History Reviewer- Finals 15.

Gabriela Silang
16. Juan Dela Cruz Palaris
UNIT VI- Struggle for Rights and Freedom 17. Manuel, Jose & Joaquin Bayot
- During the three (3) centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, there 18. Apolonio Dela Cruz (a.k.a. Hermano Pule)
were more than 100 revolts by the Filipinos. 19. Pedro Mateo and Seralogo Ambaristo
- They help to bring a little improvement in the People's lives. 20. Muslim Filipinos
- But the Filipinos were not happy until they were free.
1. Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574)
Causes of revolts: Cause: Lavezaris's reversal of Legazpi's Policy
- There were many causes of the Filipino revolts against the Spain. - The Lakandula and Sulayman revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt,
Filipino Revolts against Spain: CAUSES OF REVOLTS was an uprising in 1574 by Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo
1. Our love of freedom and independence. Manila
2. Spanish Oppression. - When Governor Guido de Lavazaris succeeded Legazpi (LEGAZPI died
3. Abuses of Spanish Encomenderos August 20, 1572), the privilege enjoyed by the two (2) were withdrawn.
4. Tribute - Thus, the native rulers and their descendant, are no longer exempted
5. Forced labor (Polo). from paying tribute
6. Land grabbing by the friars - The governor also ordered the confiscation of their patrimonial land
7. Basi (wine) monopoly properties.
8. Religion - Because of the New policy, Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise
arms.
- Taking advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong's attack on Manila in 1574, the two
Filipino Libertarians
Chieftains proclaimed their revolt and gathered their warriors in
1. Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman
Navotas.
2. Don Juan de Manila and Don Nicolas Managuete
- Governor Lavezaris sent Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin to
3. Don Agustin de Legazpi and his cousin Martin Pangan
persuade them not to carry out their plan.
4. Magalat (Filipino rebel from Cagayan)
- They were given an assurance that all their grievances would be
5. The Igorots of Northern Luzon remedied and those who took arms would be pardoned.
6. Gabriel Dayot and Felix Cutabay - Governor Lavezaris did these gestures to ask help from Filipino natives in
7. Pedro Ladia driving away Lim-Ah-Hong from the country.
8. Juan Sumoroy - The revolt was peacefully settled thru the diplomatic persuasion of
9. Francisco Maniago Salcedo and Marin.
10. Andres Malong
11. Pedro Gumapos 2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585)
12. Pedro Almazan CAUSE: Abuses of Encomenderos
13. Francisco Dagohoy - Disgruntled by the way the encomenderos (holders of encomienda)
14. Diego Silang administered, some brave Pampangueno leaders connived/plotted with
 the people of Manila and the Borneans to rise in revolt. - Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio Surabao a Cuyo
- PLAN: They would secretly enter the City of Manila one dark night and native who was pretending to be a supporter.
massacre the Spaniards. - Surabao later recounted this to his master, Pedro Sarmiento (Spanish
- A native woman who was married to a Spanish soldier happened to learn encomendero of Calamianes)
of it and warned the Spanish authorities about it. - Immediately, Capt. Sarmiento rushed to Manila and informed Gov. Gen.
- The plot did not succeed. Santiago de vera on October 26, 1588 of the existence of the conspiracy
- The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial. against the Spanish Government.
- The Governor ordered the arrest of those persons implicated in the plot,
3. The Tondo Conspiracy (1587 - 88) including the Japanese interpreter Dionisio Fernandes.
Cause: (Their Political motivation) - to Regain Lost Freedom - All were investigated and tried in court.
- The Tondo Conspiracy popularly known as the "Conspiracy of - Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan were brutally hanged, their heads
Maharlikas" (a.k.a. Revolt of the Lakans) was a revolt planned by the were cut off and placed in the iron cage and their properties were seized
tagalog nobles known as Maharlikas. by the government.
- It was territorially one of the largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule - Same is true with Dionisio Fernandez. -
next to Katipunan. - The sites of their home were plowed and sown with salt to remain
- Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed during barren.
the pre-colonial years, the "MAHARLIKAS", planned to overthrow the - Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi and Esteban Taez also executed.
Spanish rulers in the country due to injustices against the Filipinos.
- The rest were given lighter punishments - heavy fines and some years of
- Led by Don Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula) together with exile from their town.
some other leaders like:
- Five of the leading members of the conspiracy, were exiled to Mexico
- Martin Pangan - Gobernadorcillo of Tondo; (Balinguit, Pitonggatan, salonga, Calao and Manuguit)
- Magat Salamat-son of Lakandula;
- Juan Banal - another Tondo chief; 4. Magalat's Revolt, Cagayan (1596).
- Esteban Taes - chief of Bulakan; Cause: Tribute
- Pedro Balingit - chief of Pandacan; - During the rule Governor Francisco Tello, two (2) brothers instigated the
- Pitonggatan-chief of Tondo; people of Cagayan to rise in arms against the colonial government
- Felipe Salonga - chief of Polo; and because of the latter's arbitrary levy collection.
- Geronimo Basi - brother of Agustin de Legazpi. - On economic motive - the revolt primarily centered on oppressive
- They Planned to overthrow the Spanish Government. agrarian
- Agustin de Legazpi and his fellow conspirator, through Dionisio policies, force labor and burdensome taxes.
Fernandez, contacted a Japanese sea Captain, Juan Gavo, to get arms - Magalats - led revolt was in defiance of payment of tribute.
and Japanese warriors to fight the Spaniards - He and his men were kept in Manila in exiles.
- Aside from this, help would also secure from Borneo, Laguna and - He was pardoned but went home and continued the revolt.
Batangas. - Magalat, however, remained undefeated in open battle.
- The conspirators with their warriors would then assault the City of - Later the Spaniards decided to hire a native assassin.
Manila and start killing the Spaniards.
- Magalat was murdered in his own house (in his headquarter by his own
 men who had been promised reward by the Spaniards.) Tagalogs".
- He was able to recruit a number of followers but before he could carry
5. Revolt of the Igorots. (1601) out his plan, Fr Cristobal Enriquez had already entreated the people to
Cause: Refusal to accept New Religion remain loyal to Spain.
- The Spaniards were determined to convert the Igorots to Christianity. - Pedro Ladia was later on arrested and sent to Manila to be executed.
- They launched a crusade to proselytize the highland native of Luzon and
to place them under Spanish authorities. 8. Sumoroy's Revolt, Samar (1649 - 50).
- Fr. Esteban Marin also offered his services as emissary but was met with Cause: Forced Labor.
hostility. - Under Juan Sumoroy's leadership, the people of Palapag, Samar rose in
- The Spanish Government sent a strong expedition under Lt. Mateo de arms against the government.
Andrada to the Igorot land to stop the natives from resisting colonial - They resented Governor Diego Fajardo's order, which involved the
subjugation sending of men to Cavite shipyards.
- The Spaniards, however, were only able to gain nominal political and - Hostilities began on June 1, 1649, with the killing of the curate of the
military control over them. town.
- The revolt spread to Albay, and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin and
6. Revolt of Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the CagayanValley (1621) as far as Northern Mindanao.
Cause: Oppression of Spanish Officials. - Sumoroy won several victories over the Spanish-Filipino forces.
- The Revolt was led by rebel Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay. (in some - At one time the Spanish Commander offered a large sum of money in
book - Felipe Catabay) exchange of Sumoroy's head.
- A Dominican missionary, Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas tried to convince - The rebels sent him the head of a pig instead.
the rebels to avoid an uprising against abusive Spanish officials, but the - In July 1650, under cover of Darkness and rainfall, the government forces
rebels refused to heed the priest's words of peace. staged an assault on the native forts.
- However, they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his missionary companions - The Rebels were caught by surprise.
with respect. - Sumoroy's mother perished in the battle.
- They allowed the friars to leave unmolested. - The revolt ended with individual surrenders.
- Fr. Santo Tomas returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down their - The rebels themselves killed Sumoroy and brought his head to the
arms and promised them that the government would pardon them & Spanish Government.
remedy their grievances.
- The revolt ended without a fight. 9. Maniago's Revolt Pampanga (1660)
Causes: Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut Timber in The Mountains
7. The Revolt of Ladia (1643) and Bandala
Cause: Spanish Oppression - The Maniago revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s.
- Pedro Ladia a native of Borneo, who claimed to be descendant of Rajah - It was a revolt against the Spanish during the colonial period and was
Matanda, instigated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms named after its leader Francisco Maniago (a chief from the village of
against the Spanish government. Mexico).
- Confined its armed resistance in Malolos. Declared himself "King of - The Pampanga's rice production suffered exceedingly from the disruptive
 effects of polo (one thousand Pampaguenos had been working for eight growing numbers of their followers and their early successes.
months as timber cutters). - Malong proclaimed himself King and directed his military leaders to
- To show their sentiments against the government, the workers mutinied place the province under rebel control with his defense at the capital
and set their campsite on fire. town of Binalatongan (now San Carlos City).
- The Spaniards tried to end the rebellion immediately because they knew - He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua as judge, and
that the Pampanguenos had been trained in military art. Jacinto Macasiag and Melchor de Vera as army general.
- Governor Manrique de Lara began his manuevers with a show of force, - Letters were sent to the people of locos, Zambales, Pampanga and
by bringing with him 300 men in Macabebe. Cagayan, inviting them to rise against the Spaniards.
- Seeing the well-armed Spaniards, the Pampanguenos showed cordiality. - Pampanguenos did not joint because they had already made their peace
- This caused other rebels to waver and distrust one another. with the Spaniards.
- Governor Lara called Juan Macapagal, Chief of Arayat, to a discussion. - To extend his sovereignity, Malong sent 6,000 men to Pampanga and
- De Lara treated him well and assured him rewards if he would side with 3,000 men to llocos and Cagayan leaving 2000 men with him in
the government Macapagal consequently accepted the offer. Pangasinan.
- He went back to Arayat and organized a force to repress the rebels. - But this depleted the forces.
- His defection discouraged other chiefs. - The government troops led by Don Felipe de Ugalde and Don Francisco
Esteban outmaneuvered his army in Pangasinan.
- Parish priest as well as mercenary soldiers were also employed to
demoralize the rebels. - He was pursued into the mountains and was caught alive.
- The Governor General moreover proposed a partial payment of 14,000 - He was executed together with Vera, Pacadua and Macasiag in 1661 in
pesos on the total amount of 200,000 pesos that the government owed Binalatongan.
to the Pampanguenos.
- The Spaniards concluded an agreement with Maniago which brought 11. The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)
about peace in Pampanga. Cause Continue Andres Malong's revolt
- For fear that the Pangasinenses would strike back, the Pampanguenos - Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many Spaniards in llocos.
themselves demanded two Spanish garrisons in the province, one in - The ilocanos did not join them for their loyalty was to their property.
Lubao and another in Arayat. - During the Zambal invasion they hid their valuables in the Bishop's house
- From then on, they never revolted against the Colonial government. and buried other properties.
- The Maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier - The Bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them with
revolt in Pangasinan. excommunication.
- This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the - But the Bishop's words fell on deaf ears.
call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards. - Gumapo's campaign ended after an encounter with the Spanish forces.
- Four hundred rebels were slain and Gumapos himself was taken prisoner
10. Andres malong's Revolt: Pangasinan (1660-61) and was later hanged in Vigan.
Cause: Spanish Oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as
Personal Rulers of the People
- Spurred by Pampagueno rebellion, the natives of Pangasinan also rose in
arm against the Spanish government in Lingayen on December 15, 1660.
- Several Spaniards were killed including an Alcalde mayor, inspired by the
12. The Revolt of Almazan (1660s) - In the 1740's and in the 1750's, the Spanish government was preoccupied
Cause: Personal Ambitions with the Muslim raids.
- The flames of rebellion soon spread in llocos with Pedro Almazan as the - In 1829, the rebellion finally ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort
defiant leader. pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to live in the new
- Almazan, a rich chief of San Nicolas, crowned himself king of llocos villages.
during the wedding ceremony of his son to the daughter of another - Nothing has been heard on how Dagohoy died.
chief. - His autonomous community lasted for 85 years.
- He wore the crown of the Queen of Angels taken from the church, which
the rebels sacked. 14-15. Silang's revolt (1762-63)
- The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards Cause: His Imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation
eventually suppressed them. - The llocanos had already been complaining about the anomalous
collection of tribute and the abuses of the alcaldes mayores in the
13. Dagohoy's Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829) exercise of indulto de comercio.
Cause: Refusal to give his Brother a Christian Burial - Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio Zabala, the provincial governor of
- Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a Christian llocos to consider the demands of the natives.
burial because the latter died in a duel. - Regarding him an agitator, Zabala had Silang incarcerated.
- Dagohoy argued that his brother's burial was the responsibility of the - Silang's followers and friends successfully worked for his release.
Jesuit Priest because he had died carrying out the missionary's order, to - Taking advantage of the preoccupation with the British in Manila, Silang
arrest an apostate. led the revolt of the llocanos (started on December 14, 1872) and made
- The priest refused to bury Dagohoy's brother unless the proper limosmas Vigan the capital of his independent government.
or church offerings were given. - Silang's defiance of the Spaniards lost him support of the principales.
- The body were left decomposing for three (3) days. - He ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and
- Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited the brought to him, should they resist, they were to be slain.
natives of Bohol to revolt. - He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but lowered it to 80
- Dagohoy took around 300 men and women to the uplands, set up a self pesos on their petition.
sustaining community far from the Spanish authorities. - Property of the church were also taken.
- Dagohoy's community grew in number as more people fled to the hills to - Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued an interdict against Silang and
avoid being recruited by the government to join its expeditions in his followers, and exhorted the llocanos to withdraw support for the
Northern Mindanao as well as to avoid imposition of the government. rebels cause.
- Because of the killing of Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Fr Guiseppe - In retaliation, Silang imprisoned all of the latter's followers.
Lamberti, the Spanish authorities tortured and killed Dagohoy's future - Finally, Spanish Governor Simon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum.
father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest. - Fearing that Anda was planning to march to llocos, Silang decided to seek
- The death of the innocent porter drove more people to join Dagohoy's protection of the British.
group. - However, Silang's leadership ended with an assassin's bullet.
- Shortly afterwards, Father Morales was killed in cold blood. - Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mestizo who wished to take revenge on Silang
- Twenty Spanish governors from Gaspar de la Torre (1739-45) to Juan and Pedro Becbec, a trusted aide of Silang conspired to kill the rebel
Antonio Martinez (1822-25) tried to stop the Rebellion but failed. leader in exchange of large amount of monetary reward.
- Vicos shot Silang in the latter's house. - Palaris was publicly hanged.
- He was assassinated on May 28, 1763.
- GABRIELA SILANG, Diego's wife, continued the fight. 17. Basi Revolt, (1807)
- Nicolas Carino, Silang's uncle, temporarily took command of the forces. Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786)
- He and Gabriela attacked the town of Santa in llocos Sur and won over - Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were
the government forces. prohibited to drink homemade BASI (wine fermented from sugarcane).
- After the battle, Gabriela went to the forests of Abra and recruited the - They were compelled to buy wine from government stores.
