimate the irrigation
condition's value than using the number 32/2007 method, such as filling percentage in the form without
an explicit parameter. One of the many clear examples of the detailed parameter in the guide is the weir
crest aspect. The following aspect divided into four assessments: weir condition, seepage, surface
condition, and pillar in the drainage gate. Every aspect has a different percentage of 60%, 10%, 10%,
and 20%, respectively. In each element, there are four categories of conditions. It depends on the
assessment of the quality of the weir. Four types rely on the field's review: Excellent (100 - 90%), Good
(80 ≤ 90%), Average (60 ≤ 80%), and Poor (>60%). For weir condition to categorize in excellent
condition, it must have a perfect and intact weir without a decrease in elevation. Otherwise, to be
classified in poor condition, it must have poor, perforated, and peeled surface condition. For this reason,
using this detailed guide to assessing the parameter in each aspect will decrease the bias of the surveyor
since it has a clear understanding of the assessment.
The condition result of the Irrigation Performance Index assessment is different according to the method
that has been used. As stated in method number 32/2007, an excellent condition valued at 100-80%,
good condition at 79-70%, mediocre condition at 69-55%, and poor condition for value below 55%.
[14]. This range value of categories is different from the guide assessment and will differentiate the
assessment condition.
36
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
The aspect of inspection roads for Surak Irrigation Area scored the maximum of 4%. The maximum
score is that Surak Irrigation Area is located along a national highway, making it easier to access
channels and structures. Only a few secondary sections require walking to reach them.
The aspect of housing, offices, and warehouses scored 4.4% out of 5%. The Regional Technical
Implementation Unit of Pekalen River Basin in the City of Pasuruan, which manages the Surak Irrigation
Area, had 2% for the office aspect, 0.8% for the housing aspect, and 1.6% for the warehouse aspect.
37
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
maintenance in the Surak Irrigation Area was 7.8% out of the maximum of 10%. This aspect is
categorized as good (60-80%).
3.2.6. Documentation
From the survey results at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit office of Pekalen River Basin
to collect documentation data for the Surak Irrigation Area, only several available documentation data
were obtained, such as a map of the irrigation network scheme. There was still no printed documentation
data on the office walls. The as-built drawings and maintenance maps even could not be provided. The
Surak Irrigation Area's authority had just been transferred from the Regional Technical Implementation
Unit of Purwosari to the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of Pekalen River Basin. For these two
aspects, because the Irrigation Area Data Book was still not available, the condition is categorized as
bad (< 60%) and scored 1.2% out of 2%. For Maps and Figures, they scored 2.6% out of 3% because
schematic drawings were available. The total score for the documentation aspect was 3.8% out of the
maximum of 5%.
38
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
The Tirto Makmur alliance is quite active in participating in the repair or maintenance of networks
caused by natural disasters and was scored 1.8% out of the maximum of 2%. However, it is still not
active enough to obtain contributions for the maintenance of irrigation networks and was scored 0.6%
out of the maximum of 2%. The Tirto Makmur alliance has been quite active in participating in crop
planning and water allocations and thus was scored 0.8% out of the maximum of 1%.
materials. The price for materials for the maintenance of the work residence is non-existent because
there are technicalities with the work residence. The total cost for the needs of on-the-field materials for
subsections of an irrigation area was found to be IDR 36,522,366.
3.4.5. Business Trips for Regional Technical Implementation Unit Staff, Observers, Sluice Guards,
and Weir Operational Officers
The costs of business trip needs are adjusted to the Regional Technical Implementation Unit's
deployment needs to locations in the field. The total budget is designated for one observer and one guard
or officer. The resulting costs were found to be IDR 2,700,000.00 per month and IDR 6,264,000.00 per
year.
3.4.6. Other Expenditures for Regional Technical Implementation Unit Staff, Observers, Sluice
Guards, and Weir Operational Officers
Other Regional Technical Implementation Unit staff, observers, sluice guards, and weir operational
officers consist of operations and maintenance costs. The included cost items are operational vehicle
documents, printing blanks for operation and maintenance activities, photocopies, meetings and food,
coaching and training, cropping plan preparation, and emergency maintenance. The total costs were
found to be IDR 48,242,890.00.
40
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
calculation of periodic maintenance: general items, channel rehabilitation, and structure rehabilitation.
General items comprise the work required to start channel rehabilitation and structure rehabilitation.
General items consist of deployment and return, temporary road construction and village road
maintenance, and mutual check and as-built drawings.
The calculation of the construction and channel work volumes was then multiplied by each item's
work unit price according to current work unit prices and analyses of work unit prices for all the
respective items.
The resulting costs were found to be IDR 89,792,947.29 for general items IDR. 904,623,785.1 for
channel work, and IDR 173,081,155.30 for structure work. The total cost required for periodic
maintenance was found to be IDR 1,167,497,887.73. To account for VAT, 10% was added to the cost,
and after rounding, the resulting cost was found to be IDR 1,284,247,600.00 (One Billion Two Hundred
Eighty-Four Million Two Hundred Forty-Seven Thousand Six Hundred Rupiahs).
