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Apology of Socrates
Apology of Socrates
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PLATO
Apology op Socrates
AND
Crito
EDITED
LOUIS DYER
Assistant Professor in Harvard University.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.
1886.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by
LI BR /VH t
FROVO, UTAH
LOUIS DYER.
Harvard University,
July, 1885.
IIJTEODUCTIOIT.
The endowment of philosophical thought with a beautiful form 1
of its own was the last literary triumph of Greece. Guided by a
wonderful law of growth, the Greeks, before dealing with philos-
ophy, had already displa} ed in the elaboration of various kinds of
literature their singular susceptibility to beauty. Epic and lyric
composition firstran their full course and then the drama suc-
ceeded them. Indeed not poetry only but also history and oratory
preceded philosophy, for when the drama was perfect they were
nearly so. Philosophy, meanwhile, still lacked an outward form
for the expression of what she was bound to say. This lack in-
^ The most important facts are to be five volumes, i. and ii. "The Pre-So-
found: (i) in Plato's writings, (2) in cratic Philosophy," iii. " Socrates and
Aristotle's writings, especially in the the Socratic Schools," iv. *'
Plato and
firstbook of his Metaphysics. The the Older Academy," v. " The Stoics,
chief modern books are i
Historia
: ( ) Epicureans, and Sceptics." (4) F.
Philosophiae Graecae et Romanae ex Ueberweg, Grundriss der Geschichte
f ontium locis contexta. Locos colleg. der Philosophic des Alterthums, His-
H. Ritter Ed. 5. (2)
et L. Preller. tory of Philosophy from Thales to
Brandis, Handbuch der Geschichte the present time. Vol. I. "Ancient
derOriechisch-RomischenPhilosophie. Philosophy." (5) G. H. Lewes's Bio-
2 Theile. (3) Zeller, die Philosophic graphical History of Philosophy.
der Griechen, translated by various (6) J. F. Ferrier's Lectures. (7) The
hands, and published by Longmans in best book for young students is J. B.
INTRODUCTION.
the moral world, — to the whole field of human action.-^ But the
Pythagoreans framed no philosophy of right and wrong. Tliey
contented themselves witli a few practical maxims which were use-
ful in the work of their societ}'. Among the various doctrines
attributed to Pythagoras and his school, we can with certainty
connect only one with Pythagoras himself. He certainly main-
tained the theory of the Transmigration of Souls. ^ Philolaus,
probably an elder contemporary of Socrates and Democritus, first
oped the doctrines of Xeiiophaues, saying that what has not Being
but is many does not exist. He maintained the Oneness of all
that is, calUng it Being, pure and simple. Following Xenophanes,
Parmenides set forth his doctrine in a long didactic poem in epic
verse. Zeno supported this theory by indirect demonstration,
pointing out the contradictions in which we are involved by main-
taining the opposite view, that what is many has Being or exists.^
Finally, Melissus of Samos, well known as a Samian general in the
revolt of that island from Athens, about 440 b.c, accepted the
views .of Parmenides, and, unlike Zeno, argued directly^ that
Being is eternal, infinite, one and unchangeable.^
The physical first cause of Pythagoreanism suggests the possi-
bility of a systematic theory of right and wrong, that is of Ethics."*
forty. This is not history, but it gives talk of anything as being ? If there is
a chronological clue. Being, either it always existed or it
^Assert that the many things seen came into existence at some time. If
in world really exist, and you
the it came into existence it must have
must admit that they are at tlie same grown out of something of which we
time limited and limitless. For if tliese could have said it is or it is not. Out
things are real there must be a defi- of tliat which is not nothing can grow,
nite sum of them, not more and not therefore Being can only have grown
less. Hence they are IlmitecL But out of Being.
they are also limitless; because, tak- Fragmenta philosophorum Grae-
•^
ing their definite sum and subdividing corum collegit recensuit vertit F. G.
it as often as we please, we still can A. Mullachius. Parisiis, 1860.
go on with the subdivision indefinitely ^
Cf. the placing of "good" and
and without limit. "bad" on the Pythagorean list of
2 If there is no Being, wliy do we pairs, p. 3, note 1 above.
INTRODUCTION. 5
for connecting pure Being on the one hand with Not-being on the
other, and, unlike Heraclitus, they cleave the world in twain and
find no way of uniting the two parts. In the second place, Par-
menides teaches that outside of the thought of the One there is no
true thinking but only deceptive 'opining,' while Heraclitus urges
that the universal which pervades all things (to JdvoV
'
' to koivoV) =
alone has understanding. This understanding the individual '
Neither the date nor the place of the birth of Leucippus can 9
be determined, but we know that he founded the school of the
Atomists. Democritus of Abdera, born Olympiad, in the eightieth
about 460 b.c, was certainl}^ his younger contemporary, and
probably his disciple. Upon Democritus devolved the task of de-
veloping this new system of thought.^ The Atomists were unwill-
ing to say either with Heraclitus (i) Being is a process of constant
change, or with Parmenides (2) Being immovable and unchangeable
exists apart from all particular things, but like Empedocles they
said (3) A number of original elements exists. Instead, however,
of four elements, they supposed an unlimited number of atoms
(at oLTojiot, sc. ovo-iat or tSeai) . These indivisible Atoms were in-
^ For tlie interesting fragments of menta," Berol. 1843. Also his work
his well-written work, ([f.
Mullach's referred to above, p. 4, note 3,
"Democriti Abderitae operum frag-
8 INTRODUCTION.
while the atoms are space compacted and filled full, or fulness.
Realit}' consists solely of these Atoms, and hence they are Being,
while the Void is Not-being. And yet Not-being in this sense
has a relative existence. Therefore the Atomists did not hesitate
to sa}' Being no more is than Not-being.
: By Atoms not the
physical world of the senses only, but also the soul, is explained.
The body is the cabin^ o-ktivos, of the soul, and on this basis an
attempt is made to explain mental activity and the life of the soul.
Here the shortcomings of the Atomistic explanation of the world
show themselves. Still, against the Atomists the point
not is
man who means to make the most of life, rather than a matured
philosophy of conduct.
10 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was born in the seventieth Olympiad,
about 500 B.C., and thus his birth preceded that of Empedocles and
Democritus but he must be counted as belonging to a maturer
;
' Aristotle, Metaphysics A, 3 : 'Kva- pos, airslpous ehai cprjai ras apxois. Of
^aySpas . . .rrj fxeu rjXiKia irpSrepos tibv rov- hisbook YlepX ^vcreuis a number of f rag-
rov {'E/uLTre^oK\€ovs), to7s 5' epyois liare- ments are preserved. Schaubach has
INTRODUCTION.
into the All b}" mind," there was no further use either for the
half -mythological forces of Empedocles, or for the blind necessity
of the Atomists. And yet, there was much upon which all the
three schools would have agreed Democritus and Empedocles
;
be and nothing perishes, but all things are the mingling together
and the falling apart of elements that really exist. So, therefore,
to grow into being is properly to-be-compounded, and to perish is
to-fall-apart." These elements that really exist Anaxagoras did
not define as Empedocles defined his elements or as the Atomists
defined their atoms. He often calls his elements seeds ^ o-ucpjjLaTa,
and they have certain determinate qualities which make them the
seeds of this, that, or the other particular kind of thing, e.g. gold,
part) ; therefore, the whole theory has often been called iiomoio-
MERic. In the beginning, the sum of things infinitesimally small
and infinite number, no one of which could be perceived on
in
account of its smallness, lay in a mass together. Finally mind
intervened, separating like from unlike and introducing order. The
most delicate and purest of essences, mind enters into combination
with nothing else it understands all things for and by itself, and
;
the teachings and principles of all the Sophists did not teach free of
Sophists were the same or that all of charge, second they did not in any
them taught in the same way. The strict sense lay foundations for the
word Sophistic may, however, be said future development of philosophy,
to imply such similarity in methods of third they did not cast their lot either
teaching and in doctrine as would (i) with their own or with any adopted
fairly distinguish the Sophists from country.
Socrates, and (2) lead us to class the
12 INTRODUCTION.
these arts, Athens, at that time the centre of all the intellectual
activity of the day, was a natural place of abode.
12 Among new turn which thought had
the representatives of the
taken, Protagoras and Gorgias are especially prominent. Accord-
mgly, more than all the rest, these two have earned a place in the his-
tory of philosoph3\ Protagoras of Abdera was the first who claimed
as his distinguishing title the name of Sophist.^ When he was born
and when he died^ cannot be satisfactorily determined. At all
events, he was a contempormy of Socrates, though considerably his
elder. ^ Protagoras, during his long life of seventy years more or
less, made repeated and protracted visits to Athens. He was, how-
Sephs OTOu ov iroLvroov av v/nca}/ Kad' r)\iKiau spects I am charmed with the doctrine
iroLT^p e'lrjv, there is not a man of you of Protagoras that what seems to each
all wliose father I might not be so far as man is, but I can never swallow his be-
years go. ginning. Why did he not commence by
^ The original words as given by saying the measure of all things was
Diog. Laert. (ix. 51) are: *' Traz/rwi/ a hog or a dog-faced baboon or some
Xf>77AtciTwz/ fxerpou avOpoiiros, rcai^ jxev tv- still worse monster, and that so far as
rcav COS ^ari, roov 5e ovk uvrcav oos ovk wisdom went he himself was no whit
€(TTiu.'' This is sometimes so inter- wiser than a tadpole If each man
'?
preted as to mean simply that nothing is his own best judge and all that he
can be measured, i.e. known, unless decides upon is right and true, how
there is some one to measure or know. then is Protagoras wise enough to
This might then mean that the right teach the rest of us, and to charge us
measure of all things would be taken roundly for it ? "
;
INTRODUCTION. 13
^ This same name is applied to the ^ The dates given for his birth vary
inhabitants. Ptolemaeus is alone in from 496 b.c. (Foss) to483 b.c. (Frei);
calling the town r^souTiov. for his death, from 384 b.c. to 375 B.C.
Diodorus xii. 53. Thuc. iii. 86 does
'-^
* See on Apol., p. 18 b.
not mention him by name.
14 INTRODUCTION.
1 The ordinary date given for his Socrates' conception of aperi-i, the old
birth is 01. 77, 3 or 4 — 470/69 b.c. : notion so manifest in Homer (cf. Doe-
1 = 472 / 1 b.c. is
'
probably 01. 77, 2 or derlein, Horn. Gloss., p. 536) of skill '
nearer the truth. Cf. infra note on or cleverness was still ver}^ strong.
2
Cf ApoL, p. 29(1 ff., particularly corresponding idea are similarly con-
the explanation of e, iprjao^aai Krk. nected with 'Tauglichkeit' and 'Tiich-
2 It cannot be denied that even in tigkeit.'
INTRODUCTION. 15
said : Man is the measure ; Socrates ing : Before we give up knowledge let
met this by asking : What is man ? us seriously try to know ourselves.
le INTRODUCTION.
'
became a philosophical term applied particularly to the
dialectic '
man's body is born stronger than his neighbor's, so one man's soul
was born more courageous than his neighbor's. Yet he maintained
that every man, be the qualities born in him what they might, could
advance in excellence (irpos dpsTTJv) by learning and practice.
21 Such is Socrates's doctrine in its outlines, as Xenophon, Plato,
and Aristotle have represented it in their writings. Socratesjiini-
self, Jts_js well known, was the au thor ^f no books. We have,
therefore, no direct statement of his views at first hand. The most
important authority for his teachings is Xenophon, especially
his four books of Memoirs of Socrates^' (dirofi.vTinovevfi.aTa,^ com-
'-'-
1 It has been claimed that the Me- The poet's allusion, however, is prob-
morabilia are referred to by Horace ably more vague.
(A. P. V. 310), as Socraticae chartae.
INTRODUCTION. 17
drawing from all these sources we are enabled to bring our ideal
Socrates within the limits of historical fact.
An account of Socrates' s theory gives no adequate knowledge 22
Toof his hfstorical significance. A necessary aid must be sought in
/ some description of his personality, of Socrates during life and
^ Socrates facing death. ^
dramatic power. These are just the Laches, pp. 181 a b, 188 e, and Sym-
qualities which distinguish Socrates posium, pp. 219e-221 c.
from all other teachers, and these * Apology, p. 32 b with note
18 INTRODUCTION.
their hearers and drew from them tumultuous applause, little caring
if the enthusiasm lasted but for a moment. But the whole energy
of Socrates was g^bs^^ed by the central purpose of rousing a right
understanding and of implanting a firm and fruitful conviction.
That the knowledge itself which Socrates strove for was far other
1
Cf. Alcibiades L, p. 431 e; Tlieaetet., p. 149 a.
20 INTRODUCTION.
the gods are jealous and refuse to tolerate men who put them-
selves upon a pedestal.^ The conceit of self-knowledge with
which the Sophists were puffed up, Socrates undoubtedly con-
sidered a case in point. Against this conceit he waged war
with his incomparable irony,^ before which all their wisdom became
as nothing. He made it plain to them, and to whomsoever it might
concern, that all their general notions w^ere confused and worthless.
A tempered form of his irony is seen in his treatment of young
and enthusiastic votaries of learning. Eirst of all, he helps them
to an understanding of their ignorance, but yet he leaves in their
souls such a sting as stirs them to an earnest struggle for real
insight. we have seen that the humility of Socrates's self-
Indeed,
measurement was by no means incompatible with a fixed determi-
nation to win the truth which leads to righteousness. S^gi^rates
p. 337 a : iKehr) 7) elujOvTa elpcoueTa 2a>- especially G-9 ; see also Anabasis iii.
Kpdrovs. 1. 5-7.
INTRODUCTION. 21
to difficulties for dealing with which God had given to man neither
the knowledge nor the capacity. In all these cases, Socrates him-
self was singularly favored in that he possessed a gift sent of God,
— a heavenly voice of warning. Whenever this voice spoke witliin
not in the same wa3^ Still Socrates may have been uncommonly
Socrates did not hear the voice, and yet, without its warning to
direct him, was deaf to the clamors of selfish fears which greatly
disturb other men, —
cases where he did what he knew was right
without petty anxiety as to the end.
Intimately connected with this remarkable strength of moral 28
character is the absolute control in which his body was held by his
mind. The capital manifestation of this is to be found in the
accounts which have been preserved of his '
staying power ' while he
was engaged in following up a train of thought. The best instance
of this Plato gives in the following story of Socrates at the siege of
Potidaea.^ Early one day a subject of thought occurred to Socrates
while he was walking, and he stopped ; for twenty-four hours he
stood stock-still, because he could not come to any conclusion until
1
Cf.Apol.,pp. 31 cd, 40 ab; Xen. of Socrates, Longmans and Green,
Mem. i.2, 1-5. In the Appendix to 1872.
liis edition of the Memorabilia, Brei- 2 Schleiermacher proves this in his
the next morning. In other respects as well his endurance was re-
markable he was hardened to every privation
: Winter and sum- .
mer alike he went barefoot, and always wore clothes of the same
texture and thickness. This, in fact, made the rigours of a winter
in Thrace tell upon him far less than upon his comrades in arms.^
Apart from his soldiering, hardly anything could induce Socrates
to leave Athens, as he is made to say himself in the Crito.- As for
temperance and frugality, we have seen that he was remarkable
for both.
29 The outline given above ma}' be regarded as an historically trust-
worthy account of the character of Socrates. And now we need
hesitate no longer in agreeing with the enthusiastic estimate of
Socrates given at the end of the Memorabilia. But all this cer-
tainly leaves us but ill-prepared for the manner of the great man's
'taking off.' Prosecuted in his declining 3'ears, on a most serious
charge, he was, after a legal trial, sentenced to death. And all
^
p. 220ab.
Sympos., named Meletus, (i) the accuser of
2 XIV.withnoteonp.53a.
Crito,ch. Socrates, (2) the poet referred to in
3 Apol.,
p. 17 d and supra, p. 14, the Frogs, (3) the Meletus, cf. Apol.,
note 1. 01. 95, 1 = 400/399 b.c. p. 32 cd, who obeyed the thirty, and
* Aristoph. Frogs, v. 1302. arrested the unoffendmg Leon of Sala-
K. F. Hermann, in his Dlsputatio
5 mis, (4) the Meletus of Xen. Hell. ii.
de Socratis accusatorUms, maintains 4. 36. Frohberger argues against this
that there were four different persons in the Philol. Anzeiger II. 7.
INTRODUCTION. 23
As to tlie negative clause of the first countf (ovs |x€v t] iroXts vofxt^ei 32
0€oi)s ov vofjti'twv) , it certainly is difficult to see any fact to justify
such an accusation, inasmuch as Socrates expressly recognized the
laiDof the land (vofxos iroXews) as the final arbiter in all that con-
cerned the worship of the gods and, indeed, himself scrupulously ;
giving a legal foothold to the suit. For among all known pro-
visions of Athenian law there is not one under which Socrates
could have been prosecuted on the second count (oStKet Se Kal tovs
V60VS 8ia<|)0€ipwv) This view is confirmed by the difficulty which even
.
gestion of the kind falls by its own weight, for it is pure and
unadulterated slander. But still it was urged that Alcibiades and
Critias, notorious scourges of the body politic, were for some time
INTRODUCTION. 25
edly by Socrates, and he showed the same temper at the bar of the
court. There is Socrates,^ which brings
a story, told twice of
and Plato's Theaetetus does
this unruffled spirit vividly before us,
the same more subtly. Plato represents that intricate and abstruse
philosophical discussion, carried on by Socrates with phenomenal
fair-mindedness and consummate ease, as taking place immediately
before the great teacher was compelled by the summons of Meletus
to appear for preliminary examination before the magistrate^
(apxwv Pao-iXcvs) was a sense of duty only which forced Soc-
. It
was his duty, he thought, to appear in his own case and to make
his own plea,^ though he made it without real hope or serious
1 " Hermogenes, the son of Hippo- the story is almost verbally repeated,
nicus," a friend of Socrates, " noticed 2 Theaetet., p. 210 c d.
that Socrates, though he conversed ^ Cicero (/)eorai^ore I. 54) is our chief
freely on tilings in general, avoided authority for the following tale about
any allusion to the impending suit. Socrates's defence. The celebrated
'
Mydear Socrates,' said he, surely '
orator Lysias, out of the fulness of
you ought to be attending to your his friendship for Socrates, wrote him
brief.' Why, do I not seem to you,'
^ a speech for his defence. Socrates
answered Socrates, to have passed'
declined it when
offered, because he
my life with my brief constantly in thought would be undignified for
it
pendence that its effect must rather have irritated than conciliated ^
his judges. In the court-room as on the battle-field Socrates was /
alwa3^s the same fearless champion of his own and his country's \
honour. Where other men consulted their own safety, God re-
quired Socrates to be faithful and to obey orders.
35 And so it came to pass that the judges brought in the verdict of
'
guilty,' but by no large majority.^ In cases of this nature the
law did not fix the penalty beforehand,^ and Socrates had still the
right of rating his guilt at his own price, dvTiTi|j.dar0aL, his ac-
cuser having proposed, the penalty of death. After the
Tijxdo-Oai,
36 The same courage which had animated him while speaking his "^
defence, the same rooted conviction that they who love God need
fear no evil, supported him now when his execution had become a
question of da3^s and hours, and prevented him from countenancing
any plan for disobeying the laws of the state. Exceptional circum-
stances^ delayed the execution of his sentence for thirtj' days after
speak: for it shall be given yovi in was constrained to live for thirty
that same hour what ye shall speak." days after his case was decided be-
Matthew x., v. 19. cause it was the month of the yearly
2 ApoL, p. 3Ga and ibid, note on ei festival and embassy to Delos, and the
TpioLKovra Kr€. law prohibited all public executions
3 Ibid., p. 35 d and infra, § 73. until the return of the sacred envoys
INTRODUCTION. 27
thirty years of age.^ Aristo his father and his mother Perictione
were both of good old Athenian stock. Codrus was one of his
ancestors on his father's side, and by his mother he was descended
from Solon. At the age of twenty he became a disciple of Socra-
tes, having until that time devoted his energies to poetry. It is
^ said that he was alread}' so much of a poet that he was on the eve
\^ of bringing out a tetralogy ; but when he became a disciple of
\ Socrates he gave himself entirely to philosophy. At last he had
found a field which was to be all his own, a field where his genius
was soon to work wonders for his philosoplw was to guide the
;
from Delos. During this time not one ^ Various dates are given for Plato's
of his familiar friends could detect birth (i) The usually accepted one
in his case any change in the manner depends on Athenaeus, and is the
of his life from what it had always archonship of ApoUodorus, 01. 87, 3
been. And as for his previous career, = 430/29 n.c (2) Diogenes Laertius
he certainly always commanded un- gives 01. 87, 4 ==429/28 n c, Epa-
paralleled admiration for living a meinon's year as archon, and the year
clieerful and contented life." The of Pericles's death. (3) Zeller follows
annual festival and embassy to Delos Hermodorus, a pupil of Plato, and
— another festival, also called A-r^kia, fixes upon 428/27 b.c. The birthday
was celebrated every four years — is said to have been the seventh day
with plnlosoph}^ and we are told that Cratylus had initiated him
into the m3'steries of Heraclitus ; but not until he met Socrates had
he found the guide and friend who was to lead him in all his specu-
lations toward the goal of truth.
38 It is not possible to decide whether some of Plato's earliest writ-
ings {e.g. the Lysis) were produced during Socrates's life, or all of
them after the master's death. The bias of opinion now-a-days
inclines to the latter view, and insists upon the unhistorical and
ideal picture of Socrateswhich Plato everywhere alike has drawn.
At all events, the questions dealt with by Plato's earliest works
were just the ones constantly discussed by Socrates, though even
here and at the outset Plato displays originality. His vocation was
to connect together the definitions insisted upon by Socrates and to
reduce them to an ordered sj'stem by the application of a single
law or principle. At the very outset he took up the same lines which
his whole life was devoted to following out, and he ended by es-
tablishing dialectic as a science. Yet he never lost sight of Socra-
tes, who always moved before him as the perfect philosopher. He
valued philosophical writing only so far as it mirrored the ways,
the wisdom, and the words of the ideal philosopher, and his works
are pictures of the marvellous personality of Socrates. Hence it is
that Plato, when he wrote, could not dispense with the peculiarly
Socratic form of question and answer, but in his hands the dialogue
is fashioned and developed into a new form of literature. His early
interest in art and his familiarity with all the forms of poetry nat-
urally stood him in good stead here, and we need not wonder that
the poetic tire and dramatic vividness of his dialogues are univer-
sally admired.
39 Among the dialogues which he first wrote the Protagoras is
asked, and every typical answer to it, beginning with the most
obvious one, Knowledge is sensation (aL<r0T]o-is) and ending with ,
the most abstruse one, is first stated with fairness and then with
equal fairness refuted. In this dialogue we find Socrates and
Theaetetus represented more effectively than anywhere else in
Plato's writings, while in the companion pictures, so eloquently
drawn by Socrates, of the philosopher and the practical man or
law3^er, Plato seems to be vindicating himself against fault-finders.^
would have called knowledge. With- they nor anything else would ever be
out any direct allusion to his theory suggested to us or known by us if we
of ideas, Plato shows in this dialogue had not lived in another and a better
that no definition of knowledge is world where these ideas exist. We
logically possible unless the definition know things in this world because,
itself contains the term defined. To before coming here, we have seen
INTRODUCTION. 33
the Timaeus and the Critias, all three of which are closely con-
nected, and the Lavts. These discourses, because they are attempts
to mould facts into harmony with ideal principles, to construct the
world as it should be, are called his constructive works. The
most celebrated of these, and indeed the most admirable of all
Plato's works, is the Republic. Beginning with the question,
"What is justice?" the writer soon develops the fact that justice,
belonging as it does to the state as much as to any individual
citizen, can most easily be seen in the former, where it is writ '
1
Cf. supra, p. 3, n. 3. (duiJiSs) and (/;) an ignoble part (eVz-
question whether Plato himself put the finishing touches upon his
Laws as they have come down to us. Whether he wrote it as it
actually stands or not, the work, in spite of the man}^ eccentric
views and odd turns of speech which it contains, is broadly con-
ceived and of very great interest.
The general works prepares us for Plato's last 49
drift of these last
^ Socrates said that wisdom was in boldly executing the ruler's corn-
virtue. Plato said (i) wisdom ac- mands is the warrior's virtue, (3) wis-
quired and exercised for the whole dom in obedient service to his; betters
state is the ruler's virtue, (2) wisdom is the workman's virtue.
36 INTRODUCTION.
^
Cf. Laws 709 e sqq. This
iv., p. died on his birthday, just as he had
passage irresistibly suggests the gen- completed his eighty-first year. A
eral condition of things which Plato, similarly unauthenticated tale is re-
on the occasion of his last two jour- peated by Cicero, who says (Cato
neys, expected to find at Syracuse, major 5. 13) " uno et octogesimo ano
:
and indeed largely what he actually scribens est mortuus." Perhaps his
did find. word " scribens " is simply a version
^.Seneca is probably repeating an of the story of the tablet discovered
*
idle tale ' when he says that Plato under the philosopher's pillow.
INTRODUCTION. 37
^ Besides the works already enu- remains, and the only dialogues with
merated and the Apology and Crito, which it can be in any way compared
there are quite a number of others. are the Apology and the Phaedrus.
Some of these Plato has been supposed Of course no mention is here made of
not to have written. Those whose such other short discourses as have
authenticity has been questioned con- been falsely attributed to Plato but
nect themselves with the Protagoras ;
are now admitted by all to be spurious.
they are the Ion, Hippias Maior ^ The best account of
: the compara-
and Minor, the first and second Alci- tive inefficiency of these early philoso-
biades, Lysis, Charmides, Laches Eu- phers is Plato's own. Cf. the passage
thyphro. Then there are dialogues from the Sophist quoted supra, p.
connected with the so-called dialecti- 10, note 1.
can ever emerge from darkness into light. That Plato did not
overestimate the value of his own or of any writings is clearly
shown in the Phaedrus. The views
expounded probably
there
influenced him to choose the dialogue-form, which is a reproduc-
tion, a mirror, as it were, of the words of living truth spoken by
the living teacher. That he did not however underestimate the
value of philosophical writing he shows rather in deed than in
word. For how, otherwise, can we account for the long series of
writings produced b}' him from the age of thirty until the time of
his death, — a period of fifty years? By writing he increased the
number of those who felt his influence,and this he might well seek
to do while still believing that, compared with the spoken word,
the written word was dead.
52 The many resources of Plato's artistic imagination are appa-
rent in the varied settings of his dialogues. The simplest form
(i) has no introduction or preamble, but is a dialogue, with occa-
sional interruptions from interested bj^standers, in which one of
the parts is taken throughout by the same speaker, usually Soc-
rates, while the other may be successively assumed by various
persons. Instances of this form of dialogue are the Gorgias and
the Phaedrus, which best exemplify the dramatic power of Plato
even in this simplest form of dialogue. More intricately dramatic
and effective are the narrated dialogues, to which the second and
third classes belong. These are (2) without preface and with no
account of the persons to whom the narration or reading, as the
case may made,
be, is —
e.^., the Republic; or (3) introduced by
a short dialogue between the narrator and his friends, who soon
become his attentive listeners. In (3) sometimes, though rarely,
the narrated dialogue is momentarily interrupted before the close,
and at the close a few words are commonly exchanged between the
narrator and his auditors. Dialogues of this kind are the Sympo-
sium and the Phaedo. Just as these various forms are used accord-
INTRODUCTION. 39
1 We are not warranted in pinning all the circumstances too well to allow
our faith to Xenophon's (?) 'AiroKo-yia of its not being an exact report, while
^ooKpcLTovSy a production whose origin the latter strives to deal with the ar-
and value are equally doubtful. Xen- guments used to prove his untrust-
ophon's Memorabilia, on the other worthiness. Ueberweg lately has taken
hand, is inadequate for our purpose. this same point of view with great de-
'^
Schleiermacher and Zeller uphold cision.In the admirable introduction
the accuracy of Plato's report. The of Steinhart is to be found the best
former argues that the speech suits presentation of the opposite view.
40 INTRODUCTION.
1
Cf, Apology, p. 18 ab sg^.
INTRODUCTION. 41
^
Cf. Apology, p. 17 c. Those un- tes. The intimacy of ten years' stand-
convinced by the genuine ring of this ing between the two latter made their
passage may still doubt. We know case one of ideal friendship, where, at
Socrates chiefly from Plato, hence dis- least in intellectual matters, what be-
cussions of Plato's trustworthiness are longed to Socrates was Plato's, and
apt to beg the question. vice versa. Therefore Plato, if he
2 For the best account of this whole made the defence of Socrates charac-
matter, cf. Professor R. C. Jebb's ar- teristically his own, could be sure that
ticle on the speeches of Thucydides, it was also and for that reason char-
1
Cf. Apol, p. 26b ad fin, andc, ^
cf. ApoL, p. 20 a- c; p. 29 c at
also p. 28 e sqq, the end sqq. and elsewhere.
2
Cf, ApoL, pp. 24d-27e. * Cf. supra, § 31.
5
Cf, ApoL, p. 26 b sqq.
INTRODUCTION. 43
% which, by the second part and the ensuing sentence of death, is soon
brought to a second climax but is finally mitigated by the closing
i^ords of Socrates. This third part bears we may sny to the two
parts that precede it a relation similar to that borne by the Eumen-
ides of Aeschylus to the preceding pla3's of the Oresteian trilogy,
and solves a tragic situation b}' merging a narrowed view of justii^e
in a broader one b}" which it is superseded.
The first of these three subdivisions, which is the defence 59
proper, is complete in itself. Though all the laws of oratorical
art are here carefully observed, the usual practices of oratory are
sharply criticised. The five natural heads of the argument cer-
tainly are unmistakable, since, by carefully following the connec-
tion of thought, we can easily mark the words in which the speaker
dismisses one point and takes up another.
1
Cf. infra, § 71, note 2.
44 INTRODUCTION.
(e) the peroration is plainly marked. At this point the orator, and
more than ever if he were on trial for his life, made a desperate
appeal to the feelings of his hearers. No means of moving the
judges were left untried. Recourse to such methods Socrates
condemned as equally dishonest and dishonorable.^ This part of
1 Rhet. ad Herenn. IL 29, 4G ; Ex- the soul have nothing to do with facts,
ornatio constat ex similibus et exem- but affect only the judge himself.
plis et rebus iudicatis et ampliflcatio- Hence, if sll legal proceedings were
nibus et ceteris rebus quae pertinent regulated as in certain states distin-
ad exaugendam et coUocupletandam guished for particularly good laws,
argumentationem. these emotions would play no part
2
Cf. Xen. Mem. iv. 4. 4: " omu whatever. Indeed^ all agree on this
rjOcXriae rcav elcoOoTwj/ eV rep di.xxarrjpia) point, some urging that the law should
Trapa rovs uS/ulojs TroLTjcrai, he lent him- prescribe this course, while others
self to none
of the of law
violations enforce the principle, and rule out any
which were customarily committed in plea which is off the point. This is
courts.'^ It appears that there was no the rule of procedure before the Are-
special law f orbiddmg in so many words opagus, Q,nd a very good rule it is. A
an oratorical appeal to the emotions judge should certainly never have his
of the judges in the ordinary courts. mind warped by the influence of anger,
This is confirmed, indeed, by Aristotle of jealousy, or of pity brought to bear
in his Rhetoric (1. 1, a passage particu- upon him. To have recourse to these
larly important in connection with the is exactly the same as for a carpen-
Apology). There Aristotle first criti- ter to give a twist to his rule before
cizes various rhetorical practices, and using it." To the procedure of the
then proceeds to say " prejudice,
: Areopagus we may perhaps apply
pity, anger, and all such emotions of Quintilian's words (VI. 1, 7) " Athe- :
46 INTRODUCTION.
to God's will are hea.rdjn the closing words of this defe nce
,
first and the second verdict, can hardly be expected to answer all j
rically arranged, and their topics skilfully set before us. TheW
second part natural!}' opens with an allusion to the verdict of |
'guilty' just rendered any regular peroration would have been out
; I
of place before the third, which is the suitable conclusion both for \
the first part and the second. And where, indeed, is there a more \
addressed to the judges who voted for Socrates 's acquittal is cer-
tainlymade most prominent and yery appropriately so. For these
judges, they who alone are worthy of that title, are his chosen /
CRITO.
This dialogue belongs to the first class ^ of Plato's dialogues ;
it
(a) cc. I, II. Prologue (irpoXoYos) ; the characters and their mental
situation (t^9os t€ Kal irciGos).
^
Cf. supra, § 36 and note.
48 INTRODUCTION.
(c) cc. xi-xv. Clearing up (XvVis).^ The laws of Athens require his
submission and his death.
1. cc. xi, xii. Socrates owes them life liberty and
happiness.
2. cc. xiii, xiv. They require and he has promised obe-
dience.
3. c. XV. He will gain nothing by disobedience.
{d) cc. XVI, XVII. Epilogue There are laws in Hades which
(eViXo'yos) .
-
64 Like the Apology, this work bears memorable witness to the
nobility of Plato's mind, and it reveals especially his loft}^ patriot-
ism. As for Socrates, we see in both these works that not words
only bnt deeds prove him a more law-abiding citizen than scores
of men whose spurious good-citizenship is well portrayed on many
pages of the Crito {e.g. p. 45 e). The very laws of the land, as
well as the example of Socrates submitting to his unjust sen-
tence of death, declare in no uncertain tones to every Athenian
what true patriotism is and how it is preserved.
65 The Crito is by no means simply the chronicle of a conversa-
tion actually held though it is based upon facts, it must still be
;
^
For most of the details of the detailed analysis of the dialogue on
analysis given above Cron is not the same principle,
responsible, though it is substituted ^ See on ws ol noWoi otoprai, Crito,
ov tiu ij 7] 5ia>|is, [_Kcl evopKOvvTi fieu them was & duBpes diKaarai, but this
/JLOI e%y\ iroWa Kal ayaOd, iiriopKovvrL 5e could be varied. We have sometimes
i^doKcia avro) re Kal y€U€i'], I icill vote in S)audp€s 'ABrjuaToi, sometimes d> avSpes,
accordance with the laws and enactments and once and again S> ^Adrji^aToi. Cf
of the Athenian people and of the Senate Apol., pp. 17 a, 22 e, 26 d, 30 b.
50 APPENDIX.
which they were addressed. These six thousand were divided into
a reserve of one thousand, to be used as substitutes etc., and a mahi
body of five thousand for regular service. A subdivision of the five
thousand was then made into ten courts^ of five hundred each, called
SiKao-TTipia, for, like the English word court, SiKaorTripiov may mean a
judicial body as well as the place where such a body sits in judg-
ment. Sometimes a court was composed of less than five hundred
jurymen, e.(/. of two or four hundred sometimes we find two or more
;
involved. Most suits thus came before the nine archoiis, com-
monly before one of the first three or before all of the remaining six.
The first archon, — called
apx«v par excellence, dealt especially
o —
with charges involving family rights and inheritance the second ;
1
Cf. (Dem. XLV. 46) the written testified falsely against vie in the state-
charge (\r\lis) in a private suit : 'AttoA- ments recorded in the evidence submitted.