Tingguians (Itnegs). - On September 16, 1807, the llocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte, rose in arms
- Another battle was fought at Cabugao, but this time the rebels were in defense of their favorite wine, Basi.
beaten, Carino perished in action. - The rebellion spread to the neighboring towns, Badoc and Santo
- With her newly reorganized battalion, Gabriela marched towards Vigan. Domingo.
- She rode on a fast horse and led the troops into combat, but the attacked - Finally, on September 28, 1807, the alcalde mayor, together with the
was repulsed by the Spanish government. strong force o regular troops attacked them in San Ildefonso and quelled
- Once more she went back to the mountains of Abra with her followers. the revolt. (The llocos Basi revolt was over).
- Don Manuel de Arza, lieutenant, Governor of Northern Luzon and his
Cagayan warriors followed her trail. 18. Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822).
- With the aid of Apayaos and Kalingas, they capured her and her surviving Cause: Feeling of Distrust between the Peninsulares and the Creoles
followers. - The insulares in the Philippines, as well as the creoles in other colonies of
- On September 20, 1763 Gabriela and her companions were executed in Spain resented the extra privileges given to the peninsulares.
Vigan, llocos Sur. - The feeling of distrust and antagonism between the Peninsulares and the
- Because she won many battles, Gabriela Silang was called the "Joan of creoles became intense in the early decades of 19 century.
Arc" of the Ilocos. - Inspired by the achievements of the creole liberators in Latin America
from 1808 to 1826 and influence by the ideals of the French revolution,
16. PALARIS'S Revolt (1762-65) the three Bayot brothers- Manuel, Jose and Joaquin—sons of Colonel
Cause: Tribute, Spain's loss of prestige due to the British Occupation of Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole of Manila, conspired with other
Manila. creole officers of the Battalion Real Principe, to overthrow the
government, which was dominated by the peninsulares.
- Simultaneous with the Silang revolt was an uprising in Pangasinan.
- The plot was to be carried out on April 17, 1822 at dawn.
- The local inhabitants wanted the abolition of the tribute and the removal
of Joaquin Gamboa, alcalde mayor, of the province for irregularities in - A few days before the April 17, the Plan of the Bayot conspiracy was
tax collection. discovered.
- The rebellion began on November 3, 1762 at the town of Binalatongan - Governor Mariano de Folgueras alerted the Queens Regiment and
under the leadership of Juan De La Cruz Palaris. surrounded the barracks of suspected rebels with loyal troops and 15
cannons.
- Palaris urged the people to fight since the Spaniards were very weak
because of their defeat at the hands of British in Manila. - The Bayots brothers were imprisoned after a trial.
- In March 1764, Don Mariano de Arza together with 3000 loyal llocano NOTE: Spaniards were divided between PENINSULARES born in Spain
soldiers suppressed the revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan. and INSULARES born in the Philippines.
- Although both were legally and ethnically Spaniards, PENINSULARES
 were rank higher than the INSULARES, owing to them being born in Spain - In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate
- PENINSULARES were called full-blooded Spaniards, while INSULARES into submission.
were derisively called Filipino. - Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo under the command of
- The highest offices in the government were given to Peninsulares, and Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa.
they generaly had it better than their Manila-born counterparts. - He ordered the pacification of the place and the payment of the tribute
by the inhabitants to the colonial government.
19. Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule - On March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops
Cause: Religious freedom landed at the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao.
- In 1939, Apolinario de la Cruz (better known as Hermano Pule) went to - The next day, Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat's capital in Cotabato fell into the
Manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican Order hands of Spaniards.
- He was not accepted on the ground that he was an Indio (native). - Kudarat retreated to a hill called Ilihan.
- At that time, all religious orders were closed to Indios. - In 1645, the Tausugs finally liberated Jolo from the Spanish forces.
- In June 1840, Hermano Pule returned to Lukban, Tayabas Province (Now - In 1749 Sultan Alimud Din I was deposed by his brother Bantilan because
Quezon province), and founded the Cofradia de San Jose (confraternity of his friendship with the Spaniards.
of St. Joseph) a nationalist fellowship which fostered the practice of - On April 28, 1750, he was baptized by the Dominican fathers at Panigui,
Christian virtues. Tarlac.
- Hermano Pule sought the recognition of his religious brotherhood but - He was named Don Fernando Alimud Din I, the first Christian sultan of
the authorities banned his confraternity. Jolo.
- Undaunted by the intolerance of the government authorities, he carried - His son and daughter were likewise converted to christianity, and given
on his religious movement at Barrio Isabang of Mt. Banahaw, then later education in Manila.
moved his Camp at Alitao, at the foot of Mt. Cristobal. - Sultan Jamalul A'lam of Jolo transferred his capital to Maimbung.
- His Brotherhood attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas, Laguna and - The Sultanate of Sulu, being a sovereign government was able to lease
Batangas. Sabah (North Borneo) to a British company.
- On November 1, 1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet a veteran Spanish combat - On January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul A’lam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred
commander launched a masive assault on Alitao, killing Hundreds of Dent, an Englishman and Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck, an Austrian of
defenseless men, women and children. British North Borneo company for annual rental of 5,000 Malayan Dollars
- Hermano Pule was captured the following evening at Barrio Ibanga and - The contract in 1878 used the Tausug word "padjack" which means lease.
was executed mon November 4, 1841. (The rental was increase to 5,300 Malayan dollars in 1903-1963).
- The Spanish soldiers paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby - The Sultan of Jolo, a direct descendant of Sultan Kudarat, acquired
Lukban, his birthplace. sovereignty over North Borneo (Sabah) the second half of the 17th
century
20. Muslim Wars (1578- 1898) - When the sultan of Brunei sought help to the sultan of Jolo to suppress a
The Muslim Wars were brought about by the following reasons: rebellion in 1704, the Sabah territory was ceded to the latter in 1715 out
of gratitude.
1) The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu;
- In 1886, Governor General Emilio Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato to
2) The Preservation of Islam; and
subdue the Moro Maguindanaoans and on August 21, 1891, Governor
3) The love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars.
General Valeriano Weyler known as the "Butcher" won the first battle of
 Marawi in Lanao Lake of the masses against bad elements from within and from without.
- Datu Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi was able to escape.
- In 1895, Gov-Gen Ramon Blanco, invade the Lanao lake region.
- Blanco's troop attacked Marawi on March 10, 1895. 1. Spread of Liberalism
- In this second battle of Marawi, the heroic Datu Amai Pakpak died in - When Spain opened the Philippine ports in 1834 to free trade,
action. commercialization of Philippine agriculture and economic expansion
- To avenge the fall of Marawi and the death of Datu Amai Pakpak, the greatly benefited the principalia in the country.
muslims warriors declared a jihad (holy war) forcing Blanco to halt the - They were able to send their children to schools and even too
campaign and return to Manila. educational institutions in Spain, there upon giving them exposure to
- The bitter warfare between Spaniards and the Muslims ended in 1898, libertarian ideals.
after the signing of the Peace Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, - In like manner, the ideas of Masonry (i.e., freethinking, anticlerical, and
which ended the Spanish domination in the Philippines. humanitarian) also made the new middle class aware of the repressive
policy of the Spanish authorities in the colony thus, making themselves
The Rise of Filipino Nationalism more outspoken on the excesses of the friars and government officials.
The following have been regarded in history as factors that gave rise to
Filipino Nationalism. 2. Sentiment against the Principales.
1 Spread of liberalism; - There was a mounting dissatisfaction against the principals (or the
political and social aristocracy, which includes the prominent landowning
2. Sentiment against the Principales;
and propertied citizens) accommodated as intermediaries of the Spanish
3. Racial prejudice;
government from the inception of its colonial rule.
4. Cultural changes;
- The masses had been skeptical about the local aristocracy due to their
5. Secularization controversy; and proportion of influence in the society.
6. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872. - The Ilocano insurrection in 1815 was a manifestation of the people's cry
to mass movement.
- The most important element of Nationalism is a sense of belonging
expressed in the recognition and appreciation of a common historical 3. Racial Prejudice
past and cultural tradition.
- The Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to
- It is not a product of sudden outburst of sentiment. the "inferior race" and haughtily called them as Indios
- It is brought about certain political, economic, social and Intellectual - The preconceived notion of the Spanish colonizers that the natives could
factors that gradually develop at the certain stage in history of a group of not rise beyond their "limited intelligence" instigated the enlightened
people living in a well-defined geographical area. Filipinos to struggle for equality.
NATIONALISM- gradually evolved like a seed nourished by a common - Jose Rizal's annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas
ideals and aspirations for national unity. Filipinas denounced the allegations of the Spaniards that the Filipinos
- In Subjugated lands, nationalism symbolizes freedom from the were savages and had no culture prior to the coming of the Western
conquerors. Colonizers.
- In Contemporary times, Nationalism means freedom to enjoy inalienable
rights of man with the government acting as a protector and champion 4. Cultural Changes
- With the implementation of a new educational system, qualified Filipinos feelings of the people.
were able to pursue higher education. - Some of the strong proponents of the secularization movement of
- Young men from prosperous Chinese mestizo and native families were parishes were Arch bishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez and Fr. Jose
able to take up law, medicine and pharmacy. Burgos (both from archdiocese of Manila).
- They were able to see the repressive colonial policies of Spain after being - In December 1870, Archbishop Martinez wrote to the Spanish Regent
enlightened with liberal ideas; thus, giving birth to a new breed of advocating secularization and mentioned that discrimination against
Filipinos -the llustrados (enlightened ones). Filipino priests would encourage anti-Spanish sentiments.
- The llustrados got the chance to manifest their political will when Carlos
Maria de la Torre became Governor General in 1869. 6. Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
- The benevolent Governor Carlos de la Torre was able to show his liberal - When Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Governor de la Torre in 1871, he
disposition in administering the government after he invoked reforms in promptly discarded the liberal measures.
the government like the revocation of press censorship and the abolition - The privileges of the arsenal workers and engineer corps regarding
of flogging as a form of punishment. exemption from the tribute and forced labor were also abolished.
- He (the Governor) even lived simply within his means. - As an expression of protest, on the night of January 20, 1872, about 200
- Governor Carlos Maria De La Torre as a result, inspired the Filipino Filipino soldiers and dock workers in the province of Cavite mutinied and
middle class to sustain their campaign for reforms in the country. killed their Spanish officers under the leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid
[La Madrid).
5. Secularization Controversy - The rebellion was suppressed quickly.
- Due to lack of secular priests, Pope Pius V issued in 1567, upon the - Two days after the mutiny La Madrid was executed together with 41
request of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis which allowed the regular mutineers at Bagumbayan.
clergy (those belonging to monastic orders), to serve as parish priests The mutiny became an opportunity for the Spanish officials to implicate
without diocesan authorization and be exempted from bishop's the liberal critics of the government.
authority.
- The governor asserted that a secret faction existed in Manila to
- However, the appointment of regular clergy to Philippine parishes overthrow Spanish rule.
brought about dissension among members of the church.
- Accused of alleged conspiracy in the rebellion were Fathers Mariano
- The regular orders resisted diocesan visitation on the ground that this Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
would place them under the two superiors, the head of their religious
- They were sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872.
order and the bishop as well.
- Some were thrown into jail while the rest were exiled to the Marianas
- This causes the expulsion of the priest who refused the visitation of
Islands on March 14, 1872.
parishes by representatives of the bishop.
- Among those who left on board the Flores de Maria were Father Jose
- The parishes vacated by the Jesuits (expelled in the country in 1758)
Maria Guevarra, Fr. Pedro Dandan, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio
were given to the native seculars.
Ma. Regidor, Maximo Paterno, Jose Maria Basa Balbino Mauricio and Pio
- The return of the Jesuits in 1859 as well as the policy of desecularization Maria Basa.
directly affected the native seculars.
- The Spaniards succeeded in uniting the Filipinos in a common spirit to
- The secularization controversy transformed into a Filipinization issue oppose colonial authority.
since the secular priest were mostly Filipinos.
- Between 1872 and 1892, national consciousness was growing among
- The efforts to secularize the parishes in a way heightened the nationalist Filipinos who had settled in Europe.
- The Execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened the growth of - Its adherents did not seek independence from Spain but reforms.
Filipino nationalism.
- The concept of nationhood coincided with the development of the
concept of Filipinos. The Propagandists
- Before, Filipinos would only refer to the espanoles insulares. - Those who joined the peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872,
- Later, it included the mestizos de songley and the native elite who had the Patriots who left the islands to escape persecution and those who
hispanized themselves. had been to Spain for their studies.
- The propagandists were young Filipinos in their twerties or thirties.
The Propaganda Movement - They came from the best and brightest, and the riches families in the
- After the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA, conditions in the country went Philippines
from bad to worse. - They were mostly college students or professionals.
- The Spanish officials oppressed the Filipinos even more. - All were men of intelligence, courage and patriotism.
- So many Filipinos take refuge in Europe and initiated in Spain a crusade - Today, they are known as Great Filipino Heroes.
for reforms in the Philippines.
- The emergence of more Filipino Ilustrados gave birth to the unified 1. JOSE RIZAL - Physician-novelist, and now National hero of the
nationalist movement. Philippines
- This peaceful campaign was known in our History as the Propaganda - His prestige was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio
- It began in 1872 (after the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA) and ended in historical novel Noli Me Tangere in 1887.
1892 (after the exile of Rizal in Dapitan). - The Noli reflected the defects of the Spanish rule in the Philippines,
The Reforms desired by the Movement are as follows: particularly the abuses of the friars.
1 Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws; - His second novel El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent in 1891
2. Restoration of the Philippines representations in the Spanish Cortes; - Founder of La Liga Filipina (the Philippine League).
3. Secularization of Philippine parishes; 2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR- lawyer, journalist from the town of Bulacan.
4. The expulsion of the friars; - In 1882, he helped established the first bilingual newspaper, the Diariong
5. Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the Tagalog and became editor of the tagalog section;
press and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances; - He released Dasalan at Toksohan (Prayers and mockeries), a manual anti
6. Abolition of polo and bandala; clerical commentary in the format of novena;
7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos & Spaniard to enter government service - He parodied the Lord's prayer, Hail Mary, the Apostles Creed, the Ten
8. Creation of public school system independent of friars. Commandment, the act of Contrition and the Catechism.
- He left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape the prosecution of the
The Aims of Propaganda Movement friars.
- The Propagandists called for a peaceful assimilation, referring to the 3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA- orator, like Del Pilar, parodied religious
transition of the Philippines from being the colony to a province of Spain. literature in his satire.
- Propagandists believed that it would be better if the Filipinos would - He wrote Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly (circa 1874) where he ridiculed a
become Spanish citizens, since they would be enjoying the same rights cleric named Fray Botod, who arrived looking like a hungry mosquito and
and privileges (same laws be applied to Filipinos equally). soon became stout because of the stocks taken from the people.
