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V R, V F V P P V: Marek Fric, František Šram, Jan G. Švec
V R, V F V P P V: Marek Fric, František Šram, Jan G. Švec
PRESENTATION IN VIDEOKYMOGRAPHY
Abstract: Videokymography is a high-speed optical method, which provides good presentation of irregular
vibration or fast events. Voice register is one of important characteristics of voice quality. Particularly we can
distinguish pulse, modal and falsetto register. All registers have characteristic videokymographical and acoustical
patterns. Modal voice presents itself in videokymography as regular vibration with large closed quotient whereas
falsetto exhibits a small closed quotient. Register break is a transition state between registers, often accompanied by
irregularities. On the other side, irregularities are typical for voice disorders. Examples of the register breaks and
irregular vibrations registered by videokymography are presented here and are compared to results from other
diagnostic methods.
Titze defined the vocal registers as perceptually Vocal registers nomenclature is probably the most
distinct regions of vocal quality that can be controversial problem. In history, mainly voice
maintained over some ranges of pitch and pedagogues named the vocal registers, their
loudness.”[10] description was non-uniform and not objectively
documented. Different groups of pedagogues
Anyway, the vocal register is a perception described and divided vocal registers in different
category, which divides whole voice region in the
way, so that there could be different names for could observe period-doubling – a phenomenon
similar registers. characteristic for nonlinear systems. [1,6] In
spectrogram there are visible subharmonic
From literature [2,6,7,9,10] we can assume that
frequencies.
there are different registers for singing and speech.
In speech pulse (vocal fry); chest/modal; falsetto 2.1.3. Transition from falsetto to whistle
and whistle [9] registers are recognized (in register
ascending scale to pitch); in singing the chest;
This event is not so common and its
head and falsetto for males; and chest; middle and
characterization is difficult. In whistle usually only
head for females. Occasionally there is described
the front parts of vocal folds vibrate, therefore
the flageolet register. [6,9]
produce quite high frequencies, and may be
Objective characterization of vocal registers could described as a tiny voice quality. [9]
be done only by measurements of acoustical and
physiological properties of phonation, but our time 3. Material and methods
used methods are limited of their opportunities. In our paper we presents several cases of vocal
2.1. Transition between registers register transition between modal and falsetto
registers. The examples were selected from
Perception and presentation of different vocal database of over 8500 voice examinations using
registers are most pronounced when changing the the combination of stroboscopy, videokymography
voice quality in vocal register breaks. This change and electroglottography.
could be sudden – abrupt, or smooth. [1,6,9]
3.1. Videokymography
Smooth change is characteristic for classical
educated singers, who use mixing of adjacent Videokymography is an optical high-speed method
registers. The change is difficult to be perceived in for investigation of vibrations of vocal-fold
this case. vibrations. Special videokymographical camera is
able to work in two different modes: standard (50
Abrupt change occurs in non-singers, or modern interlaced fields per second) and high-speed (8000
style singers. Well-know examples of register line/s). [5,7]
breaks are vocal jumps in young men suffering
from voice mutation. 3.2. Electroglottography (EGG)
2.1.1. Transition from pulse to modal register Electroglottography is technique that monitors the
vocal fold contact area in phonation, is an easy and
Acoustical sign of this transition is perception of non-invasive way. Two electrodes are placed on
continuity of the neighboring pulses. Fundamental the neck of the subject, generating a high-
frequency for pulse register is very low and glottal frequency modulated current the admittance of
pulses are perceived separately. [1,6,9] There is which varies with the vibratory movements of the
broad band noise in the spectrogram. Modal glottis: it increases as the glottis closes. EGG
register is normal, which is mainly used in signal is related to the vocal folds contact area: the
spontaneous speech. Videokymography shows larger the contact surface, the larger the measured
doubling of periods for pulse register and normal admittance. [1]
periodical movement for modal.
2.1.2. Transition from modal to falsetto register
4. Results
This transition is generally the best known. In several cases we present videokymographical
Perceptually there is a marked change of voice slides and acoustical patterns of the voice registers
timber. Falsetto, unlike modal register is transitions.
characterized by thinner, softer voice quality (false 4.1. Case JJ, male, 22 year old, S31/83
voice) like female quality for men. Spectral
differentiation of registers is spectral slope: smaller The patient was suffering from prolongation of
for modal (-12 dB/oct.) and steeper for falsetto (- voice mutation. His voice was characterized as
18 dB/oct.). [4,6,9] In videokymography there unstable; with often occurring voice breaks from
occurs insufficiency of glottis in falsetto and modal to falsetto register and back.
normal closed phase (20-40%) in modal. [6,7]
Vibration of lower margin of vocal folds differs
between the modal and falsetto. In transition we
Figure 2. Transition from the falsetto to modal
vibration. A: Chain of kymographical slides during the
register change. Between the regular vibrations there
occurs a segment of irregular pattern with period
doubling. B: Electroglottographic (top) and acoustical
(bottom) signal of the transition between the blue and
red lines in (C). C: Spectrograms of EGG (top) and
acoustical (bottom) signals. The blue line depicts the
start of kymographical chain (A) in falsetto and the red
line ends in modal. D: EGG (top) and acoustical
(bottom) spectra of modal F0m ~ 204 Hz (blue) and
falsetto F0f ~ 416 Hz (red) register.