\6bcDpos Ilaaicouos 'Axapi^^vs ISre^ai^y The answer is : ^r^cpavos Meve/cAeous
Mei/6/cA€0i'S 'Axa^ve? ^peuSofiapTvpicav, ri- ^Axapvevs ra\7}d?] e/naprvprjaa fj.aprvp'f}-
upon all the documents thus submitted, and took charge of them
against the day when the case was to be tried.
sation and the reply, and finally the parties to the suit were succes-
sively called forward to state their case. This was the opening of
the case (€i<ra7(07ii t^s SCktis^) by the magistrate (elo-a^w^cv's) Cf. Aris- .
(1) if in their opinion he was off the point, (2) if they required
fuller explanation on an}' point whatsoever. Of course, there were
frequent attempts to prejudice the jurymen instead of enlightening
them, and nothing was commoner than to make appeal to their
sympathies. was by no means an unusual occurrence for a
It
defendant to appear in court with his wife and children, or with
infirm and helpless parents, and sometimes with friends of great
popularity or of high character he depended upon these to act as
;
thetwo parties to the suit are required to but cannot give testimony as ivitnesses.
answer each what question the other asks, Cf, Apol., p. 25 d.
54 APPENDIX.
eral charge of all prisons, and they issued the order requiring their
subordinates * to execute the penalty of death.
1
Cf. supra, § 31 ; also, § 69 and note. (sc. 6auT6?) TivSs but also virori/jLciadai
2 The technical terms which were (Xen. Apol. 23) were used.
used are found in Apol., pp. 36 b, 37 c. 3 Cf. Apol., p. 36 b.
-^
*^0 •r
I. TL iiev vixel^y <S apSpe<; ^ KdrjvaLoi, TreirovOare vrro .
5 \ e >
roiv ifjLcop KaTTjyopcop, ovk olSa •
iyo) 8' ovp KoX avro9 viT
17 17
1. 1. o Ti jJL€V vfxcts* €7w 8€: not 3. oXiyov: used abs. G.
sc. B€7u,
a a
vyuets^eV €70) Se because tlie clauses
• 268; H. 956 and 743 b. C/. 22 a.—
as wholes, not u/xe?s and eydo, are iriOavws, dXiiGes these words state :
acquittal. See on 5 'dvdpes ktL, 26 d, idiom in Herodotus, cf. Hdt. ii. 15, ro
and Introd. p. 49, note 4. Tr€7rov0aT€ — : AeXra iarl Kardppvrou re Ka\ ueccarL, u) s
?iave been affected, though act. in form A 7 « e TT 6 1 r, 0LvaTT€<pr)v6s, has only re-
£
Inoi'j, but at any rate I ivill choose you. in appos. with it. €v J refers to the — :
ITdt. iii. 80, KoX i\€xOrjaau \6yoi 'dino-TOL passage lohere the statement is made.
fihu lvioL<JL"'EKKriv(jov, iXex^V^o-^ 5' S)V, 6. XP*"! • ^h® original warning was
and arguments were wged which to some Xpv XP^^^Vi hut not xPV^y
^v\a$€7(rdai.
Greeks seem apocryphal, but at any rate would be grammatically possible.
they were urged. G. 243; H. 932. For the use of xpw,
avTos even myself, sc. " How
Kttl : cf 33 d, 34 a, and Lach. 181 c. G.
then may not you have been affected! 222, N. 2; H. 897.
;: 7
1
10. ei fiT] cipa : unless perchance, portunity for bringing out iracrav rrju i^'
Lat. nisi forte. In order to sug- aX^deiav with great prominence. For
gest that the one safest way out of the a similar shifting of emphasis, cf
difficulty is to beg the whole question Xen. An. iii. i. 25, /ca7co 5e, el fiej/
at issue, apa introduces a definition of vjii€7s i6c\€T€ e^op/iiau eVf ravra^ cTreadai
good speaking, and ironically con- v/uTv ^ovXofjiaiy el 5* vfiels rdTTere
nects with it the assertion that Soc- fxc Tjy el a 6 ai, ovdeu irpocpacri^oiLiai r 7] y
rates is a good speaker. 7)\iKiav now I for one^ if you are
,
AnOAOriA SfiKPATOYS. 57
17
tlion's fis follows : opa ovu d ri koI TovTL and suggested, though not ex-
roLOvroj Xoyov Sect, irepl '^Epcoros ra\7]0rj plicitly, by T-pSe (equiv. to rr} e/xf]).
at the unrefined illustrations and home- "this has respect primarily to the
ly vocabulary of Socrates, cf Gorg. conversation with Meletus, which is
489b-491 c. Cf also Xen. Mem. I 2. prefaced by the request, 27 b, fi)] 6opu-
37, 5e KpLTias, '^
aWa roov^e roi ere ^e7v eau eV tw elcoOori rpoircp rohs \6yovs
air^x^o^OaL " ecpr) ''
dei^aci, & '^a>KpaT€s, TvoLcoixai. But, as something like this
Tcou (TicvTecou Kal ra>u reKrovoov Kal tCov was recognized under the name of
Xa^Kccaw Kal yap oijuat avTovs "ij^r] Kara- ipcoTT](TLs (see Introd. 71), the reference
as I. TrXdrrouTi agrees in gender with 23. Kal 6V d^opa Kal d\Xo0i : see
e/xoi, i.e. the person involved in irXdr- Introd. 25.
58 HAATONOS
17 17
24. Tpairejwv (banks) as
: rparreCxi used esp. of large assemblies. Cf d
c
well as shops, esp. those near the Rep. vi. 492 b, orav (TvyKa6e(6/j,ei/0L
market place, were favorite lounging aOpooi 01 TToXXol els eKKXrjalas v) els
KOLfxol fieu rcL irpo€ipri/j.€]/a SieiAe/cro eVi TLva 6.XX0V KOLvhv ttXtjOous ^vXXoyov ^vv
TTJ TpaTTc^rj, now the facts just
^iXiov TToXX^ dopvficp TO. fieu ypeyccffL rcou
recited I
gathered from a conversation Xeyojxevcov 1) TrparTOfxevajv, ra 5e eiraLvu-
at Philius's hanh. Cf also Id. xxiv. (Tiv . . Ka\ eKBocouTes Kal Kporovvres
.
19-20, where, to meet the charge that Krk., whenever the multitude gathers and
his shop is the resort of evil minded crowds of assemblies, courts,
the seats
persons without visible means of sup- theatres, camps, or collects in any
or
port, the defendant says : raCra Xeycoy place where crowds commonlg resort,
ovdeu ifjLOv Karriyop^'i [xaWov v) rwv aX- and there makes a great uproar ivith
Xoov oaoL rex^^cLS exovat {who follow shouting and clapping of hands meting
trades), oOSe rwy ws i/me elorioi/roDU (m>/ out praise to this and blame to that in
customers) /naWou *; rcoy ojs robs &X- a speech or a plaij, etc.
Xovs Brj/jLioupyovs (tradesmen), e/cacrros 26. eirl *' the prep, has
8iKao-TTipiov :
yap v/iioou eWicTTai irpodcpoLTav (frequent, the notion of presenting one's self to
lounge in) 6 jxlv irpos /xvpoTroXeloi/ (per- the court. Cf. Isae. Frg. (Dion II. de
fumer's), 6 dh nphs Kovpuoy (barber- Isae. 10), Xeyeiu eirl biKacrTrjpiov. The
shop), 6 5e TTphs (TKJTOTo/jLeTou (cobbler's), aval^ePrjKa refers to the I3r,ij.a." R.
6 av Tvxy, K^cd irXeTaroi /neu ws
5' OTTOL 27. cpSofiTJKovra : see Introd. 17 and
rovs eyyvTarcc tTjs ayopas KaracTKeva- App. Cf. also Lys. xix. 55, eyoo yhp
Gjxivovs (keeping shop), ixdx^(rroi 5e ws err] y ey o v co s rjdr) rp laKovr a ovre
Tovs ivXilcTTOv airexovras a'JT7]s. On T(p TzarpX ovhev irdoTrore aureiTrou, ovre
the last point, cf Xen. 3Iem. iv. 2. 1, TCtiU TToXirooy ovBeis /not ev e KaXe a e v
where Socrates ala0av6,jLevos avrhu (sc. (brought accusation) , eyyvs re oIkcov t-^s
Toi/ EjQvdrjfjiou) dia v € 6t7]t a (because ayopas ou5e irphs h i Kacrrrj p i o) ou5e
he teas so goung) o virca els r ^u ay o- irpos PouXevrrj pio) iixpdrji/ ovdeircj-
pav cLaiSi/To., el 5e tl (iovXoiTO ZLairpd- TTore, TTplv ravrriv r7]v crvjxcpopav yeveaOai.
^aadai, KaOi^ovra els 7) y lotto i e? 6 u 28. cvOaSe : i.e. ev diicaarrjplois. The
TL (a hai^ness-malcer s) twv iyyvs gen. rris Xe^ecos depends upon |eVaJS
T9}s ayopas; els rovro Kal avros fjei (G. 182, 1; II. 757 a), the adv. of
^eyos, — used almost in the sense of
d 25. GopvPeiv: OopvPeTy and O6p-j0os aireipos, — whicli in this sense takes the
describe noisy demonstrations whether gen., but is rare in Att. prose.
of approval or disapproval, and arc wjnrep ovv dv ktc. : for the position
— ;
AnOAOriA 20KPATOY2. 59
7^
^ / ^
30 TTi (pcovT) re Kai rco rpoiTM eXeyov Iv otcnTep iredpdfjLixrji'y 18
Kol Srj Koi vvv Tovro vijlu)v Se'o/xai hiKaiov, cS? ye ixol ookcj,
IJ and repetition of 'du, see GMT. 42, 3 refl. H. 684. For the analogous use 18
^
;
a
G. 212,2; H. 8G4. of the oblique cases of avros instead of
30. 4>«VT] : dialect, with esp. refer- the ind. refl., see G. 145, 2, n. ; H. 684 a.
ence to pronunciation, while rpoiro}, 32. I'o-cos, to-ws: the reason urged
style of speech, describes more gener- is a general one. The influence of
ally aigy unusual choice and combi- style, if felt at all, will be felt just
nation of words. in those cases where the style of
18 had been brought up,
€T€9pajJi}jiT]V : the plea is better or worse than the
^ belongs to the supposed case. See case deserves, — just where it inter-
on ts cfxeWeu, 20 a. Foreigners were feres with true judgment. For simi-
allowed to appear in court only in lar phraseology, cf Xen. Cijr. iv. 3.
exceptional cases. Ordinarily their 2,'Laccs fieu ovy ovtms exet, tacos 5e
^Qvos, guest-friend, or their vpS^euos, Kal iroiovaiu avra tti 7]hovri x^P^Cofievoi
resident represented them in
consul, {for their own satisfaction). Two Gen.
court and was surety for them. of Ver. i. 1,
31. Kal bt] Kat takes the place of : If haply won perhaps a hapless gain
0VT03 Kai after Soa-irep; 5?] calls atten- If lost, why then a grievous labor won.
tion to the case in point here cited. 35. a-uTT] : in place of tovto, by
vvv : not now in contrast to then, but assimilation to the gender of the
as it is contrasted with as it ivould pred. aperr]. It refers to the preced-
have been. "Now that I am not ing clause avrh . . . fiT}.
a stranger in Athens, but only a II. 1. SiKaios elfii ktL : for certain
stranger in courts." Lat. nunc is adjs. used pers. with the inf., see
used in the same way. Cf Liv. ii. 12. GMT. 93, 1, N. 2 b; G. 261, 1 ; H. 952.
14. — ws yi H'O'' SoKto : rather than u>s 2. \[;€v8tJ Karr^YOpTifxe va : not \p€v56l}s,
y ifxoL, the reading of inferior Mss. because in the act. the idiom is Karri'
adopted by many editt. The impor- yope7v ri riuos.
tant word is ws, not fioi, which is 4. €fiov yap Kre. introducing the :
the least emphatic form in Avhich the reason why Socrates is to speak first
pron. could be introduced. Here Trphs ra irpcora Karrjyopovs.
. . .
the pers. pron. is used instead of the irpos i5|xds with Karrjyopoi yey 6va(ri,
:
60 HAAT^NOS
5 v/xa? Acat TToXai noXka rjSr] errj kol ovSev aX7)0e<; Xe- 18
18 18
TrapaAafi^a.povcriy
b which equiv. to KarTjyoprjKaa-L.
is Cf. TralSa ovs eKcTyot -i
5. Kai, Kttt: the first Kai empha- in a wider sense, which is analogous
sizes iraKai, the second requires no com- to that of TrapaAa/uLpdueLU here, rovs
ment. — irctXai iroWd tJSt] €tt] : see on PeXriarovs Kol eppoifxevecrrdrovs 7]/Licoi/
elKfj KT6., 17 c. Trd\ai goes back to the avTcov, 6/c veo3V Xa/J. ^dyo pr e s , uairep
beginning of the accusations while Xeovras Kareirddoi^res ktL, tahing the
TToWa KT€. follows out their long con- best and mostvigorous of our numher in
tinuance. This lias been going on our earliest youth, and by incantations
more than twenty j^ears at the very subduing us as if ire were young lions.
least, for the Clouds was first put upon 9. €7r€i0ov T€ Kal KaTiryopovv preju- :
the stage in 423, and Socrates was diced you against me by unceasing
tried in 399. accusations. Strictly speaking kutt]'
6. Tovs diJLc|)l "AvvTov: when fol- yopovvres required, but co-
e-TreiOou is
TUiv TvoXXoov) to call up something 10. croc|)os dvrfp : these words are
familiar; it contrasts most of them, practically intended to mean a Sophist.
who were caught young and taught to " The title ao(f)os aurjp would at once
a child and educates it. Cf. Ale. I. ular prejudice coined this phrase, or
121 e, h\s eTTTot 5e yei/6juL€uou irwv rhu something like it, to stigmatize all
AnOAOriA 20KPATOY2. 61
yrj^; airavra aveCyjrrj koj<; Kai top t^ttco \6yov KpeiTTO} ttolcov, 18
18 18
b scientific investigation into nature. of the Philosopher, partly from that b
With such investigation began and of the Sopliist; the fxer^wpa (ppovTiar7]s
ended the earliest Greek philosophy points to the Philosopher, the rhu . . .
bly Plippias, —
were much addicted ing of rhetoric, as such, must contain
to it. See Introd. 14. Cf. Prot. 315 c, hints as to the most effective means
€(paivovTO Se irepl <pv(Teo)S re koX riav for making the best of a bad case by
lxcTe(jopo)V aarpouojULLKa ixTra ^lepoorau presenting it skilfully. How far this
rhu and theij (Eryximachus,
'l-mriau, must be condemned should not be
Phaedrus, and Andron) appeared to decided without reference to circum-
be plying Hippias with astronomical stances and facts.To-day it is equally
questions about nature and the heavenly impossible to assert that a lawyer in
bodies. The phrase ra virh yrjs (where all cases is bound not to defend a
viro has the very unusual sense of client whose cause he knows to be
beneath and covered by) does not refer unjust. Popular opinion at Athens
to definite matters searched into, but seems to have been convinced that
is part and parcel of a sweeping as- the Sophist's single aim in teaching
sertion that nothing either high or low, rhetoric was to communicate the art
nothing " in heaven above or in the of proving that black was wliite. Cf,
earth beneath or in the waters under the C/oM^A', 889-1104, wliere Aristoph-
the earth " is safe from their fatuous anes introduces the diKaios \6yos and
and futile curiosity. This popular view the adiKos \6yos respectively. They
is amusingly exaggerated and drama- have an argument in which the a^LKos
tized by Aristophanes in the Clouds, \6yos wins. Cf. Cic. Brut. 8, where
184-234. Here the word airavra adds the excellent Claudius says of the
a final touch of exaggeration. <|)pov- — Sophists: docere se profiteban-
Tio-Trfs used trans, here like (ppovri-
: tur quemadmodum causa in-
Qeiv with ace. For a dat. similarly ferior (ita enim loquebantur)
governed, cf. t)]u i/nvju red deep virrjpe- die en do fieri superior posset.
(riay, 30 a, where see note. See also His opposuit sese Socrates,
App. — "This 'accusation,' ao<phs . . . qui subtilitate quadam dis-
both as given here, and as re-
TToicoy, putandi refellere eorum in-
peated with mock formality in 19 b, stituta solebat verbis.
is nothing more than a vivid way of 13. ol Scivoi: in the pred. The
representing, for a rhetorical purpose, accusers just mentioned as Kar' e|o-
the popular prejudice, in which the
court shared. The charges it con- 14. ovSe 06OVS ktL : the investiga-
tains are two-edged, being borrowed tions alluded to above were, it was
partly from the vulgar representation charged, not only a foolish waste of
62 HAATONOS
c c
ouSe, not even, in the text) led to athe- TovTo, the correlative of o, is sup-
ism. See Introd. 10, 12, and SSJin. pressed for brevity's sake. tovto
16. €V TT) TJXiKia : with vfias. iarip must be read between the lines.
17. €V tJ oiv eirio-TevVaTe : for the The clause with on stands in appos.
potential ind. with du denoting what to this suppressed antec. Often a
mai/ have happened and perhaps did further step toward brevity is taken,
happen, see G. 226, 2, n. 2. See the and such a clause as this
in place of
examples in L. and S. s.v. 'dv B. I. c. one with on we have an independent
18. cpTJfiT^v KaTT]-yopovvT€s supply : clause, sometimes even introduced by
Uk7]v. The fern, termination is used yap. Cf Isoc. VIII. 53, h 5e ttolvtcov
though €p7}/uLos is more
in this idiom, cr;(;6TAic«;TaTo^', ovs yap o/jLoAoyrjo'ai/jiei/ av
commonly of two terminations, and TTOVTjporaTovs eTvai rcou iroXirwj/ rovrovs
KUT-nyopcov €p7]fjLop, lu cxactly the sense irKTroTOLTOvs (pvAaKas r]yov[X€Qa rris tto\l-
required here, occurs in Dem. xxi. reias elvai, hut, what is of all things most
87. The ace. is cognate with Karrjyo- grievous ! we are wont to consider those
povvres. G. 159 ; H.716b. Cf. also the the commonivealth^s most trustworthy
common law phrases, ^lwk^iv ypacp-fjv, guardians whom we should count as the
prosecute an indictment, (fyevyeiu ypacpriv, meanest of our citizens.
defend a suit at law. The sense of the 21. Ka>(jia>S LOTTO 10$ the Clouds of :
hence simply, as a matter of course. dueireiOou. The first Se goes back to the
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 63
l>rern^('y^^.r
cravTa<;, krepov<; Se rou? TrdXai ov<; iyco XeycOy kol olrjOrjre'^ f£ ^^^\\
30 Selv TTyoo? eKeivov^ npcorov /xe dTroXoyTJcacrOaL' kol yap
vfjiei^ eKeivoyv rrporepov r^KovcTare KaryjyopovpTcop, kol ttoXv
18
which he pro- 18
d main statement of the preceding sent. of some order of topics
e
about the anonymous accusers, t Se posed to follow. For a fuller descrip-
. . . eiTTcTy. On the loose conversa- tion of cKeiuovs, see b above notice ;
tional structure of such sents., see that it refers to krepovs 5e rovs irdXaL.
Introd. 55. These old-time accusers^ though the
25. wo-irep o-KiafJiaxeiv /ere.: re Ka\ last-mentioned, were the most remote
used here to connect, not two different in thought, for Anytus and his crew
ideas, buttwo different ways of put- were actually present as roJvSe shows.
ting the same idea. Socrates would H. 69Gb.
be sure always to use his favorite 32. pointing to what has
€t€V : loelly
method of question and answer, and just been said, and implying that the
therefore crKiainax^'tv airoKoySvix^vov whole must be accepted by his hear-
for him would be practically iXeyx^ip ers as a matter of course. It is like
aTroKpiuofxevov.
jurjBei/hs By thus say- ^'
So far, so good " eo-rw often has !
ing one and the same thing twice over, the same force. Grammatical argu-
the speaker expresses his idea all the ments are used to prove that this ehv
more eifectively. is nothing more nor less than the al-
27.
d|ico(raT€ the two notions of
: ternative form used not infrequently
&^iov,worth (price) and right, are as in place of the opt. ei-qaau. The force
usual blended in this word, duly grant. of 5t^ is very much that of ele^, for it
Notice the persistent recurrence in indicates that the duty of making
various forms of the idea conveyed some plea must be taken for granted.
by ioairep iycSo \eycc. See Introd. 55. 33. T-qv SiaPoXriv : the prejudice pro- 19
29. ovs X67<o : refers to b above. duced by the slanders just described.
— otTJ0iiT€ KT€.: it was common for 34. €Vx€T€^_2£2ii!!£^- See on eo-x^/Aca,
a speaker to ask the court to approve 20 d, and cf, kclt 14, tV rvpavvl^a i.'
; a
;
64 HAATONOS
H. 841. —
TavTT]v: resumptively after avT 00 jjioaiav are involved in this con-
the interrupting clause of explanation solidation. The reference is to the
introduced by i^u. formal reading of the documents in
36. €l' Ti if at all. afieivov
: used — : a suit before the full court. On
without an expressed standard of auTcofioaia, see Introd. 69.
comparison because the opposite in- 5. very commonly, as here,
d8iK€i:
evitably suggests itself, "better in abiKeTu has almost tlie force of a pf.
any way than that I should not ac- One of its obvious meanings is adiKos
complish anything." el/iiL, which practically signifies, / have
19
rjTTco \6yov KpeirTOJ ttolcoi^ Koi dXXov^ ra avra ravra ol-
19 19
plans in man's thought) In Prot. 315 c, . to do) TTOiovurcou v/ulcou KanSos ra irpdy-
b c
Plato satirizes the astronomical lore fxara e^e/. See on ^ n y) ouSey, 17 b.
of Hippias. 12. ovx ws drtp.d^a)v : cfin e below,
7. aWovs . . . 8i8ao-Kcav : see Introd. Kai rovro y€ fxai 5o/<:eI KaKbv elvai.
anes put before the Athenians their aroi, die\€y€ro, aKOircou ottcos 6 KaKovjue-
own feelings against Socrates, he dra- vos virh rcou (Tocpiarcou kSo-juos e(pv, koI
matized a prejudice already existing. riaiu oLudyKais {hi/ ivhat necessary laws)
9. ScoKpdrT] rivd Krk. in appos. : €Kaara yiyuerai rcov ohpavioou •
aKKa Kai
with ravra. Por the force of rivd, rovs (ppovrl^ouras 'ta roiavra /j.(jopaii/ou-
Socrates answers aepo^arSo Ka\ irepi- cause these physicists looked into
(ppouu) rhu 'i]\iov, on air I tread and questions which were really beyond
oversee the sun. the sphere of man (ibid., y) rd fxev
10. <()curKovra Krk. : subordinated dvdpwireia irapei/res, rd haifiSvLa Se aKo-
to irepKpepSjXGVov. TTovures, 7)y V vr ai rd Trpoa'fjKoura
11. wv: referring to all statements irpdrreiv) and therefore arrived at
of the sort above mentioned. — oiire impotent conclusions (cf id. iv. 7. 6-7).
(j.€'ya ovr€ [xiKpov : a reenf orcement See on e/c rris Krk,, 26 e, and Introd. 10.
of tlie ouSeV stated disjunctively. Cf. 14. jXT] . . . <()v70i[jLi : Schanz brack-
21b and 24 a ; also for a similar locu- ets these "quia sanam
words:
tion, cf. Dem. IX. 5, oiire /xiKphu ovre interpret a tionem spernunt.'*
tjL€'ya ovdhv rcou ^eSurceu (that you ought Stallbaum punctuates '* "
^7; . . . <t>vyoi[XL \
66 HAATfiNOS
<^--i, [r
/L^"
19
15 aXXa yoLp ifJLOL tovtojv, <S apope<; KOrjvaioi, ovhev pLerecm,
^
fxaprvpa^ 8e avTQv<; vfxcjv tov<^ ttoXXou? TTape^ojxaiy koX
OL^LO) vfioi'^ dXXijXov^; SiSacTKeLV re kol (fypat^eiVy octol ifiov
have a strong case against him, for new topic, a glance is thrown back-
the charge would be so serious that ward {ovT€ ecTTiv), and the new
. . .
Socrates could not attempt to defend departure begins with the emphatic
himself. Socrates ironically attrib- oh'SL eo-Tii/ is equiv. to the following
does not touch him, but the physi- Introd. 12-14. Protagoras was not
cists only. living at this time. See Introd. 12.
18. ol ToiovToC elo-i: are in that 6. TovTcov "ydp cKaiTTos ktL : the
AnOAOriA SOKPATOYS, 67
ot6<; T ecnv lcov €t9 eKaarr^v tcou Trokecov rov^ veov^, 019 19
jj^
01 KaXXta tS
dXXoL, ^Ittttovlkov rovrov ovv dprjpofirjv —
15 ecTOP yap avrco ovo viee — oj KaAAia, rjv o eyco, et i^eu
teachers, see Prot. 316 cff. araaOai), proceed to make them, etc.
ntiU05-' ^M J
•o\iTU<r]<;, eTTicrrriixoyv
TTO ecrrtit/ ;(jot^at yap a-^eQ^/jc^/^at Stct 20
rjrjv rcov viecov KTrjCLv. ecm rt?, e<^^ eyco, t) jqu; llai/i;
20 20
25. Eil-qvos ktL: not a word is wasted 27. €[Ji|Ji€\(5s : synonymous with
b c
in this answer, upon the brevity of cp66i)s. Its opposite is TrAT^yU/^eAws (dis-
prob. measures accurately the value a man sees tlie truth which a particu-
attached to it by his contemporaries, lar error caricatures, he will not re-
and places him and his teaching in nounce his error; to denounce error
the second rank. Protagoras charged as such is therefore not enough.
100 minas. There have been attempts Thus far Socrates has argued against
to distinguish between a younger and the grossly erroneous popular opinion
an elder Evenus, both of whom came of himself; now he proceeds to exhibit
from Paros and wrote elegiacs. If the truth. His upright conduct has
there were two. allusion is here made been exasperating, for obedience to
to the elder. God has led him to defy men.
26. €1 4'xoi Kal SiSacTKCt: in the 1. a\X', c5 2wKpaT€s /ere. objections :
€X€t vovv ovdeua. Eur. Bacch. A27 fl., taken in its usual sense of good name
(Tocphv 5' CLTrex^ti/ TrpaTriBa <pp4va. re ire- or fame, but closely with dia^oArji/,
pi(r(TO)v IT a pa (poorwv' rh ttXtjOos both the name and the blame.
o Tl rh (pavXSrepov ivofXLCTe xpT^rai re 11. aXK* r| : this collocation with
(whatever the multitude of loivlier men ovdeu indicates that aAA' ij from
arose
puts faith in and practises) rod' au the use of aAAos. For a case where
dexoi/iiap. That (Tov . . . irpayjxarevojxi- ^AAos precedes it, cf. 34 b.
vov [although as you saij you have been 12. 'd(r\r]Ka: I have become pos-
doing nothing) conveys a statement of sessed of and still have. See on eo-xere,
fact, not a supposition, is shown by 19 a, and Phaedr. 241 b, i^ovi/ -{]dr] iaxn-
ovBeu. The eTreira points the con- Kws Kal aeacocppovrjKcos, after he had
trast between two statements of fact, come to full understanding and gained
(1) crov (gen. after (prjiJ-T]) irpa-yixarevo- self-control.
and (2)
fxevov, ToaavrT) (p-fj/nr) yeyoueu. irotav . . . ravrr]v : this question
The words el fi-fj n . . . ol ttoAAoi (see treads upon the heels of the preced-
App.) re-state more mildly and as
(1) ing sent, so closely that did is not
a supposition. The evil report did
'^ repeated, noiau is in the pred.; we
not arise about you while you were might expand to noia aocpia iarlv avrr]
doing nothing out of the way, unless di' ^u rovro . . . ecrxVKa. H. 618.
your behaviour was eccentric." A 13. rjirep : sc. dia iKeiprjv rovro . . .
man may be eccentric and yet keep etrxT^/ca, ^Trep KrL, just that which.
.
70 nAATONOS
'V,,
/ >
KLvSvvevo) ravrrjv elvai cro^o?* ovtol 8e ra^ dv ov<; apn 20
20 20
e
OVK €X<«) KT€. iroiiical. Such
15. T) '.
^
spoken. Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 2, nec meus e
wisdom is one of two things, either hie sermo est sed quae prae-
superhuman or no wisdom at all. cepit Ofellus.) Eor a similarly
18. |Aii 0opvpT]crT]T€ : do not interrupt compressed statement, cf. iKauhu rhu
me with noise, strictly referring to the fidprvpa, 31 c. ''
A pred. adj. or subst.
moment fixed by iau 5o|co Kre. In is often a brief equiv. for one clause
21 a, and 30 c, the pres. is used (jut] of a compound sent.^' H. 618. i/aov
6opvl3€7Te) because the request is less and a|£oxpeaj»/ are both preds., and
precise, make no disturbance. GMT. special point is given them by their
8G; H. 874 a. position. This sent, is far more tell-
19. iiiya Xiynv: not of course in ing than what might be spun out of
the sense of speaking out loud (cf. Rep, it, sc. XeycD yap Xoyov Ka\ 6 Xoyos hu ipco
Y. 449 b, 6 'Adei/iiauros fxcya t/St? Xeycav, OVK i/biSs ear I, aXX' avoiaoo {sc. rhp X6-
beginning to speak above his breath), but you) els rhu Xcyovra ts cl^loxP^ccs vfuv
in that of [xeyaXiqyop^lv, as fxeya cppo- iariv. — ov av Xe-yw equiv. to hi/ [xeX-
:
with the audience by the allusion to 0OS KcXexfaas jUTjrphs eKirpa^ai (povov.
certain Euripidean strains. ( Cf. Eur. rr]s 7dp cfxris, el /ere. : it required
Erg. 488, Koi/K ijuhs 6 fivOos aW' e/A7)s skill as well as modesty to avoid
fxrirphs irdpa, not mine the word, I heard blurting out here with rijs eiujjs o-ocptas.
it from my mother. This line is paro- The el 577 Tis iari interrupts just in
died in Symp. 177 a, ^ ixev /moi apxh time. Cf Isocr. xv. 50, irepl fxev ovv
TOW x6yov iari Kara t))U Evpnri^ov rrjs ejurjs etre ^ovXeade KaXe7v dvvd-
M eXauiirTTT] p ov yap e/jths 6 jxv-
'
/mecos, €iTe <piXo(jO(pias, eXre ^larpilirjs,
Bos aWa ^aidpov rovdc. The same CLKT^Koare irao-av rrjv aXr]6eiav, now you
sentiment is found in Eur. Ilel. 513, have heard all the truth about my talent
\6yos ydp iariv ovk iiuhs, aocpcou 5' eTros, or methodical study or pursuit, which-
not mine the word; by clerkly men Hwas ever you like to call it.
.
AnOAriA SOKPATOYS. 71
crete. kol Sij irore kol €t9 AeXc^ou? ekOcov erokfjuqcre rovro
liavrevcracrOaL' kol onep Xeyco [jlt] dopv/Selre, o) avSpe^*
rjpero yap Srj ei rt? e/xov etT^ o'0(j)a>Tepo<;, avelXev ovv
20 21
21 . goes back to iroiav in d above.
ol'a: TODV. All these allusions had the ef-
e
22. XaLp€<|>wvTa certainly, if the : fect of influencing the court in favor
Athenians did not know Chaerephon, of what they were about to hear.
many a joke of Aristophanes at 25. <r<|>o8pos : Chaerephon was a
Chaerephon's expense was lost on born enthusiast, Cf Charm. 153 b,
them see below on line 25. He is
; XaLpe(poov Se, are koX fxaviKus wv, avairr]-
mentioned by Xen, (Mem. i. 2. 48) as brjaas eK jueawi/ eOei Trpos fxe. Aristoph-
one of those friends of Socrates 0% eKei- anes calls Chaerephon "a hat'^ (Birds,
vcp Gvvriaav ohx '^-va dr]jUL7}yopiKol yei/oiyro, 1554) Chaerephon and Socrates be-
;
aAA' iVa KaXoi re KayaOol yei/ofieuoL kol long to the jaundiced barefoot brother-
o'lKQ) Kol ohcerais koI (piXois koI iroXei Koi hood (Clouds, 104). Browning, Aris-
^
TToXirais ^vvcLivro KaXcos XPV<^^^^' tophanes' s Apology,
23. -u|X(ov Tw TrXfjOei : the rjKLaaTai In me 'twas equal balanced flesh rebuked
are here taken as representing the Excess alike in stuff -guts Gluuketes
Or starveling Chaerephon I challenge both.
whole people and here, as often, ttA^-
;
;
60s is eqiiiv. to SP/yuos, and means dem- 26. Kal St] 7roT€ KcA KTe. : well then
ocratic party. Cf. Lys. passim. — erai- really once. Cf 18 a. The regular way
pos : partisan. Cf. Gorg. 610 a, tyis of introducing a particular instance of
vTrapxov(T7}s TroXLreias kralpov eiuai, to be what has been stated generally. What
a partisan of the government in power. Chaerephon did at Delphi was an
24. Ti]V <|>vy'riv TavTT]v an allusion, : instance of his acpoBporrjs.
which no one present could fail of TovTO : a cognate ace. after /uaurev-
understanding, to the exile from (TaadaL in anticipation of ijpero Kre.
Avhich all conspicuous democrats had For rovro referring forward, see H.
only four years before returned (in 696 a. For a similar ace. after /mau-
403 B.C.). The Thirty Tyrants were reveadai, cf Eur. Ion. 346 f ., IH. 6 5'
the authors of this banishment; cf. eKredels (exposed) ttols ttov ^uriv ; el(Top%
Xen. Hell. ii. 4. 1, irpoeL-jrov fxev ro7s (pdos (alive) ? KP. ovk oihev ovdeis.