- He moved to Madrid where he joined other Filipino expatriates into 3. Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tigbalang)
journalism. 4. Antonio Luna (Taga-ilog)
4.MARIANO PONCE-Physician-journalist 5. Some Foreigners also contributed their articles, like Prof. Ferdinand
5. ANTONIO LUNA-Pharmacist and essayist. Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta.
6. JUAN LUNA- painter, known for his monumental painting Spoliarium La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League)
7. FELIX RESSURECTION HIDALGO- painter, acclaimed for gis masterpiece - JOSE RIZAL wrote the Constitution of La Liga Filipina while living in
Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Papulacho ( Christian Virgins Exposed to HongKong with the help of Jose Ma. Basa.
the Rabble) - On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the
8. PEDRO A. PATERNO- lawyer, poet and historian residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila, with:
9. JOSE Ma. PANGANBAN- linguist and essayist 1. Ambrosio Salvador- President;
10. JOSE ALEJANDRINO- engineer and writer. 2. Deodato Arellano - Secretary;
11. FERNANDO CANON- engineer, poet ard musician 3. Bonifacio Arevalo - treasurer
12. PEDRO SERRANO LATAW- teacher and lexicographer ( teacher-tutor of 4. Agustin De la Rosa-Fiscal; and
Price Alfonso de Bourbon, later King Alfonso XIII of Spain) 5. Among those present were Pedro Serrano, Domingo Franco, Jose A
13. ISABELO DE LOS REYES- folklorist and newspapermen (historian end Ramos, Moises Salvador, Apolinario Mabini Faustino Villaruel and Andres
journalist) Bonifacio.
14. DOMINADOR GOMEZ- physician, orator
The League's Objectives & Motto.
La Solidaridad (solidarity) - Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like All)- served as an avowal of their
- La Solidaridad, a purely Filipino organization was established in Barcelona ideals.
on December 31, 1888. Based in its Constitution, the OBJECTIVES OF LA LIGA were:
- This took place at a traditional Eve banquet with Galicano Apacible as 1) The unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous,
President, Graciano Lopez Jaena as Vice President, RIZAL who was in and homogenous body;
London during that time, was named Honorary President. 2) Protection in cases of want and necessity;
- Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad in 3) Defense against violence and injustice
Barcelona on February 15, 1889. 4) Encouragement of instruction, agriculture& commerce; and
- Marcelo Del Pilar, recently arrived from the Philippines joined the group 5) The study and implementations for reforms.
and helped prepare the issues.
- La Solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31,
The Goals of La Liga
1889, then in Madrid, until its last issue on November 15, 1895.
- The Goals of La Liga were to be caried out by the Supreme Council, The
- From December 15, 1889 until its last issue, M. H. Del Pilar became the
Provincial Council, and the Popular Council.
editor, replacing Lopez Jaena
- Each member of the league had to pay ten centavos as monthly dues.
- The members ought to choose a symbolic name.
The Contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos like:
- The situation alarmed the Spanish authorities
1. M.H. Del Pilar (Plaridel);
- On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by Governor Despujol and
2. Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan);
subsequently imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
- The following day, the Governor General ordered the deportation of 2) To fight for Philippine independence from Spain.
Rizal to Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his allegedly - The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain
subversive materials. the country's lost freedom.

Bonifacio and the Katipunan THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

- Some of the members of the La Liga Filipina found out that peaceful - The KATIPUNAN was more than a secret society. It was also a hidden
agitation for reforms was not enough. government with a Constitution: The first one was promulgated in 1892
- This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. and another Constitution replacing the first one in 1894.
- Andres Bonifacio was one of them. - The Central governrnent of the Katipunan was vested in a Kataastaasang
- The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people Sanggunian (Supreme Council) with the officials in each Province, there
could not be achieved by requests for reforms but an armed revolution. was a Sanggunian Bayan (Provincial Council), and in each town, a
- Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council).
Independence. - The Judicial power resided in a secret chamber called Sangguniang
Hukuman (Judicial Council).
The Revolutionary Society - The courts passed judgment on members who disobeyed the secret rules
of the society.
- On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at
Deodato Arellano's house at No. 72, Azcarraga, St., (now Claro M. Recto)
near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila. Grades of Membership in the Katipunan.
- They decided to form a revolutionary society, modeled in part on - There were three [3) Grades of Memberships in the Katipunan.
Masonic Order called Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng 1. First Grade called Katipon (associate), wore a black mask at the
mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of Katipunan meetings.
People) otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to National - His Password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of People)
Independence through armed revolution. 2. The Second Grade called Kawal (Soldier), wore a green mask.
- It was agreed that the members be recruited by means of the Triangle - His password was GOM-BUR-ZA.
Method in which an original member would recruit two members who
3. The Third Grade called Bayani (Patriot), wore red mask.
did not know each other but only knew the original member who took
- His password was Rizal, the honorary President of the Katipunan.
them in.
- Payment of Entrance fee one real fuerte (25 centavos) and a monthly due
of medio real-(about 12 centavos) Officers of the Supreme Council
- The Triangle Method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found - During the first election, the following officers the Supreme Council
out to be too cumbersome were chasen:
- New converts were initiated into the Secret Society using rites borrowed 1. Deodato Arellano- President
from the masonry. 2. Andres Bonifacio- Comptroller
-The Neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society. 3. Ladislao Diwa- Fiscal
4. Teodoro Plata- Secretary
Aims of the Katipunan (the KK.K. had two aims) 5. Valentin Diaz- Treasurer
1) To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation, and - There were also woman members of the Katipunan, but they were not
 required to sign with their own blood. The rules include:
- To be admitted at the woman section. 1) Love of God, love of country, and one's fellowmen;
- One had to be a wife, daughter, sister of a Katipunero to ensure the 2) Diligence in work
secrecy of the of the movement. 3) Sharing one's means with the poor
- Among the women members were: Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife 4) Punishment of Scoundrel’s and traitors
was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of 5) The guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.
Katipunero Restituto Javier and Josefa and Trinidad, sisters of Dr. Jose
- Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printers, Faustino
Rizal.
Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez, printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of the
- The women's chapter of the Katipunan was born during the Presidency of Katipunan, to disseminate the ideals of the society.
Roman Basa (second President) in July 1893.
- KALAYAAN had its first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a
- Josefa Rizal was elected President of the woman's chapter called La false masthead stating that it was being printed in Yokohama with
Semilla. Marcelo H. Del Pilar as editor.
- Bonifacio deposed Arellano as President in a meeting in February 1893 - This was to deceive the Spanish authorities and evade arrest.
because of the latter's in action.
- Published in the Kalayaan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng
- Roman Basa was as ineffective as Arelleno, that he called a meeting of Mga Tagalog"(What the Filipino should know) attributed to Bonifacio.
the Society and readily deposed Basa.
This Composition dealt with the three Questions asked of Katipunan
- Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo (President). applicants:
- Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria De Jesus a) What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?
made a flag, which consisted of red rectangular piece of cloth with three
b) What is the condition of the country today?
white K's arranged horizontally at the center.
c) What will be the Philippines tomorrow?
- This was the first official flag of the society.
- Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through
- However, some members had their flag with three K's arranged in the
the efforts of Macario Sakay and Pio del Pilar as distributors.
form of a triangle.
- The katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Ecija,
- Others had one K at the center of the red flag.
Bulacan and Cavite.
- Knowing the importance of Primer to teach the members of the society
- The society grew and began to spread into the non-tagalog provinces.
its ideals, Emilio Jacinto prepared one, which he called Kartilya, a word
- On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio Jacinto,
adopted from the Spanish Cartilla, which at that time meant a primer for
Restituto Javier and Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave
grade school students.
(Cave of Bernardo Carpio) and Mt. Tipusi in the Mountain ranges of San
- Former UP President Rafael Palma, a revolutionary patriot, noted that
Mateo, Montalban.
Apolinario Mabini wrote the original statutes of the Katipunan's Kartilya
- They held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits.
and Emilio Jacinto translated it into Tagalog for the Benefit of the
unschooled members of the Katipunan. - After session, Aurelio Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote
on the cave wall in Spanish, "VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA".
- The Kartilya consisted of thirteen teachings which the members of the
Society were expected to observed. - In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo (Head of the
Supreme Council).
- Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulang
Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan /Duties to be observed by the Sons of - He also occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the
the Country) to lay the guidelines for good citizenship. Supreme Council, in December 1895 and August 1896 respectively.
- On June 15, 1896, Dr. PIO VALENZUELA, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, - A day earlier, August 29, Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia
sailed for Dapitan to get Rizal’s support for the armed revolution. Civil at Pasong putik, Novaliches and Jailed at Bilibid prison for giving aid
- To cover his real mission for the Spanish authorities, he brought with him to the Katipuneros.
a blind man named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal’s - In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in
medical services. trying to quell the Philippine Revolution, issued a decree declaring a
- Rizal did not agree to the Katipunan's plans of an armed uprising since state of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces, Cavite, Laguna,
the people were not ready for it. Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac and placed them
under Martial Law
The Revolution of 1896 - The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48
hours after the publication of decree would be pardoned except the
- By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for the
leaders of the Katipunan.
revolution, hints about its existence reached the Spanish authorities.
- Taking advantage of the amnesty provision some Katipuneros
- On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guard
surrendered like Valenzuela.
stationed at Pasig, reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.
- However, the Spanish authorities only subjected them to torture to make
- The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino, a
them squeal matters about the revolution.
member of the Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to father Mariano
Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. - On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the
Fort of San Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as "Los Trece
- On the basis of Patino's information, the Spanish authorities acted
Martires" (The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite).
immediately.
- Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested while in his way to Cuba to serve as doctor
- On August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at Bahay
for the Spanish army.
Toro Pugadlawin, Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at the
residence of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora. - On November 20. Dr, Jose Rizal, appeared before Colonel Francisco
Garcia Olive to answer the charges filed against him.
- In the mass meeting held, the Katipuneros tore their Cedulas personales
(certificates) and at the same time shouting, "Long live the Philippines, - By December 26, the litigation of Rizal took place before the Court
Long Live the Katipunan". Martial (Military Court).
- This event is recorded in the history as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of - Two (2) days after, Gov. Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict.
Pugadlawin, which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish - Rizal, convicted of Sedition, Rebellion and Illicit Associations, was
government. executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta) on
- At Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong, Bonifacio gave his last manifesto December 30, 1896, at 7:03.
Katipunang Mararahas ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Society of Enraged Sons - Eight (8) Filipino soldiers, with eight (8) Spanish soldiers behind them
of the Country) regarding the revolution that would take place in Manila. carried out the execution.
- Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan - The Katipunan in Cavite rose in arms on August 31, 1896.
at the dawn of Sunday, August 30, 1896. this is now known as the Battle - At Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria
of the Pinaglabanan. Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.
- The Spaniard outnumbered the revolutionaries who were not fully - The Magdiwang forces on the other hand, pounded the Spaniards in
armed. Noveleta.
- Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his surviving men were forced to - In the morning of September 5, Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed
retreat to Balara. the Spanish troops stationed at Imus under the command of General
 Eusebio Aguirre. (Ciriaco and Procopio) General Lucino and twenty soldiers arrived in
- In This battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men, from that time on, Cavite;
Cavitenos recognized Aguinaldo as man of Distinguished valor and called - The Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly of both factions in Imus
him General Miong, no longer Captain Miong. on December 31, a day after Rizaľs execution.
- At the outbreak of revolution, the number of Katipuneros grew. - Bonifacio conducted the meeting.
- On December 4, 1896, the Katipunan members of Balangay Dimasalang
met at Bigaa (now Balagtas) in the province of Bulakan. Among the issues discussed were:
- They wanted to reinforce their operation against the Spaniards and to 1) Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected
conduct an election of officials under the newly founded Kakarong officials,
Republic. 2) Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command.
- Led by General Eusebio Roque (a.k.a. Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo) - The Magdalo faction believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the
and around 6000 men and women enlisted themselves as members. Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be
- On February 25, 1897 the town of Dasmarinas Cavite was taken by replaced by a new one.
Spanish troops which was defended by Gen. Flaviano Yengko. - The Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary
- Yengko was mortally wounded in action and died on March 3, 1897 at government because the Katipunan was actually a government with a
Imus Military Hospital. Constitution and by laws recognized by everyone.
- Yengko was the youngest General of the Phil. Revolution, being younger - General Edilberto Evangelista tried to reconcile the two groups by
than Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar by one year, 2 months and 7 days. drafting a constitution establishing the Philippine Republic.
- In the bloody battle of Salitran, Gen. Zabala was killed by Yengkos group. - The second convention of these two Katipunan factions was held on
March 22, 1897 at Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite.
Rivalry in the Katipunan - Majority of those attended were the Magdiwangs.
In Cavite there were two Katipunan councils- - General Aguinaldo and other Magdalo officials were absent because
1. The Magdalo Council headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio they were defending the Magdalo towns at that time.
Aguinaldo's cousin), - As it turned out, the convention upheld the views of the Magdalo
2. The Magdiwang Council- with Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Council.
Jesus, Bonifacio's wife) as President. - The majority wanted a new revolutionary government.
- The Capital of Magdiwang Council was Noveleta, then later transferred - This resulted to the election of new officials.
to San Francisco de Malabon (now General trias) - Bonifacio presided over the election.
- The Magdalo's Council had its Capital In Imus. - Before the casting of votes had taken place, Bonifacio reminded that
- Emilio Aguinaldo first gained popularity after he had beaten a Sergeant whoever should get elected in any position should be respected.
of the Guardia Civil in a single combat.
- He even became more renowned after his successful uprising in Kawit, Elected officials were as follow:
then in the Battle of Imus and in the early part of November 1896, he President- Emilio Aguinaldo
liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas from the Spanish soldiers.
Vice President- Mariano Trias
- Upon Invitation of the Magdiwang in the Province of Cavite, Bonifacio
Captain-General- Artemio Ricarte
left his hideout in Morong.
Director of War- Emiliano Riego de Dios
- On December 1, 1896, he and his wife together with his two brothers
Director of the Interior- Andres Bonifacio and bribery.
- Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio's election saying that his - Pio del Pilar testified in the trial of Bonifacio saying that the latter had
position should be occupied by a lawyer. been forcing officers to join him.
- Daniel Tirona suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose Del Rosario, for the post. - As for Severino, de las Alas, it was he who made the false charges that
- Bonifacio felt insulted, he demanded Tirona to retract what he had said. the friars bribed Bonifacio to established the katipunan and made the
- But, Tirona, instead of offering an apology, tried to leave the scene. Filipinos into fighting the wars, for which they were poorly armed.
- This infuriated Bonifacio and made him drew his revolver to shoot Tirona, - Bonifacio also ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang,
but Ricarte and others intervened. - The soldiers had taken by force from people carabaos and other animals.
- Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void and left the - He also accused Bonifacio and his men that they planning to surrender to
assembly room with his bodyguards. the Spaniards.
- A day after the Tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio gathered his - Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron, turning state witness, told the council
followers and drafted a document called Acta de Tejeros, signed by that Bonifacio gave him initial payment of ten pesos to assassinate
Bonifacio and 44 other plotters Aguinaldo but he refused to follow the order.
The document rejected the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo on - On May 10, 1897, General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal to
the following grounds: release the Bonifacio brothers from prison.
1. The Tejeros assembly lack legality; - He gave Macapagal a sealed letter with orders to read its details after
2. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership; reaching their destination.
3. The election of official was fraudulent and - Macapagal took four men with him and open the letter upon the request
of Bonifacio.
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency.
- The letter ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio.
- Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and
Procopio) and loyal followers fled to Limbon (barrio of Indang). - Included in the letter was a warning that failure to comply with the order
would result to severe punishment.
- Upon learning of Bonifacio's presence at Limbon and the alleged crime
committed by his soldiers in Indang, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels - Macapagal followed the order and executed them on May 10, 1897 at
Agapito Bengson, Felipe Topacio and Jose lgnacio Paua to go to Limbon Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (According to National Historical
with some troops and to arrest Bonifacio and his men. Institute).
- Bonifacio furiously resisted. - Macapagal placed a few twigs on the swallow grave of the two brothers.
- Ciriaco Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while Andres Bonifacio
himself was wounded in the left arm and neck. The Biak-Na-Bato Republic.
- Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers - After the death of Bonifacio, the revolution went from bad to worst for
were taken prisoners and brought to Naic. the Filipinos.
- The case of Bonifacio brothers evolved quite rapidly after a Council of - Aguinaldo lost one battle after another the new Spanish Governor
War headed by Gen. Mariano Noriel was created. General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, brought fresh reinforcements from
- The Trial began on May 5, with Placido Martinez as defense attorney for Spain.
Bonifacio and Teodoro Gonzales for Procopio. - Aguinaldo moved his war camp many times away from Cavite.
- Tragically the Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of death the - President Emilio and his men headed for Bulacan.
next day. - Finally, on June 24, 1897, they arrived at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de
- The charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, Mayumo.
- Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of Gen. Mariano Llanera of government.
Nueva Ecija in assaulting Spaniards stationed in the Central Luzon - In central Luzon, General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac establish a
provinces provincial revolutionary government with a Constitution written by him.
- On November 1, the Revolutionary leaders met and adopted a - The Makabulos Constitution adopted on April 17, 1898, set up this
Constitution titled the Provisional Constitution of the Philippine provisional government in Central Luzon to continue in force until a
Republic. general government for the Republic was established.
- It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the - In Malolos, General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the
Philippines from Spanish monarchy and the formation of the Philippine revolutionary spirit.
Independent State. - Revolts were also experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and others island in
On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the country.
the officials were: - Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist, incited the patriots in Manila to continue
1) Emilio Aguinaldo - President the fight against the Spaniards.
2) Mariano Trias- Vice President - Aguinaldo and his officer went into exile but did not end the fight to win
3) Isabelo Artacho- Secretary of the Interior independence from Spain.
4) Antonio Montenegro- Secretary of foreign Affairs - On a letter written in Hong Kong dated February 19,1898, Mariano
5) Baldomero Aguinaldo- Secretary of the Treasury Ponce stated that General Aguinaldo had signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
6) Emiliano Riego de Dios- Secretary of war because under its terms, the Filipino revolutionist could rest and regain
their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor.
- This agreement known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, resulted to the
voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong.
- This pact consists of three documents. The Spanish American war
- The first were signed on December 14, and the third on December 15, - The Spanish American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on
1897. August 12 of the same year.
- On December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went - There were many factors that contributed to the US decision to open
to Lingayen Pangasinan, from where a Spanish merchant steamer was to hostilities against Spain.
take them to Hong Kong. - These included the Cuban struggle for Independence, efforts of the
- Two days after Aguinaldo and 25 others sailed for Hong Kong on board American to extend influence overseas and the sinking of the U.S.
the steamer Uranus, in compliance with the pact. warship Maine.
- General Artemio Ricarte stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the - Americas open support for the Cubans revolution and her vast
surrenders of arms by the revolutionaries. investment in Cubans sugar industry led her involvement in this Spanish
colony.
- The Spanish Government announced the end of the Hostilities on the
January 23, 1898. - On April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the
pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba.
- It proclaimed amnesty two days later; and it gave part of the promised
money to the rebels in Hong Kong. - To save her honor, Spain declared war against U.S. on April 24.
- However, after the peace fact, neither side fully complied with the terms - The next day, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain and thus the
of the Agreement. Spanish American war began.
- The Government never instituted the expected reforms. - The Conclusion of the Spanish- American war, which resulted to the
victory of the Americans paved the way to the end of the Spanish
- Likewise, the Filipinos continued their plan to overthrow the
 Colonial rule and the rise of the United States as global power. Basilio Agustin met for the first time.
- But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms.
- They clamor for total independence
- The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General
Filipino- American Collaboration Aguinaldo.
- At the end of Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in - He and his group commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del
Singapore where he had negotiations with the American consul general, Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel, among others, surrounded
Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the American's offer to support the the city.
Philippines in fighting the Spaniards. - This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.
- The US would then recognize the Philippine Independence after the - Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were
defeat of Spain. trapped within the city walls.
- Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was then - Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in
based in Hong Kong, if he were to join the latter should he sail from the the city.
Philippines. - The populace suffered terribly during the siege.
- General Aguinaldo, rushed to HK but missed Commodore Dewey who - Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable
had already sailed to Manila to destroy the Spanish Fleet. surrendered but the latter rejected him.
- The Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at - Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7.
noon. - Consequently, the Spanish governor general honorably conceded.
- Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties
with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded.
- This battle made Dewey instant hero.
- The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later Admiral.
- Upon the advice of the Hong Kong junta, General Aguinaldo left on board
the McCulloch (others McCullough), Dewey dispatch vessel and arrived
in Cavite on May 19, 1898.
- He reassumed command of rebel forces.
- His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the
people to rise arms and join the Americans in a common struggle against
the Spaniards.
- On May 24, 1898 General Aguinaldo establish a dictatorial government
with him as the Dictator, upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista.
- Aguinaldo established a new government to revoke the authority of the
Biak-na-Bato Republic and unite the revolutionary forces.
- At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry out the war
successfully.
- On May 28, the Consultative Assembly instituted by Governor General
 the capture in Manila.
- The Governor was not aware of the peace protocol that had already been
concluded in Washington between the United states and the Spain on
August 12, 1898.
UNIT VII – The Birth of Nation - It was a rainy morning on August 13, 1898 when the sham battle of
Manila began after Dewey's naval gun bombarded Fort San Antonio
1. Proclamation of Philippine independence
Abad near the Luneta.
- On June 12 1898, between four and five in the afternoon, General Emilio
- At about 11:20 am, the Spaniards had already raised the flag of
Aguinaldo before a huge crowd proclaimed the independence of the
surrender.
Philippines in Kawit, Cavite.
- General Greene only notice the flag at around noontime.
- Finally, after 333 years of Spanish domination, the Philippines obtained
Independence. - After the fall of Manila, General Diego de los Rios became the governor
general.
- Dona Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenza, and Mrs. W
Delfina Herbosa de Natividad (niece of Dr Jose Rizal) had sewn the flag - He became the last Spanish governor general of the Philippines.
in Hong Kong. - The siege of Baler that highlighted the gallantry of both the Filipino and
- General Aguinaldo made its design. Spanish soldiers ended on June 30, 1899 (now Philippine-Spanish
Friendship Day pursuant to Republic Act No. 9187).
- The National anthem titled, Marcha National Filipina (formerly Marcha
Filipina Magdalo) composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the town - In November 1899, all Spanish forces were shipped to Spain.
band of San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias). - The Treaty of Paris was signed between representatives/diplomats of the
- The act of Proclamation of Philippine Independence was solemnly read United states and Spain at Paris, France on December 10, 1898.
by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, which he himself wrote. - It officially ended the Spanish - American war.
- The declaration was signed by 98 people with one of them an American - - The pull out of Spanish military in the Philippines was provided in the
L.M. Johnson, Colonel Of Artillery. Treaty of Paris.
- After the proclamation of Independence. Apolinario Mabini became the
adviser of General Emilio Aguinaldo. Treaty of Paris
- Upon Mabini's advice, Gen. Aguinaldo changed the form of Government - Actually, this treaty was another blow to Philippine-American relations.
from Dictatorial to Revolutionary. - It made the Philippines a colony of the United states.
- Thus, Aguinaldo became the President of the Revolutionary - Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898.
Government. It provided the following:
- By decree of June 18, 1898, President Aguinaldo organized the municipal 1) Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States;
and provincial government. 2) Spain received from the U.S. an indemnity of $20,000,000;
- On August 1, 1898, the first convention of municipal presidents was held 3) Guam and Puerto Rico were ceded by Spain to the United states;
in Bacoor, Cavite capital of the revolutionary government.
4) Spain recognized the Independence of Cuba; and
5) U.S. agreed to give Spain the right to ship commodities to the
2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila Philippines for a period of Ten (10) years.
- Governor General Fermin Jaudenes, through Belgian consul, Edouard - US Secretary of State John Hay, in behalf of the US government handed
Andre, secretly told Dewey and Meritt in early August 1898 concerning to Spanish commission member Jules Cambon the $20 million sum as
 payment to Spain for the Philippines. France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.
- Gen. Aguinaldo tried to persuade foreign countries to recognize - After thorough examination and deliberation, the Committee choose the
Philippine independence. Calderon Plan and submitted it to the Malolos Congress for approval.
- He sent Felipe Agoncillo, with Sixto Lopez to Paris to ask for recognition - According to Felipe Calderon, the committee rejected the Mabini plan
but they are not permitted to attend the conference in Paris. because it was based on the Statutes of Universal Masonry, abhorred by
- From there, he went to Washington to worked against the ratification of the majority of the delegates who were Catholics.
the treaty by the US Senate. - Calderon mention that the Paterno draft was also discarded because it
- After the heated debate in the US senate, the treaty was finally ratified was patterned from the Spanish Constitution of 1868.
on February 6, 1899 by a margin of one (1) vote. - Discussion of the draft Constitution lasted until November 29, 1898.
- Article 5, Title III of the draft became the most debatable.
3. The Malolos Republic - This refers to Religion and the separation of the Church and State.
- On August 22, 1898, Aguinaldo ordered the transfer of the government's - Del Rosario spoke in favor of the Principle of separation of Church and
seat of power from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan. State.
- On September 15, 1898, the Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated at - Calderon on the contrary wanted to make Catholicism as State religion.
Barasoain Church in Malolos amidst colorful activities. - After the members voted for it, the result was a tie.
The Congress elected the following officers: - The second voting resulted to the separation of church and state,
1. Pedro Paterno - President winning by only one vote given by Pablo Tecson.
2. Benito Legarda - Vice President - Finally, on January 21, 1899, President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the
3. Gregorio Araneta - Secretary (1st Secretary) Malolos Constitution as the Fundamental Law of the land.
4. Pablo Tecson - Secretary (who replaced Araneta) - Then on January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated
5. Pablo Ocampo - Second Secretary amidst festive ceremonies at the Barasoain Church.
- A total of 93 representatives took part in the Congress, 35 of them were - It was popularly known as the Malolos Republic.
directly elected. - The official organ of the Republic was El Heraldo de la Revolucion
- Many of them were holders of academic degrees from Universities of (Herald of the Revolution) with its first issue on September 29,1898.
Europe. - Its name was afterwards changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice
- The President of the Congress himself, Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, was a official, and finally to Gaceta de Filipinas, with the last issue on October
holder of Bachelor's Degree in Law from University of Salamanca and 14, 1899.
Doctorate degree from the Universidad Central De Madrid. - Some Filipinos who wrote articles using their nom de plume for the
- The committee to draft the Constitution was composed of 19 members newspaper were Rafael Palma (Dapit hapon), Cecilio Apostol (Catullo),
with Felipe Calderon as chairman. and many others.
- It studied the three Constitutional drafts submitted – The Mabini plan, - In 1899 Jose Palma, the 23 year-old brother of Rafael Palma and member
Paterno plan and the Calderon plan. of the La Independencia, wrote the poem "Felipinas" which was later
adopted as the lyrics of the National Anthem of the Philippines, still at
1. The Mabini Plan was the Constitutional Program of the Philippine
wars against the United states.
Republic.
- For MABINI, true independence would not simply mean liberation from
2. The Paterno Plan was based on the Spanish Constitution of 1868.
Spain but also educating the people for autonomy and refraining from
3. The Calderon Plan was a Constitution based on the Constitution of
colonial mentality.
- Thus, the Malolos Congress had set up educational institution.
- A system of free and compulsory elementary education was provided
for by the Malolos Constitution.
- The Universidad Literaria de Filipinas (at the convent of Barasoain
Church) was also established with Joaquin Gonzales as first President.
- Gonzales was subsequently replaced in September 1899 by Dr. Leon Ma.
Guerrero.
UNIT VIII- The American Rule
- Military training for the officers in the Army of the Republic was offered
1. War of the Philippine Independence from the United States.
in the Military Academy of Malolos whose Director was Major Manuel
- There was a popular belief among the supporters of Manifest Destiny
Sityar, a former Spanish lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia Civil.
that the US had the God-given right to help oppressive countries and
- Some of its instructors were graduates of Military Academy of Toledo,
build democratic nations.
Spain.
- When William McKinley issued his so-called Benevolent Assimilation
- In Mindanao, Spanish colonial rule particularly ended in Butuan, Agusan
Proclamation on December 21, 1898, he expressly indicated American
del Norte with the hoisting of Philippine Flag.
policy regarding the Philippines.
- Butuan was then the Military capital of the province of Surigao.
- Although President McKinley wanted peace, the American occupied the
- Emissaries of the revolutionary Government led by Wenceslao Gonzales Philippines in spite of local resistance.
proclaimed a Philippine Republic in Butuan on January 17, 1899.
- On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine
Comission (Schurman Commission) to make recommendations in the
Four (4) flag were hoisted on that day: administration of the country.
1) The tricolor flag of the Philippine Revolution;
2) The white flag of surrender; Manifest Destiny & Benevolent Assimilation
3) The National Flag of Spain;,and - The Manifest Destiny is a divine right that the white giving reason the
4) The pontifical flag spread westward of American influence westward of the Pacific Ocean
- These flags were symbols of the forces operating in the Philippines at bringing with its Government, Economy and Christianity.
that time. - Benevolent Assimilation - it is succinctly stated that future control,
- The Malolos Republic Is the First Republic in Asia. disposition, and government of the Philippines Islands were ceded to
the United States and the Military Government is to take the whole of
the ceded authority.
- John O Sullivan, Newspaper Editor coined the term Manifest Destiny in
1845.

The Policy of Manifest Destiny. (In the Philippines)

The Americans believed it as their mission to:
1) Civilize the Filipinos,
2) to Educate and train them for Democracy,
3) to make them better Christian.
 continued fighting.
- This was the so-called Manifest Destiny, - In Quingua (Plaridel), on April 23, the American Cavalry under Major Bell
- Its Champion was U.S. President William McKinley, who decided to keep suffered heavily losses under General Gregorio Del Pilar.
the Philippines as a colony of America. - In this battle, Colonel John Stotsenberg was killed.
- The American thought that the Filipinos were not yet civilized. - On March 31, 1899, the American captured Malolos which was then the
- They were not yet really Christian. Capital of the First Philippine Republic.
- That we did not know how to manage our own government. - On April 25, the Battle of BagBag River was fought.
- The American thought it was the "white's man burden" to help the - General Luna irked by the insubordination of General Tomas Mascardo,
colored people improve. left Calumpit with his men to punish Mascardo, who was then in
- Hostilities began on the night of February 4, 1899 at about 8:00 pm. Pampanga.