3.4.8. Summary of Real Cost Value of Irrigation Operation and Maintenance Calculations
After calculating the real cost value of irrigation operations and maintenance, the Surak Irrigation
Area's total costs were calculated. Costs of operational activities were found to be IDR 208,506,890.00,
and maintenance costs were found to be IDR 1,353,234,758.82. The total costs of both operations and
maintenance activities were found to be IDR 1,561,741,648.82.
4. Conclusion
From the results of the calculations that have been presented, it can be concluded that the Surak
Irrigation Area has 21 location points that need rehabilitation, and its irrigation performance index is
77.56%, which falls into the medium condition category (60-80%). Additionally, if the performance
index is categorized using the range from method no.32/2007, it will fall into the same condition. There
is no significant difference from the results of the previous research on Pungkit and Barugbug. It caused
by the method used is further derived from the existing techniques 32/2007. Therefore, the results are
still in the same range. However, the assessment results obtained have more specific details than
previous studies. From the survey, there is a total of 213 physical infrastructure assets in the Surak
Irrigation Area.
From the calculation of the irrigation performance index, 24 physical infrastructure assets are
prioritized for maintenance. These 24 assets consist of 9 waterfall structures, five tapping structures,
two side spillway structures, two tapping structures, three culverts, and three bridges. The calculated
real cost value for irrigation operations and maintenance of the Surak Irrigation Area is IDR
1,561,741,648.82. Following the calculation of priority and importance of physical infrastructure assets,
24 assets require repair maintenance, 43 assets need periodic maintenance, and 146 assets requiring
routine maintenance.
5. Acknowledgments
Gratitude is due to the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of Pekalen River's operational and
maintenance staff and the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of Purwosari.
References
[1] D. A. Zema, A. Nicotra, L. Mateos, and S. M. Zimbone, "Improvement of the irrigation
performance in Water Users Associations integrating data envelopment analysis and multi-
regression models," Agric. Water Manag., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.032.
41
Civil and Environmental Science Journal
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 030-042, 2021
[2] L. Mateos et al., "Irrigation performance before and after rehabilitation of a representative, small
irrigation scheme besides the Senegal River, Mauritania," Agric. Water Manag., 2010, doi:
10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.021.
[3] G. J. Alaerts, "Adaptive policy implementation: Process and impact of Indonesia's national
irrigation reform 1999–2018," World Dev., 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104880.
[4] Sobriyah, Sucipto, and A. H. Wahyudi, “The maintenance evaluation of sungkur irrigation system
at ponorogo regency,” 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.060.
[5] Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Republik
Indonesia nomor 13/PRT/M/2012 tentang Pedoman Teknis Inventarisasi Aset Irigasi
[Minister of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number 13/PRT/M/2012
on the Technical Guidelines for Survey of Irrigation Assets]. Indonesia, 2012.
[6] A. E. Elshaikh, X. Jiao, and S. hong Yang, "Performance evaluation of irrigation projects:
Theories, methods, and techniques," Agricultural Water Management. 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.034.
[7] Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Directorate General of Water Resources, Kriteria
dan Bobot Penilaian Indeks Kinerja Irigasi Revisi I [Evaluation Criteria and Weights for the
Irrigation Performance Index, Revision I]. 2018.
[8] B. E. Bravo-Ureta, D. Higgins, and A. Arslan, "Irrigation infrastructure and farm productivity in
the Philippines: A stochastic Meta-Frontier analysis," World Dev., 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105073.
[9] T. Takayama, H. Matsuda, and T. Nakatani, "The determinants of collective action in irrigation
management systems: Evidence from rural communities in Japan," Agric. Water Manag.,
2018, doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.031.
[10] A. Mishra, S. Ghosh, R. K. Mohanty, and P. S. Brahamand, "Performance evaluation of a
rehabilitated minor irrigation project and augmentation of its water resource through
secondary storage reservoir," Agric. Water Manag., 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.006.
[11] S. Sharaunga and M. Mudhara, "Determinants of farmers' participation in collective maintenance
of irrigation infrastructure in KwaZulu-Natal," Phys. Chem. Earth, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.pce.2018.02.014.
[12] Ministry Of Public Works and Public Housing, Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Republik
Indonesia nomor 28/PRT/M/2016 tentang Pedoman Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan Bidang
Pekerjaan Umum [Minister of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number
28/PRT/M/2016 on the Guideline of Analysis of Work Unit Prices of Public Works]. 2016.
[13] Ministry Of Public Works and Public Housing, Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Republik Indonesia
nomor 12/PRT/M/2015 tentang Eksploitasi dan Pemeliharaan Jaringan Irigasi [Minister of
Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number 12/PRT/M/2015 on the
Exploitation and Maintenance of Irrigation Networks]. 2015.
[14] Mulyadi, I. Soekarno, S. Natasaputra, Irrigation Performance Assessment By Permen PU
No.32/2007 And Masscote Methode Approach With Rapid Appraisal Procedure (Rap)
Evaluation At Barugbug Irrigation Area - West Java. Jurnal Irigasi – Vol. 9, No. 2, October.
2014.
[15] R. E. Sijoen, W. Soetopo, L. D. Nugroho, Analisa Indeks Kinerja Dalam Rehabilitasi Daerah
Irigasi Pungkit Kecamatan Lopok Kabupaten Sumbawa Dengan Menggunakan Software
Pdsda-Pai Versi 1.0. 2015.
42