€^co TOV KaraXoyov (not registered on rcLvra Koi /mavr evo /xa i
their catalogue of 3000 oligarchical sym- 27. oircp . Xe-yo) : I repeat, lit. just
pathizers) jXT) €laL€i/ai els rh 'ol(Ttv. (pev- ichat 1 am saying. Cf. 17 c and 20 e.
y6vT(t}v 5e els rhu TLeipaLa, koI eVreu- 28. dv€iX€v ovv rEvGCa: ovv closes •x\
21 ^ b^ 't.^.^h
21
oracle in question is lost, but we have a tainty to the stress ^bf Stj.' Notice
a
very fair substitute in :^o(l)hs :Xo({)ok\7js that Socrates^s long struggle [^xoyis
(Tocpdorepos 5' Evpnridrjs \
avhpobv 5e tvolv- -nivo) dramatized in these short,
is
Toju (or CLTrdurcoy) ^ooKpanqs aocpdoTaros. quick sents., which suggest a man
See the Schol. on Arist. Clouds, 144. talking to himself. ov ^dp Gejxis it — :
Xe'^ci <|>acrK(ov : Xeyei here refers to TiKy ^pvov rex^JJ (with skill prophetic
the meaning and cpdaKwv to the words fraught) 6 5' avrhs vjulvcou, avrhs eV 9oivy
in which it was conveyed. Trapcav (marriage-feast) avrhs rdd' elirwVf
6. ov Sijiro-uof course I do not sup-
: avTos irrriu 6 Kravibv \
rov iralBa rhv
pose. TTov adds a shade of uncer- eyuoV. The hesitating tone adopted by
;
AnOAOriA 20KPAT0YS. 73
10 evravi
21 21
Socrates in mentioning this oracle is. This whole cfause was spoken
b c
(21 a), and his interpretation here, with special emphasis.
suggest that he himself would never 13. Trpos ov ciraGov: cf. Gorg. 485b,
have asked Chaerephon^s question djuLOLOTarou irdax^ irphs rovs (piXocrocpovu-
the question could he settled by hu- ras (tiffir^p irphs rovs xI/cXXl^o/jlcuovs Kal
man means and in such cases Socra- Tra'.(oyras, in the case of philosophers I
tes's practice agreed with the senti- feel just as I do about people who lisp
ment in Eur. Hel. 753 ff.. and are childish. Contrast the use of
irpos in such expressions as irphs ejxav-
The gods why question ? ISTay, we rather
rhv aKOTTcoi/, pondering in my mind ; irphs
should
aW-nXous (TKoiTovfX€Vy we consider among
With sacrificeapproach them, and a prayer
For what good, disdaining prophecy,
is . . . ourselves (cf irphs efxavrhv iXoyi^ofx-nv
What proi)hecy will lead the sluggard man in d below^).
to thrift ?
14. Kal 8iaX€"yop.€vos avrw strictly :
8. fAO^LS iravv : after a long strug- tuted before doKe7u (to seem) to avoid
gle, a qualification of eTretra irpairo- e5o|a in the unusual but possible sense,
firjuwhich repeats parenthetically the / came to the opinion. The same ana-
idea of ttoKvp xP^^^^- ^^^ ^ similar coluthon occurs both when the nom.
parenthetical qualification, see on ov part, precedes (cfXen. Jin. iii. 2. 12,
Kara rovrovs, 17 b. For the position Ka\ €V ^d/iievoi rrj 'Apre/uLidi oiroaovs
11. oTi: introducing direct quota- ovras (xovov airo-crelvai aKKa Kal rovs
tion, GMT. 79; H. 928b.— €0-t(: really airavras Mvri\7)uaiovs oaoL ^)8ajo"t, iiri-
:
74 nAATON05
21
KaXovvT es T7/Z/ a-TToo'Tafn?', taxing them gives a detailed specification of what 21
c d
with their revolt). is indefinitely stated in crjaLKpaj nvi.
19. irpos €[iavTov . . . €\o7itofJLT]V VII. 1. pointing back to the
ovv :
20. oTt . . . clfAi; not really de- mediately, vividly bringing up the
pendent like on oUlto in line 17, but moment of past time alluded to.
like on ouroal . ean . . in line 11 2. oTi d'7rT]x0a'Vo'|XT|v : this gives the
above. fact of which Socrates says he was al-
in theconnexion of thought. One of the sense of the colloquial " was get-
the many examples of ye repeated in ting myself disliked."
Horn, is //. V. 258, rovro) 5' ov irdKLV o^cos hi €5o'k€i: correl. with alo-Oavo-
aZdis airoiaerov odk€€s 'l-kitoi \
afxcpoo a(p' fxevos yueV, breaks out of the partic.
7)Hi?icov, €'i y ovv erepSs ye (pvyrjcnv. const. Socrates, in stating his deter-
24. avTcp TOVTU) : serves to prepare mination to do his duty, adopts a con-
the way for the clause with on, which versational style. See on e5o|e ^01 in
h^i /•.>
AHOAOriA 2aKPATOY2. 75
21 21
c above, and on aA\* et ^eV in 34 e be- ^ irXaTavov (plane-tree) ^ Kpiov (ram) ¥i
e e
low. Cf. also Lack. 19G e, rovro Keyco nuos dWov TOLOVTOV ols "^u /LL€y I ar o s
ov Trai^cou aAA' avayKOLOv oljuai ktL, I dir avT
p KG s \6y oj kvo}u,\ eir e it a
L
76 nAAT12NOS
22 22
him in thinking that he understood the oracle (cf. 22 c) while really he
a
a
it. was proving it to be irrefutable. This
11. a)(rir€p irdvovs tlvcls ttovoojvtos : achievement is ironically stated as
Herculean labors, as I via>j call
7)1?/ his real purpose. Cf 'iva used by
them; the gen. agrees with e^ioD im- Hom. in indignant or ironical ques-
plied in its equiv. 6/xt?v. G. 137, n. 1 tions, e.g. II. xiv. 364 f., 'Kpyeloi, koI
H. G91. The words -kovous ttovovvtos 5' avT€ /iL€6L€iu€u"EKTopL viKTiv \
lipiajxihriy
were sure to remind his liearers of iVa vr\as e\ri kol kv^os dprjrai, Argives,
several passages in the tragedians, and must we to Priam's son Hector again
where Heracles, a character endeared yield the day, that he on our ships may
to them chiefly by his heroic strug- lay hands and of renown? Soc-
be sure
gles, recounts his labors. Socrates rates was, he here implies, guided to
compares his own intellectual encoun- just the result which he least ex-
ters with the physical ones endured pected. This might easily suggest
by Heracles, and recounts in a half- the irony of fate, so tragically ex-
tragic vein these " labors " imposed of emplified in Sophocles's Oedipus the
God. Cf. Soph. Track. 1046 f. and King, which was first performed about
1089 ff., 429 B.C. and presumably was familiar
to the court. In clauses with 'ha
In many a heat, by fearful odds hard pressed,
With arms and straining back ere now I (eVet, and iTrei^), Kai is freq. used
strove . . . simply for greater stress. Cf. Gorg.
Hands, hands, my back, my breast, O arms 501c, (Tvyxo^pc^, iVa coi Kal TrepauOrj
of mine.
6 Xoyosyjust to help your argument on to
ye are the same whose sometime
Still, still,
strength its close. This is not like Kal fiauOd-
In haunts jSTcmean smote the shepherd's bane. voL/uLi below, b, where Kai means also.
And tamed the lion whom none dared ajD- The opt. clause iVa yevoiro depends
proach,
Or look on, etc.
upon TToyovvros, which represents the
impf. G. 204, N. 1 ; II. 856 a.
Cf. Eur. II. F. 1255-1280, and esp. Kal Tovs aWous: see the pas-
14.
the chorus, 348-455 ; Browning in sage from tlie Ion quoted in the note
Aristophanes's Apologij translates the on c below. The Kooixcp^ioTToioi are
whole of this play. — I'va |jioi Kal Krh. : hardly included here. The idea that
Socrates, assuming for the sake of the genuine poet was a being endowed
his point an attitude of opposition with exceptional wisdom was common
says that he thought he was refuting in ancient times. Cf Arist. Poet. 9. 3,
— . . —
AnOAOriA 20KPATOY2. ^ /
22 22
<pL\o(TO(p6T^pov (more philosophical) koI ways. Hence they are appropriately
b c
aTTOvdaiorepou [worthier) ir air] a is laro- coupled by means of Kai. Cf 18 b.
pias (prose narrative of facts) icxriu. <|)vo-€i: by (grace of) nature. Here
17. 7r6Trpa7|xaT€iJ<r0at : used here used to express what Plato elsewhere
as a pass.j as is made evident by means by dei% /notp-;, by the grace of
avroLs, the dat. of the agent. G. 188, heaven. Acts done cpvcrei are done un-
8, and 197, 2; H. 769. See also consciously, are inspired by something
App. —
SfqpwTwv av : see on 20 be- below the surface of our every-day
low. selves, whereas conscious acts are, if
18. IV* ajia /CT6. mentioned as a : right, guided by t€xpv and aocl)La, art
subordinate end to be reached b}^ the and wisdom. Cf Ion, 533 e-534 c, irdy-
way. For /cat, see on 11 above. T€s yap 0% re tu^v iiruv iroi7]Tal (epic
aicrxvvo|xai : this discovery was dis- poets) 01 ayadol ovk e/c r^xvn^ (^-^^
creditable to the poets, and Socrates of knowledge of their art) dAA' evOeoi
hesitates to mention it. For this same (inspired) ovres koI Karex^fJ-evoi (pos-
borrowing of shame from another's sessed) irdvra ravra ra Kaka Keyova
actions, see Crit. 45 d and e. When ironjjuLaTa, Kai ol juLeXoTroiol (lyric poets)
ai(TX'^i'^(TSoLL means feel shame at the ol ayaOol waavrcos . . are ovv ov re x^V
thought of an action, it takes the inf., as TTOiovvTes (writing poetry) aWa Qeia
here, instead of the partic. Socrates fioipa, rovTO fiovov oTos re eKaaros
feelsshame at the idea of telling TToieTv Ka\a)s, €0* h tj Movaa avrov
what nevertheless must be told, be- u)pfjL7]aev, 6 fx\v SiOvpaia^ovs (one can
cause it is the truth. write dithyrambs), 6 5e eyKco/nia (hymns
20. ot irapovTcs : those who were of praise), 6 5e viropxrifxara (choral
present, i.e. the bystanders. Hence av songs, accompanied by a lively dance),
€/\eyoy, used with the same iterative 6 5' €7177 (epics), 6 5' Id/nPovs (iambics)
force as ^irjpdjTcoy av above. GMT. . . . dia ravra 5e 6 Oehs i ^ai p ov /x€ vo s
30,2; II. 835. rovrcov rhv vovv (taking all reason
23. <j>v(r€i Tivl Kai cvGovcrta^ovTes : out of them) rovrois XPV'^^'' oTrrjpcrais
the dat. cpvaei and nom. partic. charac- Kol ro7s xpVf^P-V^o^s Kai ro7s /xavreaL
terize the same subj. in two parallel ro7s € io IS
78 HAATONOS
22 22
27. TJcr0ofn]V oto|i€va)v : like olkovov- 4. T^TTio-TavTo without
: they hneic, -,
c
r€s i^c-raCo/jL€i^wu, 23 c. The acc. oc- any implication that they have ceased
curs in 20 a, hu rjadofnju eTribTi/jLOvura. to know at the time when he speaks.
Cf. Xen. Mem. ii. 2. 1, alaOofiepos 6. oirep KaC, Kal ol /ere. : this repe-
IT ore Aa/UTT p kX€ a rhv irpecr^vTarov tition of Kai is idiomatic in correl.
vlhv eavrov irphs ri)V ixr]r^poL ;^aA.67rai- sents., and may be represented by one
vovra (in a passion ivith his mother). Eng. word, also. With ol TroLrjTai it
28. o-ocfjcoTCLTcov : pred. agreeing with is easy to supply exovaiu from the
olo^ei/oiVy Avhich contains the subj. of exeiv of the leading clause; similar
ehat.— dvGpwTTcov : part. gen. G. 108; cases are very frequent in Greek.
H. 650. — OVK OL TJo-av : sc. aocpoi. Cf. 7. Sid TO KT€.: here begins the ex-
Xen. Mem. iv. 6. 7, o iirio-raTaL eKaaros, planation which the preceding clause
TovTo Kol aocpos icrriu. On the acc. demands, yap might have been added,
of specification, see G. 160, 1 H. 718. ; i.e. dia yap rh . . . i^epydCeaOai, or, rrju
yill. 1. TeXevTwv finaJlij. For : yap rex^V^ i^€pya(6juLevos /ere.
7^) ;
juev same prece-
also takes the ypcoaei, au ra fxei^u) eXOys, idcras
iirl
dence. As a rule, yi comes imme- ^St; (f)i\o(TO(piav, you shall know if once
diately after the word which it empha- you proceed to affairs of kmjer concern
sizes, or else between the noun and and give up philosophy once for all,
its art. Cf. also Xen. An. ii. 6. 16, and in
AnOAOriA 20KPATOY2. 79
ovy eixdvTco Koi ro) ^(jprjo'iJLco on [xoi Xv&irekoZ cocnrep e^oj rJi
15 e)(eLv.
%X^^^- III both the order is just the vvojxcL rovro. The nom. aocpos leads
reverse of the natural Eng. one. In back to the main statement noWal
Lat., tlie corresponding idioms follow airexOeLai juloi yeyouacri, which, how-
the same order with the Greek. ever, dwells in the speaker's mind as
12. jiT]T€ Ti t1 strengthens
: the aTrex^T^/xaz. ao<p6s agrees ace. to rule
negation jx-qre. Cf ovn, iU7]Ti. with the nom. subj. of this awcxOvH-cLt-
IX. 1. St]: here used by way of G. 13G, N. 3 H. 940.; If ip,^, the ace.
closing and summing up the previous subj. of XeyecrOai, had been expressed
line of argument. On & ixt/^pes 'AOii- instead of understood, this nom. would
23
pa7oi, see Introd. p. 49, n. 4. not have been possible. etvai the — :
2. olai xaXcTTwrarai sc. elai, ex- inf. ehai is idiomatically used with
a :
plained by places where the same pred. nouns or adjs. after duofxdCeiu,
idiom is expanded, e.fj. Xen. Mem. iv. di'o/j,d(ea6at, and the like. Cf Rep. iv.
8. 11, ifiol ixev Bt] eSc^/cei \_'^ooKpdTr)s'] 428 e, ouofxdCoj/rai rives elvaiy are called
roiovTos eJi/ai oTos hu e'ir] &pL(TT6s re Kal by certain names. Prot. 311 e, aocpia-rrjv
evdaijuQj/ecrraTos. ovofxd^ovcTL rhu auBpa Lack. 192 a,
elvai.
4, ovofia 8e tovto Xiyea-Qai : instead S) '^iWKpares, rl \eyeis rovro h eV iracnv
80 HAATONOS
77/009 aocpCav. ravr^ ovv eyo) fiev en kol vvv rrepiichv t^r^rco
23 23
a 6 j/o/adC^ Ls T ax^'^V'^ ^ ^Ivai, Soc- Or. 1 6. 52, rem difficile m, di im-
a
rates, what do you mean hij (how do you mortales, atque omnium dif-
define) this common quality which in all ficillimam, a thing which, heaven
these expressions you call quickness? knoivs, is hard ; or rather, hardness can
5. ravra: see on h ovk ^aav, 22c. no farther go.
— a: c/, Euthyd. 295a, T^Sto-ra ravra 9. rovro Xe-yeiv sc. on
: avBpcoTrivr] rj
cognate ace, which, in such colloca- real knowledge. The meaning of his
tions, is almost invariably a pron. of dark saying about my being the wis-
some sort. G. 159 and n. 4; H. 725 c. est of men is simply that human '
Kal ovScvos
8. brought in as a*. a case where the ellipsis is a simpler
climax after oKiyov. Cf Theaet. 173 e, one, cf Xen. Cyr. i. 3. 2, r](nrd(6r6
Kai epevvo) Kara top 9e6v, Kal rcov acTTMv Kal ^ev(x)v av 23
15 TLva oL(x)fJiaL (TO(f)OP elpau* Kal kireiZav jjlol [xtj Sokt], rco 9eco
23 23
. Just why I have come to you. G. 160, 2, more than a hundred times that sum.
b
N. ; H. 719 c. The object is omitted C. How comes it then that you are
as in Gorg. 603 d, iav Cv^ris Ka\a>s, so rich and I so poor ? S. My
evp'f)(reis, if you search in the right ivay, income provides amply for all my
you shall find. Cf. eideuai below in d. wants, but for your wants you need
Kal |€v«v: notice the not un-
14. three times as much as you have.'*
usual grouping under one art. of two The possession of five minas must have
words connected by Kai. placed Socrates in the lowest of the
15. Tw 06W poT]da>v: cf. on virep rov four classes established by Solon, that
Xprif^H-ov, 22 e. of the drires. Originally this lowest
18. €V ire via jjLvpicji : cf. Legg. iii. class had few political duties and
677e, fxvpiau TLva (pofiepav iprj/uiiav; Rep. no political rights later on, a law
;
vii. 520 c, /jLvpicf} ^4ktiov. Cfi Xen. proposed by Aristides gave them the
Oecon. ii. 1-4, where Critobulus and same rights as tlie others.
Socrates converse substantially as fol- 19. rx\v Tov 0€ov \aTp€iav: cf.
lows ^* C. I have gained reasonable
: Phaedr. 24:4: e, t) fxavia eyyevo^ivq koX
self-control ; therefore, Socrates, give Trpo(p7]T€vaaaa oTs eSet, airaWayTju evpe-
me any hints you can : tell me the best roy Karacpvyovaa irphs Qeoou euxas re koX
way manage my property.
to But AarpeiaSf madness intervened and by
perhaps you think me already quite prophesying to those who ivere in straits
rich enough. S. That is my own found relief by recourse to prayer unto
ease, not yours. I am sure that I am the gods and the observance of their rites.
a rich man, but I consider you pov- The dat. (less freq. the gen.) with ver-
erty-stricken, and sometimes I am bal nouns occurs chiefly after nouns
quite worried about you. C. I like such as KcLTpeia and evxht which ex-
that, Socrates! For heaven's sake press the abstract idea of the act
do be good enough to tell me what denoted by the verb but Plato uses ;
price you imagine that your property both the gen. and dat. with vTrrjpeTrjSj
would fetch, if sold, and what mine and the gen. with iniKovpos; while the
would sell for. S. I am sure a fair dat. with /3orfd6s is familiar in many
buyer would be glad of the chance of Greek authors. In the const, with
getting my house and all my property vTTTjpeaia below, 30 a, the dat. rep deep
for five minas (about eighty-five takes the place of the gen. here.
dollars). I am sure you are worth X. 2. avTo^aroi :
of their own motion,
:
82 HAATONOS
I^X /-^«o,»<4^ 'fi^c^Aq ^^Ac^^.u^ '^ ^-^ ^^- c^W
-)(aipovcnv aKOvoifTe<^ e^era^o/xeVo)^ rcoz^ avOpconcov, koI 23
avrol 7roWdKi<^ e/xe /xl/xo^)^'^at, elr' eTn^eipovcnv aXXou?
5 i^erdl/eiv' fcavreira, ot/xat, evpiorKova TroWrjV dcf^Ooviav
oloixivcov jxep etSeVat rt dvOpcoTrwv, elSoTcov ok 6\iya rj
especially the implication of tovtovs 12. TO, KaTct iraVTWv /ere. : ravra
ireiBovaishould be noticed. Cf. Prot. means the familiar well-worn com-
317e-319a, where Protagoras is rep- monplaces. These may be found in the
resented as giving a very taking ac- Clouds of Aristophanes. XenophoU;
count of his own teaching for the referring specifically to the \6y(av
benefit of young Hippocrates. rexvr],which is not lost sight of here,
4. fiifjiovvrai, etr £iriX€ipovo-iV /ere. uses almost the words of our text in
they are for imitating me, and then they Mem. i. 2. 31, rh Koivrj roh (ptXoaScpois
undertake, etc. No sequence in
strict virh rcou iroKXCov iTririjudo/jLevou iirKpepcov
time is here marked by dra, although avrw, (Critias) making against him the
their readiness to imitate must logi- charge made hij the many against phil-
cally have preceded the acts in which osophers in general. Cf. 18 b c, 19 b,
their imitation consisted. For a most and see on ^ yap &<p^\ov, Crito, 44 d.
lively description of the early symp- 13. oTi TO, |JL6T€'ci>pa Krk. '. thc sense
toms of such imitators, cf. Rep. vii. requires that from line 10 S/Saor/ccov
stituted for jjiifxovvTai, needlessly, since ddaKcou diacpdeipeL rovs veovs. On this
this use of dra, where Kara would implied SiSacr/cwj/ depend (1) the two
seem more natural, is quite common. aces, ra liiereccpa, ra virh yrjs, and (2)
Cf. 31 a, and also Xen. Mem. ii. 2, 14, the two infs. vo^l^^lv and noieTi/. Cf
Tovs aj/BpccTTOvs (pvhd^T^ 1X7] (re aladSjjLeyoi 26 b and 19 b.
AnOAOriA SfiKPATOY^. 83
vjxcov TOL Zra kol irdXaL kol vvv o'(f)oSpco<; Sia/3dXXoi^T€<;. e/c
23
^ 14. TO, oXt^Gt) ; the truth, namely otl personal animosity, —
that I am now
23
KarddifjAoi Krk. Eng. idiom requires a attacked by, etc.'' R. In spite of
sing, or an abstract noun more fre- 19 a, Tj Brj Kal TTLo-rcvcou McXtjtos, which
quently than the Greek, e.g. ravra states the fact here alluded to, "in
often means this. H. 635. Cf. Phaed., consequence of" Avould here be an
62 d, aW
av6r]TOs /xhu auOpooTros rdx* inappropriate translation for Sk. On
tij/ olrjdeir} ravra, (pevKreou eJj/ai airh the accusers, see Introd. 30.
rod beairSrov, but a fool might perhaps 21. virep Twv TTOi'qTwv, 8t]|xiovpy(3V)
think this, that he ought to run away TToXiTiKwv, p-qTopwv wc must not press
:
Xen. Oecon. iv. 2 and 3, where Socra- XI. 2. irpos vjAOts, irpos MeX-prov : b
tes is represented as saying that the cf. 18 a, aTToKoyr^aaaOai irphs ra varepa
mechanical arts enervate men's bodies (sc. Kar7}yopr]jUieua) Kal rovs vcrrepovs {sc.
and womanize their souls. Also (ibid. Kar7\y6povs) ; the Greek idiom is airoKo-
vi. 7) where Socrates again is made yeTadai irphs (1) rovs hiKacrrds, (2) rovs
to say that in case of an invasion the Karrjyopovs, (3) ra Karriyop-iqfx^va. In
24 '^^X^'^'^^'- will prove cowards. Eng. the idiom is to plead (1) before
^ 26. TavT €<rTiv vjjliv there you havey : the court, (2) against the accusers,
etc., "just what I promised to tell (3) against (to) the accusations.
you at the beginning of my speech.'' 3. Tov d-YaBov t€ Kal cIjiXottoXiv :
27. 'U'7ro(rT€i\d}jL€Vos : the meaning that upright and patriotic man. The
here is illustrated by many places in addition of i^s (^rtai suggests that few
Dem., e.g.y xxxvii. 48, koX tw ^-nhlv or none encourage Meletus in " laying
ujroareWSfxeuou jur}^^ alaxvuSfieuov K\a- this flattering unction to his soul."
ria^Lv KoL 6^upe7a9ai, hij Ms readiness 4. avGts . . . av : once more . . . in
to resort to absolutely/ undisguised and turn. A
strong distinction is made
shameless wailing and lamentation. See between the serious accusation of the
also XIX. 237, audyK-n 5e, <5 dudpes 'Adrj- first accusers, those who have preju-
vcuoLy fiera Trappr}aias biaXexO'qvai /j.7jd€V diced the public mind, and that of
Meletus.
28. Tois avTois sc. by just such un-
: 5. wo-TTSp crcpwv TOVTtov 6vr(ay Ka-
disguised and unmitigated statements. niYo'pwv as if these were a second set
:
29. avTTi, ravra i both pred. .of accusers. Cf 19 b, icairep oZu KarrjyS-
;
AnOAOriA SOKPATOYS. 85
con) are based upon those of his real Tr€pi rrjs ^vxvs ^Is dyccua KaTaarr](rai,
accusers (public prejudice and mis- the ephors had poiver both to supersede
representation). and to imprison the magistrates and to
6. €\€i 8e ircos cJSe : irdosy substan- bring them to trial for their lives.
tialli/, implies that the quotation is 14. wv not dependent upon ovdeu
:
not literal. See Introd. 31 and 66. Of. which is an adv. ace. See on TovTcoy,
Xen. Mem. ii. 1, 21, UpSBiKos irepl . . . 26 b.
T7)s apsr7]s airocpaiverai (cBe ttojs Xeyoov. 15. rovTia : gives greater vividness
7. <t)T]<rtv : Meletus, already named than auTw would give.
as the chief accuser. 16. Kal vfjitv :
" so that you can see
9. T6€7K\iifia: see Introd. 67. it as plainly as I can."
11. I7W 86 7€: see on 22 d. XII. 1. Sevpo, elire: come^and tell
12. o-ttovStj xapiivrit^irai : this is me. Cf. below, Wi Br) vvv elirc. devpo
an o^v/iLoopoi/ ; for xapievTiXeo-^at is akin* is freq. found instead of epxov, ixOe.
to the subst. to which, naidid,
iraiC^iu, Cf Theaet. 144 d, ®eaiT'r)Tef Sevpo irapa
is the contradictory of cnrovZi], " Me- ^(joKpoLTf], come here, Theaetetus, and
letus treats a serious business (an sit by Socrates. Homer has a similar
accusation involving life and death) idiom. Cf Od. xvii. 529, epx^o, ^evpo
as playfully as though the whole mat- KaXiatTov 'iv auriov avrhs iuicnrr), come,
ter were a joke." Cf. 27 a. summon him hither, that face to face he
13. els dycava Ka0i<rTas aywu is the : may tell me himself On the cross-ex-
usual word for a suit at law; hence amination, see Introd. 71. aXXo ti t| — :
:
86 HAATONOS
^Eycoye. '^IOl Srj vvv elire rovroi^ tl<; avprov<; ^e\TL0V<; TTOiei;
^
BrjXov yap on olcOa, fxeXov ye (tol, ''top [xev yap hia(f>6eL
5 poPTa i^evpcoVyOj^ (f>rj^,ilJie eio'dyei<^ tovtoktI Kal KarrjyO' ^L..^,
pel^ '
TOP Se St) ^eXTiov^; rroiovvra Wl elrre Kal jjiijpvcroi^ ^"^
aurot? Tt9 icrriP. 9pS.<;, o) MeXrjre, on cnya^ Kal ovk e^ei<^ ^
elnetp ; Kairpi ovk ala^pop cot ooKei elpai Kal iKapop re-
KfjiijpLOP ov Srj iyo) Xeyo), on croi ovSkp [xeixeXrjKep ; dXX*
10 elm, d)ya9e, tl(; avTov<^ dixeipov^ woiel ; Oi pofiOL. ^AXX*
6v Tovro epayro), c5 jSeXricrre, aXXd tl^; dpOpcorro^, ocrrt? e
TTpcoTOP Kai avro tovto olhe, tov<; pop^ov^., Gvtol, S) Xco-
Kpare^;, ol ^iKacrrai. Iloi? Xeyei<;, S) MeXrjre ; olSe rov^
peov^ TTaiSeveiP oloi re elon Kal jSeXriov^; TToiovcri; Met-
is Xtcrra. / Horepop dirapTe^y rj ol pep avTcop, ol S' ov; "^ Kirap-
T€9. ES ^i p^ rrjp '^Hpap XeyeL<g Kal ttoXXtjp d(j>9opiap rayp
ox^eXovPTOJP. Ti Se Sij ; olSe ol aKpoaral /SeXriov^ ttolov-
(TLP Tj ov ; Kal ovroi. Ti 3e ol /SovXevraC; Kal ol /Sov- 25
24 24
this idiom, in Plato generally with- occasions the magistrate ela-dyciu, to
c d
out the i], is an abbreviated form of biHng into court, the suit.
question, is it otherwise than, etc., 6. TOV 'sroiovvra ctirc Kal (jltJvvctov:
which always leads up to the answer for the ace. after /uLrji/veiv, cf. Andoc. i.
" assuredly " or " most undoubtedly." 13, TOudSe ^Kv^pojjLaxos i/mrjuvaev.
H. 1015 b. Here the answer is im- 7. Tis lo-Tiv: cf. King Lear, i. 1,
plied by e7aj7e. where Cordelia says to her sisters
4. Tov 8ia4>0€ipovTtt : having discov- I know you what you are.
ered their corrupter in me, yon bring me the pres. because Socrates
9. Xc-yo) :
before this court and make your accusa- is only maintaining what he has just
tion. In Eng clearness requires a asserted. The ellipsis with ixefi4K7]K€v
repetition of the e>e, which in Greek is readily supplied from the context.
(Introd. 70), but not infrequently it except the bLKaarai, who have been
is said of the plaintiff, whose charge mentioned. See on 27 b.
AnOAOriA SOKPATOYS. 87
25 diroKpivai •
77 kol nepl Ittttov^ ovro) <jol Sokel e^eiv •
ol
25 25
19. d\V apa /ere. : cf. Euthjd. 290 e, standing (eiririixoL)were members of
a a
5n. aAA' apa, S) irphs Al6s, firj 6 Kr'fjanr- the public assembly (eKKK-qaia) at
ravT
iros fjv 6 elirdop, iyco Se ov fiejuurjiuai; Athens.
KP. Tro7os KT-fjannros; S. Whi/ then, good 27. TovvavTtov irdv quite the re-
:
gracious ! have I forgotten, and was it verse, an adv. ace. perhaps of measure
Ctesippus who said it ? C. Ctesippus? or content. Cf. Gorg. 516 e, dAAa roSe
rubbish ! Questions with /jlt} take a neg- fxoi e<7re eVl tovtqj, et Keyourai ol *A6r]i'a7oL
ative answer for granted. The use of 5ia riept/cAea fieXriovs yeyovei/ai, ?) Trav
6,pahere marks tlie last stage in Soc- Tovvavriov ^lapOaprjuaL vtt eKeiuov.
rates's exhaustive enumeration. Only In 47 b c d, Socrates appeals from
Crit.
the iKK\7](naaTai are left. *'
Somebody the many and ignorant to the few, or
in Athens is corrupting the youth. to the one who has special knowledge.
We have seen that it is nobody else, 29. 8ia(J>0€tpov<riv : by its emanci-
hence possibly it is these gentlemen." pation from the government of 5o«:e7
But this is absurd, hence TrduTes apa this statement is made especially vig-
'A6'nya7oi ktL —
ol eKK\T]<rtacrTat this : orous. The transition has already been
has probably crept into the text, and half made by eh ixev ns, where in-
was originally a marginal note, put in stinctively we supply io-ri in spite of
by way of giving a word parallel to
aKpoarai and ^ovKevrai. There was 31. TTcivTws S-riirov: before this Soc-
good reason for varying the sameness rates waits a moment, to give Meletus
of discourse by saying ol eV rfj e/c/cAry- opportunity to answer.
(Tia. There seems less reason for put- 32. ov <|)TJT€ the answer no is made
:
ting this last idea in two ways. All prominent by the order of clauses.
Athenians twenty years of age in full iau oi) (prjT€, if you say no, iav /j.^ (pVTe,
; : ; :.
88 HAATONOS
ov <pd(TKr), €p€cr96 /ere. For the use of last is the pun upon Meletus's name
/XT), cf. Dem. xxi. 205, au r iyca (poo, &y (cf. also 26 b), for which the constant
re fiT) (pco. — ttoWt] , . . €vSai[j.ovia recurrence of the idea of fxe^eX-qKe
here rls applied to an abstraction par- (variously expressed, e/jLeArjcreu and
ticularizes it. Thus the ev^aiixovia is Tre^i TToWov iroiel in 24 C, fxeXov 76 aoi
The connexion of thought requires an Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old, . .
intervening prot., or some qualifying Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast
Gaunt am I for the grave gaunt as a grave.
;
adv. like ^Ikotws. This implied prot.,
with its apod., goes with el diacpOeipei^ XIII. 1. CO irpos Atos M€\tit€ : for
oxpeAovaiv. Cf 30 b and, for a case the same order, cf Men. 71 d, ah 5e
where di:<aicos represents the prot. re- avTOS, S> irphs 6ewv Mepcoy Kre. For
quired by the sense, Xen. Aji. vii. 6. a different order, see 26 b, Crit. 46 a.
15, ei 5e irpoaOeu avrc^ Trdurcou [xaKiara. In 26 e the voc. is not expressed.
(piAos Sop, vvv nduTcov diaipopcoTaTos 3. (3 Tav: my friend, or my good
(most at variance) elfjn, ncos au en friend. Cf. Dem. i. 26, aAA' d> rdu,
S IK ai CO s . . . v(p^ vfjLOov alriav exoifii ovxl ^ovK'fio-eTai. Tlie orthography is
c 34. CTTtSe iKvvo-ai : the mid. perhaps much disputed, and we find co rav,
implies criticism of Meletus's bearing, dorav, and (5 Vav.
since i'/rL^eiKuua-dai and em^ei^is are 4. Tovs CYYVTaTO) lavrav ovras
used of pretentious performances. i.e. those who were most unavoidably
Here, however, e-KL'^eUvvaai means influenced by them.
—
/
AnOAOriA SfiKPATOYS. 89
H y eyycoKOL
yci}Ka<^
AL&ra
on ol piky
TTkinaiov eavTOjy, ol oe
KaKo\Kajc6v n
ayauoi ayauov
epydt^vraC del rov^
eyco^oe^-oin et? e
/xa-
rerauoTpixa Kol ov ttolvv evyeueioif, iiri- (pdeipw. More usually the verb of the
ypvTTou 5e, a young person zvho, I con- subord. clause is implied and that of
ceive, is not much known: his name is the leading clause expressed. Socrates
Meletus and Pitthis is his deme, pei^- — believed that all sin was involuntary,
haps i/ou remember a Meletus of Pitthis, ovdels €'(cvu auaprdveL. See Introd. 17.
who has rather a beak, a scrubbed beard, 21. Kal oKovo-iwv strictly speaking ^^
:
90 Jj^ HAATONOS
himself. See Introcl. 65. For the — GMT. 95, 2 c. For an entirely differ-
gen. of the charge after clcrdyeLu, see ent case, cf. 39 a, where rh airoQaveiv
on €i(rdyeiu, 24 d. represents Qdvarov.
23. iravo-ofxai vre. from iroico we : XIV. 2. TouVwv : see on wv, 24 c. b
must supply ttoicou with iravaoixai. Such — ovT€ jJie^a ox)T6 |xtKpov: a stronger
an ellipsis as this is obvious, and way of saying ovdeu. The whole is
therefore not uncommon. See App. adv., and therefore in the cognate
25. €c!>u'y€S «:t6. : tjou declined. So- ace. rather than in the gen. See G.
crates offered Meletus every op- 160,2, and 159, n. 2; H. 719 b.
portunity for such an effort. See 3. o|xws 8€ St] : all the carelessness
Introd. 25. The compound diacfyevyetv of Meletus is accumulated in o/ncos,
in this sense is more common, but cf. and thus the adversative force of Se
Eur. Heracl. 595 f., avroi 5e irpocm-- is enhanced, while S-f) brings the state-
deures [imposing] dWoiaiu ttSpovs, va- ment of contradiction to a point; that
phv aeaa^adaL (when theij might be wholly is, 5r) marks transition from a general
spared), (pev ^6 jULsada /ht] 0ave7p. to a special account of tt^i/ rov MeX-f)-
From this quotationappears that it rov a/ii€\€iau.
fxr] might have been used before ^vy- 4. Tj 8tjXov appends a more precise
:
ycveadai and Bidd^ai. See Arnold's edit. and pressing question to the first, and
of Madvig's Sgntax^ 156, Rem. 3. anticipates the answer. In Lat. an
For cases of eK<pevy^iv qualified by a is used in this way. The ellipsis m
neg. and followed by rb fxi) ov and /j,^ OTL Kara kt€. is to be supplied from
ov, cf. Soph. 225 b, ovk€t iKcpev^^rai 7ra>s /iie <prjs diaipOeipctu
(sc. 6 ao(pi(TT7}s) . . . rh fi}] ov rov 6. ravra : does not go with X^y^is
y4vovs (hind) eivoLi rov riav 6avjj,aT0- but with BLddaKcoj/.