- An American soldier named Private Robert Willie Grayson with two - Mabini through his Manifesto written in an Isidro, Nueva Ecija dated
other members of the U.S. shot and killed a man who happens to be a April 15, 1899, urged his countrymen to continue the struggle for
Filipino soldier. independence.
- General Mc Arthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops
without investigating the shooting incidents. General Luna's tragic end:
- Aguinaldo tried to avoid the war. - General Luna met his tragic end in the hands of his fellow patriots.
- He send an emissary to inform Gov. Gen. Elwell Otis that the firing on - Early in June he received message from Aguinaldo asking him to go to
their side had been against his order. Cabanatuan
- Governor General Otis answered that since the fighting had begun, it - He left his command in Bayambang, Pangasinan.
must go on to the grim end. - He arrived in Cabanatuan on June 5.
- Aguinaldo issued a declaration informing the Filipino people that they are - He was angry to see that one of the sentries was a member of the Kawit
now at war. Company.
- This turn out to be to be the seven-year Filipino- American War (1899- - The Presidential Bodyguard, which he asked Aguinaldo to disband for
1906). military insubordination.
- In the Suburbs of Manila, the American fleet started bombarding the - In the afternoon of the same day, General Luna, after attending the
Filipino fort north of San Juan del Monte on February 5, 1899. meeting with his fellow patriots who were already planning to make
- In the afternoon of that day, the fierce battle of La Loma near the peace with the American (which he vehemently opposed) was stabbed
Chinese cemetery ensued. to death by Aguinaldo's Bodyguard.
- Major Jose Torres Bugallon, one of Gen. Luna's gallant officers fell - He received about 40 wounds.
mortally wounded. - His aide-de-camp Colonel Francisco Roman was also killed.
- In Kalookan a fierce battle followed, with the American once again - The next day, he was buried with full military honors on Aguinaldo's
victorious orders.
- Undismayed by his defeat, Luna prepared for a Plan for a recapture of
Manila by burning American occupied houses in tondo and in Binondo. General Gregorio Del Pilar at Tirad Pass
- This took place on February 22, Washington's birthday (An American Severino de las Alas, the Secretary of the Interior in his circular informed
national holiday). the Provincial chiefs of Luna's death and said that:
- The Filipino troops, although insufficiently armed and inadequately fed
(a) it was caused by Luna's insulting and assaulting of the President's - On April 19, 1901, he took the oath of allegiance to the United States and
bodyguards, appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States.
(b) the plan of Luna to take over the Presidency from Aguinaldo.
- By November 1899, the Filipino soldiers resorted to guerilla warfare. 2. A Government Under America
- In Aguinaldo's fight to the north, General Gregorio Del Pilar considered - Although the Filipino-American war was still in progress, on March 16,
the advantageous terrain in PASONG TIRAD, near the town of Cervantes, 1900 President McKinley appointed the Second Philippine Commission
llocos Sur. (Taft Commission).
- At Tirad Pass, Gen. Del Pilar with 60 riflemen, stood guard to intercept - He gave the Commission the Legislative and Executive authority to put
the American soldiers and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to escape. up a Civilian Commission.
- On December 2, 1899, Major Peyton G. March and about 300 American - On July 4,1901, the American Civil Government was proclaimed with
troopers stormed the Pass, but were repulsed by Del Pilar's men. Judge William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor.
- The American had not so far located the positions of the Filipinos. - He exercised both the Legislative and Executive functions being the
- Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high. head of Second Philippine Commission that served as the lawmaking
- Through Januario Galut, an Igorot guide of the American, the secret trail body.
to the top was known. - His Policy, the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundations or the
- In the midst of the combat General Del Pilar, mounted on a white horse, Democratic Government during his administration.
was hit with a bullet that pass through his neck. - The first Congressional law about the government of the Philippines was
- Only eight (8) men escaped alive to relate the tragic news to Aguinaldo. Cooper Act also known as Philippine Organic Act of 1902
It Provided:
Aguinaldo's capture (March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela) (a) for the extension of the United states Bill of Rights for the Filipinos.
- After the Battle in the Tirad Pass, the American authorities lost track of (b) It also guaranteed the establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly
Aguinaldo until Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo's messenger fell into the after the proclamation of complete peace.
hands of General Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija. - Though thousands of Filipinos surrendered as a result of American peace
- With the approval of General McArthur, who had succeeded Otis as propaganda, some military commanders refused to lay down their arms.
military governor, Funston employed 80 Macabebe Scouts, two former - In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing American
officers of Aguinaldo ( Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido), three Soldiers.
tagalog natives, and four other American officers for the capture of - Enraged by this Tactics, General Jacob Smith ordered the Massacre of all
Aguinaldo. men and children above ten years of age.
- Pretending to be the reinforcement with five American prisoners, the - He wanted the Province of Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness".
Macabebe Scouts were able to enter Aguinaldo's Camp. - Such barbarity occurred in the town of Balangiga, Samar in 1901-1902.
- Aguinaldo and his men met them and even gave them food. Smith was court-martialed and found guilty
- At a given signal, the Macabebes suddenly opened fire. - The fearless Gen. Miguel Malvar continued the fight for Philippine
- Tal Placido, fat powerful man grabbed Aguinaldo from behind. Independence.
- General Funston and four other American officers entered the room and - Two months after the capture of General Lukban in Catubig Samar.
arrested him in the name of the United states. - On April 16, 1902 General Malvar surrendered in Lipa, Batangas.
- Aguinaldo was taken aboard the Vicksburg and brought to Manila. - In September of 1902, the resistance groups that have been operating in
- General MCArthur graciously received him at the Malacanang Palace. Rizal and Bulacan merge into a consolidated movement with General
 Luciano San Miguel as Supreme Military Commander. on September 25, 1903.
- The end for San Miguel came on March 28, 1903, after some Philippine - Like Malvar, Ola took the oath of allegiance to the United States.
Scouts discovered his headquarters between Caloocan and Marikina. - Artemio Ricarte, refused to take the oath of allegiance and was exiled in
- Though hit three times, San Miguel nevertheless fought until his last Hong Kong and later in Japan.
breath. - The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Grand Opera House,
- With the death of San Miguel, Faustino Guillermo assumed the Manila on October 16, 1907.
Leadership of the New Katipunan movement in Rizal and in Bulacan. - Sergio Osmena was chosen Speaker of the Assembly while Manuel L.
- At the height of Rebellion in Samar, in 1902, Macario Sakay, Julian Quezon became the Majority Floor Leader.
Moltalban and Cornelio Felizardo organized their Resistance forces in The Philippine Assembly
Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas area by formally establishing the - The first Bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law
Philippine Republic or what Sakay referred to as the Tagalog Republic. (Sponsored by Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon) which appropriated ₱1
Million for Barrio Schools Pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of
The Tagalog Republic (Macario Sakay) 1902 (Also known as Cooper Act), two Filipino resident Commissioners
- In mid-1905, Governor-General Henry C. lde authorized Dr. Dominador represented their countrymen in the US Congress Benito Legarda and
Gomez, a well-known Labor leader, to conduct negotiations for the Pablo Ocampo.
surrender of Sakay and his men. - They took part in the debate in Congress but were not given the privilege
- Dr. Gomez went to Tanay and told the rebel leader that his surrender to vote.
would help restore peace and order in the country, a condition provided - On August 19, 1916, the US congress passed the Jones Law which was
by the Cooper Act of 1902 for the establishment of a Philippine signed by President Woodrow Wilson.
Assembly. - The Jones Law provided a Bicameral Philippine Legislature with the
- This Assembly would serve as a training ground for self-government and Upper house (Senate) and a Lower House (House of Representative).
the first step towards independence. - The New Legislature under the Jones Law was inaugurated on October
- Colonel Harry Bandholtz, who had been handling the negotiations with 26, 1916, with Quezon as President and Osmena as Speaker of the
Dr Gomez, invited Sakay, his principal lieutenants & Dr. Gomez to a party House
in Cavite (at the house of Governor Van Schaik). - The heightening tension between Governor Wood and the Filipino leader
- The Americans and the Philippine Constabulary arrested and disarmed came to its climax on July 23, 1923, when Senate President Quezon,
Sakay and his men. Senate President Pro tempore Osmena and the Filipino Department
- They were charged with ladronism or banditry and other crimes such as Secretaries resigned from the Council of States.
rape, kidnapping and murder. - The incident known as the "Cabinet Crises of 1923" happened when
- In accordance with the provision of Brigandage Act, the court sentenced Governor Wood governed the country without the cooperation of the
General Macario Sakay and Colonel Lucio De Vega to die by public legislature.
hanging. - Upon Quezon's advice, Filipino Cabinet members resigned from their
- The other officers were sentence to long prison terms. posts in protest of Governor Wood's handling of the Ray Conley case
- Conley was charge with Immorality and misconduct in office but later
Surrender of the Last Revolutionary General Wood's administrative committee exonerated Conley and recommended
his reinstatement.
- The last revolutionary general to surrender to Americans was General
Simeon Ola, who surrender to Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobattan, Albay - Quezon, acting as Spokesman of the Filipino members of the Cabinet,
 accused the Governor General of controlling the affairs of the 1) A ten-year transition period under the Commonwealth of the
Government. Philippines;
- The Nacionalista and Democrata Parties join forces in a common cause 2) Preparatory to the granting of Absolute and Complete Independence on
against the governor general and to work the recognition of the July 4, 1946;
country's independence. 3) Also included were an annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to
America.
The OS-ROX Mission (Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act). 4) Control of the currency, coinage, foreign trade;
- In December 1931, the ninth mission popularly called the Os-Rox 5) Foreign relations by America and representation of one Filipino resident
Mission, after its leader, Senate President Pro tempore Sergio Osmena commissioner in America and an American High Commissioner in the
and House Speaker Manuel A. Roxas, brought home the Hares-House Philippines;
Cutting Act (HHC Act). 6) The Law also authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a
- The HHC Act, divided the Philippine Congress into two opposing camps Constitutional Convention to draft the Constitution of the Philippines;
the Antis and the Pros. 7) That the Constitution be approved by the American President and
- The Antis, led by Senate President Quezon, opposed the acts because of ratified by the people in a plebiscite.
its objectionable features.
- The Pros headed by Senator Osmena and Speaker Roxas upheld it on The Drafting of the Constitution
the ground that it was the best independence measures. - The drafting of the Constitution lasted six months from July 30, 1934 to
February 8, 1935.
The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (HHC Act) - The constitution was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1.
The HHC Act provided the following: - Twenty-two members were absent.
1. The granting of Philippine Independence after 12 years but reserving - One member had died in August 1934.
military and naval bases for the United states; - President Roosevelt approved the Constitution.
2. The control of the currency system and the conduct of foreign affairs by - Then on May 14, 1935, the Plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of
the US president; the Constitution was held.
3. American goods were allowed free entry into the Philippines; - For the first time, Filipino women exercised the right to Suffrage.
4. The Bill also directed the U.S. to retain land for military and other - The Constitution was overwhelmingly ratified by the People with a total
reservations. of 1,213,046 in favor and those against only 44,963.

Tydings- McDuffie Law Election under the 1935 Constitution

- In November 1933, Quezon led the twelfth mission to Washington to - The first national Election under the 1935 Constitution was held on
secure a better independence. September 17, 1935.
- A new Independence measure called Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed - The candidate for President and Vice President Manuel L. Quezon and
and signed by President Franklyn Roosevelt on March 24, 1934 it closely Sergio Osmena (Coalition Party), General Emilio Aguinaldo and
resembled the HHC Act. Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist Party), Bishop Gregorio Aglipay
- The Philippine Legislature accepted the law and Norberto Nabong (Republican Party).
- Manuel L Quezon and Sergio Osmena were overwhelmingly elected as
The Tydings-Mcduffie Law Provides the Following:
 President and Vice President respectively. - From Intramuros it was moved to Baguio.
- In 1910, the Philippine General hospital (PGH) located at Taft Avenue,
3. The American Legacy Manila was established by the government to attend to indigent
- After the victory of the American against the Spanish fleet in the Battle of patients.
Manila, on May 1, 1898, the US Military reinforcement grew in number. - It was Daniel Burnham, noted Chicago architect and town planner who
- The U.S. in fact, sent its top General to the Philippines including General designed Baquio City.
John "BlackJack" Pershing who urged the colt gun factory to - Filipino sculptor, one of the most prominent in the field was Guillermo
manufacture the famous colt .45 caliber automatic pistol. Tolentino (1890-1976) best known for his masterpiece, the Bonifacio
- This kind of weapon was used against the Muslim warriors in Battle. Monument.
- Veterans of the Indians wars were also sent to the country. - The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the Philippine
Revolution in 1896.
- Among them were General Elwell Otis and General Henry W. Lawton.
- Behind him stands Emilio Jacinto.
- They came to be known as the Thomasites (from the name of army Ship
they Boarded). - The Monument was completed in 1933.
- These American teachers, numbering about 540 who arrived in the - The American used their stay in the Philippines to teach us their way of
country on August 21, 1901, established the modern school system. life and the principles of Democracy.
- The first American newspaper to appear in the Philippines was the - Individual freedom respect for rights and liberties of the people.
Bounding Billow, published at irregular intervals on board Dewy's - The Americans came and enhanced the knowledge of the Filipinos on
Flagship Olympia. democratic ways and institutions.
- The First American daily newspaper to be published in Manila was the - They Organized the Civil Courts, including the Supreme Court with
American Soldier. Cayetano Arellano as the first Filipino Chief Justice.
- The first Filipino weekly in English was the Philippine Herald, founded by - Local Government were established in towns and provinces under the
Senate President Manuel Quezon in 1902. control of American Troops.
- In 1908, El Renaciemiento attacked the then Secretary of the interior, - The first election under the American Flag was conducted on May 7,
Dean Worcester in the article Aves de Rapinta (Birds of Prey). 1899 in Baliwag, Bulacan.
- The period from 1905-1930 was the golden age of Zarzuela in the
country. 4. Philippine Independent Church
- Severino Reyes' walang sugat (not wounded) was one of the most - Governor General Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino
famous Tagalog Zarzuela. Nozaleda commissioned Fr. Gregorio Aglipay to confer with the
- In 1903, Charles M. Swift established the MERALCO (Manila Electric revolutionary leader to bring back with the Spanish side with a promise
Company). of autonomy for the Philippines.
- Its original name was Manila Electric Railroad and Lighting Company, - On the other hand, Emilio Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel as
the first company given the franchise to operate electric cars called his emissary to Aglipay for the purpose of persuading the latter to go the
Tranvia and supply electricity to Manila. North to work for the revolutionary cause.
- On February 17, 1905, the Philippine Constabulary school was - Aglipay went to the North to investigate the condition of the Bishopric of
established. Nueva Segovia (Cagayan).
- Later it became the Philippine Military Academy, the first military - Upon his return to Manila to report to Nozaleda, he found Manila
officer's school in the country. besieged by the Americans.
- He decided to go to Cavite and join Aguinaldo's movement, particularly - In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Jose Rizal and Apo lpe Salvador.
the Malolos Congress. - They believed that the two leaders would resurrect and saved them.
