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Ignou Music
Ignou Music
Structure
1.1 Introduction
Objectives
1.4 Summary
1.6 Answers
1.1' INTRODUCTION
Raga is the main element of Indian music. Raga can be called a combination of the
swaras which follow a specific melodic pattern. Raga continued to be elaborated with
feeling and devotion. The combination should follow certain aesthetic laws that establish
the form of a raga.
Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to:
• know about the essential quaities of prescribed raga.
• explain things related to raga.
In the North,despite the constant invasions and disturbances created by the foreign
invaders music still retained its ancient flavour and did not eschew its old quality. The
steady emphasis on the aesthetic aspect placed the accent on the erotic or shringara
side of raga. The raga was ascribed to various moods all of which were erotic or a
result of erotic involvement. Each raga was associated with a particular bhava, an
elaborate nayak-nayika bheda as evolved, and particular rags were associated with
particular nayak- nayika bhedas. Th.ls continued upto the beginning of the 20 century
so far as Hindustani music is concerned.
The classification of raga was in vogue in the ancient music.In ancient grantha six ragas
were classified as males having their counterpart ragini as their wives. They were further
classified under their family names as sons and daughters. 5
Applied Theory Thus the six main ragas were raga Bhairav, Raga Malkauns, Raga Hindol, Raga Deepak,
Raga Shree,and Raga Megh. Each raga had its ragini and putras.
In later years, the scholars developed a scientific approach and classified the ragas
under Thats which were called as parental scales or lanaka Mela. Thus Pandit
Bhatkhande accepted ten thats as the parent scales for the classification of ragas.
For the purpose of identifying a particular that, it is named after an important raga which
comes under its banner. Scholars and musicians adhered to the principle of assigning
times of the day or night for singing different ragas right from the ancient period. The
whole cycle of24 hours in a day was divided into two series of ragas that were sung
either at sunrise or sunset, the period of which is taken as between 4 am to 7 am and
4 pm to 7 pm came under the second category.
The upward trend of swaras is aroh, the downward trend is avroh. In the act of singing
or playing an instrument, an artist cannot stay at one swara for a very long duration, he
moves upward or downward. It is known as aroh and avroh in the language of music.
A small group of swaras denoting distinct form of raga is called pakad. The word itself
signifies the way of catching or recognising a raga. It is used again and again at the time
of singing for it is the most important group of swaras in a raga. The pakad of each raga
is different. For example, in Yaman raga pakad follows- pa re, ga re, ni re sa. .
Raga Yaman is originated from Kalyan that.In it madhyama is tivra. Rest of swaras used
in this raga are shudh. In its aroh- avroh all seven swaras are used so its jati is sampooma.
Its vadi swara is gandhar and samvadi swara is nishad.lts gayan samay is in first phase
at night.
b) Bihag
Raga Bihag is originated from Kalyan that.In it madhyama is tivra. Rest of swaras used
in this raga are shudh. In its aroh re dha are verjit and in avroh all seven swaras are used
so its jati is audav- sampooma.lts vadi swara is gandhar and samvadi swara is nishad.
Its gayan- samay is in first phase at night.
Aroh- ni sa ga ma pa ni sa.
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Avroh -sa ni dha pa nia pa ga ma ga re sa. Raga
c) Bhairav
Raga Bhairav is originated from Bhairav that. In it rishabh and dhaivat are komal swaras.
Rest of swaras used in this raga are shudh. In its aroh- avroh all seven swaras are used
so its jati is sampoorna. Its vadi swara is dhaivat and samvadi swara is rishabh. Its
gayan samay is in morning 4 a.m.to 7 a.m.
d) VrindavaniSarang
Raga Vrindavani Sarang is originated from Kafi that. It has shudh ni in aroh and komal
ni in avroh. Rest of swaras used in this raga are shudh. In its aroh- avroh gandhar and
dhaivat are verjit swaras so its jati is audav- audav. Its vadi swara is rishabh and
samvadi swara is pancham. Its gayan samay is in afternoon. Rest of swaras used in this
raga are shudh.
Aroh- ni sa re ma pa ni sa.
Avroh- sa ni pa ma re sa.
1) Des
Raga Des is originated from Kbamaj that.In its aroh shudh ni and in its avroh komal ni
is used. Rest of swaras used in this raga are shudh. In its aroh gandhar and dhaivat are
verjit swaras and in avroh all seven swaras are used so its jati is audav - sampoorna. Its
vadi swara is rishabh and samvadi swara is pancham. Its gayan samay is in first phase
at night.
Aroh- ni sa re ma pa ni sa.
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Applied Theory g) Bhupali
Raga Bhupali is originated from Kalyan that. The swaras used in this raga areshudha.
In its aroh and avroh ma and ni are verjit swaras so its jati is audav- audav.lts vadi
swara is gandhar and samvadi swara is dhaivat. Its gayan samay is in first phase at
night
h) Durga
Raga Durga is originated from Bilawal that. The swaras used in this raga are shudh. In
its aroh and avroh ga ni are verjit swaras so its jati is audav-audav.lts vadi swara is
dhaivat and samvadi swara is rishabh.lts gayan samay is in first phase at night.
i) Khamaj
Raga Khamaj is originated from Khamaj that. In its aroh shudh ni and in avroh komal ni
is used. Rest of swars used in this raga are shudh. In its aroh re is verjit and in avroh all
seven swras are used so its jati is shadav- sampooma.lts vadi swara is gandhara and
samvadi swara is nishada. Its gayan samay is in second phase at night.
1.4 SUMMARY
In the previous units we have learnt about the historical evolution of music,basic principles
and definitions regarding Hindustani music.But with the knowledge of theory, practical
aspect is also very important. In this unit, the student will get proper knowledge about
the practical aspects of prescribed ragas.
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d) is the way of catching a raga. Raga
3. In ancient grantha six ragas were classified as males having their counterpart ragini
as their wives.
1.6 ANSWERS
1. a) kheyal
b) shirngara
c) bhava,nayaka-nayika-bheda
d) Pakad
e) raga, bandish
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
Terminal Questions
1. The classification of raga was in vogue in the ancient music. In later years, the
scholars developed a scientific approach and classified the ragas under That's
which were called as parental scales or Janaka Mela. Thus Pandit Bhatkhande
accepted ten that's as the parent scales for the classification of ragas.
The ten that's are-
1. Kalyan 2. Bilawal3.Khamaj 4.Bhairav 5.Poorvi 6.Marva 7.Kafi 8.Bhairvi
9.Asavari 1O.Todi
2. Raga Bhairav is originated from Bhairav that.So it is the good example of 'Ashraya
Raga' . In it rishabh and dhaivat are komal swaras. Rest of swaras used in this raga
are shudh. In its aroh- avroh all seven swaras are used so its jati is sampooma. Its
vadi swara is dhaivat and samvadi swara is rishabh. Its gayan samay is in morning
4 a.m.to 7 a.m.
3. Each raga is associated with a particular bhava an elaborate nayak -nayika bheda
as evolved. The origin of every raga is attributed to some that.A raga may have at
least five and at the most seven swaras. Each raga has its definite that, vadi-
samvadi,jati, aroh-avroh, gayan samay, chalan and swaras to be used.
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