:
AnOAOriA 20KPAT0YS. 91
«^-/' J(h^
26
Acyo).
Aeyo). ITpo^ avToyp roivvv,
ITp ch MeXyire, tovtcop rS)v 6ea)p ojv
';\^-i
vyv 6 \6yo<^ ecrriV, €i7re erx &a(f)e(TT€pop /cat e/xol f^ai rot?
10 Spot TOVTOLCTL, vvafxaL iJiaOeiv irorepov c
aCTL
26 26
ovv vre. Meletus agrees
7. iravv |X€V (a) di^daK€iv riuas Oeovs and (h) Kal
b : . . .
c
and asserts with all his might and avrhs 6,pa . . . on krepovs, — which is
main, / assure you exactli/ that is what described as the inevitable result of
I do mean. irdt/u and acpS^pa give (a). In 11. there are two subdivisions :
strength to the assertion ravra \eyco (c) ovr€ . . . Qeovs, — which contradicts
(of. 26 a), oi)v signifies agreement with (6), —
and (d) rovs re ^i^daKeiu, . . .
—
Socrates, and fx€v (a weakened ^'}]v) which contradicts (a), but is not stated
gives him the assurance of it. as the result of (c). After making
8. (OV d \d70s : that is, ovs \€yo/iiej/. his first point (a), Socrates, carried
A prep, is more usual, but compare away by the minute zeal of explana-
Thuc. i. 140. fS, rh M.€yap€(ay x^/'ljcpiaiJ.af tion, states {!)) independently of \4yeis.
with id. 139. 1, rh irepl yieyap4o)U ^p-fj- Therefore it would be clearer to print
(pLo-fxa. There are many cases where Kal aifrhs 'dpa . . . on crepovs in a paren-
the gen. is used without a prep. (esp. thesis if it were not for ey/caAels, which
where irepi would seem appropriate). in sense reenforces \eyeis. Kal avrhs
Kr. Spr. 47, Stallbaum, however,
7, 6. 'dpa, being strongly affirmative, is fol-
insists that irepi isnot implied here, lowed by Kal OVK (rather than ovde)
and distinguishes between -n-Epl wv 6 eijUL. This, in turn, being strongly
Xoyos and Siu 6 \6yos, just as between neg., is followed by ovBe (rather than
Xeyeiv (have in mind) rivd and Ae- Kal ovk) adiKco. Although the sense
yeiv irepi rivos. That such a distinc- connects ov jxevroi . . . krepovs with vo-
tion sometimes holds good is plain jmlCeiv . . deovs preceding, the syntax
from other passages in Plato. Cf. connects it with pofxiCco ehai deovs.
Stallb. in loc. and Soph. 260 a, ahv From this we supply the ellipsis with
ipyou dj] (ppoL^eiu irepl ov r icrrl Kal orov on krepovs, sc. vofxi^^oo deovs.
(sc. 6 \6yos). 14. TOVT* €0"Tiv : rovro and 5 /ulol
10 ff. irdrepov \iyeis Kre. the two : eyKa\e7s are not correl. See on rovr'
horns of this dilemma are, I. irSrepov hv err], 27 d.
. on crepovs, and II. 7)
. . diddaKeiu. . . . 17. I'va Ti, Kre. : sc. yeyrjrai, what makes
In I. there are two subdivisions you talk like that? See on X^a ^oi Kai,22 a.
HAATONOS
92
^ ^^
ovZe r)\iov ovSe crekriymv apa
^^ ^
^^^^^ 0^^ ^ ^^ 26
vofiito) 0^ov<; etz^at, aicnrep ol ^^
l^^
^^
aKKoL auUpcoTTOL ; Ma At , o) avope^ oiKaa-Tai, enei top ixev
Socrates, who nevertheless meets it in T,V ^^ (TeXrivqv olKr](Teis ^X^'-^ ^'^^ Xocpovs
a tone of playful irony. Every re- Kal (pdpayyas (ravines). Prom this last
ligious-minded Greek reverenced the apparently the public inferred that
sun. No appeal was more solemn Anaxagoras held the belief which
and sincere than that to r)\ios -navo- Meletus attributes so wrongfully to
TTTTis. Accordingly this appeal is con- Socrates, i.e. r)]u hi aeXriv-qv yyu. The
stantly met with in the most moving real view of Socrates in regard to
situations created by tragedy. Ajax, such an account of the '^all-seeing
when in despair he falls upon his sun," as was attributed to Anaxago-
sword, and outraged Prometheus from ras, is perhaps represented by the
his rock, both cry out to the sun. parenthetical refutation introduced
Ion, before entering upon his peaceful by Xenophon in 3Iejn. iv. 7. 7. Por a
duties in the temple, looks first with criticism of Anaxagoras which is more
gladness toward the sun. Both Hera- worthy of Socrates himself, see the
cles and Agave are saved from mad- one attributed to him in the Phaedo,
ness when tliey once more can clearly 97 c-99 d. The capital objection there
recognize the sun. That Socrates made to Anaxagoras is that he un-
habitually paid reverence with exem- folds his dogmatic views aii^XriGas ras
plary punctiliousness to this divinity ws aATjOcos aiTLcis keyeii/. The argu-
not made by human hands is here sug- ment here apparently you take
is :
'^
gested and is still more plainly shown me for Anaxagoras, and forget that
in Symp. 220 d, where, after some it is Socrates whom you are prose-
account of a brown study into which cuting." Diogenes Laertius, ii. 3. 5,
Socrates had fallen, we read: 6 Se gives a startling story about Anax-
[2co«paTi7s] €l(Tr7]K€i fiexpf' ecos eyepero agoras : (pacrl 5' avroj/ Trpoenr€7u (prophe-
Ka\ YjAios h.vi(Tx^v • eireira ^'X^'^' CLiriihu sied) rr]P irep] Alyhs iroTa/uLhv (Aegospo-
TT p cr ev ^dfJL€ If s r co 7)\io}, then, tami) Tov \ldov -ktmuiv (the fall of the
after a prayer to the sun, he took his stone), hv elirev €K tov rjAiou ire(r€7adai.
departure. On Socrates's religion, see 21. ovro) : qualifying aneipous be-
Introd. 32. low as well as KaracppoveTs.
19. CO av8p£s Meletus SiKao-raC : 22. 7pafXfj.aTcov : in literature, yplfx-
uses this form of address, which Plato jaara stand in the same relation to
is careful not to put into the mouth as litter a e to disci pli-
ixad'r)ix(xra
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 93
•^jhjy r
Jf%J^-
ciSef^ai OTL TOL ^Ava^ajopov j^LJBXla jov KXa^o/xei^tov y€/x€t 26
Tovxcov T(ov koyoyv ; Kai orj 'Acai ot P€Ot ravra Trap e/xov
|X€VOLS : sc. the doctrines, not the books. Orjaau bvo is h ra avriypacpa ii/eypd-
— €vtoT€: that is when, as they often ^^dfxev |- [- I I I I, expenditures : purchases:
might, they chanced to see a play in [item] bought two sheets of paper upon
which these doctrines were promul- which ice wrote our accounts, 2 drachmas
gated, as in Eur. Orest. 982, and 4 obols. It is accordingly absurd
20 20
out taking even that into account, the the inf. With the partic. nom. or
e e
youths must know well enough that dat. eoiKcuai means to offer the appear-
these are not my doctrines." Etymo- ance of (to seem like unto one) being;
logically 'aroira suggests not absurd, with the infinitive it means to seem, on
but uncommon, eccentric. See the pre- consideration, to be. For the inf. const.
the charge viewed as a statement of 555 e, rhu ael vireiKovra ev Lev r c s apyv-
fact. Now he considers it as a state- piov T IT pdo(T KovT €s they (the busi- ,
ment of opinion (ovtcoo-l aoi So/cw;), ness men) insertiiig their sting, that is,
and urges that Meletus is not entitled their money, into any ivho yields them
to hold such an opinion because it opportunity, keep irifiicting wounds. No-
conflicts with another of Meletus's tice that it is cocnrep aiviy/na, a ' mock-
own views. See App. riddle,'' one which has no answer." R.
29. a-n-LOTTOs el cravrw you are . . . : Cf for the use of the pres. partic.
discrediting your own (proper) self.
. . . Phaed. 116 cd, olada yap & ?j\dov 07-
Cf. the use of inOaj/os in the contrary yeWcov. Xen. Hell. ii. 4. 37, i-Keinvov
sense, e.g. Phaed. 67 e, e'i tl ovu vjmv . Keyovras on kt€. An. ii. 4. 24, o
. .
TnOaucoTepos elfj-i iv rfj airoXoyia. t) ro7s r\ovs avTots €Tre(pdv7] . . . a k ott oov el
33. "u'Ppei Tivl Kal o-KoXao-iq. Kal j3p(t}r6v (eatables) ^ledldov Kal bienejuwe
V€OTT]Tt : in a spirit of mere wantonness ^idovrasKTe. See on (TKOttovvti, 21 e.
and youthful bravado. — €Oik6 Jvvti- Usually biaireipao-OaL takes tlie gen.,
06VTI : there are three possible consts. but here the question which follows
with €OLK€uai: (1) it maybe followed explains the nature of the diaTreipa.
by the dat. part, as here, (2) it may 35. o cro(|>os Srj : that enlightened
take the nom. part., (3) it may take man, spoken with irony. — €|xov x^-P*-'
;
AnOAOriA SOKPATOYS. 95
javra .Keyeiv
l4-.</^--^
oire70 Acar
r
' crv oe riiLLV aTTOKOivaiy
7 a- --.r V'*^"''
api)(a<; /u/Aa?
^^ ''>•'"'
TraprjTrjo-diJirjj/y
/
co mekinTe' vuei9
A
[Jue[jLvr)(Tue
•/}/ ^^^
ixoLurj b
^
Oe,,-
27 , . 27
€VTi5o|ji6vov : for the gen. of noun luays trying to get up a disturbance; ,
already suggested. To all such sug- gives no answer apart from such
gestions a Greek audience was very demonstrations of disgust as Socra-
sensitive. Hence the freq. and deli- tes complains of. The words in c
eate use of the dem. art. in Greek. below, virh tovtwvI dvayKa^ofxevos sug-
G. 143 H. 654.
; On the method of gest that the court was finally forced
Socrates, see Introd. 18, 21, 25, 26. to interpose. Of course many "waits"
7. aX.\a Kttl aXXa OopvPetro) be al- : of one kind or another may have oc-
;
96 HAATIiNOS
.^
,
. . -- -- _. „ , OvK ecrriv O9 a)pr)(Ta<; on [jlo-
O/^OJ 27 27
T' b curred during such a cross-examina-
tion as is here given.
Socrates meant a divine agency, but
Meletus had wrested it into the sense
c
11. Tots aWois all except the ac- : of a divine being. So that here the
cuser and the accused the audience ; equivocation of Meletus is simply re-
(a above) and more esp. the diKaarai. turned upon himself. Contrast, where
— TO eirl TOvTw -ye cwroKpivai : please Socrates is speaking uncontroversi-
to answer the next question. ^' This will ally of his monitor, the distinctly adj.
go to the bottom of the whole mat- use, Oelou ri Kal dui/ULOi/LOJ/, 31 C." R.
ter." eirl TovTci) is almost the same as 17. TiJ dvTi"ypa4)fi elsewhere and
:
yU€Ta rovTo. €it\ with the dat. easily in its stricter use this means the
passes from the meaning of nearness written affidavit put in as a rejoinder
to the kindred sense of immediate by the accused; rarely as here, the
succession in time. The ace. is like accusation or the written affidavit of
T^ ep(aT7]div (the question luhich has been the accuser. So in Hyper. Eux. §§ 4,
asked) or t^ ipiardi^xevov, the question 83 (Col. 20, 40). Harpocration on
which is being asked, freq. used with the word ai/nypacp-f) says, evidently
airoKpiveaBai. referring to this passage UAoltup 5c
:
TiyovfjiaL •
el S' av ol Satfjiove^; Oecov TraiSe? elcri voOol TLve<^
27 27
Greek usage from Homer to Plato. cludes the other. The latter apply
c d
In Homer Oeos and daifMcoi/, applied the broader supposition eiVep Sai/xoyas
to any divinity in particular or to iiyovixai in turn to alternative apodoses,
divinity in general, are all but inter- both of which it limits. Cf. Xen. An.
changeable terms. The distinction vii. 6. 15, for a very similar construc-
between them, if distinction there is, tion : €7r6i 76 ix)]v y\/€v^e(TOaL '^jp^aro
suggests itself rather in the adjs. 1,evdr]s irepl rod fiiaOov, this might —
derived from them than in the two readily have taken the form of a
nouns themselves. Hesiod, Op. 108- prot., — el fxeu iTraiPci) avrou, diKaioos
125, calls the guardian spirits that ^u /JL€ Kal alriMaOe Kal ixia-olre •
el Se
watch over men Baiiuoves to the ; Trpocrdeu avrcp . . . (piKos &y yvu . . . dia-
rank of daifjLoues he says those were (popdoraros elfxij iroos Uu in diKaicos . . .
raised who lived on earth during w</)' vfjLcoy alriay exoi/ni ; On the com-
the golden age. He distinguishes be- bination of indie, and opt., see GMT.
tween OeoLy daifjLOj/es, and ripcoes, and 54, and on et hLacpOeipei, Kre.y 25 b
this same distinction is attributed to above.
Thales. On this Plato based the 23. TovT civ dr\ by rovro the pre- :
(202 e): ttclv rh dai /uSu lov /uLera^v €i...5at;uoi'es, are grasped into one; and,
{intermediate) icrrt Oeov re ft-a: durirov thus combined in tovto, tliey become
. . . €piJLr]U€vou Kal Biairopdjj.evou (inter- the subj. whose pred. is the suppressed
preting and convoying) 6eo7s ra, irap' (eKe7yo) antec. of o. To o ere alyirreaBai
au6pa>7rcau ical avOpooirois tcl irapa deccu, Kal appended (pduaiy
xapi€i/Ttfeo-0at is
rcou ijl\v tcls b€7]a6LS Kal dvaias, rccp Se wdiich explains it and has the same
ras i-Kird^^Ls re Kal a/JLOi^as (commands subj. all this points back to deovs oj
;
27 21. <(>T]s 11 oil : three Eng. words, wv equiv. to e'l S)y, for " when
27. :
d yes or no?, will translate this. See the antecedent stands before the rela-
on OX) (priT€, 25 b. tive, a preposition (in this case e/c)
though they make sad havoc with simply pleonastic, as in the case of
the sense, unless 7? disappears. two negatives in the same clause, but
33. TJ diTopwv o Tl, /ere. this no : it is irrational, and can hardly be
doubt was Socrates's real view of the right. oTTcos means lioio or hij which
case of Meletus (cf. 23 d), whereas after fiy)xoLvri. A similar use of ws is
self-contradictory the charge is. airo- phrase dismisses one topic to make
poov and aTroTre Lpdo/j.€j/os, connexionin room for the next one.
with iypdxpcc, refer to continued action 5. o €fJL€ alpTJo-ci, cctvirep alpfi : loill
been retained. GMT. 71. the case with cpevyeiu and didoKeLj/.
34. oVcos Se a-v kt€. : here Socrates 7. 8tj certainljj. The allusion
: is to
closes his argument to the effect that facts generally known and acknowl-
it is a contradiction in terms to say edged, cf 31 d. —
TToWovs Kttl aXXovs
of one and the same man (1) that he Kal aYaOovs instead of koI &\\ovs
•
is a complete atheist, and (2) that he TToWovs Kal ayadovs. The first Kai is
believes in 5ai/x6uia. The second rod the idiomatic Kai of comparisons. Cf.
avTov must be regarded as redundant, 22 d, oirep Kal ol iroiVTai, and the idiom
a simple repetition of the first one eV ris Kal &\\os. The second Kai is
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 99
ovpei^ oe.oetyov ixr) ev eaot (frr), Icro)^ o ap qvv eiiroi 69'. €ir b ^
of arrj^ come to a stand-stilly cf Arist. OVK 6p6(vs Thu (piKov Ka\ ex^pbi/
Eth. Nic. vi. 9. 9, (TT7](T^TaL yap Kaice?. deaOai (have defined). Cf for the
Theaet. 153 d, coos ixev tip rj irepicpopa. -p thought, Aj. 475-476 :
—
KLvovixevT] KoX 6 ^Aios, irdi/ra eari Kal Ti yap Trap* rifxap rjixepa ripireiv e;3(et
acv^erai . . . cl Se araiT] tovto axnrep npoaOclaa Kavadelaa rov ye Kardavelv;
deOeu (tethered), irdvra xp^/^aT* tiv hia- 15. orav TrpaTTTj : whenever he does
(pdapcir). In such contexts the aor. anything. GMT. 62. See App.
(TTTiuai denotes the entrance into a 17. Twv TJjxiOewv : i.e. tcov rjpcccop.
state of quiet or collapse. GMT. 19, Hesiod, W. and I). 158, calls the
N. 1. —
€It o^k atcrxvv€i a question : fourth race, av^pwv rjpdowu de7ou yeuos ol
indicating surprise. The perversity Ka\4ovTai I
and he counts
rjfjiideoi /ere.,
of Socrates, in view of the fact just among their number the heroes that
is unreasonable.
recited, When such laid siege to Thebes and to Troy.
a question is accompanied by an 18. o Ttis 06Ti8os vios any appeal : c^.
urgent statement of the reason for to the example of Achilles was always ,
100 HAATONOS
No, sweet Harmodius, thou art not dead, (with or without jxev) had preceded
But in the Islands of the Blest men say, it. — rov Gavarov: notice the excep-
Where lives swift-foot Achilles far away, tional use of the art., which is usually
And Tydeus' son, they say, brave Diomed.
omitted with Bduaros as an abstract
We hear that Ibycus, and after him noun. Cf. 28 e, 29 a, 32 c, 38 c, 39 a b,
Simonides, wishing no doubt to make Ciit. 52 c. For the art. used as here,
Achilles's happiness complete, repre- cf 29 a, 40 d, 41c.
sented him as married to Medea in 29. (XT] oVei see on a\?C &pa, 25a.
. . . : d
Elysium. 31. TJ vir* apxovros raxOt] instead :
28 28
\ Krk. This irregular interjection of prove that it would have involved, -.
the finite const, represents the facts and would still involve, disgrace for
better. The commander^s order, if him not to have followed the pursuit
given at all, was peremptory, and re- which has brought him in danger of
quires a more positive statement than his life. This point he makes clear by
the less urgent rjyrjG-djuevos Kre. In the an appeal to the analogy of military
sense vir' apxovros rax^j) is the alter- discipline, which, as he claims, applies
native of kavrov rd^T}. See App. to his relations to the gods. He is a
33. ijiroXo"YiJo|X€Vov as in b above, : soldier in the army of Apollo.
viroKoyi^eaQaL means take into account^ 1. Setvd av dr\v . . . XiiroiiJii r-qv ra.^
Trpoar l6 € UT € s riyovuTai TrdXai T7;^' marked off by fxev, states (in the form
a^iav aTToSeScy/ceVai xapfv to7s ipcofieuoLS. of a supposition) well-known facts in
ro7s 5e /j,^ ipaxriu ovre rrju rcou olKeiwv the past ; the other, distinguished by
CLfxeXetav 5ia tovto ccttl irpocpaai^eaBaL 5e, states a supposed future case in
oijT€ Tous TrapeXrjXvdSras ttouovs connexion with certain present cir-
viroKoyi^eaOoLL ktL The force of cumstances. See on 5. The outra-
vttS here is very near to that of auri, geous conduct for him would be with
and, so far from primarily indicating this combination of facts and convic-
a process of subtraction, it involves tions, after his past fidelity to human
first of all an addition. trusts, at some
time to desert his
fut.
any and every price. Cf. 29 b and and 5^ respectively is for the sake of
Soph. Ant. 95 ff., clearness. For the same repetition
Nay, leave me and my heart's untoward plan cf. Isocr. vii. l8, Trap' o Is fieu yap
To suffer all thou fear'st ; naught will I suffer fX7)T€ <pv\aK^ /jL-ffre Cvi^^^<^
'^^^ roiovrcou
That shall estop me from a righteous death. Ka6€ar7]K€ /jL-qd' at Kpi(T€is a/cpt/Sers elcri,
ful than death, Socrates can now \ade7u To7s a^LKovai pd5t6u €(Ttl /x^t€
answer the question of 28 b, if he can (pau€po7s yeuo/JLeuoLs (Tvyyv(i}fxy)s Tuxe?!',
102 HAATfiNOS
5 e - 28
^AOr)vaioLy et, ore jLtez^
fjiep /x€ oi ap^ovre<^ erarrop, ov<;
28 28
tidaeans to revolt from Athens, which
for (they knew) that while
KaK07)6eias, they did in 432 b.c. The Potidaeans,
among who have neither established
those with the reinforcements sent them by
safeguards nor penalties for such crimes the Peloponnesians, were defeated by
nor any strict organization of justice, the Athenian force under Callias. Por
that while among these, I say, even two whole years the town was in-
righteous characters are corrupted; at vested by land and blockaded by sea,
the same time, where wrong-doers find and finally made favorable terms with
it easy neither to conceal their transgres- the beleaguering force. In the en-
sions nor to secure condonation when de- gagement before the of Po- siege
tected, there I say (they knew that) tidaea, saved Alcibiades's
Socrates
evil dispositions end by dying out. Cf life. Cf Symp. 219e-220e, where
also Gorg. 612 a. Notice that the Alcibiades gives a most enthusiastic
lj,€i/ clause is important only with ref- and witty account of the bravery and
erence to the 5e clause, upon which self-denial of Socrates during the
the main stress is laid the 5e clause ; whole Potidaean campaign, and says
is made prominent through the con- of the battle in question oTe yap t] :
trast afforded by the logically subor- /uidxv ^v e| (after) 7]s ifiol koI rapLcrre'ia
dinate jueV clause. This same relation (the prize for gallantry in action) edr-
is indicated in the Eng., French, and aav at arparrjyol, oudels aWos ijnh ecroo-
e German idiom by the use of some (T€v avOpdoTTccu lr) ovTOs, r€rpoo]ii€i/op (when
word like "while" in the fteV clause. I was ivounded) ovk iOeXcou aTro\nr€7u,
2. 01 not the nine ar-
apxovT€S : dAAa ra oirKa kolI avrhv
aui^^ieacocre Koi
chons, but, as the context shows, the Alcibiades says that Socrates
€fji€.
generals in command upon the field ought to have had the prize which was
of battle. — vfJLCis €l\€O-0€ : the Si/carrrai given to himself by favoritism. Cf
are here taken as representing the Charm. 153 b c. —
The battle at Am-
whole Zrifxos, from which they were phipolis, an Athenian colony on the
selected bySee Introd. C6. Per-
lot. Strymon in Tlirace, took place in the
haps Socrates has also in mind the year 422. The Athenians were defeat-
other Athenians present at the trial. ed, and their general, Cleon, perished
See on 24 e and 25 a. The generals in the rout, while Brasidas, the Spartan
were elected by show of hands (x^^po- general, paid for victory with his life.
rouU) and their electors were the e/c- — Delium was an enclosure and a
K\r}(Tia(TTai. Cf. 25 a. temple sacred to Apollo in Boeotia
3. 6V IIoTiSata . . . At^XCu) : Poti- near Oropus, a border town sometimes
daea, a Corinthian colony on the held by the Athenians and some-
peninsula Chalcidice, which became times by the Boeotians. The battle,
a tributary ally of Athens without which was a serious check to the
wholly abandoning its earlier con- power of Athens, resulted in the de-
nexion with Corinth. Perdiccas, king feat and death of their general, Hip-
of Macedonia, took advantage of this pocrates. Cf Xen. 3Iem. iii. 5. 4, a(p'
divided allegiance to persuade the Po- ov ^ re avu To\/j.iBr} tcou xiKioop iu Ae-
:
5 %
€776 AyjXiO), Tore fiev ov eKeivoi erarrov eixevov wcTrep kol 28
S4TWb^ fcat e^erdt^ovra ifiavTpv /cat jov^ dXKov^, evrdvOa S.e (^o^tj-
28 28
^a.'Bei'x (TVfKpopa iyeucro Kal tj jxed* facts. The indef. rh here means e
e
'Itttto Kpdrovs iirl AriKio), e/c rov- some, i.e. any indefinite person, be-
Tcov T er air ^i V car ai [has been hum- cause many persons are thought of
bled) /j.ev 7) tSjv 'AOrjvaicop irphs rovs under aWos.
BoicoTovs KT€. Notlce that both Plato 5. TOV 8€ Gcov TOLTTOVTOS : i.e. now
and Xen. say M (not iu) Ar^Aiw, be- thai my post is assigned me by the god,
brave conduct of Socrates in these i.e. the same indef. subj. which is to be
battles show that it was well known thought of with the preceding infs.
at Athens. — wcrirep Kal oXXos tis • Cf. below b, and 39 d. As a rule, the
just like many another man. He is third person, when it means vaguely
careful not to make too much of the any one (the French on) ov anything, is
—
104 HAATONOS
m^ ^f f^^n,. -L
15 TOP ovQ 66 Tvyyavei tco. ay
lyOpcoTTO) TToivTOjy jxiyKTrov ov 29
^^^'^l lOevai
OUfC €t§€?^at ' TO oe. aoiKeiv /cat aTreiu^Lv to) pekTiovL,
fcai ueci} Kai ap Kop KOL alcr)(jp6p eoTLP oTSa.
IPUpOJTrO)^ OTL KaKOP
9
TrpO OVP TCx>V KaKOJP (OP oloaI OTL KCLKa jeCTTlP, (^ fLT) 01 Sa
29
a
not expressed. — tov Gavarov ovS'cl; 20. €1 8t]:
if really, Le. if, as the
29
b
by prolepsis for oi»5' el 6 Oduaros, not oracle suggests.
even whether, i.e. whether death may 21. OVK €i8ws . . . ovTO) : i.e. &(nr€p
not actually be. Thus he is as far OVK olda . . . up a
ovtco. ovtws sums
as possible from knowing that death previous partic. clause, and its force
is the greatest of harms. For a fuller is nearly so likewise. Cf. Men. 80 c,
statement, cf. 37 b. See on tov daud- iravThs jxaWov avThs airopcov ovtco Kal
Tov, 28 c, for the use of the art. Tovs aWovs airopeiv iroici},
15. ov: here, as usual, in the gen- 24. wv . . eo-Tiv a notable in-
. :
b a-uTT] CTTOvciSio-TOS
1] that verij same : 26. Ct d<|>l€T€ . €t OVV d(|>l0lT€,
. .
the greater effect. Both represent of the conditions upon which this re-
the same point of superiority, i.e. otl lease may be granted, until the weaker
KT€. Notice the cleverness of the clause el a(pioLTe comes of itself to his
ellipsis after au. Socrates thus evades lips as all that is left of the more
any too circumstantial praise of him- positively worded prot. with which
self. For the ellipsis in the leading he began. — dirto-TTjo-avTes : conveys c
clause, see on ^ . . . ^Koiv, 25 e. the idea of disregarding rather than
Kal €VTav0a : here too. that of disbelieving. This meaning
AnOAOriA SQKPATOYS. 105
Ua^I:! 'W- ;s
-^/
1^77 Tj^ Trjv OLpxyjv OV oetv ipie Sevpo ^l<je\6^lv Tjy iTreSy) 29
eicrrjXOoVy ov^ olov re etz^ai to fjir] arroKT^ivai ixe^^Keyoiv
7r/)09 ^/acts ^?4j^,^^ SLa(f)ev^0LiJi7]y, yj.87] '
au^AJjJioyv ,ol, vieu^
fiai fiep Koi (^iXoi, Tretcro/xai 8e jjlolXXov tco deco ^ v/jlIp, kol
eajCTTep av ifjLTrveco kol ol6<; re a>, ov /xt) Travacofiat ^tXo-
(jo(j)Q)v KOL vplv TrapaKeXevoixepo^ re kol ip8eLKPviJievo<;
29 29
of oLTTLcrTelv is not uncommon in Plato. 36.
avSpes *A0T]vaioi a fictitious :
-.'
Cf. LawSj 941 c, 6 fi€U ovv ir eta 9 els apostrophe. Cf. Dem. viii. 35, el ol
rjiuo}!^ Toj Koyco eOruxe? re koX ets XP^' "EWrjues epoipd' vfias, ai/dpes ^Adriva7oiy
vov airavTa evrvxo^, 6 he air icrrr) a as rreinTrere a>s rj/LLas eKaarore rrpea^eis
Th [xera ravra roL(fde nut /xaxeV^co Kre. See App. do-Tra^o|xai Kal <|>i- —
yojuo). Xw: you have my friendship and my
27. ov Seiv, olov t€ ctvai: in the love, hut, etc. aa7rd(ea6ai designates the
original form this would be ovk eSet greeting of friends. Cf Od. iii. 34-35,
and ovx o'lou re ear iv. GMT. 15, 3 ;
where Nestor and his sons see Tele-
H. 853 a. €io-€\6€iv —
on this use of : machus and Mentes, a6p6oi liKOov airav
elaepxeadaiy see In trod. 70 with the res, I
xepcTij/ r' ijaird^opro Kal
note. Meletus probably argues " If : ebpidao-dai avcoyov. Cf. also //. 'x. 542,
Socrates had not been prosecuted, his rol 5e x^P^^'^^^ I^^^^S "h
(^'^ olC^^'^ ^
evil communications might have been eireaai re fiei\ixioi(TLu.
ignored once in court, his case al-
; 37. 'ir€io-0(j.at : cf Acts iv. 19, 6 5e
lows but one verdict. To acquit him Herpos Kal ^IccduuTjs aivoKpiQevres elirou
is to sanction all his heresies." irphs avrovs • e^' ^LKaLOv ecrriv evdoirioj/
29. €t 8La<t)€v5oijiT]v : f ut. opt. in indir. {in the sight) aKoveiv rov deov, vjucou
disc. GMT. 26 ; 09, 1 ; H. 855 a. ^v — fjLuWov ^ rod Oeov k pivar e ibid, ,
Kal ^ivco Kal dcrro!, [jlolXXov §e 7019 dcrrot9, ocro) /xou iyyv-
29 29
-. 41. TToXcos TTJs p.€7i<r'rr]s /ere. : cf. like acofia often appears without the
d
Xen. ^n. vii. 3. 19, 7rpoore\6cop de Kal art. in cases that seem to require it;
"BeuocpwvTi eXeye ' ah Kal iroXeoos jme- rris accordingly has the force of a
yi(TT7]s el Kal irapa '^evdy rh crhu ouo/ma possessive pron. G. 141, n. 2 H. 658. ;
/j.eyi(Tr6u icrri. The gen. is in appos. 45. OVK ciriixeXet: see on ofxoss Se e
with 'A6r}pa7os = 'Adirjucoy icu. Cf. Hipp. e'5o/c€/, 21 e.
Ma. 281 e,^ v/jLerepa tcou (Tocpiaroov Texj/77. 47. these
cprjcrofxai, €^€Ta<ra), cXe^^o) :
30 30
of Socrates insensibly returns to his the mending of his fortunes ; this is
a b
hearers, in whom
he sees embodied aper^ (skill in the art
of right living), i.e.
the whole people of Athens. The cor- wisdom ((jo(pia). See on els (ro(piaVy
relative of oa(p readily suggests itself 29 d. Such is in substance Socrates's
with fjiaWov. Cf. the same case, 39 d. theory of getting on in the world,
Cf. Euthyph. 12 c, koX fX7]v vedoT€p6s 76 which may be gathered from Xeno-
fJLOv el OVK eXarr ov 7) oacv aocpccrepos. phon's Memorabilia in many places
55. TT]V Ttp 0€<p vTrrqpco-tav see on : see (i. 6) his defence against the ao-
dov\os, Crit. 50 e, and contrast rov Oeov (pLarris Antiphon, who accuses him of
XarpeiaUf 23 C ; cf. also rrju rov deov being /ca/co5a//Aoi/ias StSao-zcaAoy ;
(ii.
5)
doaiu vfuuy d below ; see also on ra his hint to a parsimonious friend, e|e-
/uerecopa(ppoi/riar'fjs, 18 b. vTrrjpEaia rd^eiv kavTov oiroaov to7s (pi\ois a^ios
takes the same dat. of interest which 22-25) his analysis of what
eL7]; (ii. 6.
is found with the verb from which it makes a KaKos re Kayados (gentleman),
is derived. The Lat. idiom is the where of all such he says, dvuaj/rai
same, e.g. Cic. de Legg. i. 15.42, Quod Tceivcovres (fasting) kol di\pa)i/r€s aKvircos
si iustitia est obtemperatio airov kol ttotov Koivwpelv . . . Zvvavrai
scriptis legibus institutisque 5e KoX XRVM-oirccv ov fiovov rov nxXeove-
populorum, etc. Kreiv (selfsh greed) airexofieyoi, i/o/uLijucos
58. TrpoTcpov ^vxo^i which : sc. ^ rris (righteously) KOLVoiveiv aKKa koX iirapKeli/
has to be supplied out of 00s rris i/zu- a\\7}\ois; and see particularly (ii. 7, 8,
108 HAATONOS
vare fiOL ot<; eSeijdrjv vfjicov, fir) 0opv/3elv e(j> ol<; av Xeyo),
dXy oLKOveiv •
Kal ydip, co? eyo) oTjaat, ovrjcrecrOe aKovovre^.
fxeXXct) ycLp ovv drra vplv epeiy Kai aXXa, 6<^ ot? icrco?
30 30
common sense as we have, EutJiijph. in apod, with av, see GMT. 54, lb; ,
b
15 a, Rep, ii. 366 e, 375 c-e, 379 b c; H. 901 a.
to thrive and in the end to win, Bep. deaths. The Eng. idiom like the
X. 613, 617 e. Greek requires no definite specifica-
62. ravr av 6i!tj pXa|3epd: this ravr a, tion such as " to die a hundred
all this, covers more gromid than the deaths. "" In certain cases in Greek as
ravra above. Tlie first means what in Eng. a large number is specified.
Socrates says, the second means that Cf. OLKi^Koas juv pLaK IS ay(b j3ovAojLLai,
and also the fact that he says it. At. Nub. 738; ervovs (for pea-soup?)
" If this corrupts the youth, my prac- )8ay8aia|, /avpidK is ev ro> ^iu>, Ran. 63.
tice in saying it would do harm but ; Cf. rpicrdcT/jLevos, quoted from Xen. An.
the trutli cannot corrupt them, there- iii. 2. 24 on 30 a. Demosthenes not
fore my speaking it can do no harm. unnaturally uses ixvpidKis where he
To prove that I am a corrupter of the exclaims (ix. 6^),r eQvdvai he juvpid-
youth, you must prove that I have K I s Kpe7rrov /) KoAaKeict ri iroiriaaL ^iKiir-
said something else; that cannot be TTov. — r€0vavai ;the absolute contra-
proved, for it is not true.'' With el dictory of (rjv, here used rather than
diacpdeipco, ravr" av e'iri, cf. el oucpeXovaiv, the somewhat weaker aTrodi/yaKeiv.
ros 6.U represents Troi-nao) av. GMT. and ixefxvrio(^ai, KraaOai and KeKT?icr6ai.