- On October 28, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a Decree appointing Aglipay as a - Felipe Salvador, otherwise known as Apo Ipe was born in Baliwag,
Military Vicar General, making him the religious leader of the Bulacan on May 26, 1870 when katipuneros from Balintawak arrived in
revolutionary movement. Baliwag, Ipe joined them.
- A day after his appointment, Aglipay issued a letter to the Filipino Clergy - He was appointed as Colonel by Aguinaldo in 1899.
to form an ecclesiastical council which would ask the Pope to appoint - When Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, he went to the
Filipinos in all church positions from Archbishop to the lowest mountains and begin his guerilla operations.
parish priest. - Soon he organized his group and called it Santa lglesia or Holy Church.
- Archbishop Nozaleda deeply alarmed by Aglipay's decisions charged the - In an interview years later, an ilokano colorum named Pedro Calosa said
latter with Usurpation of Power. that colorum members were tenants who had been ejected by
- Nozaleda issued his decree excommunicating Aglipay which took effect hacienderos, or small farmers deprived of their land by land grabbers
on May 5, 1899. who used their powers to advance their personal interests.
- In 1901, Isabelo de los Reyes, a radical Propagandist, returned to the
Philippines and campaigned for the establishment of a Filipino Church Land tenure System
- In the same year, He founded the Union Obrera Democratica - The hacienda system introduces during the Spanish period, kept the
(Democratic Labor Union) peasants in bondage.
- On August 3, 1902, De los Reyes called a meeting of his Democratic - The landlord tenant relations ensued even after the institution of a
Labor Union at the Centro de Bellas Artes and proposed the democratic government.
establishment of Flipino church independent of Rome with Fr. Gregorio
TENANTS were either:
Aglipay as the Supreme Bishop.
a) Inquilinos
- The proposal was accepted and thus the Iglesia Filipina Independeinte
b) Kasama
(Philippine Independent Church) was founded.
INQULINOS (Cash tenants) paid yearly rent for using a piece of land.
- On January 18, 1903, Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the
Bishops of Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan & - He was often required to give various services to the haciendero for free.
Abra. - Refusal to work or to contribute to the expenses could mean outright
dismissal from the hacienda.
5. The Colorums and Land Tenure System - It became customary for the children of the tenants to serve the
landlords as domestic servants to help their parents pay the interest on
Colorums
debts incurred due to cash advances.
- The remnants of Hermano Pule's Cofradia de San Jose retreated to the
KASAMA (Sharecropper)- provided the labor on the hacienda where he
mountains of Tayabas and Laguna mountains of San Cristobal.
shared the harvest on a 50-50 basis with his landlord or Haciendero,
- This group came to be known as Colorums, a corruption of the latin
after deducting the expenses incurred in planting and in harvesting.
phrase et saecula saeculorum (world without end) used at mass to end
- Like the Inguilino, he was expected to render personal services to the
certain prayers.
landowner, at the landowner's discretion.
- These Colorum groups were characterized by religious fanaticism, which
was combination of catholic devotion, hero-worship and folk-
superstitions. 6. The First Labor Group
- In January 1902, Isabelo De los Reyes organized the first labor union in - Evangelista became the elected executive secretary while Manahan, the
the Philippines, the Union de Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas. Vice-president, in charge of the peasant movement.
- Soon after its founding, the members decided to reorganize themselves - Other officers were Jose Hilario, Antonio Ora, Patricio Dionisio, Cirilo
into the Union Obrera Democratica (U.O.D.) a federation of small unions Bognotand H. C. Hao.
of Printers, lithographer, cigarmakers, tailors and shoemakers which - When some officials were arrested, soon after, Antonio Ora, a CPP
demanded higher wages and workers benefit. Central Committee member was arrested in Manila.
- With its official organ, La Redencion El Obrero, the union voiced for - While Ora was being taken to prison, he died reportedly due to an
social demand and nationalistic feelings of the workers. automobile accident near Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.
- As a result of one of the strikes, Isabelo de los Reyes was imprisoned. - The C.P.P members became skeptical about it.
- A few weeks later he was pardoned. - They were thinking that the incident was not purely by chance.
- Dr. Dominador Gomez, who succeeded De los Reyes, led a group of - As a result, the Communist staged a demonstration rally on January 25,
Laborers on May, 1, 1903 in a demonstration before Malacanang. 1931.
- However, Gomez was replaced by Lope K. Santos for the union members - Evangelista, Manahan et. al., were arrested charged with sedition on the
distrusted the former's involvement in the surrender of Sakay which led basis of the platforms, action and demands of C.P.P. they found guilty of
to his capture by the Court of First Instance (C.F.I.) and sentence to jail.
- Lope K Santos a printer and newspaperman, was the last President of - It was on October 26, 1932 when the Supreme Court declared the C.P.P.
the U.O.D. an Illegal Organization.
- Under him the union became known as the Union Del Trobajo de
Filipinas 8. Sakdalism
- On May 1, 1913 Labor Day was first officially celebrated in the country. - Benigno Ramos, leader of a popular movement sakdal, used to be Senate
- The labor leaders organized the Congreso Obrero De Filipinas (CO.F.). clerk.
- This congress approved a resolution demanding eight hours labor day, - In 1930, he purposely left his job to work against the Administration.
child and women labor laws and employer's liability law. - Ramos consequently founded Sakdal, a tabloid weekly, which became
the vehicle for bitter denunciation of the ruling oligarchy.
7. The Communist Party of the Philippines - The tabloid exposed the discontentment of the masses.
Communism- is a concept of society in which the major resources and - In the 1934 election of delegates of constitutional Convention, the
means of production are communally owned. Sakdalistas desired to have a number of candidates.
- Theoretically, there would be equal sharing of the benefits of production. - In campaign meetings and through their paper, the Sakdalistas opposed
- This ideology involves the abolition of individual ownership of property. colonial education in the country, in particular Camilo Osias grade school
- It advocates the revolution of the working masses to overthrow the "Readers".
capitalist society so that the classless society may be achieved. - On May 2, 1935, 150 peasants armed with bolos and paltiks marched to
- On November 7, 1930, the Communist Party of The Philippines was the municipal hall of San lldefonso, Bulacan and hauled down the
formally established with all the officers of the K.A.P. except Hao and American and Philippine flags and raised the red Sakdal flag.
Hilarion, as members of the first Central Committee of the Philippines. - Other Sakdalistas did the same in Cavite, Laguna, Rizal.
- With the radicals in the minority, Evangelista and his followers walked - Benigno Ramos was in Japan when the revolt broke out.
but and immediately launched the Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis ng - He was then arranging for Japanese support for the Sakdal party.
Pilipinas or K.A.P. - He denied his involvement in the May 2 incident.
- Disowned by their leader, many peasants withdrew support for Ramos. Security.
- As a result, Sakdalista influence greatly diminished in the countryside. - The Joint Preparatory committee on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA) was
established on April 14, 1937.
UNIT IX - THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD - For over a year conference were held in Washington and in Manila.
1. The Transition - In 1938, the JPCPA recommended the grant of Political Independence on
- The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated on November July 4, 1946 and the extension of Philippine- American preferential trade
15, 1935 at the Legislative Building. to December 31, 1960.
- The country now had a Self-ruling Government except in matters of - In 1903, when Baguio was chosen as Summer Capital, the Americans
treasury and foreign affairs. hired 1,500 Japanese workers to build the ZigZag road to that City.
- Recognition of the Philippine independence by the U.S. was to come in - After the road was completed, one hundred of them stayed and migrated
1945 after this period of transition pursuant to the Tydings-Mcduffie law to Davao to work on American hemp and coconut plantations.
- Some U.S officials and dignitaries who attended the ceremonies were - By 1907, their leader, Kyosaburo S. Ohta formed the Ohta, soon after, by
Vice Pres. Nancy Gamer, the Speaker of the U.S. house of 1930 the Japanese had practically controlled the deep-sea fishing
Representative, General Douglas Mc Arthur & the U.S. Secretary of war Industry.
George Dem. - May 1940, the Philippine Immigration Law was enacted.
- Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of the Supreme Court sworn into office as - The Law limited to 500 the number of immigrants permitted annually to
the new State officials which includes President Manuel of Quezon, enter the country.
Vice-President Osmena and members of the National Assembly. - In accordance to Act No. 184 enacted by the National Assembly in 1936,
- In this occasion U.S. Secretary Dem proclaimed the existence of the the Institute of National Language was established to make a study of
Commonwealth of the Philippines and the termination of Philippine the different languages for the purpose of evolving and adopting a
Government established under the Jones Law. National Language.
- Upon assuming to office, President Quezon secured the enactment of - After comprehensive study of the country's language condition, the
laws that would improve the conditions of the marginalized society. Institute recommended to President Quezon the adoption of Tagalog as
- He readily adopted the Policy of Social Justice, referring to the Justice of the basis of the National Language.
common Tao by improving his condition. - On December 30,1937, Quezon proclaimed Filipino as the National
Language.
The Policy Measures (Social Justice Policy) included the following: - The teaching of the National Language in all schools in the country began
on June 19, 1940.
1. The establishment of Court of industrial relation to resolves labor
disputes; - By virtue of Act No. 570, Filipino was declared as one of the officials
languages, effective July 4, 1946.
2. Promotion of Social Justice as shown by the Eight-hour act;
- To promote instruction among Filipinos, President Quezon created the
3. The minimum wage law;
National Council of Education in 1936 to serve as advisory body on
4. Written contracts as between landowners as tenant as requisites, as
matters regarding education.
well as establishment of credit facilities for farmers were also included;
- Dr Rafael Palma, became its first chairman.
5. Authority given to the President to acquire private land for resale to
- The National Assembly passed education Decree 1940, to attained an
farmers was also part of the Social Justice Policy. - Commonwealth Act
increased number of children to go to schooling, which shortened the
No.1 (the National Defense Act), which provided for the Citizens' army
elementary course from seven years to six years.
was enacted by National Assembly to counter problem in National
- The minimum age for Grade 1 was raised to seven. Perico, a bar topnotcher and a member of the landed Aristocracy.
- Other accomplishments of Commonwealth Government included the - He was elected in 1917 to the Philippine Assembly.
creation of National Economic Council, Census Commission, - In 1929 he founded his Socialist Party.
Commission of Mindanao and Sulu, Filipinization of Judiciary from the - Regarded as traitor by his Hacendero province-mates, he devoted his
Supreme Court to Municipal Court was completed, Woman suffrage remaining years of his life to the cause of the peasants.
was finally allowed as shown in the May 14, 1935 Plebiscite to ratify the
1935 constitution, etc.

Amendments Of 1935 Constitution

3. Entry of Japanese Imperial Forces
- The Amendments of 1935 Constitution were ratified by the National
- The Philippines was still getting used to the American colonial lifestyle
Plebiscite on June 18, 1940.
when WORLD WAR II (1939-1945) broke out.
The Amendments included are as follows:
- While Admiral K. Nomura was in Washington to present Japan's peace
1) The tenure of the office of the President and Vice-President to four
proposals to the American officials, the Japanese forces on December 7,
years with reelection for another term;
1941 (Washington time) bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the main base
2) The establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines, with the of U.S. pacific fleet.
Senate as Upper House and the House of Representatives lower House,
- This resulted to the death of 2,897 men.
3) The creation of an Independent Commission on Elections composed of
- President Theodore Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to declare war,
three members to supervise all elections was also part of the revised
which the latter did with only one dissenting vote.
provision.
- After dawn of December 8, 1941 (Philippine Time) the Japanese
bombers under the command of Gen. Masaharu Homma conducted air
2. Decade of Unrest attacks in various places in the Philippines.
- It was in the 1930's when Hitler troops occupied Austria, Czechoslovakia, - They destroyed the air and naval defenses in Davao, Tuguegarao Baguio,
Poland, and invaded Norway, Denmark, France, Soviet Union and the Iba, Tarlac and Clark Field, the Japanese were able to land in Batan
rest of Europe. Island without any opposition, and on December 9, the city of Manila
- Japan occupied Manchuria in 1932, and five years later invaded China. experienced its first wartime air raid.
- In 1940, Japan occupied the Northern part of French Indo-China. - Capt. Jesus Villamor of the Philippine Air Corps defiantly led a flight of
- The imperialistic design of Japan in Southeast Asia could not be simply pursuit planes against the Japanese who were then raiding Nichols Field.
ignored. - He was able to destroy an enemy plane in the aerial combat, which took
- The Commonwealth Government feared that the country would be the place December 10, 1941.
next target. - December 22, the main Japanese forces, under the command of Lt.
- In July 1941, the Philippine reserved and regular forces joined forces with General Homma landed in Lingayen Pangasinan.
the U.S. Army. - The landing of General Homma's main forces, the 48th Division in
- This combined military forces known as United States Armed Forces in Lingayen Pangasinan made Gen. McArthur finally decided to use the
the Far East (USAFFE) was placed under the command of General War Plan Orange 3 (WPO 3).
McArthur. - This was the master plan later renamed Rainbow 5.
- From 1935 to the outbreak of 1941, the recognized leader of the - In the afternoon of December 24, President Quezon, his family and his
peasantry in Central Luzon was Pedro Abad Santos, known as Don war cabinet moved to Corregidor.
- On December 30, 1941 the second inaugural ceremonies of the - The Filipino-American troops were forced at gunpoint to march from
Commonwealth were held outside the Corregidor tunnel. Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga.
- President Quezon took his oath of office as president of the - Some were kicked and beaten.
Commonwealth, marking the commencement of his second term. - Others were carried on army wool blankets folded on Hammock, tied on
- Administering the oath of office to President Quezon and Vice-President Bamboo poles and carried by other comrades.
Osmena was Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos. - Those who were too sickly to walk were left to die.
- To spare the city of Manila from further destruction, on December 26, - The Japanese army had little provisions for Filipino-American POW's.
General McArthur proclaimed it an Open City, wherein the enemy forces - Around 10,000 lives were claimed by this infamous trail.
may enter the area provided they stop shooting.
- The POW's reached San Fernando & were billeted in schoolhouses,
- By January 2, 1942, the Japanese forces had already entered Manila. warehouses and vacant lots.
- In the midst of enemy attack in the Philippines, President Roosevelt -The next day, the weary marchers were hurled like cattle into the boxcars.
urged President Quezon to flee to the U.S. since the Japanese could
- Closed to 100 POW's were hurled in every boxcar which was supposed to
inevitably use him as the leader to rally Filipinos behind Japan.
accommodate only 50 people.
- President Quezon and his family left Corregidor for Australia on February
- Many of the weak and exhausted passengers died.
18 on board submarine swordfish.
- The freight train stop at Capas, Tarlac.
- From there, they sailed to America.
- From There, they walked seven kilometers more to Camp O' Donnel, the
- Likewise General McArthur on orders of the President, left Corregidor for
Prison Camp.
Australia on the night of March 11, 1942 to assumed command of the
- Some 56,000 reached the camp alive on April 15, 1942.
Newly designated Southwest Pacific Area.
- The Camp contained the barracks of the Philippine Army before the
- After landing in Australia on March 17, 1942, General Douglas McArthur
Japanese occupied the area.
made his promise to the Filipinos, "I came through and I shall return."