41, 4; H. 845 and 861. O/i Dem. xix. XVIII. 2. ois €86Tf0T]v v[Liav: he
342, TOWS oriovv av eKeivcp ir oii] (T ov- asked them a'/ eopvBeTu. See above on
ras avypyjKores e«: rrjs TroAeccs ecreade. 6opvl3e7v,l7 d, am\ on /mq OopvBr}(T7]rey20e.
See on ^lacpSaprjo-ovraiy 29 c. Tor an 3. Kal ^yap, (leXXw "yap, €v •ydp I'crrc :
pres. in prot. depending upon the opt. which the speaker has made liirce
:
Tt? TTOV [JieydXa KaKa, eyo) S' ovk oio/xai, dXXd ttoXv fjidX-
Xov TTOieiv a o5to9 vvvi TTOiet, dvSpa dSiKco^^ kTTL)(eipeLv
30 30
times already. The third ydp, noiv, 10. d-TTOKTctvcie fievrdv, tj dTi|j.tiS<r€i€V
c d
merely points the new statement for used here secondarily of
airoKT^iueiu is
which Socrates has been preparing tlie hiKaarai and the whole people,
the court. Compare the use of yap and primarily of the accusers wliose
after prons. and advs., e.g. 31 b after prosecution aims at compassing Soc-
and in general after any pref-
€v9€ud€, rates's death. arLfxia involved the for-
atory form of words to give point to feiture of some or of all the rights
any statement which is expected, as in of citizeusliip. In the latter case the
rris yap e/iirjs, 20 e. yap with this force arifxoswas looked upon by the state
is esp. freq. after h §e (rh 8e) /neyLarou, as dead, i.e. he had suffered " civil
deivoTarou, also after (T7]fji^1ov 5e, reKfjirj- death" (la morte civile), and his
pLo-v 5e and other favorite idioms of property, having no recognized owner,
like import in Plato and the orators. was confiscated. Cf. Bep. viii. 553 b,
H. 1050, 4 a. els hiKacrrripLov i/uLireaoura virh avicoipav-
5. PoTfo-6o-0€ : this is more than a Toov a) cnrodavovTa ^ iKireaSyra t) clti-
disturbance (dopv^eTi^) ; it is an outcry. evT a Ka\ r^u ov cr i av
ucjoO dir aa av
9. 06[JIIt6v djJL€lVOVl civSpi PXaTTTC- airo^aXovra. See App.
orOai : cf. 21b. deixirov takes the dat., 11. dWos Tts irov: many another.
and, after the analogy of e^eaTLv, an See on aKXos, 28 e.
inf. {^\dirT€(r6ai) is added. The pass. 15. dXX* virep vjxwv : cf. Euthyphro's
l3\dTrTeadai makes this const, appear remark just before the trial, Euthyph.
more unusual than e.g. in Phaedo, 67 b, 5b C, 6t apa ijue iTrix^iprjaeie (6 MeAT?-
fj.^ Kadap(fi (unclean) yap Kadapov ecpd- ros), evpOLfx az/, ojs oijuai, oirr) cadpos
'TTTeaOai /ultj ov Oefjurhu y. For the im- ian, Ka\ ttoKv av t) {jlIv irp6-
[rotten)
port of the words dejULis and de/nLTop, r € pov TT e pi € K € iv ov \6y o s y € vo i-
see on yap de/uLLS, 21b. roiv T(p diKa<TTr]pi(f) f) ire pi i fiov.
:
110 HAATONOS
;|^^/:^/U^' repov elireLVy irpocrKeiixevov rfj irokei [yiro tov 6eov\y oyonrep
20 177770) [xeydXcp fxev kol yevvaico, vtto [i€ye6ov<; 8e voj6e-
(TTepcp KOL Seo/xeVo) kyeipeaOai vtto [Jivo)7T6<; rivo<; •
olov^^sr
JL^ex
St] [jlol SoKel 6 deo<^ €/xe rfj iroXei TrpocrreueiKivai, tolovtov
riva o? f/xa9 eyeipcov Kai rreiuojp
i^< Kai oveioiL,(xivBu eva e/ca
30 30
18. dT€XV«s . . . •n-poo'K€i[i€Vov : added are drowsing (ol vv<TTd(oyTes)* Then
e e
instead of a clause with oTos to ex- they make an impatient dash (/cpou-
plain TOLOVTOV. See on olos SeSoV^a/, aavTes) at him which deprives them
31 a. — d Kal •yfiXoidrepov ciirciv : though forever of his company." For similar
it sounds rather absurd to say so, or irony, cf. Verg. Aen. vi. 90, nee Teu-
better, " if I may use such a ludicrous cris addita JunojUsquam abe-
figure of speech." This is thrown in rit. /jLvcoxf/ is by some taken in its
to prepare his hearers for the humor- later and metaphorical sense of spur.
ous treatment of a serious subject See App. — Tivos: like the Lat. qui-
which follows. A close scrutiny of dam used to qualify an expression
the simile shows that Socrates mis- which is startling. — olov 8tj \loi 8ok€i
trusted the sovereign people. irpoa-Kei- d ©COS . . . Trpoo-TcGciKevat : lit. in which
fxevou is the regular pass, of irpoaTiOe- capacity God seems to me to have fas-
vai. See below (22) for the same idea tened me upon the state, — such an one
put actively. See App. for the reading (in fact) as never ceases, etc., a repe-
virh TOV Oeov, and for the remaining tition of 7rpo(TK€i/uL€j/ou [uTT^ TOV 6eov^.
difficulties here involved. Avoid the awkwardness of too lit.
21. v-JTO jivcDTTOS Tivos bi/ a gadfly. : translation. Notice that oJou really re-
For this word, cf. Aesch. Supp. 307, fers not to the fivcox^/ simply but to the
308, 0or)XdT7]v (ox-driving) /nvcoira klvt)- fjLvcoxp engaged in enlivening the horse.
TTipLov (urging on), olaTpou (gadfly) ku- This is implied by tolovtov tlvol and
Xovcriu avThv ol NeiXov ireXas. Also the explanatory clause with os.
in the Prometheus Jo's tormentor is 23. dv€L8L^a)»/€Ka<rTov: ot/efS/feii/ alone
called olaTpos (567) and o^vctto/ulos requires the dat. Cf II. ii. 254, to? vdv
luLvcoxl/ (674 Here the tormentor of
f.). ATpeidrj 'Ay a fxe juvo v tcoljjl^vl l
to '
- u the three preceding parties., was made 29. dra. : see on fiL/novj/Tai ktc., 23 c.
V possible. Pres. and aor. parties, ex- 31. olos ScSoVOat cf. Cn't, : 46 b.
press the means, as the fut. partic. ex- For the inf. without the art., limiting
presses purpose. GMT. 109; H. 969. certain adjs. and advs., see GMT. 93 ;
112 HAATONOS
31
oux ^^^^ '^^ eyevovTO aTTavaKTXVvTrjO'ai, Trapacrxoii^voi fxdp- c
XIX. "icrcog OLV ovv ho^eiev drowov eti^at otl St) eyco
what they did not find it practicable ovra, OKVOvvra Se irpocrieuaL rw drjincp
to do was to bring evidence in sup- (to address the people) kol toov rris
expressed in the partic, not in awavai- dvuarhs dov rcou ttJs ir6\€005 irpay/jLCLTcou
(Tx^vTTicfai. For cases where atVx^- iirifxeXSjuLeuos t'Y]v re iroKiu av^eiv (ad-
P€a9ai, used with a partic, does not vance the common weal) koI avrhs dia
contain the main idea, cf. 28 b, 29 d, rovTO TifjLaadai, okvoIt] St; tovto itpdrreiv
Ci'it. 53 c. —
TOVTO airavato-xvvTTJ- ovK hu cIkStus SetAbs po/ullCoito ; See
0"ai : sc. ravrrju Tr)u a^'aiO-xi^^Tiaj/ clttu- also ibid. i. 6. 15.
task undertaken is also involved. Cf. iu rev pio). There is a subtle irony in
Xen. An. iii. 2. 13, airoevovo-LP, meaning TToKvTrpayfjLouw here used by Soc-
as
pay off the arrears of a promised sacri- rates. It was his business to mind
course. Of these the first really in- 3. dvapaCvxv els to irXtiGos : there
cludes the second. That he did not is no implication, as in 17 d, of M
regard abstention from public duty rh Prj/iia. The nXrjOos commonly assem-
as in itself commendable is proved bled in the Pnyx, to which Socrates
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 113
31 31
thus would, like every one else, be corresponds to various idioms, here to
d
obliged to ascend. Cf. Dem. xviii. ever since. The case of the partic. is
169, vfiels S* els r)]v iKKXrjaiav that of the word which it limits. Cf.
iiropcveaOe Kal . . . ttus 6 brjfios ^uo) Legg, ii. 661 b, ravTo. icrri aZiKois kol-
KddrjTo. — TO irXriGos to v|jl6T€ pov : see Kiara ^v/j.iravTa, ap^djj,€j/a anh rrjs
on TO? ir\r}0ei, 21 a. vyieias.
5. 0€ioV ri Kal SaifjLoViov ^t^vcTai, 9. diroTpcTTCt, evavTiovTai irpctTTciv:
[<|)wvTJ]: see Introd. 27, with first n. on cf 32 b, and see on jm-ndeu iroie^i/. —
p. 21, and 32. (pcour] is explanatory of TOVTO governed by irpdmiv, which is
:
the vague OeTou n Kal daifioviou, and expressed in the subordinate clause.
is in the pred. : a something divine and Cf Lach. 179 a, avelvai avrovs tl '6
from God manifests itself to me, a voice. /BovKovrai ttoluv^ to leave them free to do
This thought is earnestly reiterated what they wish.
below in nearly the same words. See 12. iroXai . . . TroXai : the rights and
App. duties of Athenian citizenship began
d 6. o 8ti Kai see on % 5e Kai, 28 a. : as soon as a man was twenty.
—
ciriKwfAwSwv Meletus caricatured : 13. diroXoSXTi, w<|>6Xt]kt] : the earlier
Socrates's utterances about the 6el6v tl Att. writers rarely use the plpf. in
Kal dai,u6uioj/ by making them out to -eiv, G. 119,4; H. 458 a.
be the belief in Kaiua Baiimouia. Cf 26 e. 15. ov, ovT€, ovT€, ovScvC: a re-
7. €K iraiSos dp|cifX€Vov : ever since markable repetition of the neg. Cf
my boyhood. This partic. followed by 34 e.
0.1:6 or €Ac, when time is referred to, 16. 'YVT]crCa)S : uprightly or openly.
114 HAATONOS q
VTTep TOW 0€fca(,oiJ|, fcai^ €6 iieKKei oKiyov ^xpovov crcourjcre' 32
20 crOai, loLCOTeveiv, aXXa jict^ hrjixocneveiv/v] .^^
b' VTveiKoyv .he a/xa dTroXoLjJiyjj/, ipco Se vpHv ^opriKa [xkp kol
32 32
19. Kal €l: introduces a very ex- (Tcpaip avrSiv erepa X^yovres (raising side
a a
treme form of supposition, implying issues) €uioT€ i^airarcaaiu, v/jlTv oltto-
that eve7i then the conclusion is unas- h eiKvvvr es ojs ar par icor ai a^a-
sailable; ei Kai {cf. 30 e) introduces a 6oi elaiv Kre- For another instance
condition implying that in that case, of this practice indulged in, cf 28 e-
as in many others, the conclusion re- 29 a.
mains. See H. 1053, 1, 2. 3. ov8* dv €Vi : stronger than ovdeA
20. dWdand not. The Eng.
jJiT) : av. Cf. Gorg. 512 e, r7]v elfxapfx^vqv
idiom avoids the Greek abruptness. (fate) ou5' Uv els €K(pvyoi, and ibid.
For aAAct in abrupt transitions, see 521 c, u)s lULOi BoKe7s, S) 1,(aKpcLTes, Tnarev-
H. 1046,2 b. €IU flT]^^ hu €U TOVTOOV TTClQeiv . . . , HoW
XX. 2. ov \6yovs Kre. as Demos- : confident you seem, Socrates, that you
thenes says (ii. 12), oiiras jxlv \6yos, never will suffer any of these things !
(folly) (paij/erai koI k€v6u. Cf. Lack. 4. vireiKdOoLfjii : second aor. opt. from
188 c-e, where the harmony of a vTT eiKciu with ad appended to the stem,
man^s deeds and words is spoken of i.e. iireiK-. G. 119, 11; H. 494 and a.
as rep ovTL ^r)u 7]p[xo(Tfx4vos avrhs avrov The present vncLKadeiy, like ZiWKadeiv
rhv fiiou avix<po3Vov rols Koyois irphs ra (^{,(i)Keiv), a/j,vv(i0€Lu (afji.vv€iv) and ax^-
€pya, arex^cus Scopiarl . . . 'riTrep /xSurj deiv (exeiz/), is prob. a fiction. It is
'EWrjuiKT} iaTLu apixovia, really living in hard to prove that adds strength
this 6
tune, where a man makes his own life a to the meaning of vTveUeiv. In certain
concord of words and deeds, composed cases this is appended in the pres.
really in the Dorian mode, which is the reXedeii/, (paedctp, (pXeycOeiu. Cf. Curt.
only true Greek harmony. ktL —o vfJicis : Griech. Etym. pp. 62 and 63.
the audience as representing the Athe- 5. dp,a dTro\oifXT]v : if this, as Schanz
nians in general. "You appreciate maintains, is what Plato really wrote,
facts only, there no nonsense about
is the necessary au gets itself supplied
you." Here appears what amounts from ou5' Uv kvi above. Cron, fol-
to the common tSttos of rehearsing a lowing Stallbaum, writes aixa Kal afia
man's services in his own defence, of au', Riddell defends Ast's conjecture,
which practice Lysias (xii. 38) says, a/xa K(xv. The text here still remains
oif yap dr] ouSe rovTO avrcp Trpoo-'f}Kei hard to establish. See App. <))op- —
iroirjaai, oirep ev Tr)5e rr\ TcSXei elOiaiuie- TiKd Kal- SiKaviKa cheap and tedious :
h-^-^f^
OLKavLKoi, akrjOrj Se. iy oj ydpf <S ^ KOiqvaioLy aXkriV fxkv 32
Tis virep diKaioavyrjs re koI aBiKias Ae- ardrr}sheld the keys of the public
yoiev iiu, jneracrrpecpoures avrdlv ttju treasury and of the public repository
hvuafXLV (f)Opr iKcos, ws y e/uLo\ Sowe?. of records, also the seal of the com-
For d7]iuL7]yopiKdy which has the sense monwealth, and, further, presided at
of in bad Gorg. 494 c, where
taste, cf. all meetings of the senate and of the
Callicles, shocked at Socrates's re- assembly. Later (prob. in 378 b.c,
marks, says oi)s aroTTOs el, S) '^uKpares, the archonship of Nausinicus, when
Kol arexvoi)s drj fiTjyo po s. See also on the board of nine irpoedpoi, whom the
KeKaXkiein^/jLeuovs, 17 c. was com-
It eTTLardrrjs chose every morning by
mon in the courts and assemblies at lot from the non-prytanising tribes,
Athens for the speakers to call a was established) a new officer, the
spade a spade. Of course they al- eTTKTrdrrjs rwv irpoe^pcov, relieved him
ways declared that they must speak of this last duty. In Socrates's time,
the truth, and the whole truth. This the (pu\}) TTpurapevova-a, and the ewi-
duty was often made the pretext for (Trdrrjs of the day, had the responsi-
utterances not strictly in good taste. bility of putting to the vote (i-mxpr}-
7. €Pov\€vo-a Se': but I was chosen (pL(eii^) any question that arose or of
to the senate, i.e. the senate of five refusing to allow a vote. Socrates be-
hundred, chosen by lot. One of this longed to the dri/iios 'AAcu7re/cT7, in the
senate's chief duties was to act as a (pv\^ ^Aurioxis.Notice the addition of
committee, so to speak, before whom 'Aprioxis here without the art. and as
came, in the first instance, tlie ques- an afterthought tjiulcou t) (pvK-r] would
;
tions to be dealt with by the eKK\7)aia have been sufficient, though less cir-
(assembly). A preliminary decree (trpo- cumstantial. — oT€ v(X€is Krk. : after
^ovKevfxa)from this senate was the the Athenian success off the islands
regular form in which matters came called Arginusae, in 406 b.c. This
before the assembly. battle is also spoken of as rj -n-epl Ae-
8.€Tvx^v '"•pvTavevo'uo-a:
• the
• • (T^ov uaujuaxia, Xen. Hell. ii. 3. 32-35.
fifty representatives in the senate of The victorious generals w^ere promptly
each of the ten tribes (each ^uAtJ tak- prosecuted for remissness in the per-
ing its turn in an order yearly deter- formance of their duty. Accused of
mined by lot) had the general charge having shown criminal neglect in fail-
of the business of the senate, and ing to gather up the dead and save
directed the meetings both of the those who, at the end of the engage-
senate and of the popular assembly, ment, w^ere floating about on wrecks,
for 35 or 36 days, i.e. one tenth of the they pleaded " not guilty.^' The squad-
:
116 HAATONOS
the worsted enemy. The details of avTO) rovs airoWvfx^vovs (those who were
the case for and against them cannot drowning), iav acoOfi airayye7KaL rw §17-
satisfactorily be made out, though /birf, on ol crrparriyoX ovk OLveiXovro (res-
the reasons are many and strong for cued) rovs apiarovs virep rrjs irarpiBos
thinking tliem innocent. The ille- yeuo/meyovs. Cf. Xen. An. i. 2. 3, where
gality of the procedure by which they rovs e/c roDy iroKeosv is equiv. to rovs
were condemned is undoubted. They it/ reus iroXeaiv ouras e«: rcop iroXeoov.
w^ere condemned avofxais (1) because Here the fuller expression would per-
judgment was passed upon them aQpo- haps be OVK aueXo/Lieuovs eK rrjs vaufxa-
ous, i.e. fjiia ^rjipcp airavras, this was — XioLS rovs iv avrrj i/au/^axTja'az/Tas re kol
illegal, not only the general
since KUKcos IT eiT pay or as. G. 191, N. 6 H. ;
practice at Athens, but the decree of 788 a. For this subst. use of ol 6k
Cannonus (rh Kaupcouov y\/7](pLaixa) pro- with the gen. there are many paral-
vided 5iX" (apart) eKaarou KpiveLu, — lels such subst. use is common with
;
(2) because they had not reasonable preps, denoting close relation to their
time allowed them for preparing and object, —
in, on, from, etc. Notice the
presenting their defence. Cf. Xen. point given to TrapapojuLoos by its posi-
Hell. i. 7. 5, Ppax^a, cKaaros aireKoyr)- tion; it comes in almost as if it began
yap irpovredT)
aaro, oh (T(f)L a l Ao- an independent sent. Cf Lach. 183 b,
yos Kara rhv po/ulov. See Xen. roiyaproL hs av o'lrjrai rpaywhiav KaKois
Hell. i. 6. 33 ff. and 7 ; 3Iem. i. i. 18; Tvoielv . . . evdvs devpo (peperai /cat toIctS'
other of them, was still blockaded (Tauro, oirives rhv ^ri/uov e^Trrrdrrjaav
when the battle was fought. Of the (deceived) irpo(ioXas avrcov elvai
remaining eight who were in the bat- (their case was thus prejudiced by an
tle, two, Protomachus and Aristoge- informal vote of the assembly) kuI
nes, flatly refused to obey the sum- iyyvj^ras Karacrrrjo'ai, ecos 'hv
mons to return to Athens. Thus only KpiQaxjiv. The fate of these generals
six reached Athens, and .these, Peri- was remembered thirty years after-
cles, Lysias, Diomedon, Erasinides, ward by the Athenian admiral Cha-
Aristocrates, and Thrasyllus, were put brias. He won a great victory off
to death. —
tovs €K ttjs vavjxaxias Naxos (B.C. 376) but neglected to
not only the dead but those who pursue the enemy, in order to save
were floating about in danger of their the men on the wrecks and bury the
.lives. Cf. Xen..IIelL:i. 7. .11, TraprjkSc dead. Cf Diod. xv. 35.
:
>
fe^
AnOAOriA S^KPATOYS. 117
.^J(h.
Tcoi/ TTpvTavecop rjvavTLOJurjv jxrjoep TTOieiv rrapa rov^ POfiov^; 32
[/cat ivavTia exlsTj^Lcrd^nqv], kol kToijxo^v 6vto)v ivheiKvvvai
fjLe Kai dnayeiv ro)v prjTopcov kol u/xcSz^ Kekevovrojv /cat
15 ^ocovTcop, [lerd rov v6[jlov /cat rov St/catou ^/xtii/ fxaXkov /xe c
^x»w^CW
'
Xevouei/ojv ^o^r^Oevra Secr/xo^' '^ Oavarov, /cat raSra /x6^
Cf. Gorg. 474 a; Xen. Mem. i. i. 8; iv. idaei rhu Bri/nou irpdrreiu % av l3ov\r}-
4. 2. For a different account of the rai. Apparently the crowd jeered
facts, see Grote's Greece, c. 64, fin. at Socrates. Cf Gorg. 474 a, nepvcri
Connect ivavria exl/TjcpiadjuL-nv with luouos (a year ago) /3ov\€veij/ Aax^^, eVeiSr; rj
rcou TTpvrduecov. — evSciKVvvai, d'rra'yeiv <pv\T] eirpvrdveve koX eSei fx^ €Tn\p7)(f)i(eiu,
^udei^is and airaycoy^ were two sum- yeAwra tt ap elx^v Kal ovk rjiri-
board of the Thesmothetae in aira- ; the Thirty rather than the Thirty Ty-
ycoy-f], it was usually tlie board called rants. —
av in turn. Both democ-
:
ol eVSeAca) to deal summarily with cer- racy and oligarchy, however opposed
tain charges, ei/^ei^is was a form of in other respects, agreed in attempt-
summary indictment, laying informa- ing to interfere with the independence
tion usually against one who dis- of Socrates.
charged functions or exercised rights 20. cts tt]v GoXov: the Botunda.
for which he was legally disqualified, The name aKids was also applied to it
as when an uri/nos entered public from resemblance to a parasol.
its
places in Athens; a.Trayujyr) was the Cf Harp. (s.v. BSkos) who further
summary arrest and giving in charge says it was the place o-kov €crria}UTai
118 HAATONOS / ^ /u*/ ^ cU^
c:^trr^
yap iKeCvr) rj 0Lp)(r) ovk i^eTrXrj^ep ovto)<; ' lo-^vpd ovcra,
Gycrre dhiKOV tl ipydcraorOaiy dXX' iTreiSr) Ik rrj^; OoXov
i^y]X6o[Ji€P, OL ixkv rerrapeg ^^ovro eU 2aXa/^tj/a kclL rjya-
32 32
(dine) ol irpvTdveLs. Cf. also Poll, 9 : Se? ovv vfxas, ^airep Ka\ ti/ulcov fiede-
c
viii. 155, T] d6\os eV ^ avuedeiiruovv |eTe ovToo Kal roov Kiudvucov fx^T^x^i-v.
eKaaTTjs 7]fX€pas ir^vT7]K0VTa rris t(x)V tcov ovv KaT€i\€y/j.€ucou ^EXcvaiuicou Ka-
ovaa (pvX-f). Cf. E. M. s.v. e6\os Kal dapp7]T€ Kal (po ^t](t6€.
6pO(()7]v eixe ircpKpcpr] oiKoboiu7jTr}u, ovxl 24. €1 jXT] dYpoiKOT€pov ifv elireiv:
ra 'dWa olKodojiir]fxaTa. The
^v\iur}u, COS a supposition contrary to fact with
Thirty used the e6\os as their official suppressed apod, used by way of show-
residence. ing hesitation. Cf the same const.
21. AeovTtt : Leon of Salamis was in Euthyd. 283 e, d> leVe &ovpL€, ^t ^u^
an Athenian general. He, like Ly- aypoiK6Tepov i^v elirc?^, eJirou
sias's brother Polemarchus and many au *'
(Tol els Ke(l)a\'f)u/' o tl fiaO^j/ /aov
others (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. 39), fell a vic- Kal Tcav dWwv KaTaxpev^ei /ere. The
tim of the rapacity of the Thirty. — usages of gentle speech at Athens
ola : i.e. roiavra yap. Cf. Cic. Cat. adopted this formula to soften and
III. 25, quale helium nulla
10. excuse a strong expression. Cf Gorg.
...barbaria...gessit. Sif: in — 609 a, TavTCL KaT^x^Tai Kal SeSerat,
. . .
cf. Lys. XII. 93, avv(jo(p^Ke7(Tdai fxlv yap ovTcos,but to be connected immedi-
vfxasOVK 7]^L0vv, avvh La^d\\€ aB ai ately with i^€ir\r}^€u. The idiom eV
8* 7]vdyKa(ov. See also Critias's irArjTTeip Tiva e'ls tl is similar.
speech in the Odeum, Xen. Hell ii. 4. 29, wx<>VTO, cpx^V^v: went straight
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 119
*-rs ^lltiX^
dmcov
.1
30 yoy Kiovra, iyco 8e d^ojxy^v ot/caSe. Kai tcrto9 av 32
>ir -<X<c«a^
06<x ravT aneUavoVy et /xt) t) ap-^rj ota ra^eojv Karekvurj •
equiv. to Bia rdxous. Of. Bia ^pax^(J^Vy neut., a concrete way of expressing an
Prot. 339 a Gorg. 449 a. The Thirty
; abstraction.
33
were only eight months (June 404- 5. dXV €7(0: i.e. "however it may
a
Febr. 403) in power, for they ceased be with others, as for me, I, etc.'^
to rule when Critias fell at Munychia 6. ToiovTos explained by ^vyx^i-
:
each <^uA77, were put in their place. |i;7;^copr)crai, Kot yap (pavovij.a.i iJ.r]bevl
Cf. Xen. Hell ii. 4. 23. ^uyxcopvf^^s. For the commoner but
32. piaprup€s: possibly proceedings more vague idiom, cf. Crit. AG b.
were here interrupted for these wit- 9. lyw $€ KT€. : see Introd. 2t>,Jin.
nesses, though it seems quite as likely 11. TO. iiiavTov irpcLTTOvTos : see on
that Socrates appealing to the 5i-
is TcoKv-n-payixovo}, 31 C. iTTiOu/jLe? does not
Kaarai themselves to be his witnesses. exclude either eirMix-qa^ or iyriOv/uiriO-ei,
Hermann, who thus understands it, but rather implies them. Cf. rvyxdueL
reads vjucou instead of vfuu, an unneces- in 18 d. The notion of habitual action
sary change. is conveyed in the form of the same
XXI. 1. ap* ovv : by ovu we are single act indefinitely repeated.
120 HAATONOS
Kol TovTOiv iyo) elre ri? )(pr)crTo<; yiyverai elre jjnj, ovk av iiz4s
-<s
SiKaico^ Trjv alriav v77€;^ot/xt, S)v fjirJTe v7Tecr)(6[ji7)P jJLTjSevl
T'Qv alriav virexot/Jt^L. This last cor- 19. aXXoi iravT€s : not very differ-
5 ovcFL S' ov' ecFTL yap ol'ac (XT^Se?. e/xol Se roSro, co? eyoj
reicov KOL i^ ivvTrvioiv kol iravrl rpoTTO), (orrep tl^ nore Kai
dXXr] 6^ia ixoipa dvOpcono) kol otlovv rrpocrera^e Trpar-,. -e-^v^L^l^-^vj^^
Tetv, ravra, S) ^ Kdrjvaloiy kol dXr)6rj icm /cat eL^eAeyfcrd.
tion), quite like the Eng. not at all un- What isappointed by the Deity is
pleasant. Such are the common ovx contrasted with a man's own choice
IfiKiara /uaAfCTTa) and ov irduv
(iroLVTOiV the phrase freq. qualifies what man
(cf, not quite). Socrates perhaps agreed attains or enjoys through no effort or
with La Rochefoucauld, Maximes, 31, desert of his own but almost aya.d^
Si nous n'avions point de de'fauts, ILLoipi [hji the grace of good luck). Cf.
nous ne prendrions pas tant de plai- Rep. 493 a Arist. Eth. i. 9. 1.
;
sir a en remarquer dans les autres. — 9. 6ve\€7KTa easij to prove, not easy
:
gether with this implied prot. forms fxefjLurjcrdai, and the idea is that of jjlj/t}-
the apod, which goes v/itli el biaclideLpa) aiKaKelv, a word which had lately been
ktL GMT. 55, 1. This prot. is dis- much used in the political turmoils at
junctively elaborated in two parallel Athens. Cf the final agreement be-
clauses, (1) eUe eyucoaau, (2) el de fir] tween oligarchs and democrats, Xen.
avrol qBeKov. See on eiVep Kre. 27 d. Hell. ii. 4. 43, fj jurji/ [xtj jxvridLKaKrr
Instead of eXre . . . eire we have eXre aeiv.
. , . el Be (like ovre . . . ouSe), which 18. iravTws : as in answers, cer-
other Sy then [if theij were doing their 19.KpiTcov: it is he whose name
duty) they would supposing some of ^ is given to the well-known dialogue
them convinced on growing older that of Plato. See Introd. 62.
in their youth /, etc., now stand forth, 20. 8T]fJL0TT]s see on ervx^ irpvrauev-
:
etc. ovo-ay 32 b. —
KpiToPovXov although :
13. dvaPaivovTas ; see on iirl Si/ca- his father Crito modestly declares
(TTTipiOUy 17 d. (Euthyd. 271 b) that he is thin (aKKt)-
Twv €K€tva)v: on the repetition
15. (pp6s) in comparison with his exquisite
of the art. here, see G. 142, 2; H. playmate Clinias (cousin of Alci-
668. biades), Critobulus was famous for
16. Tovs irpocTTiKOVTas : Eng. idiom his beauty. See Xen. Symp. 4. 12 ff.
:
L- 33
33 33
He was one of Socrates^s most con- Lysias (fr. 3) of his attempt to estab-
d e
stant companions. The Oeconomicus lish, with borrowed money, a rex^^
of Xenophon is a conversation be- Ixvpe^iKT) (salve-shop). His failure in
tween Socrates and Critobulus. The this venture may have led him to
affection between Socrates and Crito visit Syracuse, where, according to
is best shown by the pains taken by Lucian (Paraslt. 32), lie won the favor
the former in furthering Critobulus's of Dionysius. —
*Avti(J)wv: Aeschines
education. In the Memorabilia (i. and Antiphon here present should not
3. 8 ff.) Socrates indirectly reproves be confused with their more cele-
Critobulus by a conversation in his brated namesakes, the orators. This
presence held with Xenophon. The Antiphon was of the ^r\ixos Kri<pL(nd
same lesson he reinforces (ii. 6. esp. in the <pvK)] "E^p^x^riis, but nothing fur-
31 and 32). That it was needed ap- ther is known of him.
pears from file impetuous character 22. the same whom
'E-Trt^e vovs :
34 34
cence; for how else can we account 4. el ktL see, esp. for the
€8€'r|0Tj :
b c
for the following'? ydp applies to force of /JL6U and Se, on deiua &i/ €'ir}u,
both clauses avrol /xeVancl ol Se; more 28 d. —
eXciTTco d7wva the ix^yiaros :
especially to the latter. For \6you aydou was one involving a man's fran-
€xoi€i/, see on ei fxivTOL, 31 b. chise and his life. Cf. Dem. xxi. 99,
37. ol TovTcov irpocTTJKOVTcs : this 7rai5ia yap TrapaaryjaeTai Kal K\a7]aei
partic, like apxcoi^ hasand avvoipx(»}J^, KOL rovroLS aurov i^aiT7](T€rai, and 186,
by usage become substantially a noun. olSa Toivvv on ra iraLdia e xJ*^ ^ o5 i/-
The poets apparently were the first peTrai (the defendant will bring his
to use parties, in this way. Cf. Aesch. children and burst into lamentations) koX
Pers. 245, ioprcau ro7s reKovai; Eur. TToWovs Koyovs kol raireivovs epe?, 5a-
EL 335, 6 eK€iuov reKccu. The parti- Kpvcou i\e € tuor ar u iroicou
KOI 0) s
cipial use and the use as a noun sub- aurov. For another appeal which was
sisted side by side. Cf. Legg. ix. customary in Athenian coui'ts, see on
868 b, Twv TvpoariKovToov rep reAeuTTj- oh Xoyovs and cpopriKa Kal BiKaviKa,
(Tavriy and ibid, rovs 7rpoa'f}KOi/ras rod 32 a.
reXevr-fjaauros. GMT. 108, 2 ; H. 966. Traihia. avTov
6. see App. :
38. 6XX Tj : see on aW jj, 20 d. €7w 8€ dpa: and then finds that I.
8.
XXIII. 1. €l€V St)': this closes the To be sure Socrates had enough
argument proper of the defence, and friends and to spare who were pres-
marks the beginning of the perora- ent in court, but he refused to make
tion. such wrongful use of their presence
2. 'lorcos Totavra : in much the same and sympathy, apa implies that any
strain. one who knew Socrates of course
3. dva|xvT]o-0€is eavTOv : many diKa- would be surprised at such unseemli-
arai had been defendants. ness where he was concerned.
:
126 HAATONOS
vixcov ovr(o<g e)(eL — ovk a^ioi jxev yap eycoye* el S' ovv, d
eTTLeiKT] av fiOL Soko) TTyoo? TovTov XeyeLv Xeyojv on e/xot, a)
dptcrre, elcrlv [lev ttov nves Kal oiKeloL* Kal yap rovro
15 avTO TO Tov ^0[ji7]povJ.ovh^ tyo) airo Spvo<; ouS' arro irerpr]^
hvo he TraiSCa •
dXV 0[jici)<; ovSeva avrcjv Sevpo dva^L^a-
crdfjievos herjcropiai vpcov d7ro\\fr](j)i(Tao'9ai. ri Srj ovv
20 ovSev TOVTOJV ttoitjcto) ; ovk avdaSit^opevo^, <S dvope^ ^KOtj-
valoLy ovS* i5/xa9 driiidL^ajv dXX' el p^ev OappaXecos eyoj e^J^ e
34
9. ws av 8o|aijjLi: of course Soc- (with the gen. of the proper name) is -,
that the risk he runs is a desperate expressed, and the quotation is in ap-
one. position with TOVTO, etc. Cf. Theaet.
10. avOaScorrepov o-xoCt| : would he 183 e, nap/x€ULd7]s Se fjLOL ^aiuerai, rb
too easily offended, more lit. repre- TOV pov, al^o76s re jhol a /ma
'Ojj.7]
sented by more (than otherwise) self- ^€Lv6s re. This const, is not con-
willed. The ^iKaarai might easily be fined to quotations. Cf the freq. use
too proud to submit to criticism of of duo7u Odrepoi/ as in Phaed. 66 e,
theirown conduct in like cases the ; BvoTj/ 6 (XT € p 01/, r) ovbafiov eaTi KT'fj-
drions point de celui des autres. first Kai means while the second also,
11. avTots TovTois : causal. — €i Srj introduces a particular case under
see on 29 b.
€/ §77, oiKeloi and means indeed or even.
a 12. yap: " (I say ?/,) for though I 17. Tpcis not added attrib. but
:
77/009 Odvarov tj fiij, aXXog X6yo<;y 7Tpo<; S' ovv So^ai^ /cat 34
efxol Koi vfjilv /cat oXy rfj TroXet ov (jlol So/c€t KaXw eTvai
€/xe Tovrayv ovhev TTOielv /cat TT^Xt/co^'Se wra /cat tovto rov-
25 i^Ojita e)(ovTa, eiT ovv dXrjOes etr' oS^' i//e{!8o9* dXX' oS^'
34 34
whether I can look death in the face or noun. Cf. Polit. 281b, TrapaBo^ou re
e e
not. At this point the grammatical Kai ^pevBos ovofia. Cf. Hom. II. ix. 115,
consistency breaks down. dAAa ought S> yepouj ovTL xpevdos iiutas aras kcu-
perliaps), but ov fioi ^oKeT is the only however that may be, people have ar-
trace of it. See on ofxcos 5e i^6K€i, rived at the opinion. Cf Prot. 327 c,
21 e. The anacoluthon
(H. 1063) is clKK^ ovv avXrjTol yovv Trdures ijcrav
resorted to because Socrates wishes IkolvoX ws irphs rovs Idicvras (non-profes-
to mention and yet to
his real motive, sionals).
avoid saying bluntly " I am too brave 26. to' : used here to indicate that
to do anything so humiliating.'' Hav- what follows is quoted. G. 141, n. 7.
35
ing said 61 fieu QappaK4ois ktL the next 27. 01 8oKovvTes those generally
:
a
clause (irphs 5' ovu ktL) shapes itself reputed. Here Socrates may have
accordingly. had Pericles in mind, if Plutarch's
22. oXXos X070S: another question gossip is truth. Cf Pericl. 32. 3,
or matter. Cf. Dem. ix. 16, et ^ei/ yap 'AaTraaiau /meu ovv €^rjT7}(Taro, iroWa
fXLKpa roLvra ^ /nrjdei' vfxiu avrcov e/LLeWev, TTOLvv Trapa rrju dlKrjv, oos Alax'i^VS (prjaiv,
&Wos av cXri Xoyos ovros. — 8* apels VTrep avTrjs BaKpva Kal Ber^Oels
ovv : but at all events or at any rate, T(av diKa(Trcov, he begged Aspasia off,
like certe after sive — sive. See though Aeschines says it was by a fla-
on S' ovv, 17 a. grant disregard of justice, by weeping
24. ov8{v : see on airorpcirei, 31 d. for her and beseeching the jurymen.
— TOVTO Tovvojxa:
sc, ao(f)6s. See on 32. dOavaTcov €<ro(JL€V(ov the subj. of :
23 a. Socrates purposely
ovojua 5e Kre., this gen. abs. is the same as that of
avoids using the word ao(p6s either oLTToOavovurai. This is not the regular
here or below. const., for usually the gen. abs. ex-
25. \|/€v8os used as the contrary
: presses a subord. limitation, and clear-
of the adj. aKrjdes. Cf. Euthyd. 272 a, ness demands an independent subj.
ioLv re i/zeGSos, eat/ re aXriOls ^. Some- Here, and in many cases where it intro-
times it is even used attrib. with a duces an independent idea, it depends
128 HAATfiNOS
XXIV. 1. \a)pis 8c TTJs SoJilS, ovSe by the diKaarai was, Kal aKpodrrojuai
8(Kaiov : after the unseemly practice rov re KarrjySpov Kal rod airoXoyovjueuov
has been condemned by reference d/uLoicos afxcpolv. The orators were al-
to rh Ka\6u (5(^|a), it is found still ways referring to this oath. Cf.
more inconsistent with rh biKaiou, and Aeschin. iii. 6 ff Dem. xviii. 6,
.
;
this is conclusive against it. The etc. See Introd. p. 49, note 2. Cf
second owSe (with d7ro<^6U76ti/) is merely also the sentiment, grateful to Athe-
the idiomatic correlative of the first nian hearers, with wliich lolaus be-
AnOAOriA SnKPATOYS. 129
069 OLP SoKT] auroJ, aWa hiKdcreiv Kara rov^ i/o/xou9. ovkovv 35
f
eoLu] re fievTOL vrj Aia [7rdpT0J<^'\ kol acreySeta? (jyevyovra vtto Me- d
Xyjrov TOvrov'C, crac^o)? ydp dv, el 7reL0oL[XL vfxds kol tco
SetaOat '^La^oifjir]]/ oficoixoKora^, 6eov<; au SiSdcrKOLfjn [irj
Athens, Eur. Heracl. 181 ft*., ava^ virdp- in this accumulated agony of empha-
X^i l^^v To5' iv rrj af) )(Qoviy ^lir^^v \
sis which leads up to what Socrates
fjLrjdeTTore aot erepov \6you firjdej/a /urj^e- manufacturer) ehai Oeccv, and (16 a)
vhs iindci^eiu). He has sworn not that ovKeri avToax^^LdCou (deal at random)
he will, etc., but that he will, etc. See ov5e KaiuorojULw (have newfangled no-
Dr. Gildersleeve's article in the Amer- tions) TTCpl avrd [rd de7a).
ican Journal of Philology, Vol. I. p. 12. ireiGoLjxi Kai r<S SeicrGai piajoi- cl
49. jjh^v : a double opposition which f orci-
r^-
L(^
Hdu T6 Kal aAAoi octol rrjde deoi, 5oir)T€ dict of the ^LKacrrai, which is followed
fxoL KaK(2 y €v ead ai Tavdod€v{ with- by the rifx-nais of Meletus. Then with
in) e^wOev (outward acts and fortunes)
'
c. XXV. begins the of Soc-
avTiriix-qaLs
5'6Va ex^> '^^^^ ii^rhs elvai jnoi (piKia. rates. Then comes the final vote
irXova lop 5e vo jxi^o ifxi rhv <To- fixing the penalty. See Introd. 74.
<p6v. rh he XP^^^^ TrXrjdos e'irj fioi oaov 1. d7avaKT€iv: the inf. with e
TO JIT]
fi'fjre <p€peiu /jLrjre ayeiu dvuaiT clWos ^ tlie art. is placed at the beginning of
6 adxppwv. — Kal vfitv: he is loyal to the clause, and depends upon a word
the hiKaarai; since they represent of prevention expected instead of ^v^-
Athens, they are his friends. Cf the iSaAAerai. "Many things contribute
words of Phaedrus at the end of the toward my not grieving," i.e. prevent
prayer, koX i/ixol ravra avuevxov • Koiua me from grieving. G. 263, 2, and 160,
yap TO. Ttav (piXoov. 1 H. 961. The fact thai I feel no
;
n (pevyr] av, MeXr)TOV ixkv ovv, a>9 ijjiol Sokco, koi vvv oltto-
nition of TOVTO) Tco yeyoyoTi. 138, ^lKltviiov Thv ^iK'nnro'j tov uavKAr]-
3. Kal 7€70V€ . . . : a departure from pov vlhu fiLKpov (almost) jueu aireKTei-
the beaten track, ko.! ot ouk actI.,
l yuTey XPVI^<^'^^^ 5^ iroWcoy avTOv iKeivov
though regular, wouhl have been cum- Trap' 6\iyas ^^/t^^ovs
avTiTijucofJiej/ov
pected. Compare cU/jltju just below ing 31. Diog. L. ii. 5. 41, says /care- :
volved in the event expected, is com- that 220 of the 501 diKauTai (see
mon enough in Greek sometimes ; Introd. 66) must have voted in his
even the context makes the expecta- favor. Socrates probably counted
tion one of pain or harm to come. the numbers roughly, as he heard
In English, hope is rarely used in the them, and said that thirty votes would
sense of mere expectation, but cf. have turned the scale. When Aes-
Rich. III. ii. 4, I hope he is much chines was acquitted of the charge
grown since last I saw him Mer. of ; of 7rapa7rp€a$€ia, betrayal of tnist when
Ven. ii. 2, As my father, being I hope on an embassy, brought by Demos-
an old man, shall fruitify unto you. thenes, his majority is said to have
6. ovTO) 'Trap oKlyov so close, ovtcos : been also thirty votes. For Demos-
is separated from oKiyov by irapd, a thenes, as here for Socrates, such de-
case of apparent hyperbaton. See on feat was, under the circumstances,
6.\\(f)s re KTe., 35 d. The combination victory. See Introd. 72.
Trap oXiyov is treated as inseparable, 8. i.e. alone, Meletus
d'Tro7r€4>€V7a :
because the whole of it is required to could not have got 100 votes, since
express the idea " a little beyond," i.e. with two helpers he failed to get 300.
/
;
132 HAATONOS
11. \\Xias SpaxH-as : see Introd. 72. Odov) you? 'what came over {naOdov)
'
103, rh fiepos twv y\/'r)(p(av ovk eKa^ev) because. The indir. question here is
the indispensable fifth part, not a fifth loosely connected with the leading
part. The ace. is used because the clause. Such connexion as there is
whole fifth is meant. 329 e,
Cf. Prot. depends upon the notion of deciding a
/jL€Ta\aiJ.I3duov(Tip . . . rcov tt/s aperris question implied in ri &^ios cltto- . . .
Xen. An. iv. 5. 5, ov Trpoaieaap irphs rh deserve to pay since the question in-
TTvp rovs 6\l/i(oj/raSf el fxT] fieroBo^ev av- volved IS ivhat possessed 7ne," etc. This
To7s TTvpovs euda, 5r/ fxereBidoaav
. . .
is more striking than the regular
aAA-rJAoiSw u elxoy eKacrroi. phrase ovx Tjo-vxi-av 6.y(av or ayor^ijiv.
For the omission of the art. when aocpovs vle7s ovrcos e(f)vaev. — dXV dfj,€-
dduaros means the penalty of death, Xtjo-as: this is more fully explained
cf. 37 b, and see on rod Oavdrov, 28 c. below by evravda ovk -pa, for which
.2. v|xiv: etliicaldat. G.184,3; H.770. see on 9 below.
3. TJ SrjXov Kre. : with i] (an) is ap- 5. covircp ol TToWoi: sc. eTrifxeXovvraiy
yf
fiia<; Koi arpanqyicov kol Zrjfxiqyopicov kol tcop oXXcoi' 36
KoX XiQoLS KoX 7f5 Koi ro7s 'a is Wo Twz/ exi TToppcoOeu cKpeaTTjicSrcou eJuai.
((fiois (as well as in animals) t€ koI 9. €is ravT lovra: the reading oura
<pvTo1s. Homer uses a similar idiom, can hardly be defended. See App.
Od. i. 132, Trap S' avrhs KAia/nhu dero 11. cirl Se TO iSia ktL but toward pri- c
;
overthrow the existing government, 14. irplv 6'm|X€\T]0€iT| Trpiv takes the:
the latter to revolutions, whether from opt. on the principle of oratio obli-
democracy to oligarchy, or from oli- qua, since the tense of the leading
garchy to democracy. Such combi- verb (rfa) is secondary. GMT. 67, 1
nations and seditions were rife toward 66, 2, N. 1 H. 924.
;
the end of the Peloponnesian war. 15. 6Va)s €o-oiTo GMT. 45 H. 885 a.
: ;
the pron. is not given, and then the but connected with the whole ju^ 7rp6-
. ;
134 nAATONOS
36
c
r€pov .TToAews.
. .
—
Kara tov avTov rpo- Beaiov ; the senatorial Prytanes dined
36
d
TTov: repeats e/c TrapaW'fjXou the thought in the 96\osy and in later times also
conveyed by ovtco, which points back those called aeicriroi, — certain Eleu-
to jiiT] -Kpor^pov TTpiv, I.e. so that what
. . sinian priests, scribes, heralds, etc.
The art. is omitted, since this is avTouy dia ti tus Trepl tov BavaTov hUas
thrown in merely to explain tovtov. icKeioaiv rjfiepaLS ot yepouTcs Kphovai,
facts, see on 35 d.
tcc ^elaOai ^laCoi/m-nv, fiETa^ovXevo-aadaL {to reconsider). Thu-
— t6 86: refers to the act which has cydides also says in his accomit of
been only incidentally touched upon Pausanias, i. 132. 5, xP^f^^^^i tc3
(tuvtI \ey(av = 0TL TavTa xiyca). o 5e, Tpoiro) aiirep elcvOaaiu is (T(pas av-
al 56, Th 5e, are used without a pre- rovs (their own countrymen), /xt] tux^Ts
ceding juev when they introduce some ^hai nepl au^phs ^-napTiaTov avev ava^-
person or topic in contrast to what TeK^rjpiwu $ov\evaai
(pLa-^TjTT^Tcou ti
fluous inf. G. 268, N.; H. 956 a. For 13. ti Seio-as : what fear is there to b
the facts, see on f] ^Ktap, 25 e. i7iduce me ? Supply verbs from the
7. wo-ircp Kttl dWois : for instance three infs. above.
the Lacedaemonians. Cf Pseudo 14. 4)Y]p.i: see above 28 e-30b.
: .
136 HAATONOS
sertion of oTi after oT5a. ev oT5' on 911. — oXKg. Stj: See on aAAa
but then.
and oIS' '6ri occur freq. (in parenthe- Stj, Crit. 54 a. The dAAct points to the
sis) where on is superfluous. See on impossibility just asserted of Socra-
orjXou on, Crito, 53 a, and cf. Dem. xix. tes 's paying a fine himself, while hi]
I know that most of you remember it. Cf. is opposed to ev^vxia (courage). Cf
Gorg. 481 d, ouaddvoixai ovv gov eKacrroTe Eur. Hec. 315, Tr6repa ixaxovjxeQ\ ^
. . . on biroa av <^^ aov ra iraLBiKa . . . (pi\o\pvx'h(J'oiJ.€j/; ibid. 348, kuk^
oi) bvvafJLeuov avTiKeyeiv. So the <pi\6\pvxos yvu-fj; also
^avovjuai Kal
ace. and inf. may follow otl and ds. the speech where Macaria chooses to
16. TOVTOV /CT6. : a part (rt) of wv, die, Heracl. 516 ff., kovk alax^^ov^ai
—
1
SeSeVGai /ere.: to remain in j)rison. prove still less able to bear it." But
GMT. 18, 3, N. Cf in Dem. xxiv. 63, instead, we find a question with 'dpa,
the document which winds up with will others then, etc., answered by ttoA-
:
37
c
Kov ye 5e7. The dependence of the — a\\T]v €^ a\XT|s /CT6. : cf Xen. An. ,
of the intervening detailed state- els rrju erepau e/c rrjs erepas iroXews.
ment. Elsewhere we find the substantive
25. PapvTcpai:, fem. because ras repeated, e.g. tottov . . . tottov, 40 c.
ifioLs diarpi^ds is the most important The whole expression suggests the
idea and rovs Koyovs is incidentally restless life led by the so-called
added by way of explanation. For sophists. Cf. Soph. 224 b, where the
agreement with the most prominent typical sophist is described as rhv
noun, see G. 138, n. 2 b. jLiaOrjfxara ^vuojuov/neuoj/ ttoXlv re e/c tto-
28. o (3ios : the art. as here used Aecos vofxiaixaros ajULei^oyra, one who goes
has something of its original demon- from town to town buying up and selling
strative force; accordingly i^eKOoun knowledge for coin. Cf. also Prot. 313 a-
. (rjj/ is appended as if to a dem.
. . 314 b.
pron., that would be a glorious life for 33. 8t* avTovs TovTovs to describe e :
138 / HAATONOS
a
not duty only, it is the highest good further adds (cf. the reasons given in
that is, his life is unthinking. Verbal lated to the thought which lies unut-
adjs. in ros, esp. with a privative, tered in the previous explanation
occur with both an act. and a pass, not from of money do I refuse to
love
sense. Here the act. meaning sub- make a The apod, in-
proposition.
stantially includes the pass, in so far cludes 6Va efjLeWov Kre. See on hs
as it involves self-examination (koX €juLe\\€v, 20 a.
ifxavrhu koI tous uWovs €^eTd(oiyTos). — 15. vvv he — ov •ydp: but as it is,
ptwTos : worth licing. Cf. xpeKTos, blame- (I name no sum of money,) /or money
worthy, and ^iraiv^ro^, praiseworthy. — I have none. The connexion is similar
TttvTa 8* introduces apod.
€Ti: 5€ where the un-
to dAAa ydp (19 d, 20 e),
(GMT. 57) in order to bring it into expressed thought alluded to by ydp
relation with the preceding ov irei- is easily supplied, vvv 5e expresses
a-eaOe fxoi. The two correspond very forcibly the incompatibility of facts
much like the two introductory clauses with the preceding supposition. Cf
idv re . . . idv r av. See on deiva hv Lach. 184 d, vvv 5e eS St; e^et uKovaaL
dr)v ktL, 28 d. Kal aov.
11. Ttt 8€ : see on rh 5/, 37 a. 16. cl iat] dpa: see on el /x^ ^pa, 17 b.
:
IF-
r
XXIX. Ov TToWov y eveKOi ;)(p6vov, ,S) dvhpe^^KOrj-
vaioiy ovofia e^^re kol alriav vrto rcjv /BovXofiei^cov Trjv
'ni^,
^rjaovci, yap Sr) cro^ov etpaty el koL firj eifxi, ol j^oyXopLe-
21. avTol 8' l^-yvdo-Gai : sc. (paalv, respite, they have done a great wrong.
to be supplied from KeAevovai. Their 2. ovojia I'lcTc Kttl atrtav: the name
surety would relieve Socrates from and the blame. See on t^ l^i/oiua kuI
imprisonment. t)]u BialBoXrju, 20 d, and ovofx'x Se rovro
22. d|ioxp€<{) responsible, an assur-
: KT€., 23 a. — vTTo: as if with ovof^iaaQri-
ance hardly needed in Crito's case. crecrde and airiaaOriaeade. See on ttcttou-
XXIX. Here ends Socrates's aunrl- Oare, 17 a. Some periphrasis like
juLTjais, and it was followed by the final ouofia €^€re Krk.was often preferred
vote of the court determining Socra- by the Greeks to their somewhat cum-
tes's With this the case
penalty. brous fut. pass, (of which there are
ends. Socrates has only to be led only two examples in Hom.).
away to prison. See note on c. xxv. 7. iroppw TOV Piov far on in life. :
above, 35 d. See Introd. 35 and 36. For the gen. with advs. of place, see
In the address that follows, Socrates G. 182, 2 ; H. 757. — 0avdTov U iyyvs
is out of order. He takes advantage and near unto death. The contrast in-
of a slight delay to read a lesson to troduced by 5e is often so slight that
the court. but overtranslates it. Cf Xen. Gyr.
1. ov TToXXov y €V€Ka xpovov : a i. 5. 2, 6 Kva^oLp-qs 6 rov ^Aarvdyovs
.
140 HAAT^NOS
or] Kai eiuLcrue vfjieL<; tcop akkcov aKoveiv, aAA ovre rore
(infjdrjv helv eveKa rod klvSvvov rrpd^ai ovhev d^eXevOepov,
l;r]v* ovre yap ep oiktj ovt tp Trqkejxco ovr €/x€ ovr akKop /^
c
A?!, i. 7. 9, eiVep Aap€LOv 4arl iraTs, (prifxL is looked upon as a gen. absolute
ifjihs 5 e ade\<p6s, ovk afxax^"^ ravT iyca thrown in as an afterthought for the
sake of a more circumstantial and
12. wcTTc dTro<i)VY€iv : so as to escape^ clearer statement. For the facts, cf.
i.e. in order to escape. The Greek Gorg. 522 d, where (evidently with ref-
idiom expresses not so much purpose erence to the point here made) Plato
as result. There really seems very puts the following words into Socra-
little difference between this cioa-Te tes's mouth : e^' Se KoAaKiKrjs p-qropiKris
with the inf. and an obj. clause with {rhetorical flattery) ii/beia reXevrc^rju
'oTTcos and the fut. ind. GMT. 98, 2, eyoDyc, ev olda otl pctZiias Xhois 'dv [xe
and 45; H. 953 and 885. Cf. Phaedr. (pepovra rov dduarou.
252 e, Ttav iroiovaiu ottcos toiovtos (sc. 19. ovhiv : see on ouSeV, 34 e.
Xph ""Sj/ TroLELV 6&crr€ aperris Ka\ (ppourj- wai/, etc., i.e. after such a defence.
(Tecos eV Tw ySiy fxeraax^'it^' Cf, also ovToos above means as / have, and
iixTre ^La(pevyeiu, 39 a below. that idea is vividly repeated by Sde.
14. To'XfXTis : in its worst sense, like Thus its contrast with iKchcos (sc.
the Lat. a u d a c i a. Cf. edu ns ro\- diroXoyrjordiuevos) is made all the more
fxa, 39 a below, and Crit. 53 e. striking. — TcGvctvai : see on reOydmi,
16. Gp-qvovvTos ure. : a development 30 e.
39
of the idea in roiavra, 61 av ktL Here 23. irdv iroiwv : ^t/ dojjig_£i,r} yth ing
is a transition from the ace. of the a n d everutlmia .
Cf iravovpyosy a ras-
Kal vvv eyo) [lev a7r€t/x6 vcf)' vficov Oavdrov SiKrjv ocf^Xcov,
Kiav. Kal eyctj re ro) ri/xTyjuaTt eynxevoi Kal ovrot. ravra [lev
TTOV Lcco^ ovro) Kal eSei a^elv, Kal ol/xoci avrd jxerpico^ e^eiv, / /£ ^
XXX. To Se S17 jneralrouro eiTiQv[Liii vplv ^(jjrjo'iJicoSrj-
— •
:^tt.^*'.
'
28. w<rT€ : cf. /j.rjxcii^^o'OaL ottqjs just re Kal apriiros, ovucKa irdaas \
iroWhv
above, and see on ware airocpvy^luy vneKirpod^ei, cpdduei Be re iraaap iw' alai^\
38 d. ^XoLTTTOva aj/O pwirovs.
thought, cf. Henrij V. iv. 1, " Now if necessary for the matter actually to
these men have defeated the law and shape itself just as it really has.''
outrun native punishment, though 37. o-X€tv on the meaning of crx^'^v
:
they can outstrip men, tliey have no and ex^iv respectively, see on edxere,
wings to fly from God.'' In the 19 a.
tliought that wickedness flies faster XXX. 1. to 8€ hr\ jacto, tovto :
142 HAATHNOS
<U'
ct>7]IXiJ 7r\eiov<; eaovrai vfjid^; ol iXey^ovre^, ov9 vvv iyo)
10 Karei^^op, u/xeig Se ovk ycrOdpecrde ' kol ^akerrcoTepoi icrop-
rat occp vecoTepOL etcrt, Kat 7;/xei? [idXXop dyapaKryjcreTe,
el yap olecrOe aTroKreipopre^ dp0pa)7rov<; i7ncr)(7](TeiP tov
OPeLOLL,€iP TLPa VJJLLP OTL OVK OpU(x)<^ 4'^T€, OVK OpUCO^ Ota-
39 39
3. avOpcDTTOi \pT](rfJia)8ov(riv Krk. :
Methinks I am a prophet new-inspired,
c And thus expiring do foretell of him c
has in mind such
:
prob. Socrates
His rash fierce blaze of riot cannot last,
cases as Homer
mentions, //. xvi. For violent fires soon burn out themselves.
851 ff., where Patroclus as he dies
4. dir€KTovaT€ sc. by their verdict,
:
739, —
the analogy of n/bLcopiav ri/LLccpeTadai
Verg. Aen. x.
without some reminiscence of
Ttj/a,
Ille autem expirans : Non me, quicumque es,
which it would hardly occur to any
mill to,
Victor, nee longum laetabere; te quoque fata
one to say ddyarou or n/jLcopiau ifih
Prospectant paria, atque eadem mox aiva aTre/CToVare. aweKTOuare is substituted,
tenebris. as more vivid and concrete, for the
Xen.
expected reTLfjLdoprjade. Similarly we
Cf. also C^/r. viii. 7. 21, ^ Se rod
avdpdoTTov \puxv t6t€ {<it
have fjidxw vlkuv or rjTraadai as more
the hour of
specific equivalents of fjidxw fxdx^o'Gai.
death) d^nou deioTdrrj Karacpaiuerai Kal
t6t€ Tt Toju fxeWovTcou irpoopa •
rore
— vvv : This use
expresses reality.
of i^vu is akin to
very frequent use
its
ydp, ojs eoLKe, ixdhiara eXevQepovrai. The
in contrast to a supposition contrary
same idea isfound in many litera-
to fact (cf 38 b, Lach. 184 d and 200 e)
tures. Cf. Brunhild in the song of
Sigf rie d ( Edda )
,
— but here it is connected with a false
account of what will come to pass, in
I prithee, Gunther, sit thee here by me, contrast with the true prophecy of
For death is near and bids me prophecy.
Socrates.
See also John of Gaunt's dying speech. 8. TO 8€ KT€. : for a similar idiom,
Rich. II. ii., though more strongly put, cf Soph.
AnOAOriA 20KPAT0YS. 143
•vV
89
244 a, 'lua . . . rh 5e tovtov yiyj^rjTaL- 5. ovSev ^dp Kw\v€t indicates the :
c e
TTciu rovvavriov. calm self-possession of Socrates, so
14. €<r0* avTi\ : not ov yap ecrO' ktc., strongly contrasted with the ordinary
as Sclianz has it. The position of attitude of those under sentence of
can near ov at the beginning of the death. — Siap.v0o\o7if](rai : more friend-
clause justifies the accent. G. 28, 3, ly and familiar than ^La\eyeadai. Thus
N. 1,^^.; H. 480,3. Socrates prepares to open his heart
15. \kr\ Tovs oXXovs Ko\ov€iv to op- : upon matters not strictly relevant,
press no man, corresponding to the ^pve- which only those of whom he is fond
ceding d7^o/cTelVo^'T6s eTricrxvo'ciu ktL . . . and who care for him need hear. Cf.
XXXI. 2. virep has just the same : Phaed. 61 e, iacos koI fxaKiaTa irpeirei
meaning with irepi. See L. and S. s.v. fieWoyra e/celcre aTrobr}jUie7u 5 a a* /c o- i
vir€p,Jin. Socrates speaks a^ow^ what ireTv re Kal ixvQoKoy etv irepl t^s
has befallen him, which he looks upon airobrj/uLias tt]5 e'/ceV, iroiav riua clvt)]v
40 40
10. TOV SaifiovCov
T\ : see on daifxS- 17. iroXXaxov 8t{: in many situa-
a b
viov, 31 d. See App. tions, and hence, often.
11. irdvv €irl (rjiiKpois : see on ovrw 18. Xc^ovra (j.€Ta|v for this and :
Cf. below C, ayadou Trpd^eiu. Cf. 45 d. gard to this whole affair, referring to
13. a 76 Si] KT€. ye emphasizes : the whole trial, and including every-
the idea expressed, and 5r} appeals to thing that led up to it.
the patent fact. Cf. (paaKovrd ye drj, 20. viroXaixPcLVo) : not subjv., since
Crlt. 45 d. — Kttl . . . vofjLi^cTai: a shift there no question of doubt. The
is
from act. to pass. Cf. Charm. 156 c, question is only a vivid fashion of
ravra heyovai re Ka\ ex^i- Perhaps
ouroj speech, of whicli Plato is very fond.
as vofxi^erai expresses the opinion act- 22. TJiJiets to be c^ nnected imme-
:
ually in vogue, it should be strength- diately with oaoi. This use of the
ened in translation by some adv. pron. gives a genial color to the
14. €c«)0€V : in the morning. Cf. whole ; Eng. we should use a par-
in
Xen. An. iv. 4. 8; vi. 3. 23; and Hom. titive expression, all tl ose among us.
Od. i. 372. 25. €[ji€XXov: referring definitely to c
AnOAOriA SOKPATOY^. 145
40 40
past time but still containing the idea corporates into his descriptions of life
c c
of continued action. Cf. Xen. An. v. after death Orphic and Pythagorean
8. 13, ei Se Tovro irdvres eTroiovfMey [had accounts of metempsychosis. Here
done), airavres au CLTrooXofieOa, For the and in the Phaedo (70 c-72 a) Socrates
facts, see Introd. 27, Jin. appeals to a iraAaihs Aoyos.
XXXII. 1. Kal TTJSe : after an argu- 5. rfj \|/vxf) : a dat. of interest.
ment based upon the silence of his G. 184,^3; K 771. The gen. would
inner voice, Socrates considers the express the subject of the action
question upon its merits. designated. — tov tottov governed by :
3. olov fiT]8€V elvai : without defi- vau/bLaxiois, 32 b. See also App. Kal —
nitely expressed subj. (cf. olov airodr]- €1't6 the second member is introduced
:
thought. — Kara to, Xe^ofieva : Socrates 8. K6p5os : not ayadoj/, because Soc-
associates his idea of the life hereafter rates does not consider such a con-
with stories and traditions which are dition as in itself a good.
themselves a development of Homer's 9. civ oljxai : dv belongs to evpelv,
utterances about the 'HXvaiov irediou and on account of the length of the
and Hesiod's account of the fiaKoipcou prot. is repeated first with olfxai in 14,
vrjaoi. The later poets, e.g. Pindar, and again j ust before the inf.; similarly
continued what Homer and Hesiod ^eoL is twice used in the prot. See on
began. And Pindar, furthermore, in- i(T(as rdx dv, 31 a. €K\€|d)Ji€VOV Kal —
V
146 HAATONOS
^ avTiirapaGe vra crK€\|/a(jL6Vov : the first 20. cos apa a conclusion derived
:
two parties, coupled by icai are subor- immediately from the admission that
dinated to aK€\pd/xei/ovj just as it is death is a migration from earth to
subordinated in turn to clireTu. See some other place. ...
of any one in private station, no, not the 25. Mivcos Krk. connected gram- :
Great King, etc. aWd is used here to matically with the rel. sent, rather
introduce a climax. See H. 1035 a. than >vith rovs diKaa-rds. Cf. Phaed.
16. avTo sc. this gives a final
: 6(5 e, rore tjjiuu earai ou i7ridv/xov-
touch of emphasis to ^aaiKea. Socra- fxev re koll (pa/ncu epaarai eluai, ({)pov7]-
tes talks of the king of Persia in o-ecos, eTretSav TeAeuTT^o-coyuei/ /ctI. The
the strain which was common among three mentioned, Minos, Rhada-
first
Greeks in his day. Polus, in the Gor- manthys, and Aeacus, were sons of
gias (470 e), is startled because Soc- Zeus, and while living had earned
rates refuses to take it for granted great fame by their scrupulous ob-
that the king of Persia is happy. servance of justice. They are also
17. K€p8os 'X€y«: sc. avrou. — Kal named in the Gorgias as the ministers
^dp for thus the whole of time ap-
Krk. : of justice in the world below. In
pears no more than a single nighty etc. Dante's Inferno (v. 4-17) Minos, curi-
—
saeus with Homer and Hesiod were asyndeton (H. 1039), which occurs not
honored as the most ancient bards infrequently where as here a sent,
and seers of Greece. is thrown in by way of explanation.
;
148 HAATONOS
icrri, KOL tl<; oler ai [xev, ecrri o ov, kiri ttoctco 8' aV rt?, a>
41 41
, jnoi is easily supplied from the pre- TTOLM hiKairp xpco/xej/os "Bep^rjs e-rri r7]v
rh fx4yi(rr6v icrri tovto, i^erd^oura 8/a- blessed than tongue can tell. Cf. Theaet.
y€iv (with an indef. personal subj.). 175 a, droira avrt^ KaracpaiveraL rris
KpaT7}craaa rcou iiriovrcov rpoiraia ecrrT^cre. fjiTju . . . TfOTepov xaAeTrbi^ rov ^iov t) ttws
This loose use of the impf. instead of (TV avrh e^ayyeWeis.
the aor. is not uncommon where ex- 42. irdvTws ov Stittov in any event, :
treme accuracy is not aimed at. we know that thei/ kill no man there,
c 39. Sio-v<t>ov cf Hom. //. vi. 153 ff.,
: etc. —
TOVTOV 76 € V€Ka spoken point- :
XXXIII. 'AXXa 1
XP^' ^ dpSpe<; StAcacrrat,
K:al u/>ca9 41
trouble and the unrest of a busy life. 11. pXdiTTeiv used abs. without
:
in this, because death is never a harm. certainly are far from wishing me
Applying this principle to his own well, yet I ask so much as a favor,'^
actualcircumstances, its truth be- i.e. so little that they can well afford
comes the more manifest, so that, to grant it. Then follows an expla-
finally, he can explain why the divine nation of Too-Jj'Se.
c-^'
?
150 HAATONOS AHOAOriA SOKPATOYS.
41 42
13. T]PTf(rwo-i see on eax^re, 19 a. speech, giving at the same time the
e
:
a
Cf. Hes. Op. 131, aAA' orau ^)87ja-€ie Kal reason for coming to an end.
rjl37]s fierpov 'lkolto. 22. irXiiv T) : pleonastic like aAA' -^
usually taken as the most grievous in- ^AeyoUffieWoieu uov KarayeXav, (iairep ah
jury as the greatest possible blessing. (prjs aavTov, ovBei/ hu eXt] arises irai<^ovras
42
19. avTos T€ Krk. for iydo avrhs
: Kal yeXoovras 4v rep diKaa'TT^pioj diaya-
a
ktL Cf. Crit.50 e. Cf. Soph. 0. C. yelv ' ei 5e Girov^dcr ovr ai, rovr*
461, eira^LOS fieu Oidiirovs KaTOiKriaai, \
7]di] OTTT} airo ^rj (Ter ai aSrjXov
avrSs re TratSes 0' aV5e. ttAt/v v/jl7u ro7s fiavr ea" iv. See
i
20. dWct ^ctp Kr€. : serves to close the on 6.pi(TTa, 35 d.
; ^
nAATXlNOS KPITflN.
^ 1. KpiTwv : see Introd. 62. See on IBaOvs means, just before daybreak. Cf.