- It was actually an unfinished structure made of Bamboo and cogon grass
- On April 3, Good Friday (after Singapore surrendered to Japan) the
and fenced with barbed wire.
enemy forces launched their final offensive to Bataan.
- Inside the Malinta Tunnel, a radio station had been established, called
- Bombers attacked everything that moved.
the Voice of Freedom.
- The main thrust centered on Mt. Samat.
- Major Carlos P. Romulo, the pre-war editor of the Philippine Herald,
- The Capture of Mt. Samat would give the Japanese a key Observation
headed this station for broadcasting news to men in Bataan and in
post, which overlooked the whole Bataan Peninsula.
occupied areas like Manila.
- Gen. Homma pressed hard on this area to deny the Filipino-American
- General Wainwright decided to surrender to Corregidor and the harbor
forces to regroup and mount a counter attack.
forts.
- General Wainwright addressed a message to Gen Homma, through the
The Infamous Death March voice of freedom offering his surrender with men directly under him.
- On April 9, around 78,000 men from Bataan under General Edward King - General McArthur himself radioed General Sharp that Wainwright's
surrendered, while the rest headed by Lt. General Wainwright had surrender was not valid.
escaped to Corregidor and to surrounding provinces.
- General McArthur ordered Sharp to initiate guerrilla operations against
- Gen. King sent peace feelers to the Japanese the enemy forces.
- The Infamous Death March began in Mariveles and Cabcaben on April - The POWs were brought to Capas.
10, 1942.
- On August 11, 1942, Gen. Wainwright and ranking officers were shipped - Neighboring and district association were organized based in an in an
to Formosa and later to Japan. executive order issued by Vargas on August 8, 1942 "For the Purpose Of
Providing Means For Protection Under Joint Responsibility."
- They were supposed to cooperate with the Japanese Army to keep the
residents within the area of Jurisdiction from anti Japanese activities.
- The Sendenbu, the propaganda section of the Japanese army, and later
the Hodobu, or the Department of Information did its best to convince the
people to collaborate with them.
UNIT X - The Japanese Occupation the Japanese Occupation - Currency and banks were also monitored.
- The Department of Finance of the Japanese Military Administration
- The Japanese Occupation on January 3, 1942, a day after Manila became controlled all the existing Banks.
an occupied city. - One of the first acts that the Japanese did was to circulate military
- General Masaharu Homma, Commander-In-Chief of the Japanese money, also known as Military Pass Money or War Notes.
Imperial Forces issued a proclamation announcing the end of American - The New peso bills looked like Play Money, they lacked serial numbers.
Occupation and the imposition of Martial Law in the country. - They were not backed by silver or gold reserves.
- Priest suspected of engaging in subversion activities were also -The threats convinced the Filipinos to used them but they haughtily called
imprisoned like Fr. Rufino Santos, who was then a young priest and later it Mickey Mouse money, others called it Gurami (small fish plentiful and
became The First Filipino Cardinal of The Catholic Church and Archbishop cheap) and Apa (the sweet wafer for ice cream cones, implying flimsiness).
of Manila. - Reforming the Philippine Government on December 2, 1942, the
- Jorge Vargas, who was then the Mayor of Manila before the Japanese Japanese Military Administration announced that political parties had
occupation, had been instructed by President Quezon and General been dissolved "Of Their Own Will Free Will."
McArthur to cooperate with the enemy. - The Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAP), a non-
- This was to avert further anguish on the Filipino people. political organization was established.
KALIBAP's AIM was:
Japanese Martial Law 1) to bring about the rapid reconstruction of the Philippines,
- Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo said on January 21, 1942 before the 2) the rehabilitation of the Filipino people.
Japanese Diet, Japans Legislature, that the Philippines would be granted - Jose Vargas became the ex-officio president of the KALIBAP
independence provided it recognizes Japan's program of establishing "The - Benigno Aquino was appointed director-general of the said organization.
Philippines for the Filipinos" as a member of the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere. The Second Republic of the Philippines
- He visited Manila on May, 1942. - On October 14, 1943, Manila was in holiday mood despite the traces of
- He noted that the Filipinos desire to cooperate with the Japanese war.
government. - Five hundred to eight hundred thousand people gathered in front of the
legislative that morning to witness the proclamation of the independence
Life During the Wartime Years and the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines.
- Then on October 18, Laurel announced the appointment of his cabinet. Governor Roque Ablan and Bado Dangwa in Baguio.
- The President of the Republic, elected by majority of all members of the - The Hunters ROTC guerrilla group, headed by two young cadets of the
National assembly, was given the highest executive power by the Philippine Military Academy, Eleutero Adeveso (better known as Terry
Constitution. Magtangol, during the war) and Miguel Ver, was formed at Ver's house in
- He was to serve a single term for six years. San Juan, Manila.
- The Constitution did not provide for a Vice-President, however, the - In Bulacan, Captain Alejo Santos "C" Company, 31st Infantry of the
ranking minister in the order of precedence established by law could USAFFE who escaped the death march from Bataan at Betis Pampanga,
assume presidency in the event of a permanent disability of the President. organized the Philippine region at his hometown in Bustos.
- With the inauguration of the second Philippine Republic President Laurel - On October 12, 1943, Captain Anderson issued a directive informing
created the National Education Board to study curriculum changes and to Capt. Santos' command over the Bulakan Military Area (BMA).
develop a more suitable educational program for the country. - BMA had four regiment at the start.
-The Board advocated enhancement of the Filipino ldentity by giving - By the middle of 1944 the BMA was regrouped in to 10 Regiments.
emphasis to the study of the national Language and history. - In August 1944, the Submarine NAWARHAL landed arms and
- It also recommended the teaching of Asian History and Culture. ammunition, signal equipment and other supplies at the Kalayaan
- The government also sent a selected young man to Japan as Pensionados Headquarters of Major Anderson in Infanta, Tayabas
to study a Japanese school. - Together with the group of Americans was Captain Bartolome
Cabangbang.
Resistance and Restoration -He manned the Philippine Islands Detachment of the Allied Intelligence
- The United States Army Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP), Northern Bureau.
Luzon, was one of the earliest guerrilla units to be organized after the fall - A PMA graduate, Capt. Cabangbang fought in Bataan and Corregidor.
of Bataan and Corregidor. - He was released from Capas Concentration Camp to be trained at the
- The USAFFE soldiers of Northern Luzon who had been unable to join the Philippine Constabulary School.
American and Filipino forces Banded together under two Filipino Captains, - He later joined Capt. Villamor in Negros Occidental.
Guillermo Nakar and Manuel P. Enriquez. - He boarded submarine Gabriella to Australia and thereon was trained in
- This was recognized as the First Guerilla Regiment by USAFFE communications and Jungle warfare.
Headquarters. -On November 16, 1944, three men from Admiral William Halsey's third
- Walter Cushing, an American mine operator in the Mountain Province fleet belonging to the Carrier USS Essex were rescued by the Republic
led the first ambush against the Japanese. Regiment (Halsey's Fleet undertaken air strikes in the Visayas prior to
- Unfortunately, on September 19, 1942, Cushing and two of his men were General McArthur's landing in Leyte).
killed instantaneously by Japanese Soldiers at Jones, Isabela while on a - The Guerilla movement in Samar and Leyte was led by Colonel Ruperto
mission contact a large guerilla outfit. Kangleon, while Colonel Macario Peralta of Tarlac headed in Panay Island
- Major Russel Volkmann (a West Point Graduate), who managed to with Governor Tomas Confessor as the civilian leader.
escape from Bataan organized their own Guerilla unit. - Another guerilla unit that confronted the Japanese forces was the
- He set up secret training camps for his Guerillas. communist- led Hukbo ng Bayan Laban są Hapon known as HUKBALAHAP
- Among the prominent guerrilla leaders under his direction were - The organization was founded on March 29, 1942 in a forest near the
boundaries of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac. a gala ceremony attended by General Yamashita, President Laurel,
- Luis Taruc waş chosen chairman of the committee, Casto Alejandrino Ricarte, Ramos, Duran and other high officials.
became second in command.
-The guiding principles of the Huks were found in these documents. General McArthur’s Return
- The Fundamental spirit. - On October 20, 1944, the Leyte beaches were severely bombarded by
- The duties and privileges of a HUK soldier were discussed in other American Bombers and Fighter planes.
document, The Iron Discipline. - The New P-38 fighter plane had proven its power in air battles.
-Katubusan ng Bayan (Redemption of the People) was the principal Huk - The Americans was again dominated the Philippine skies.
Publication. - The path to Leyte was cleared on the same day, paving the way to
- There were some Filipinos who choose to cooperate with the Japanese General MCArthur's Return together with his allied forces, landing at Palo
and aided them in apprehending the guerillas and their supporters. Beach.
-These fanatical pro- Japanese included the Ganaps, the Pulahanes, - Consequently, the American flag was raised at Hill 120 in Dulag, Leyte.
Palaaks, the United Nippon, the Pampars & the Makapilis. - In desperation, Japanese suicide pilots known as KAMIKAZEE crashed
their planes on the American warships at Leyte Gulf.
The Fanatical Pro-Japanese - The greatest Naval Battle was fought from October 24 to 26.
- The Ganaps were former pro-Japanese Sakdalistas who served as Spies -On December 21, 1944, President Laurel and his Cabinet moved to
for the Japanese military authorities; Baguio.
- Pulahanes (from Samar "pula" means red) acted as guide for the - The Japanese forces retreated to the "Yamashita Line" a battlefront
Japanese in their effort to arrest people who supported the Guerilla cause. stretching along the jungle of Sierra Madre from Antipolo to Aparri.
- Palaaks armed with bamboo spears, worked as guards for the Japanese - On January 9, 1945, the American landed in Lingayen Gulf.
army. - Other American troops landed in Zambales, Tagaytay and Batangas.
- United Nippon (UN) armed with rifles, wore army uniforms as part of the - The US Sixth Army, with its Headquarters in Dagupan city had issued on
Japanese military. February 2, a letter of Instructions calling for Coordination of all the
- The members were recruited from the Ganap Party. Guerilla units in Central Luzon in combat operations against the enemy
-The Pampars (Pambansang Pagasa ng mga Anak ni Rizal) were also forces,
armed with rifles. -The Japanese made their last stand in the historic city of Intramuros/
- The group members wore Blue denim uniforms with short pants. Northern Luzon.
- The Japanese Military authorities in Pililia, Rizal province organized the -By March 3, 1945, the Americans had won the war in Manila.
group in 1943. - Baguio was captured from the Japanese on April 26.
- The most dreadful one, The Makapili (Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga - By July 4, the Americans had officially completed liberating Luzon.
Filipino) was headed by General Artemio Ricarte, Benigno Ramos, and Pio - The US 6th infantry entered Kiangan, Ifugao Province and engaged in a
Duran. series of close fighting.
- This group was organized after the American liberation Forces had - The so called “Million Dollar Hill" sheltered the 4th Area Army under the
already entered the Philippine territory. over al command of General Tomuyuki Yamashita, known as "Tiger of
- Makapili was formally launched in Manila on December 8, 1944, amidst Malaya" and his elite officer.
- After four months in its Northern Luzon drive, the Buenavista regiment's - He took many Nationalistas with him.
task was finally ended. -The election of April 23, 1946, resulted in the victory of the Liberal Party
-Japan finally announced through radio broadcast its final surrender on with Roxas and Quirino as the elected President and Vice President
August 14, after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and respectively.
August 9 respectively. - On May 6, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the Last President of the
- Negotiation for the surrender of Yamashita and his troops began after Philippine Commonwealth.
the Filipino officers 2nd Lt. Macario A. Abarillo, leading a patrol of the - The inaugural ceremonies was held on the grounds of Legislative
15th infantry combat company had penetrated into the enemy lines Building.
northwest of Kiangan. Unit Xll- Brief Constitutional History
- From Kiangan, the Japanese officers and their respective staff were
brought down by trucks to Bagabag, Nueva Viscaya and flown to Luna La 1. The Malolos Constitution
Union and finally brought up in Jeeps to the American High a) The Philippine Revolution of 1896
Commissioners Residence at Camp John Hay, Baguio City, for the formal b) Proclamation of Philippine Independence, at Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
Surrender. 1898.
-From Baguio, Yamashita and his Staff were brought to the National c) Revolutionary Congress convened at Barasoain Church, Malolos,
Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. Bulacan on September 15, 1898.
Three (3) drafts were submitted, namely:
Yamashita’s Trial and Execution The drafts of Pedro Paterno, Apolinario Mabini and Felipe Calderon.
- Yamashita went on trial in October 1945 before U.S. War Crimes d) The Calderon proposal was reported to the Congress on October 8,
Commission and was convicted of War atrocities on December 7. 1898, and the Congress approved the proposed Constitution on November
- On the early morning of February 23, 1946, Yamashita was hanged on a 29, 1898.
tree on top of a hill overlooking the U.P. College of Agriculture in Los e) President Emilio Aguinaldo approve the same on December 23, 1898.
Banos, Laguna. Congress ratified it on January 20, 1899.
-The U.S. Army Police Unit headed by Colonel Charles Haldermann carried f) Aguinaldo promulgated the Constitution the following day, along with
the execution order. the establishment of the Philippine Republic on January 21, 1899.
- It was on September 2, 1945, that Japan formally accepted defeat upon g) This was the First Republican Constitution In Asia, framed by
signing Treaty on Board USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay. revolutionary convention which included 40 lawyers, 16 physicians, 5
- Ten days after the formal surrender, Laurel was arrested by the US Army. pharmacists, 2engineers and 1 priest.
-He was confined in Sugamo prison for almost a year and returned to - The Constitution recognized that sovereign power was vested in the
Manila in July 1946. people, provided for a Parliamentary government, acknowledged
separation of powers, and contained a bill of rights.
Reestablishment of Commonwealth
- By July 4, 1945, the Commonwealth was reestablished in Manila. 2. The 1935 Constitution
- Roxas left the Nationalista Party and organized his own party, the Liberal a. Act No. 4125 (May 26, 1934) of the Philippine Legislature, calling for a.
Party. the election of delegates to the Constitutional Convention.
b. Election of delegates: July 10, 1934; Constitutional Convention 4. Proclamation of the Freedom Constitution
inaugural: July 30, 1934. a) Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 1986, announcing that President
c. The draft of the Constitution approved by the Constitutional Corazon C. Aquino and Vice-President Laurel were assuming power.
Convention on February 8, 1935: brought to Washington on March 18, b) Executive Order No. 1 (February 28, 1986).
1935, and on March 23, 1935, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt c) Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986, announced the Promulgation of
certified that the draft Constitution conformed substantially with the the Provisional (Freedom) Constitution, pending the drafting and
Tydings-McDuffie Law. ratification of New Constitution.
d. The Constitution was ratified in a Plebiscite held on May 14, 1935. - It adopted certain provision of the 1973 Constitution, contained
e. The Philippine Commonwealth inaugurated on November the 15, additional articles on the Executive Department, on government
1935; full independence was attained with the inauguration of the (third) organization and on existing laws
Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946. - It also provided to the calling of Constitutional Commission to be
composed of 30-50 members, to draft a New Constitution.