Apol. 33d,y?n., and
cf. SSh,Jin. Xen. An. iv. 3. 8 ff., where Xenophon
4. TTT^viKa |xa\io"Ta, about what time dreams a dream, eVei Se opdpos fiv . . .
is it ? In Lat. maxime and ad- ^heT6 re KaX oos rdxi-O'TCf. ecvs vizecpaivev
modum are so used, e.g. locus pa- edvovro. Here opBpos means the dark
tens ducentos maxime pedos, before the dawn. Cf. also ajUL(pL\vK7i
Liv. X. ;^S. 5; locus in pedum vv^, Horn. //. vii. 433, fifios 5' oUr' ^p
mille admodum altitudinem TTco 7jd)s, en 5* ajucpiXvKr} vv^y \
rrj/nos &p*
abrupt us, id. xxi. 36. 2. ajLKpl TTvprjV Kpirhs eypero \ahs ^Axaioov.
op6pos PaGv's: the adj. limits
5. 6. tJOcXtio-c viraKovo-ai : did not re-
opdpos, sothat the whole expression fuse to let you in. Cf Xen. An. i. 3. 8
means rather the end of night than for ovK f]6e\e, he refused. With vira-
the beginning of day. Cf. the time Kova-ai, cf Acts xii. 13, and Xen. Symp.
when the Protagoras begins (310 a), I. 11, ^iXiTTTTOS 5' b yeXccTOiroihs Kpovaas
rris Trap€\6ov(Tris pvKrhs ravrrja-i, en t))v dvpav elire rc^ viraKovaaun {the por-
Radios opdpov. The description in the ter) el(Tayye7\ai oans re e^rj Kre.
same dialogue of young Hippocrates 9. Kal . . . Kal KT€. : and what is
feeling his way through the dark to morCy I've done a little something for him
Socrates's bedside shows that opdpos tI is equiv. to evepyeaiav nvd (a tip). ...
; : ;
152 HAATONOS
XaKLS />cer S17 cre fcai irporepov iv rravri rco ^ico evSaifjuo-
VLcra Tov rpoirov, woXv Se jaaXccrra iv rrj vvv TrapecrTCxycrrj
o)9 €|iLOL (f>aiveraiy dXX* €/>toi /cac toc9 0*019 i7rLrrjSeibc<; Trdcriv
KOL ')(aXe7rr]v kclL ^apelav, rjv iyco, 0)9 ifJioi Sokco iv rol<;
30 /SapvraT dv iviyKaijxi,
, 12. clra : refers to iirieiKoos irdXai in a secondary tense, see GMT. 44, 2 ; ,
17. iva Sta-yris: for the subjv. after effective and almost pathetic reitera-
;:
KPITON. 153
jxepov.
43 43
tion of the first x^^^'^^'^^i made all the ae) KoL vvv in e| €K€ivov kolt iviavrhv
c c
stronger by the doubled Kai. {every twelvemonth) rep dew irejuLirova-Lu.
30. €V Tois PapvTaT av cve-yKaiixi iireiBaj/ ovv dp^courai rT]s Oeccplas, vSfxos
in Hdt., Thuc., Plato, and later writers, iarLv avTo7s ev T(p XP^^V rovrcp KaOapev-
eV Tors, about, is idiomatically used to €iu tV ttoXlu Kal 5rifio(Tia firj^eua airo-
limit the superl. Thus eV to7s be- KTLvvvvaL {to put uo ouc to death by
comes an adverb, which describes not public execution), irplu ap els ArjXoy acpl-
absolute precedence but an average KTirai rh t:\o7ov koI tzolKlu hevoo ktL
and comparative superiority. Cf. Cf Introd. 36.
Thuc. iii. 17, iu to7s ir\e7(Trai, among 32. T€0vavat: see on reOvdvai, ApoL
the most numerous (not *the very most SOc,fn.
numerous,' since Thuc. adds that the 33. 8oK€i fJL€v: with no following
number was exceeded once) where the 5€. In such cases the original affinity
gender of irAeTaraL is noticeable. Cf. of fieu with /iT7.v is usually apparent.
also id. i. 6. 3, er roTs ir pear 01 5e Its meaning is, indeed, surely.
^A6r)Pa7oi t6u re aidrjpou KariQevTO ktL 35. can hardly have
Twv ayyiXiav :
26 b. —
TO irXoiov KT€. cf. Phaedo, : for the best, Crito.
it's all aWa intro-
58 a tovto icm rh Tr\o7oy, wr (pacriv
: duces in vivid contrast to Crito's de-
^A67)ua7oif eV ^ &r}(r€vs irore els Kp-f^rrju spondency the cheerful hope of Soc-
Tovs 5is eTTTa eKeiuovs {the seven couples rates. —
Tv'xTi ct^aOTj: a hopeful in-
to be sacrificed to the Minotaur) (px^^o vocation often prefixed to a solemn
6.ycou Kal iawcrc re Kal avrhs iacoOr]. r(p statement. Cf Symp. 177 e, aAAa
odi/ 'AirSWcavL eii^auTOy ods Xdyeraif roT^ TV XV ay a Of] Karapx^Tco ^a7Bpos, let
et <Tco6€7€Vf €Kd(TTov €Tovs B^ojpiav [a sol- Phaedrus make a beginning and good
emn embassy) airoL^^iv els ArjAov %v St; luck to him. Used freq. like the
; ; .
154 HAATONOS
5 Sn. *Eycu croi ipcj. rfj yap ttov vcrTepaia Set /x€ (xtto-
OuTjCTKeLV Tj
fj
av eXOrj to ttXoIop,
KP. ^acTL ye tol St) ol tovtcop Kvpioi,
Sli. Ov Toivvv TTJs iTTLOvcrrj^; T^/xeyoa? oTfJiaL avro rj^eiv,
vvv, 6(^77, hoKe7, 6 ^Ayeaikaos, (re juhy, Versiculos, vetuitme tali voce Quirinus
Post raediara noctem visus, cum somnia vera.
Si 'XTnOpiBoLTay TV XV o^yaBrj 5t5oj/at
"OtvX tt]v Ouyarcpa. Cf. also Xen. Cf/r. 11. €V Kaipw Tivi : usually expressed
iv. 5. 61, aA.Aa Sexo/^ai T€, 6^77, Kal by the shorter iv Kaipw, ojjportunely
ayaOf} rvxj] Tjfiels re Ittttc^s yeuoifieda Cf Legg. iv. 708 e, eav irphs Ko.ipSu riva
Kol vfjLeTs SteAoiTe ra kolvol. Xeyojjxev. The rh has the effect of a
44
a
5. TT) -ydp TTOV KTE, I this is the first litotes, as e.g. in exet nua Xoyov,
premiss that follows the conclusion there is good and sufficient reason for it.
stated above in ov /ucei/roL ri^eLP rrj/ne- 15. TjjiaTi KT€. : quoted from Hom.
poi/, the second is contained in the //. ix. 363, "^fxari /ce rpLrarui ^6ir]v ipl-
account of the dream. fiooKov Ikoijultji/.
7. 01 TovTwv Kvpioi: see Introd. 16. oLToirov KTe. : sc. io-rl, an excl.
75, and cf. Apol. 39 e. wliich nearly approaches the form of
8. TTJs eiriovo-T^s T]p.€pas : means the a regular sent. Cf. Hom. //. i. 231,
;
KPITON. 155
Phthia was the home of Achilles. €Ti Se': quite apart from my losing, etc.
— 7€ not y ijuLoi. The emphasis
jioi: . . . I shall farther , etc. See App.
fallson the verb rather than on the 4. €(rT€pTJcr0at : the pf . inf. with
pron. See on ws yi /jlol doKco, Apol. 18 a. Xw/Jts. — ovSe va [xt] irore : equiv. to
III. 1. CO SaifJiovic : most excellent, ov fiT] TTore riua, and SO here with the
meaning about the same as c5 Oavjudaie, fut. indie, / shall certainly never, etc.
or S) fxaKapL^, stronger than
rather GMT. 89, 1 ; H. 1032.
coyaOi. Of course no color of irony is 6. ws otos T€ cJiv /ere. / shall seem : to
given here. Symp. 219 b, tovt(S rep
Cf. many to have neglected you whereas I
daijuouicp cos a\rjda>s koI Oav/uLaaTcp, and was able to save you. o16s re &v o-cp^eij/
applying it to things. Plato still rovTO, bVTiva xph Tpoirou ^rju Krk. Where
further enlarged the ground which it the gen. after a comp. is a dem. or
;
156 HAATHNOS
Se rovTo 6 n av rv^coav.
lY. KP. Tajjra [xev Srj ovtojs e^iroy' raSe Se, S) Sco- e
Kpare<;, eliri [xoij dpd ye [xr] k/xov 7rpo[jLr)0eL Kal tg)v dXXcov
44 44
an explanatory clause (here
rel. pron., H. 884. See on hs e^eAAei/, Apol. 20 a. ^
with the inf., cf. Eur. Her. 297) intro- 21. Ip^djeo-Gai: serves as a repeti-
duced by ;;, may always be appended. tion of e^epydC^aeai above. Such repe-
Cf. 53 b c. tition of the simple verb is common.
13. wo-ircp av irpaxOxi see on tv tt.u
: CfAdcd and Li/s. 209 c, ri ttot hv eX-q
\4yoi, Apol. 20 e. The aor. subjv. has rh ainovy on iuravda /mhu ov biaKwXvov-
the force of the fut. pf. GMT. 20, a-iUf iu oTs Se &pTi iAcyofxev KcoXvovaiu.
N. 1 ;H. 889 c. 22. KaXcos Kre. : indeed (i.e. if this
the many are really in a position, e^c." Supply ipydCeaOai here, and Troi-ffaapres
Crito has profited but little by what with 6 n &j/ In hypothetical
ruxwo-ti/.
Socrates has said in the court-room. and rel. sents. rvyxdv^i^i^ rnay be used
Cf. Apol. 30 d, 34 c, 40 a, etc. without the partic, which is always
d 20. cl yap w(|)€\ov ktL a wish:
- suggested by the leading clause.
the object of which is not attained. IV. 2. apd ye jirf: like jur] alone e
'iva oToi re riaav expresses an unat- (Apol. 25 a), apa fi-fj looks for a neg.
tained purpose depending on the pre- answer, but it nmy also (see on ^t^, 45 e)
ceding unfulfilled wish. GMT. 44, 3 convey an insinuation that in spite
,6- -u-^-
6^^ \
KPITON. 57
k.
[^
eTTLT 44
i'-
86
TTov OiKatOL craxTavre^ klvS vveveiv tovtov tov
h
ecrfxej^ ere
44
e
of the expeditea denialAtiie facts really KTe. — <|>oPov: reiterating
above, (^ojSe?
45
a
would justify an affirmative answer; be fearful. It is a part of Crito's char-
7/ou surely don't, though limagine you do, acter to return again and again to his
is Crito's meaning. The [x-i] which fol- point. Cf 43 d, and see Introd. 62.
lows TTpojUL-nOe? is .obviously connected Further he had here a welcome oppor-
with the notion of anxiety in that tunity for airing his grievances against
verb. The same idea is again pre- the sycophants (blackmailers). Crito
sented in <j)ol^e7 (are /earful) below. had been himself the victim of these
The subjv. irapexctxriu conveys an idea rascals until he found a vigorous
of action indefinitely continued, where- friend, 'Apx^^Vl^oy, irduv jxku licauhv el-
quest is reinforced by the neg. /j,^ Tovroou Toov TToKKoov, and Dem. xviii.
TToiei, do this and do not do that. Cf. 46 a. 140, Koi ra fiev dWa Kal (pepetu i]8vi/ad\
13. |jit{t€ the second clause, which
: OJS eoiKeu, 7) irSXis Kal ttolcov out as
we miss here, appears below (b) in the Aai/ddu€iu {this fellow could do... un-
resumptive statement oirep x4y<a, /n^jTe detected).
158 HAATONOS
45 45
17. <rol Se : the argument is as K€Pt]s: Cebes also was from
21. ^
a
follows : the amount required to settle Thebes, and the two play a very im-
with these sycophants, I should be portant part in the Phaedo.
ready enough to expend for almost 23. diroKcifXTis o-avTov o-worai: get
any one, but for you, etc. — virctpxci: tired of trijing, etc. Here is no impli-
cf. HapvcraTis . . . VTrrjpx^ '^V Kupco, cation that Socrates has already tried
(piXovcra avrhu fxaWov ^ /ere., Xen. An. to get away. Crito only hints that any
i. I. 4; Koi VTrdp^€l VfXLV 7) ifx)] TTOXlS' other course is nothing short of moral
€k6vt€s yap ^ue 5e|o^Tai, ibid. v. 6. 23. cowardice. See App. —
o cXc^es: cf.
— (OS €7w oljiai; said with reference Apol. 37 c d.
to the appositive iKavd. 24. XP*?®* ^^^ ^P*- representing
OVK ol'ei Crito recollects what
18. : the subjv.' of doubt. GMT. 34, 3.
Socrates had said (45 a, in connexion 25. aX\o<r£: for 'dWoQi, which we
with 44 e). See on ou <p?]r€, ApoL2bh. expect after iroWaxov on account of
19. Je'voi ovTOi : cf. Apol. 33 e, aWoi oTToi. This is attraction, or inverse
roivvv ovroi Krk. The pron. calls up assimilation. Cf Soph. 0. C. 1226,
the leVoi as present in Athens, and, for ^r]vai iceldev bdepirep 7]K€1.
rhetorical purposes, within sight. The Y. 4. ere Sia(|>Oetpai : (re is accented c
art. is omitted because |eVot is a pred., for emphasis and to disconnect it
/X17 So^27 ^'^^^ '^^ rrpdyiia to irepl ere dvavZpia tlvl ttj
45 45
Y. 7. TO <rov jxepo?: pro tua genuinely au^pes in the proper sense
d —
parte or quod ad te attinet. of the word. They failed avavhpia
o Ti av Tv\co(rL : see on vvv 5e, 44 d. nvi. Cf. Euthyphro's boast, evpoifj.'
8. TOVTO irpa|ou(riv : cf. ev, KaKcos^ tv oTTTj aaOpos iari, Euthyph. 5 c.
and even ay aOou (used adv.) with 17. Kttl TJ clVoSos Kai o d^wv in
. . . :
TrpdTT€ij/ (ApoL 40 c). See on fXT] apposition with dirav rh irpayfjia rh irepl
opOccs Trpdl^LUj ApoL 40 a. ae. On the meaning of the technical
10. yap KT6. the yap is connected
T) : terms, see Introd. 70, with note 1, p.
with an unexpressed reproof. 52. Precisely how the trial of Socra-
13. cjxwrKOVTCL ye Brf: sc. ere, ai all tes could have been avoided except
events you icho maintain^ etc., or particu- by flight from Athens is not clear.
when you maintain. See on a 76
larlij There is a wholly untrustworthy tra-
§77, 40 a.
^770/. dition thatAnytus offered him terms
e 16. [JIT] see on apa ye fxi], 44 e.
: of compromise. Probably there were
The notion of fear is remotely im- abundant means at hand for raising
plied. For this const., very common legal technicalities and for securing
in Plato, see GMT. 46, N. 4,^72.; II. 867. in this way an indeflnite delay. All
— dvavSpLO. a certain sort of
Ttvl ft'Te. : that Crito necessarily suggests is that
coicardice on our part. Notice the em- flight was open
Socrates beforeto
phasis given to ry 7)iuL€T€pci,for which proceedings began. At Athens, as
we are responsible. If Crito and the at Pome, the law allowed a man to go
rest, by showing more energy, by into voluntary exile. See Introd. 72.
using all possible influence against 18. d dyiov : the management of the
Meletus and his abettors, had carried case. See on els ayoova KaBiards, Apol.
the day, they would have been more 24 c.
— ; .
160 HAATONOS
ajuta T(o KaKco kol alcrxpd y aoi re koX tjixIv, dWd /Bov-
25 \evov, fiaXXov Se ovSe ^ovXevecrOai en copa, dWd jiefiov-
XevcrOat, fxia he jSovXij' rry? yap eTnovcrri^ vvkto^ iravra
the stage before the Athenian public to your beauty) ev iiroirjads /xe Kre. —
is prominent. — KaKig. /ere. : this is aXXct: cf line 28 below, and see on
really in Crito's eyes the culmination dAA' €/j.ol ireiOou, 45 a. This speech
of disgrace (connect with rh reXev- has the dignity which genuine feeling
ra7ou) in a matter that has been dis- alone can give. Cf Rich. III. iv. 3, —
gracefully mismanaged. Plere is a Come, I have learned that fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay
return to the leading thought and a
Delay leads impotent and snail-paced beg-
departure from the regular gram- gary ;
think they allowed every advantage Ka\ irap€(rK€vda9ai, and IV. 19, ravra. .
and every opportunity, especially the Traai BeboxGai (prjfA de7u. GMT. 18,36;
possibility of escape which now en- H. 851 a.
KPITON. 161
46
YI. 2. djia : sc. eariu, in spite of ^o^a Kre., and Soph. Phil. 965, S/uloI /jl€v
b
the opt. in the prot. GMT. 64, 2 6 oJktos beivhs e/ZTreTrrco/ce ris |
rov5^ av-
PI. 901 b. — €l €l'T] : not if it should be, Bp6s, ov vvv irpcoTOv, aWa Kal TraAai.
but if it should p rove to be. Cf. deii/a 5. ToiovTos olos: for the omission
tr.u e^r]u elpyaa/jLeuos,Apol. 28 d. For (rare except with the third person) of
the present, Socrates does not decide the copula, cf. Gorg. 487 d, koX /lltjv
tains that " truth is truth to th' end Oeadai, see on roiovros, Apol. 33 a. —
of reckoning " (Pleasure for Measure, Twv Ifxoiy Kre. : ra ifid includes all the
V. 1 ) . vvv and
might almost change
aei faculties and functions both of body
places, since the important point is and of mind. Among these \6yos is
that Socrates, after proclaiming the included, since it means man's reason
supremacy of reason (cf Apol. 38 a) as well as his reasons and his reason-
in prosperity, finds his belief still firm ings, — his utterances and his princi-
in adversity. Cf 53 c and e. Cf ples. Cf. below 47 C, eis ri rccv Tov
As You Like It, ii. 1, aTTeiBovvros and 47 e, on ttot earl rwv
Sweet are the uses of adversity, r)fjL€T€p0JV.
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 6. Tovs 86 X.070VS Kre. these words :
46 46
(from what T. 97,
b Supply KoL TvpSrepov fol- aeis, I. €l(Tl3d(T€is, ibid. 101, also
lows) with ofioioi. the common use of diaWayai both in
11. irXeCo) jxop[j.oA.vTTT]Tai : uses more poetry (Eur. Phoen. 701) and in prose
hobgoblins to scare its. jnop/uLoXvTTeaOaL (Lys. XII. 53 xiii. 80, etc.). That such
;
has ike double ace. like ^XoLirr^iv nvd plurals were only a stronger way of
Ti. xMop/uuf^^/ like ''EyUTrouo-a, was one putting the singular is clearly shown
of the^Scutious terrors of the Greek in Eur. Bacch. 1350, am?, BebSKraif
nursery. Cf. Gorg. 473; Ar. Av. TTpea^v, T\r]/iLOues (pvyai. For ddua-
Va" 244, TTorepa Avbou 7) ^pvya ravrl |
Tos, meaning the penalty of death, see
Xeyouaa fiop/noXvTrecrdat, ^ok€7s ; The on Apol. 30 b.
Schol. there suggests that the alarm 15. €L dvaXaPoi}Ji€V : / think, if we
began airh rwv irpocrccTreioou {masks) rcov should begin bg taking up your point, etc.
KPITfiN. 163
KP. Nat.
Sli. Xpr)o-Tal Se ol'^ ai raiz^ (f)povL[jia)v, Trovrjpai Se at
roil/ a(l)popojv
.46
;
" to say something that can be de- tohim as it doth to me ; all his senses
pended upon, that amounts to some- have but human conditions." Notice
thing.'' Cf. Lach. 195 c, ri SokcT the force of ye. Cf 54 d, 6Va ye ra
Adxvs \eyeiUf do NiKLa; eoiK€ fxeuTOL vvv ifiol BoKOvvra. .-
\4yeiv Tl, to which Mcias humorously 30. iKavtos : sufficiently ^ satisfacto-
a
responds, Kal yap Xeyei ye tl, ov fxevToi rihj, and hence rightly or truly. Ikuucos
a\7]d€s ye. very commonly appears in conjunc-
25. vvv ht] : just now. tion with jxeTpiois or KaXoos, to either
28. 00-a 7€ TavOpwircLa : humanly one of which it is substantially equiv.
speaking. Cf Dem. xviii. 300, oaov Cf Symp. 177 e and Phaed. 96 d.
^v avBpwTriv(i} AoyKX/jLO) dvvaTov, as far 32. For an omission here, see App.
; .
164 HAATONOS
Toiz/ TToWcJv,
KP. A^Xa St;.
47 4i
YII. av iXiyeTO the impf.
1. ir(3s : dovXovaOai rovs dWovs, r avr
a b
because the new question (av) mvolves eirparrop. As this raOra refers to
a matter which has already been dis- KaraBovAovaOai, SO the tovto in question
cussed. GMT. 11, N. G H. 883. ;
— refers to the notion of gymnastics
ra Toiavra: refers to what follows. implied in yvjui/aCo/uLevos the whole ;
The definite instance given is only phrase means, a person who wishes to
one of many possible illustrations of make an athlete of himself. Cy. Hdt.
the kind. On the inductive method, vi. 105, aT^oirefXTTOvaLV es '^TrdpTrjv KrjpvKa
see Introd. 18, and for further exam- ^eihLTnridrju hOrfvalou fxlu 'duopa, dWccs
^
ples, cf. ApoL 25 b. Cf. also Lack. 8e 7] juLC podpofxoy re k al tovto /uLe-
184 c-185 b, where the same example \eT COPT a.
is elaborated to establish the same 4. laTpos J] iraiSoTpiPi^s : often
principle that approval and instruc- coupled together as having special
if we are to heed
tion alike should, charge of bodily vigor and health.
them, come from the one man who The laTpos was expected to cure and
has made himself an authority, 6 jma- to prevent disease by a prescribed
Bwu Koi iirLTrj^evo-as, while the praise regimen {^laiTrjTiKri) the TraL^oTpi^rjs
;
and blame of the mary is to be neg- professed and was expected ( Gorg,
lected. There also the importance of 452 b) Ka\0VS T6 Kol laxVpOVS TTOLelv
deciding aright in regard to gymnas- Tovs avOpdoTTovs ra aoofiaTa; he it was
tic training is strongly insisted upon, who really gave Instruction in gym-
as follows : v) irepl (TfXLKpov oUaOe uvvl nastics. For fuller details, see Scho-
KLV^vv€veLV Kol Gv Kol Avai/nuxos, dAA' mann. Antiquities of Greece, I. 505 f
OV Tr€p\ TOVTOV TOV KTTj/HaTOSy h TCOU Vfl^- Iccus of Tarentum, glorified as a suc-
repoou fxiyLdrov hv rvyxoii^^h • • • OTToToi cessful gymnast, is reputed to have
6.J/ TLues OL TraTSes yevcoyrau been most strict in regard to a tem-
2. TOVTO TrpcLTTtov I a man who makes perate diet. Of. the proverbial phrase
this his work, and hence is an expert in ''Ikkov BeTiTj/ou. Sometimes medicine
earnest about One whose opinionit. and gymnastics were both made the
professionally given is worth more business of the same man, as in the
than any layman's would be. Cf. case of Ilerodias of Selymbria. Cf.
Menex. 214 c, 'r]y')]crd/j.€yoi AaKe^aLfx6vioL Prat. 316 de, ipiovs 5e Tij/as ijaOrijjiai koX
. . . cnperepou Ij5r] epyov cIpul Kara- yv/jLuaa-T iKTjy (sc. professed teachers
— ;
"^KPITQN. 165
rSy, ... dva-davarcou (dying hard) Se in fact who have no special knowledge
virh (TO(plas els y-fjpas acfyiKero. whatever. See App.
11. Kai €8€(rT€0V 7€: ye serves IS. dsri Kre.: see on rwp €fiS>p,46h.
where various points are enumerated, 22. Kai Sr\ Kai and then also, of
:
to mark a new departure, i.e. a fact course. See on Kai Sr/ Kai, 18 a. Here
different in kindfrom the preceding Socrates has at last reached his goal
ones and thus belonging to a new his point has been established by in-
class. Cf. Gorg. 450 d, apLO/u-nriK^ Kai duction. Notice the doubly chiastic
XoyLdTLKT^ (calculation) ical yecofMerpLKi] arrangement,
Kai irerrevriK'i] (draught-playing) yc Kai SiKaCwv^^aiVxpcoz/^^OYaOwv
IkWai TToWal rexvat. Theaet. 156 b, olUkoov ^^KaXcov ^^^KaKwv.
;
166 HAATONOS
VIII. Sflt. Oepe Ztj, lav to vtto tov vyieivov fxev /3eX-
hie(^9apixevov crcjfjLaTo^
KP. OvSa/xo)?.
10 2fl. 'AXXa fxeT eKeivov apa r][ilp jSlcotov SiecfyOapfie-
47
29. k'^l'>ivi.r0y dTrwWvTO i.e. ylyve- meaning is that life is worthless, i.e.
d :
crdai, airoWvcrOai eXiyero, the so-called oh KvcnreXeLj ovk ol^lov 0iv. Cf. 53 C,
philosophical impf., which carries a and Rep. iv. 445 a, 7]ix7v icrrl (r/ce\|/a-
VIII. 3. irciGoVevoi [ir] ktI. by its : posed to the preceding negative state-
position /JLT} contradicts rfj . , . Sol??, ment, but at the same time requiring
but not ireLOS/iieuoi, and implies aWa no for its answer. This last must be
rrj tCou jllt} iiraioi/Tcou do^rj. The effect indicated by the tone in which the
of writing TreiOoinevoi jwti instead of /urj question is asked. See on &pa, 46 d.
TTciOSfxeuoi is on
to lay greater stress 11. <p: after both verbs, though
both words, and the failure to say ovivavai does not govern the dat. See
distinctly whose opinion it is which on ols .(^erdCeiu, Apol. 41 c.
. . Even
is obeyed leaves all the more stress Xco^aaQai usually takes the ace.
on /xrj. —
dpa Picotov /ere. see on : 12. o Tl TTOT €o-t£ it was not speci-
:
ctJ/eleTao-Tos l3ioSy Apol. 38 a. The fied above (d), and there is no reason
;
KPITON. 167
15 KP. OuSa/iS?.
Sn. *AXXa TifJiLa>repov
KP. noXi; ye.
Sn. OvK dpa, S) ^eXTLCTTe, Trdvv rjixiv ovrco (j)povTL'
crreovy tl Ipovcriv 01 ttoWol rjixd<^y dW 6 n 6 iiratcop Trepl
20 Tcov SiKaiajv kol aZiKoyv, 6 etg, kol avTTj rj dXrj0 eta. cScrre
KOL Kokcou Kal dya9o)v kol tcov ivavrio^v. aXkd [xev Sij,
48
. for arguing about its name (if/ux^)^^^^- — F^^v 8t{ : certainly ^ eqmY .
io /nrji/ or
18. OVK apa
then we must
irdvv oiIto) : nearly so.
not . . . much as all that,
at all ... so 25. SrjXa Sr\ ktL : Crito eagerly b
etc. ovTO) refers back to the drift of catches at this objection and strength-
Crito's argument. Here again Socrates ens it with Kai. Thus he implies that
takes the last step in a long induction. there is more than meets the eye, i.e.
19. Tl . . . o Tt : a not unusual com- that there are many other valid ob-
bination of the dir. andindr. forms of jections. Cf. 45 a. See App.
question. Cf. Gorg. 600 a, ap ovv irav- 26. ovtos t€ o Xo'-yos /ere. : re cor-
Tos audpos ecTTLv cKXe^aaOai iro7a ayada responds to Kal . , . av following. For
Ta;v Tjdecou eVrl Kal diro7a ftra/ca, ^ t€XJ^ikov a similar Kal . . . Kal av, see Lach.
(specialist) he'i els cKacTTov; The double 181 d, koI rovroov irepi eycoye Treipda-o/uLaL
acc. as in KaKa {KaKcos) Xeyeiu riva.. (rvju^ovXcveip &v tl dvucc/xaL Kal av h Trpo-
20. avn) TJ d\T]0€ia i.e. Truth, : Ka\€7 irdura Troie7v. The connexion
speaking with the lips of 6 iTraicou, or of thought would not hinder us from
appearing as the result of strict and subordinating the first clause " as :
KE. MeVet.
So. OuAcow eV Twz^ ojxokoyovixevojv rovro crKeir-
48 48
31. TO 8€ €v KT€, needed be- this Is ened by ois a\r)6(os. See on /jltj ov
o
'.
b
cause of the confused ideas which TovT -p, Apol. 39 a.
many associate with eu C^v, e.g. (1) 7. Kal dvapitocTKOfJievcov 7* av: and
plain living and high thinking, or (2) icould bring them to life again too. The
liigh living and no thinking. For the 0.V forms with this partic. the apod.
latter meaning, cf. Bep. i. 829 a, ol ava$Lco(TK€a6ai is used here like avalBido-
ovv TrXeTaroi {rwy irpea^vriai') ras iv tt} aacrOai in Phaed. 89 d. Usually it is
peSrrjTi i]doi/as Trodovures ayavaKTOvaiu intransitive, like ava^ioovai.
cos fxeydKccv rivicv aTT€ar€pr}ix€i/OL, koX 9. d Xd^os ovTws alpei : the argu-
Tore /ii€U ev ^coureSy vvv Se owSe ^oov- ment has p revailed thus far, Cf. Hor.
res. On this whole subject consult Sat. nee vincet ratio
i. 3, 115,
the discussion in Prot. 351 b ff. hoc, tantundem ut peccet
IX. drawn into the
4. Tcls crKevj/€LS : idem que qui teneros caules |
48 48
12. Kttl avTol KTe. Kal avroiyWe our- €^T]V€yKeyap rhv \6yov, w$ €701) irpdr-
d :
e
selves too, stands for Crito and Soc- rciv ravra diavooi/j,r]i^ ijd'rj ov ireiaas
rates. Crito is responsible, in the v/xas. The vivid contrast of these
supposed case, not only for his ex- two clauses makes the omission of
penditure of money (xpi^A^aTa reXovu- crov, the subj. of aKovros, the easier.
res), but also for instigating the act Indeed, cases are common where a
of Socrates, or rather for persuading personal or a dem. pron. or some
him to allow various things to be vague general notion of persons or
done for him. — l^a-yoixcvoi : the pass, things is the subj. implied. For a
is especially strong, *'
we ourselves somewhat similar case, cf. Hom. Od.
are both rescuers and rescued." iv. 645 ff., o(pp' e5 eiSw tj ere Birj aeKov
0VT6 'irdcrx€tv: sc. ei Se?, to be
15. ros airr]vp(x urja fxeXaivau, r]e €Kcoy ot
supplied from the preceding clause. dwKas. — idv Xi'^ryrai : in case the state-
16. irpo TOV dSiKetv: cf. Apol. 2Shd. ment shall satisfu you. idv does not
The sense is, " there must be no ques- like el (c/:48b) mean whether. GMT.
tion about submitting to the utter- 71, N. 1. Cf Phaedo, 64 c, (TKe^pai
most {oTiovu TToicrx^iv) rathi ^ thaij^om- S-f], ojyade, iau apa Kal aol ^vvSoky)
mitting unrighteousness.^' See also Kre. The subj. of the dependent sent.
64 b, where, as in this case, a choice is made by anticipation (prolepsis)
is involved, and irpo is used in the the object of opa. Cf Milton, Sonnet
sense of in preference to or instead of. to Sir Henry Vane, xvii., " Besides to
23. cos : inasmuch as, equiv. to eVei. know Both spiritual power and civil,
I
24. dXX.d [i.r] cLKovTos : opposed dis- thou hast learned, which few have
tinctly to ireiaas ere, with your approval. done." Cf below (49 d). Socrates
Cf. 49 e fn., and Xen. An. v. 6. 29, is earnestly enforcing a principle.
170 HAATONOS
10 rjixlv, etVe (^acriv ol ttoXXol eiTe [jlt], kol etr€ Set o^/xa? ert
Twz^Se -^aXeiTcoTepa Trdo")(eiv eiTe kol irpaoTepa, o/xoj? to ye
49 49
26. o'tTj sc. /cara rb aArjOh &v After each double question (1) ov^evl
a rf :
a
airoKpiueaOai rh ipcardofxevov. ixaXiara as . , . d^fjLoXoyridr] ; (2) -i^ iraaaL . . . iraprl
in the question 7rr) fidXiara ; Cf. Bep, TpSTTQ}; Socrates has looked at Crito
vii. 537 d, ot av /mdhiara toiovtoi S)(Tl, for an answer. Finally he extorts
rovTovs els /j.eL^ovs'ri/jLas KaBiardvai. the briefest assent by the pointed
X. 1. €KOVTaS d8lKT]T€0V: sc. 7]ixas. (pafxey v) ou ; in line 13 below.
The const, with the ace. corresponds 6. €KK€X.vjjL€vai elcTi: thrown away.
to the equivalent Se? with the ace. Cf. Henry VIIL Cromwell, I iii. 2, "
written by Plato. If genuine, it can- (TovTov av, ApoL 25 d), this opposition
not refer to anything here, but relates is put still more strongly, apa gives
to the drift of 46 b and 48 b. See point to the irony. See on ap ovu, 47 e.
words 17 TrauTus fxaWou ktL below, we \ou K-rk. has already stated. There-
see how hard Crito finds it to assent. fore one as much as the other belongs
;
KPITON. 171
KP. Ov S^ra.
Sft. OvSe dStKovfJievov dpa avraSiKeii^, o)? oi ttoWoI
olovraiy eTreihrj ye ouSa/xco? Sei d8t/cetz/.
49 49
, to the twofold disjunctive prot. etTe yiXoos q^Lcrros els ex^povs yeXav ; Con-
b
. . . ezre, /cat e^'re . . . e^re. trast Soph. Ant. 523 f . : KP. ovtol iro&'
ing harm
enemies ' was part
to one's roL avvex^^i-Vy aWa <Tvix(piKe7v ecpvj/. Cf,
and parcel of the popularly accepted Eur. Andr. 520 ff., where Menelaus
rule of life is plain from many pas- says it is folly to spare the offspring of
sages like that in Isocrates to De- one's foes, auoia ixeydKiq K^iireLV ex^povs
monicus I., 20, 6/ulolcos alaxphu uo/ai^e ix^pcoi^, i^hu KTeiueiu, and ihid. 1007,
KaKoiroiiais
rcou e'x^pctJv piKucrdcci Ta7s where Orestes says, ix^P^^ y^P o.vZpa)v
Kal rcav <pi\cop rjrraaOaL raTs euepyeai- lxo7pav els auaarpocp^u {for us to destroy
a y. Compare the character of Cyrus
I it) dai/jicou BiSccai, Cf. Eur. HeracUd,
the younger, Xen. An, i. g. 11, (paue- 1049 ff., the grim humor of Alcmena,
phs 5' ifv, Kal el. ris ri ayaOhv 7) KuKhu who says of Eurystheus, ixOphs ^\v
TTOL'^aeiev ahrov, vlkclv ireipdo/jieuos ktL awqp, w<p€\e7 5e KarOavoiV. See also
Cf. also Meno's definition. Men. 71 e, Bacch. 1344-1348, where Agave ad-
avTTj iarlv av^phs aperr], iKauhy clival mits her guilt but asks for mercy,
TO. rrjs Tr6\ect)S irpdrreii/, Kal Trpdrrovra and Dionysus refuses mercy because
rovs /LL€V (l)i\ovs ev iroieTi/, rovs 5' exOpovs he has been offended. Agave an-
KaKcos. Plato eloquently defends his swers opyas irpeTrei Oeovs ovx ofioi-
:
more Christian view throughout the ovaOai l3poTo7s. This shows an ideal
first book of the Republic, in the of moral conduct for the gods, such
Gorgias, and elsewhere. That the as Plato preaches for men. Compare
many do assert this, Socrates might Soph. Aj. 679-682, r' exOpos 7if^7u b'
perience in dealing with men. Many z/oui/Ta, with Henry VIII. iii. 2, "Love
recognized authorities encouraged thyself last, cherish those that hate
them in such a view. Cf. Archil. Frg. thee ; |
still in thy right hand carry
65, 6J/ 5' iiriaTa/jLai ixeya, |
rov KaKcos gentle peace |
to silence envious
ix€ dpcoura d€ij/o7s avrafxei^ecrQai KaKo7s. tongues. Be just and fear not."
Solon, Frg. 13, where he prays to 5, Shakspere thus expresses the view of
the Muses that they would grant him the Platonic Socrates and of Plato in
eluai 5e yXvKhv wSe (piXois, €x(^po7(ri Se contrast to that of the Greek public
... !
... Beiuoi/ l^€7u. In Soph. Aj. 79, at large. That the historical (in con-
it is Athena herself who asks, ovkovu trast to the Platonic) Socrates at least
;
172 HAATONOS
49
KP. Ov cj^atveTai.
c
20 Sn. Tc 8e St] KaKOvpyelv Set, ; S) Kpircov, ^ ov;
KP. Ov Sei SrJTTOVy S) ^CL>Kpare^.
Sfl. Tt Se; avriKaKovpyeiv KaK(t}<^ irdcr^ovTa, o)<; ol
49 49
did not contradict this maxim of little or noquestion of right and
c
b
popular morality is perhaps evident wrong involved. Apparently, it was
from one place in the Memorabilia more commonly used in every-day mat-
(ii. 6. 35), where, apparently with the ters than aStKely. In Crito's answer his
ready approval of Critobulus, Socra- uncertain certainty is indicated by 5?^-
tes says, oTi iyv(aKas avbphs CLper)]v TTou; had he meant that he was per-
elvai vLKav rovs /net/ (piXovs eu "KOiovvra, fectly certain, he would have used StJ.
Tovs 5' ixOpovs KOLKcos. Thls docs not 28. OVT6 cipa KT€. the completest
:
deed, the context has a playful color, ovaiy ayaTTure rovs ex^povs v/xoov, Ka-
which ought to warn us not to take \oos TTOietre to7s fiiaov(Tiu vjiias ktL
Socrates precisely at his word. 30. KaGofioXo^wv, oixoXo^fJs see on :
ov (p7]ixi means / deny rather than I do 32. TovTois OVK €<rTi Krk. this is : d
not assert, so ov (paluerai means not it strongly set forth in the Gorgias,
does not appear, but it does appear not. where the Sophist and the true Phi-
20.KaKovp7€iv this word, like /ca-
: losopher represent respectively these
Kws TroL€7u, covers more cases than two clasliing theories. See Introd. 65.
adLK€7u: it includes adiKeTi^ and also 34. Pou\€V|xaTa: counsels, i.e. their
cases of harm done where there is manner of thinking and acting.
;
KPITON. 173
vcovei^ TTj'^ dp^rj<;; ifiol [lev yap kol TrdXai ovroj kol vvv e
40 en SoKet •
aoi S' el tttj dkkrj SeSo/crai, Xeye kol SiSacr/ce.
el Se ififiepet^ rol^; irpocrOe, to [xerd rovro aKove,
KP. 'AXX* e/x/xeVa> re Acal ^vz^So/cet /xot* dXXd Xeye,
2fi. Aeyo) Srj av to fjierd rovro, fjidXXoi^ S' epcorco'
45 e^arrariqreov
KP. liouiqreov,
49 , 49
, 36. ws ov8fcTroT€ icrk. : a statement 44. tj €|aTraTT]T6'ov : Socrates says
of what is involved in ii^revOeu, which this rather than ?) ou Tronjreou because
is equiv. to €k tovtou rod \6jov {taking of the preceding at. ay ns djuio\oy7}(rr]
be taken adv. (like t^ airl roCSe and is be said and done than out of
to |
the like) and translated /i^ri/ier. What aw^er can be uttered." The particular
is referred to is expressed in irorepou plan of flight Socrates considers in
Krk. below. the light of, or out of, the general
43. (jLoXXovSe: or rather. Cf. Lach. conclusion just approved. -^
19Gc, A676 5e /ioi Si NiKia, fiaWou d' 3. ols ovcriv : the dat. is assimilated
7)ijl7i^. regularly to the omitted obj. of eyu^e-
174 HAATONOS
50 50
vojXGv. wfioXoyficraiiieu would require than in real life, would not run away,
a
the ace. as in 49 e above. because of his attachment to his mas-
5. OVK €Xt«> 1^^^' Crito seems afraid • ter. Cf Eur. 3Ied. lines 54 f., xp-n-
of understanding what is meant the in- ; aroiai dovXois ^J/JL<popa ra heaTVOTwv |
/ca-
evitable consequences involved alarm Koos iriTpSi/ra Kal (ppeucou avBdirT^raL, the
him. See on KaKovpyelv, 49 c. This first of which recurs in the Bacchae
natural state of mind on his part (1029), Ale. 7G8-77; and cf also Eur.
gives good and sufficient reason for a Andr, 5G-59, where the slave says to
reconsideration of the whole subject Andromache, evvovs 5e Kai gol (coutl t
from a new point of view.' i]v T6? (7w TToVei. In Xen. Gee. 7. 37
7. |i€\Xov<riv TiiJiiv : for the dat., cf. and 38, and 9. 11-13, is an interesting
Symp. 192 d, 6i avToh . . . iirio-ras 6 account of the position of slaves in
''H(f>ai(rTos . . . epoiro. Prot. 321 c, airo- the household.
See
povuTi 5e avT&j epx^Tai TlpofxriQevs. 9. TO KOIVOV T-qs iro'XccDs: the com-
on (§, 47 e. The statement there given momvealth. Xen. An. v. 7. 18, and
Cf.
covers a very large number of cases Hdt. i. 67, l,TrapTi7]Teci)U rw kolvco dia-
where a par tic. and a finite verb are Tr€jULirofj.€uous, sent by the commonwealth
applied to runaway slaves might give dantly imitated, e.g. by Cicero in his
offence. One of the annoying mis- firstCatilinarian Oration (7. 18). The
haps that befell a well-to-do Athenian somewhat abrupt transition from rifxiv
was to have to give chase when a above w ^ooKpares suggests the fact
to
slave ran off to Megara or Oenoe. that Socrates considered himself alone
Cf. Prot. 310 c, where Hippocrates responsible to the laws in this matter.
nearly lost his dinner, ^aAa 76 o^]/e 10. ciXXo Ti T)': see on 6.\Ko n ^,
a(pLK6fxevos e'l Olv6r]s. 6 yap rot tzols Apol. 24 c.
aire^pa.
fX€ 6 '^.drvpos Of course SUCh 11. Tovs T€ vo'fiois : notice the order
conduct on the slave's part was con- and cf. 53 a, -^fiels ol voixoi.
KPITON. 175
, 13. clvai : the attention is drawn to this passage recalls the Athenian ^^
ehai, exist, by the negative statement usage which required that a law, if
of the same idea in ^7/ avareTpdcpdai, any one proposed to change or repeal
not to he utterly overturned, which fol- it, should be defended by regularly-
verb. GMT. 10, n. 7 and 11, n. 4; tween us) simply to abide by, etc.
176 HAATONOS
TTpcorov [lep o)^ ou^t rjixerepo^ rjo'da kol eKyovo<^ kol oov-
X09, avro^ T€ KOL ol crol irpoyovoi; kol el rovO" ovro)^
50 50
10. TotsTovs 7a|xovs probably
ire pi derstood the whole system of diet
d :
d
Socrates was thinking particularly and exercise which, varying with the
of the laws governing marriage which customs of different states, had for
established the legitimacy of children its common
object the production of
(yur}aL6TT]s). See Schoemann,^7i^/^?ii- bodily health and strength, and the
ties of Greece, p. 357. preparation for military service.'''
former, besides reading, writing, and iiraivovy Ka\ Ka\\a)Tri(6a6ai {cf. eKaX-
some elementary mathematics, con- XvySjiirju, Apol. 20 c) XP^ '^V ^a^<2s
sisted mainly in the reciting and learn- dovAevaai juaWou ^ T6? /caAws 'ap^ai,
ing by heart of poetry, along with Trpcorou /mhu roTs u6juois, cos ra^i-
the elements of music, and sometimes r7)u ro7s d€o7s ovcrav dovKeiav, eireira
KPITON. 177
e)(ei, ayo* i^ tcrov otei eTvai crol ro hiKaiov kol rjfjilv, koI 60
TTOLelv olei SiKaLOV eTvai ; rj Trpo? [ih^ apa ctol Toy irarepa
ovK i^ Icrov Tjv TO hiKaiov kol 7rpo9 top SecTTOTrjp, el croc
sum us, ut liberi esse possi- Notice the position of aoi, which is
mus, and cf. in Eur. Suppl. 429 ff., nevertheless not the emphatic word.
the speech of Theseus, beginning, 22. ifv " when you were under :
178 HAATONOS
you realhj ? ij would be comparatively auras, and Hdt. ii. 172, ra fxkv irpoora
weak. See App. rov "Ajxaaiv Alyvirrioi ev oude/uLir} /ULoipr)
Of. also Hom. Od. ix. 367, /n-fjr'np r/5e 35. TrarptSa x**'^^'"'°'^vovo-av : the
iraTT]p 7/5' aWoL irdures iraupoi. ace. after ae^eadai, vneiKeiv, and 6cc-
KPITON. 179
apod. The two former are specifi- Cf. Gorg. 492 d, tus iAv iivLdvixias <prjs
cations under vrao-xe:^, the third in- ov KoKaareov, et fxiWei ris olov Se? elvai
stances analogous cases where un- iwvra Se avras cl-s fMeyiaras irKrjpcoaLU
not draiu back, we must not retreat, Ori of the clause preceding stands
we must not leave the ranks. Corre- to ravra. Supply an inf. govern- •
'
vrjcravTe^, iKOpexpavre^y TratSevcravre^;, fieraSovTe^ aTvavroiv 51
6 S)v oloL re rjjJLcy Kokcov col kol toi<; aXXoi? rracrL Troklr ai^, d
0/X0J9 irpoayopevofJieVy to i^ovatav TreTroirjKiv at ^ KOiqvaicDv
10 fcai ovoei<; rjfjiojv to)p vofxcov efiTToocov eariv ovo anayo- ^ ' v
51 15
7. there was 11. ectv povXT]Tai el (jn^ d.^i-
d €'ir€i8dv 8oKijiao-9f] : . . . . . .
^
strictexamination (^oKijuLaaia) into ev- CKOi^cv : eau ^ovArjrai, as well as oiroi
Athenian citizen when he had com- position and depends on the future
pleted his eighteenth year. If he force of Uuai in line 13 {(f. w au ape-
Soph. El. 479 ff., Aesch. Cho. 410 f., is stated as remotely as possible.
and Symp. 188 d, ovros iracrav 7) ix7v . . . €av T6 pL6ToiK€tv cf 52 e, also
12. I
20 ovre TTeWei o^/xa?, /el /jltj kako)^ tl iroiovixev, TrpoTiOevrojv f^i^^ ''
crr]<; (TOL TTj^ TToXeco^. €TL TOLVvv kv avrrj rrj ^lkyj e^rjv croc
KPITON. 183
52 52
29, aXK ov \6y(a not merelij in yoxir which prepares men for it. The edu- e
d :
self the ardent admirer of Sparta, &piare, (pi\ofxa67]S yap elfxL • ra ixev ovv
reports various conversations where X(*>pioL Kal ra deuBpa oifBey jx edeXet didd-
Socrat-es praises Dorian institutions. (JKeiv, ol 5' ev rco dcrret audpcoiroi.
TToXect)? k^e\9(i)V.
53
a
See on 5»/ tjyrwu, Apol 37 b. H. 1049, 61 H. 219.
; —
€vvo|jLOvvTai ^ap for the :
53
b
la. (y.Eur. Suppl. 396, KaS^eTos, Cos facts, see on as Btj eKao-TOTe, 52 e, and
eoiKev, ov (Ta.(p^ ol5' oTiy Krjpv^. Ar. cf. Soph. 0. C. 919 ff., Kairoi ere Qil^ai
186 HAATfiNOS
see on r6\jULr]s, ApoL 38 d, and App. and answered by the laws themselves
29. ovScls OS : i(^ill there he nobody to in respect of what Crito said, 45 c-
say this? "absolutely every one,"
i.e. 46 a. — dWa : relates to the preced-
expressed interrogatively. Here, as ing thought : of course these sayings
in many common idioms, the verb " to are nowhere, "but are you actually
be" is omitted. willing'? " etc. See on Apol. 37 c.
30. €1 8c lAT] : otherwise. GMT. 52, 38. iva Kal tovto /ere. : i.e. in addi-
1, N. 2 ; H. 906, 6. — aKovVci . . . dva|ia tion to all other obligations. airoXav-
like cLKoveiv KaKOL (uTTo riuos) is the pas- eiv is often used, as here, ironically.
sive of Xiyeiv kuko.. Cf. 50 e. The How a Greek looked upon exile is
Kai between irowd and ayd^ia should plain from passages like Eur. El.
not be translated. 1311 ff., ovx ^5'
I
oiKTpa. AI. ireTTOvBeVy
31. Sff accordingly. He must make
: ttAt/v otl Aeiirei 7c6\lv ^Kpyeioov. OP.
up his mind to it, he has no choice. Kai Tives aAAat (TTOj/axcd /nci^ovs \
r) yrjs
stood absolutely than with an implied 388 ff., where Polynices, answering lo-
dat. Here we have a blunt statement casta's question, ri rh o-repcaSai irarpi-
of the fact which Socrates had in 5os; t) KaKhu jxiya ; says jxeyLcrrov €pycfj
mind in saying vrr^px^fJ^^yos. tC oroiwv — 5' €(Tr\ fieTCou ^ \6ya}. Cf. Richard II.
tJ /CT6. the partic. goes with the verb
: i.3,-
KPITON. 18'
54 54
What is my sentence then but speechless XVI. 3. irpo after irepl irXeiovoS'
^ death,
:
b
See on irph rov a^iKeTu, 48 d. .
the Odi/sseij, e.g. Od. i. 58, Ufxevos Kal this in the vein of what has gone
Kairvou aTToOpcvcTKoi'Ta voriaai 7]s yairjs, before.
IX. 27 I., ov TOL eydo ye |
rjs yairjs dvt/a- 9. vTT dvGpwTTcov : referring to the c
ixai y\vK€pcoT€pou aAAo l^ecrOai, XX. 99. fallible mortals who act as guardians
39. 0p€\|/ovTat Kal iraiScvo-ovTat : see and representatives of the blameless
on €U€^€adai, 52 a. laws. See Introd. 30-35. Cf. Apol.
44. Twv . . . elvai explanation of
: 24 d, oans irpwrou
dvOpccTTos, Kal avrh
avTcou. (Toi is not to be connected rovro aide, rous vofxavs.
b with (pacTKoj/TODU. — oiWOaC ye xpr] :
cf. 11. irapaPas, €p7ao-a|X€Vos subor- :
188 HAATONOS
5 l(t6l,
/X17
54 54
14. ol €V "A180V vofioi Soph. A^it. Soon shall the country rejoice in the dance;
c
: cf.
Soon with his revellers Bacchus advance
d
450 ff., oh yap ri fxoi Zeus 9iu 6 Krjpv^as
Into the hills, the hills shall he fare,
TciSe, owS' 7f ^vvoLKos Tcbv KCLTco Oecou Joining the host of his women-folk there.
I
Xovpraiy ovToo Koi ol /uLeXoiroiol ovk e/x- 5. oora ye ktL : a limitation added
Ka\a fxeArj ravra ttolov-
<Ppoves oPT€s TO. to soften the assertion. See on 6Va
aiv, and the song of the bacchants in ye ravdpc!}Tr€La,4:Ge. No obj. is needed
Eur. Bacch. 114-129 and 155-161,— with \eyns. Xeyeiu irapa ktc, comes
— :
PITON. 189
54
e
64 54
very near the meaning of auTikeyeiu. fence proper, Apol. 35 d, and at the
d e
Cf. 48 d. Cf. also the omission of end of his closing words in court,
the obj. 6yue with the preceding Troie? Apol. 42 a, Socrates mentions 6 Oeos.
fiT] dvuaadai Krk. Dante closes each one of the three
ea: used abs. with a following
8. parts of his great poem with a refer-
subjv. or imv. to dismiss a matter ence to the stars. no accident
This is
under discussion. Cf. Charm. 163 e, in either case, though Plato had a
ea, riv 5' eyw •
/xt; yap irco rh i/nol BoKovy philosopher's reason which Dante
(TKOirco/iiei/, ctAA* h av Xeyeis vvv. Euthyd. could not give, except for the closing
302 c, ea, S) AL0vva6da)p€, ev(p'r]fji€i re line of the Paradiso, which is 6 0e6s
Koi fXT] ;;(;aAe7rajs /xe 7rpo5i8aa-/ce. TavTT] translated into the language of the
the repetition of the same word is poet, " Li' Amor che muove il Sole e
Symposium. Pliaedrus. U li
III. Parmeuides. Philebus.
i( ii
IV. Alcibiades I. Alcibiades 11. Hipparclius. Anterastae.
tetralogies Vol. II. contained the last two tetralogies, together with a
;
Clarkianus, the capital authority for the first six tetralogies. The com-
plete copy of Vol. I. is represented by the much less trustworthy codex
Venetus T, the best authority for the seventh tetralogy.
The best representative of Vol. II. of the Archetypus is codex Parisi-
nus A.
. ;
tenth century after Christ. It comprises the eighth and ninth tetralo-
gies of Thrasyllus, together with seven spurious dialogues.The Clito-
phon, with which numbered twenty-nine. See M. Schanz,
it begins, is
Studien zur Geschichte des Platonischen Textes, and the general intro-
duction to his critical edition of Plato's works. There are many other
Mss. of Plato, for some account of which also see Schanz in his general
introduction, and in Bursian's Jahresbericht (9, 5, 1, pp. 178-188), where he
summarizes his results and defends them against Jordan and Wohlrab.
In all modern editions of Plato, numbers and letters which refer to the
pages of the edition of Stephanus are found in the margin. This is the
most convenient mode of reference, and is now universal!}^ employed to
the exclusion of the less well-established subdivision into chapters. The
edition of Stephanus (Henri Estienne) is in three volumes, but to give
the volume is superfluous, since the name of the dialogue is given in every
reference. Each page is divided into five parts by the letters (a) b c d e
placed down the margin.
192 MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITIONS.
The Apology of Plato, with a revised text and English notes, and
a digest of Platonic idioms. By the Rev. James Ridclell, M.A. Oxford,
1867.
APOLOGY.
17 a, p. 55 (1). Cron writes on, following the analogy of
o Ti: with S.
oo-Tis, TjTis, but o Tt is unquestionably needed for clearness.
17 b, p. 56 (14). 8€ [xov :
5* tjiov, SW with Heindorf.
17 c, p. 57 (17). d\X': with Bessarion's Ms. (Yenetus E). dXXaf Cron and
S following B.
17 c, p. 57 (18). ovojjiaa-i: with B. ovo|xacriv, Cron and S with Bessarion's
Ms. and Yenetus 185 (Bekker's n).
17 d, p. 58 (27). ttXcico cpSojATJKovTa Cron with S following B omits the
:
irXciw, which is found only in inferior Mss. Hermann adopted irXeio) e'pSofjni-
KOVTtt.
18 a, p. 59 (31). (lis yi fxoi: with S. JJs V cVoi, W.
18 a, p. 59 (2). \|/€v8Ti KaTT]70pT]}X€va [xJ/cvStj] KaTTi7opT]jji€va, S with Hirschig.
:
113, 10) proposes to cut out <t>povTi<rTTJs, because no exact parallel to thii ace.
of the dir. obj. has been found in prose. So far he is right, even against
Kriiger's citation of various adjs. joined with clvat, for such combinations are
very closely akin to verbal forms. On the other hand, to make such a point
of the distinction between the indir. (or remoter) obj. which Bamberg would
allow, and the which he proposes to disallow, is to ignore the difference
dir. obj.
Cron.
<|>v70ip.i,
Bobrik (Fleckeisen's Jalirb. 113, 5) argues against bracketing the words, "that
the meaning of irepiTTov is quantitative while that of dWoiov is qualitative."
S (Bursian's Jahresbericht, 9, 5, 1, p. 188) is not convinced.
19G CRITICAL NOTES.
The latter (Adv. Crit. I. p. 367) says " Sed residet scrupulus in Kai, quod
aptum non est."
22 b, p. 77 (17). p-dXio-ra: Schanz (Philol. 28, 3, p. 556) suggests KaWnrra
without venturing to introduce it into the text. With this use of jjidXto-ra
might be compared Hor. Sat. i. 10, 58, Versiculos magis factos et euntes
mollius.
22 c, p. 78 (29). Tw avTcp: tw avrw avTwv, S with Bekker following infe-
rior Mss. See, however, Heindorf's Annotatio critica in Apologiam Socratis,
p. IX. Berolini MDCCCY.
22 d, p. 78 (7). Kal . . . S with Hirschig.
8T](xioup7ot : [Kal . . . SrifJiiovpYot],
angry with their discoverers. Their natural anger is, however, turned against
Socrates, the real instigator of their discomfiture. Socrates is not saying that
they should not be angry with him, but rather urges that they should be
angry with themselves, i.e. with their own conceit of knowledge. This is the
meaning demanded by the context, see d below, ad Jin. Further, tovtois
would give the sense required by far more clearly than avrois. W
23 d, p. 82 (11). aYVOovcriv djjL<|)i'Yvoovo-iv, S. aTropovo-iv, Ast. Cobet ex-
:
CRITICAL NOTES. 197
punges the words aXX* d^voovo-iv. There is, however, no sound objection either
to the way in which the words are introduced or to the words themselves.
23 c, p. 83 (15). oljiai: with Stallbaum. o^Iojiai, Cron following S and all
good Mss. In this chapter B has ot|jLai twice, see lines 5 and 17. It looks
like superstition to write o'lOjxai here.
23 e, p. 83 (17). JwrcTa^jjie vcos : |vvT6Ta|i€va)S, S with Hermann following
Bessarion's Ms.
23 e, p. 83 (22). Kal twv ttoXitikwv : [Kal twv itoXitikwv], S with Cobet.
24 a, p. 84 (30). ka-ri: Cron and S write co-tiv because there are traces of
erasure in B.
24 b, p. 84 (5). «(rir€p: «s, Rieckher.
24 d, p. 86 (5). TovToio-l : €ts tovtovo-I, S with Cobet. See Kr. Spr. 48, 11, 4.
24 e, p. 86 (14). iroiovcri: Cron following S writes iroLovo-iv because of
traces of erasure in B ; similar traces after clo-i in this line do not lead them
to write eto-tv.
eo-Ttv, Cron's eighth edition with Schanz, who, however, says of the two words
(Novae Commentationes Platonicae, p. 163), '*
Verba minime necessaria velim
deleantur."
26 c, p. 91 (10). tovtoktC: with B (second hand) and Yaticanus 1029 (Bek-
ker's r). Cron following S writes tovtois with Venetus 185 (Bekker's n).
TOVTOIS, B.
26 c, p. 91 (13). dXX*: with Bessarion's Ms. Cron following S writes
dXXd with B and other Mss.
26 d, p. 92 (20). *Ava|a7dpov: [*Ava5a7dpov], S. Baiter requires SwKpd-
TOVS-
26 e, p. 93 (26). Ik ttJs opXTfo-Tpas irpiafie vois : Birt (Das antike Buchwe-
sen, Berlin, 1882, p. 434, Rem. 4) says, "The notion that these writings were
themselves sold ^v rrf opxTforTpa is not conveyed here, for, if so, why should
€vCoT€ have been used 1 In fact, Kal 8ti Kai appends to the PipXia something
else which is sold for a drachma and which, therefore, cannot have been the
ptpXCa."
26 e, p. 94 (28). <roi 8okw . . . vojiijeiv : croi [SokcS] . . . vop.(J«, S who fol-
27 98 (32). [ravra]
e, p. r-qv •Ypa([>'r]v ravT-qv: with S.
. TaCra
. .[tt^v . . .
7pa4>Tiv TavTT]v], Cron. S and Cron agree that both expressions cannot stand.
S is probably right in saying that not tt^v 7pa<|>-qv ravTiiv but Ta-Gra should be
bracketed, as a gloss added to explain diroTrcipoSficvos.
with the rest in Meletus's anxiety to make his charge of irreligion a sweeping
one. A religious-minded Athenian certainly believed in gods and in heroes.
The term Saifiovcs, since the precise meaning of the word was hard to fix,
might —
so far as Meletus's immediate purpose went have been omitted, —
but the preceding Sai^dvia make its introduction here indispensable. On
Meletus's ascription to Socrates of belief in Saifio'via is based Socrates's asser-
tion that so far from being an atheist, he believes like any other Greek in
gods and demi-gods, called Saifxoves or more commonly rfpcocs.
amplification until after another thought introduced with €|i€ jjiev •ydp has been
developed. The point is that €(ji€ (lev ^dp kt€ is also in the closest connexion
with the leading idea toiovtov ovra.
30 d, p. 109 (11). dTi|jLW(r€i€v: with Hermann, drijido-etev, following Mss. W
30 e, p. 110 (19). [vTTo Tov 0€ov] S with Hirschig. vtto tov 0€ov, Riddell.
:
30 e, p. 110 (21). wo fivcoTTo's tivos: unless viro tov 0€ov above is bracketed,
this comes in very awkwardly.
30 e, p. 110 (21). olov is taken by Goebel as a neuter, and he does not
connect os with toiovto'v riva, but with €fi€. He does not urge that the other
way is ungrammatical, but apparently he thinks that the sense is in favor of
d\i.a Kal djjia dv, Cron following B. S, previously to his collation of Venetus T,
argued as follows *Tlato scripsit dfxa, quo cum dittographia dp.a dv conjuncta
:
Jahrb. 119, 1, p. 15) supposes that Horace had this passage (chap, xx.) in
his mind when he wrote the third ode of the third book of his Odes.
32 b, p. 117 (13). [Kal evavria 6\|/t]<|)i<rdfiT]v] Hermann brackets these :
the eirio-TOLT'qs tcov TrpvTctvewv, and therefore voted against the unlawful propo-
sition when it came up in the assembly as any member might have done, or
(2) that Socrates voted alone in a preliminary meeting of the prytanes against
having the question put to the people in an unlawful form. (2) explains the
context best. But when all is saidand done, the whole wording is clumsy
and repetitious, since -qvavTiwGTiv would do quite as well alone, and the cumu-
lative effect of KaC is tiresome.
33 b, p. 120 (14). Ipwrdv: Goebel prefers Ipwrwv.
33 b, p. 120 (19). dXXoi: following B. ol dUoi, S W.
33 e, p. 123 (24). d 0eoJoTi8ov: with Bessarion's Ms. 0€oJoti8ov, Cron
with S following B. Sauppe argues that the art. is not necessary here it ;
certainly is desirable.
34 a, p. 124 (32). tovtov: Goebel prefers tovtovs.
34 c, p. 125 (3). dvajivrjo-Gels : dvajivx|or0€ls, Cron and S following B, where
dvaixvTito-Oels is read.
34 c, p. 125 (6). avTov: B. avrov, W. Heller argues in favor of ro. avrov.
He is right in so far that the ordinary idiom would give us the art. but after
;
all the art. would be indispensable only if rok oraiSCa (meaning all his chil-
Tives, Cron.
34 d, p. 126 (17). vUis: P. Foucart (Revue de Philologie, 1.35) bases upon
Attic inscriptions the following remarks as to the orthography of this word
"une serie d'exemples depuis le cinquieme siecle jusqu'au deuxieme avant
notre ere montre que au moins en prose, les Atheniens employaient toujours
la forme vds. • . . A partir de la conquete romaine, -ulds se rencontre dans les
inscriptions attiques, ainsi que vds ; la forme de la langue commune finit par
Temporter, et c'est la seule qu'emploient les copistes." The Attic form without
I is preserved only in Parisinus (A). SeeYol. XII. pp. viii. and ix.
S,
36 a, p. 131 (4). TO ^e-yovos tovto : [to •ye^ovos] tovto, S with Cobet, who,
indeed, rejects these three words because he thinks they have come into the
text from the margin. There is certainly room for doubt.
36 a, p. 131 (7). a-rroTre^ivyT] S argues for d'n'€'ir€<(>€V7ii in Vol. XII. p. xiii.
:
certainly Si requires a finite verb. Simply bracket Iwv and the whole diffi-
culty is solved. The word was apparently added by an interpolator who con-
strued 6VTav0a tja closely with eirixeipwv, after the analogy of Phaedo 200 b,
€pxo|iaL -ydp Si] eirixctpcGv coi eiriSe i|ao-0au Of course IvravQa makes any such
explanation absurd."
36 d, p. 134 (22). jxdXXov: Liebhold proposes, not to bracket jjidWov, but to
change it into -ye dWo.
36 d, p. 134 (25). 8ok6iv elvai: 8ok€iv [clvat], S with Hermann.
37 b, p. 136 (16). TovTov: tov, S with Meiser. W
37 c, p. 136 (18). Tois £v8€Ka: [tois I'vSeKa], S with Heindorf.
37 c, p. 136 (22). p.6VTdv: p.€VT dv, W.
37 e, p. 137 (4). €0-tI: Cron following S writes ecrrlv because of signs of
erasure in B.
37 e, p. 137 (5). tovt: with Bessarion's Ms. Cron following S writes
TovTo with B.
38 a, p. 138 (12). W,
paSiov: paSia, See Wohlrab's prolegomena, p. 39.
39 b, p. 141 (34). 4\«v: Cobet and S, Vol. V. p. x. 6'<|>\a)v, W following
B T. See Wohlrab in Fleckeisen's Jahrb. 1876, p. 127.
39 b, p. 141 (36). fjL€v TTOv: Heller proposes [xev ovv, added by a
which is
later (second) hand in the margin of B and is also the reading of some infe-
rior Mss., which, however, also retain irov.
CRITO.
43 a, p. 151 (1). irpw €ti cVtCv: with B. irpw eVrtv, S following inferior
Mss. and the Ziirich edition.
43 b, p. 152 (19). vvv. vwl, W.
43 b, p. 152 (20). irpaws: irpdcos, S following the Mss. The i subscript is
an essential part of the word. See Curtius, Grundziige, No. 379. The Mss.
authorities leave the matter doubtful, though for Plato irpdos is the prevail-
ing orthography, irpavs is always without i. S has lately made up his mind
to write irpaos even in Plato. See Vol. XII. p. 6.
pTJo-ojxai in the strange combination of the inf. and fin. moods by jxev and hi.
44 b, p. 155 (5). €Ti Se : €Tt 8t], S. Rieckher strikes out «s before olds t€.
45 b, p. 158 (19). Jcvoi ovtoi €V0d8€: |€vot [ovtoi] €V0d8€, S. Jevoi en €V-
his usual practice, has not been able to resist a tempting but unnecessary
emendation.
46 b, p. 161 (4). ov jJLovov vvv: ov vvv irpwTov, S with A. Nauck. See the
preface to the third edition of Cron's Apology and Crito (p. xiv. f.).
CRITICAL NOTES. 203
47 a, p. 163 (32). rds 8 oil: with S. rds 8* ov] [ov8€ irdvTwv, dXKa twv \i.iv,
Twv 8*ov;], Cron with ^Y. The words bracketed do not occur in B, and S
rejects them as a confusing interpolation (Nov. Coram, p. 162). They occur
in the margin of B and in inferior Mss.
47 c, p. 165 (15). T-qv 8o5av Kal tovs eiraCvovs tt^v 8o|av [Kal tovs ciraC- :
vovs], S. tt]v 8o|av Kal rovs ^l/o-yovs Kal tovs eiraivovs, Stallbaum. tovs
tl/o-yovs Kal TOVS ciratvovs, Hirschig.
47 165 (18). €o-tI: €o-Tt, all editions. But the emphasis should be
c, p.
carefully kept on tl, on iroi, and on cts tC, and not put on the verbs.
47 c, p. 165 (20). 8Lo'\Xv(riv: so it stands corrected in B. 8io\\v€i, S fol-
lowing inferior Mss.
47 c d, p. 165 (24 ff.). The simpler punctuation of Cron's seventh edition
has been preferred to that of the eighth. In the latter Cron follows Goebel.
48 b, p. 167 (25). ArjXa Zr\ Kal ravra: given to Socrates by with Butt- W
mann. S brackets ^att] yap dv and makes Crito's speech include a\T]0Ti Xt-yeis-
Goebel proposes A-qKa. yd.p 81] Kal ravra, <j>aiT] -y* dv, w ISwKpares. If anything
is to be omitted, d\T]0TJ Xtyns could best be spared.
48 e, p. 169 (23). trdcras <r€: with Buttmann. ireio-ai <r€, following the W
Mss. See Cron's preface to his first edition of the Apol. and Crito, p. xii.,
also Bern. p. 117 f. Meiser (Fleckeisen^s Jahrb. 109, 1, p. 41) favors a change
of order iretcraL o-€, aXKa. dKovros ravra irpdrreiv.
[i.r\ Goebel urges irav(raC
o-€, which would, however, be intolerable after 7ravo-ai t|8t|.
49 a, p. 170 (4). [oVep Kal dpri eXe^cro] Meiser proposes to find room for :
Some authority for not bracketing would perhaps be found in Lack. 180 d.
50 c, p. 175 (2). €jJL[i€V€iv: Ijifieveiv, S with Hirschig.
50 d, p. 176 (10). rots vo'jjlois [tois vo'jjlois], S with Hirschig.
:
2«Kpar€S, rats, W.
52 b, p. 181 (11). €jVi\0€s, [on . . . *lo-0|xdv,] ovre : €|ViX06s, ovr€, S. S gives
204 CRITICAL NOTES.
videtur, in marg. add. be, incluserunt Turicenses delevit MS [i.e. Schanz him-
self]. See his Nov. Comm. p. 162.
52 d, p. 182 (28). •7ro\iT€v€<r6at B. iroKir^va-ifrQai, S with inferior Mss.
:
sage also ?
ing of B is harder to make out, so here also S writes Vf. The more vigor-
ous -^ (really) is better suited to the context than tj, which simply makes
affirmation a matter of course.
53 e, p. 186 (28). alcrxp^s : with S and W. Still ^Xtcrxpws, which is added
on the margin of B, deserves and perhaps should be preferred. Cf.
attention,
in the preceding line (27) the undoubtedly correct p.€TaXXa|as, which is on
the margin of B, while in the text we find KaraWaJas, which both S and W
reject.
53 e, p. 186 (32). Kal SovXevwv tC Kal [SovXevtov] rts, S with Schleier- • :
macher.
53 e, p. 186 (32). Iv GcTTaXtq. bracketed by S at Ast's suggestion.
:
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