3. The 1973 Constitution
a) Resolution of both Houses (RBH) No.1, March 16, 1967, increasing the 5. The 1987 Constitution Adoption of the Constitution:
membership of the House of representative from 120 to 180. a) Proclamation No. 9, creating the Constitutional Commission of 50
b) RBH No. 2, March 16, 1967 calling for a Constitutional Convention to members.
revise the 1935 constitution. b) Approval of draft Constitution by the Constitutional Commission on
c) Election of Delegates: November 10, 1970, Constitutional Convention October 15, 1986.
was inaugurated June 1, 1971 c) Plebiscite held on February 2, 1987.
d) Declaration of Martial law: September 21, 1972, under Presidential d) Proclamation No. 58, Proclaiming the ratification of the Constitution.
proclamation 1081; e) Effectivity of the Constitution: February 2, 1987. the date of the
e) Constitutional Convention approved the Draft Constitution on Plebiscite when the people ratified the Constitution.
November 29, 1972.
f) On December 31, 1972, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86,
organizing the Citizens Assemblies, to be consulted on certain public
issues;
g) On January 5, 1973, issued Presidential Decree No. 86, a calling the
Citizens Assemblies to meet on January 10 15, 1973 to vote on certain
questions, among them: "Do you approve of the New Constitution?" And
"Do you still want a Plebiscite to be called to ratify the New Constitution?"
h) On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Presidential
Proclamation No. 1102, declaring the New Constitution had been ratified
by the Citizens Assemblies, and "has been thereby come into force and
effect."
 12. This document included the explanation for the design and the color of
the Philippine flag. Act of the Proclamation of Philippine Independence
13. This was the form of government in the country at the time of
proclamation of Philippine Independence. Revolutionary
14. He sent Edouard Andre, a Belgian Consul to confer with Dewey and
Merritt regarding the sham battle in Manila. Fermin Jaudenes
15. In behalf of the United State government, The U.S. Secretary of State
John Hay gave the amount of $ 20 Million to this Spanish commission
1. He wrote Fray Botod, where he ridiculed a typical cleric who became fat
member. Jules Cambon
because of the provisions taken from the people. G. Lopez Jaena
16. He was elected President of the revolutionary Congress in Malolos.
2. This was the group founded by Miguel Morayta in 1889 to campaign for
Pedro Paterno
reforms in the Philippines. Asociacion Hispano-Filipino
17. His draft Constitution was based on the statutes of Universal Masonry.
3. This term refers to those enlightened with liberal ideas. Illustrados
Apolinario Mabini
4. She was the first woman to be admitted as mason in the country.
18. The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated on this day. January 23,
Rosario Villaruel
1899
5. He was the sultan of Sulu who leased the territory of Sabah to Mr. Dent
19. This was the former post of Manuel Sityar, Director of the Military
and Baron Overbeck of British North Borneo Company. Sultan Jamalul
Academy of Malolos. Spanish Lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia
A'lam
20. During Washington day in 1899, this Filipino general ordered the
6. Apolinario Mabini used this pen name in La Liga Filipina. Katabay
burning of American occupied houses in Tondo and Binondo. Antonio
7. This refers to third grade member of the Katipunan, with a mask in this
Luna
color and with this password. Bayani, Red, Rizal
21. In the Battle of Quingua (Plaridel) on April 23, 1899, the Filipino troops
8. In the afternoon of August 30, 1896, Governor General Ramon Blanco
were headed by this general. Gregorio Del Pilar
issued a proclamation declaring a state of war on eight (8) provinces,
22. General Luna wanted to punish General Mascardo for this offense.
which include Manila, Cavite, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac, Laguna and
Insubordination
two more. Batangas and Nueva Ecija
23. It was in this town when General Luna met his tragic end. Cabanatuan
9. He tried to reconcile the two factions of the Katipunan in the Imus
24. He was the Secretary of the Interior who issued a circular informing
convention by drafting a Constitution establishing the Philippine
the provincial chief that Luna planned to take over the presidency from
Republic. Edilberto Evangelista
Aguinaldo. Severino De las Alas
10. He told the Council of War that Bonifacio gave him an initial payment
25. Major Peyton march and his men stormed Tirad Pass on this day.
of ten pesos to assassinate General Aguinaldo, but he refused to follow
December 2, 1899
the order. Pedro Giron
26. He was Aguinaldo’s messenger who fell into the hands of General
11. This was the title of the anthem at the time it was played on June 12,
Funston. Cecilio Segismundo
1898. Marcha National Filipina
27. His policy, “The Philippines for the Filipinos”, laid down the foundation
 of a democratic government during his administration. William Howard ten-year transition period under a Commonwealth government. Tydings
Taft McDuffie Law
28. In September 1902, he led the resistance groups in Rizal and Bulacan 43. Under the 1935 Philippine Constitution as amended in 1940, the
until his headquarters were discovered by Philippine Scouts. Luciano San tenure of office of President and Vice-President was. four years
Miguel 44. In 1929, Pedro Abad santos founded the. Socialist Party
29. The Family of this former Katipunan General was abducted by Sakay’s 45. Captain Jesus Villamor defiantly led a flight of pursuit planes against
men as a retaliatory move for his collaborationist acts with the the Japanese who were then raiding. Nichols Field
Americans. Mariano Trias 46. The Filipino American Troops were forced at gunpoint to walk from
30. He was the last revolutionary general to surrender to the Americans. Bataan to. San Fernando, Pampanga
Simeon Ola 47. The Corregidor surrendered to the Japanese on May 6, 1942
31. This was the first Filipino weekly newspaper in English. Philippine 48. By an executive order issued by Vargas in August 1942, neighborhood
Herald and district associations were organized for the purpose of. providing
32. He founded the Iglesia Filipina Independiente in 1902. Isabelo delos means for protection under joint responsibility
Reyes 49. The appointed director-general of the KALIBAPI was. Benigno Aquino
33. This term refers to cash tenants. Inquilino 50. In the 1943 Philippine Constitution, in the event of permanent
34. He organized the first labor union in the Philippines. Isabelo delos disability of the President, the one who could assume presidency was
Reyes the. ranking minister in the order of precedence establish by law
35. The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (CPP) was outlawed by the 51. During the Japanese period, pensionados were sent to study at.
Supreme Court on this year. 1932 Japanese school
36. This law provided for the establishment of an elective Philippine 52. The National Education Board during the Japanese period
Assembly after the proclamation of complete peace. Cooper Act recommended the teaching of. Asian History and Culture
37. Upon his advice, The Filipino Cabinet members resigned from their 53. The American mine operator who led the first ambush against the
posts resulting for what is known as the “Cabinet Crisis OF 1923.” Japanese was. Walter Cushing
Manuel L. Quezon 54. Capt. Alejo Santos of the 31st infantry of the USAFFE, organized the
38. The Os-Rox Mission in 1931 brought home this law from the U.S. Hare- Philippine Legion at his hometown in. Bustos
Hawes-Cutting Act 55. This PMA graduate who escaped the Philippines to Australia and
39. He was the president of 1934 Constitutional Convention. Claro M. manned the Philippine Islands Detachment of the Allied Intelligence
Recto Bureau was. Bartolome Cabangbang
40. The Commonwealth Act No. 1 is otherwise known as. National 56. The duties and privileges of a HUK soldier was discussed. The Iron
Defense Act Discipline
41. The first Chairman of the National Council for education was. Rafael 57. Former Sakdalistas who served as informers and spies for the Japanese
Palma were called. Ganaps
42. This law, brought by the 12th independence mission provided for a 58. The one who did not join the MAKAPILI from the following was. Blas
 Ople 14. What was the effect of Vasco de Gama’s voyage to India in 1498?
59. The Japanese forces retreated to the “YAMASHITA LANE” a battlement Portugal began trading directly to India
stretching from Antipolo to. Aparri 15. What was the significance of Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage which
60. Joining the American Infantry divisions to entrap Yamashita, and other began in 1509? It was the first voyage to circumnavigate or sail around
officials were BMA guerillas from the. Buenavista regiment the world.
16. This Portuguese explorer’s expedition was the first to circumnavigate
the world. Who was he? Ferdinand Magellan
1. Primo viaggio intorno al mondo means. First Voyage Around the World 17. Who was Prince Henry the navigator? Portuguese Prince, He helped
start Europeans explorations and trade, He sent several explorers on
2. When the Filipino reformists asked for the assimilation of the
expeditions to sail around the west coast of Africa in attempt to find
Philippines by Spain, what did they asked for? For the Philippines to.
route to India
become a province of Spain. seven days
18. European explorers were sent to the New World for. gold, land and to
3. The Expedition’s arrival and celebration of Mass on. March 31, 1521
convert native people to Christianity.
4. Historian most important research tools are investigation result,
19. who was known as “Prince of Filipino Printers”? Tomas Pinpin
researchers, historical resources
20. Columbus, de Gama and Magellan all had what in common? They all
5. Despite more than 300 years of Spanish rule, majority of Filipinos could
sought new routes to get to trade centers
not speak Spanish. What could be a possible reason for this? Spain
outlawed the teaching and learning of Spanish by Filipinos. 21. What difficulty did early explorers face during the Age of Discovery?
Inaccurate maps, Bad weather, Disease
6. What replaced the tribute as a form of taxation in the Hispanic-
Philippine colony in 1884? Cedula Personal 22. Portuguese sailors attempted which route in order to get to Asia?
sailing around the african continent
7. How many ships arrived to the Philippines from Mexico during the
galleon trade? one 23. History came from the Greek word Historia which means to search,
look into.
8. Primary Sources are usually defined as firsthand information or data
that is generated by witnesses or participants in past events. 24. Which of these groups in the Philippines had the most elaborate
tattoos in ancient times? Visayans and Ilokanos
9. Who are the rich landowners during Spanish era? Encomienderos
25. The first Chinese rebellion in the Philippines took place in 1603 under
10. How did astrolabe help Europeans explorers? It enabled explorers to
his leadership. Lim-Ah-Hong
determine their position
26. This judicial body puts into trial an outgoing governor general and
11. “First voyage around the world”, “Kartilya ng Katipinan” are examples
other Spanish official who were obliged to give an accounting of their
of. Primary sources
acts during their term of office. Residencia
12. When Columbus and Cabot reached the Americas, where did they
27. The highest local position opened to Filipinos. Gobernadorcillo
think they were? Africa
28. He collected the tribute and gave it to the encomendero. Former Datu
13. What two inventions had the necessary technology to make sea
29.He gave the name, Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad. King Philip II
explorations possible in the 1400’s? Astrolabe and Compass
30. The Maynilad chief who defended his Kingdom from the Spaniards.
 Raja Sulayman 47. Unfortunately, the rise to power of this empire cut Europe access to
31. He promised to convince his brother Rajah Tupas to accept Spanish the prosperous trading centers. They controlled the three routes that
friendship. Tamuyan end the monopoly of the trade enjoyed by the Europeans. Islamic
32. This was established in 1785 to promote direct trade with Spain. Real empire
Compania de Filipinas 48. A wealthy venetian merchant who went to China in 1264, he was
33. Oldest University in Asia. University of Santo Tomas welcomed in the Royal Court of Kublai Khan himself, this, the intellectual
and cultural exchanges made a lasting friendship between them. Nicolo
34. This was the policy of settlement in the Spanish period consolidating
Polo
population in larger villages. reduccion
49. The Spanish Colonial Government also built the first heavy duty bridge.
35. Before 1884, this was the number of days to be rendered for polo. 40
It was designed by Gustave Eiffel and was considered as the first
days
suspension bridge built in the Far East. Puente Colgante Bridge
36. Sikatuna was a native king of this island. Bohol
50. The Philippines lies within the seismic belt. As a consequence, it has
37. This post-Magellan expedition reached Mindanao but failed to colonize
experienced severe earthquakes
yet it was able to rescue survivors of the Loaysa expedition in Tidore,
51. which may be an effect of the island character of our geography?
Moluccas. Alvaro Saavedra Ceron
multi-cultural diversity
38. The Spanish Crown granted him the motto Primus Circumdedisti Me.
52. who was the lawmaker, Chief executive, and Judge of Pre-Hispanic
Juan Sebastian del Cano
barangays? datu
39. He was the first Filipino chieftain to be baptized as catholic. Raha
53. The greatest Javanese empire ever built in ancient history of today’s
Humabon
Southeast Asian region. It was founded by Raden Vijaya, a ruler of Java in
40. They made the first recorded blood compact in the annals of Philippine
1293. Majapahit empire
History. Sikatuna and Legazpi
54. In 1390, one of the petty rulers of Menangkabaw, Sumatra arrived in
41. The first island in the Philippines sighted by Magellan and his men.
Sulu and responsible for carrying on the native conversion to Islam. Raja
Samar
Baginda
42. This ship piloted by Esteban Gomez secretly deserted on the night of
55. The name Philippines came from the word Filipinas given by the
November 20, 1520 and sailed back to Spain. San Antonio
Spanish navigator in 1543 in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who
43. He was the chronicler of Magellan’s expedition. Pigafetta
became King Philip of Spain. The Spanish navigator was Ruy Lopez de
44. Magellan realized that one could arrive at the eastern spice islands Villalobos
more quickly using this route. westward route around south america
55. The rarest and most expensive seashell in the world. Connus
45. Refers to the town criers of ancient barangay in the Philippines. Gloriamaris/Philippine Glory of the Sea
Umalohokan
46. It arose in the city of Palembang located on the south-eastern coast of
1. Based on his theory, actions and events in history may be attributed to
Sumatra in the beginning of the 7th century. They are the greatest
economic motives. Karl Marx
maritime empire in the vast area of ancient land today known as
2. Hegel’s Naturwissenchaften, the antithesis refers to this. particular
Southeast Asia. Sri-vijaya empire
 situation or matter Republic was. Artemio Ricarte
3. The Filipino historian, who said that the Philippine history is a story of 20. The southernmost point of the Philippines is. Saluag Isle
struggle. Renato Constantino 21. Based on the migration theory of Otley Beyer, Iron Cage culture was
4. The item below is a secondary source. journal introduced into the Philippine archipelago by. Malays
5. This is an example of an artifact. pottery 22. In 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan first set foot on our native soil, he
6. He wrote the Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas. Antonio de Morga named the islands. Islas de San Lazaro
7. This is the purpose of the Michigan archaeological expedition from 1922 23. The northernmost point of the Country which is 78 miles from Taiwan
to 1925. Collect Chinese ceramics exported to the Philippines from is. Y'Ami Isle
China 24. The name Philippines came from the word Filipinas given by the
8. The remains of the Tabon Man was discovered under the leadership of Spanish navigator in 1543 in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who
this archaeologist. Robert Fox became King Philip of Spain. The Spanish navigator was. Ruy Lopez de
9. In the late 1960’s Karl Hutterer and Rosa Tenazas of this university Villalobos
recovered prehistoric artifacts in the middle of Cebu City. San Carlos 25. Mount Apo in Davao del Sur is the highest mountain in the Philippines.
University The second highest peak in the Country is. Mt. Pulag
10. The period of time before colonization of a region or territory. Pre- 26. The longest river and mightiest watercourse in the country with a
colonial length of 513 km. it flows from Caraballo Mountains near the Nueva
11. It is a war song which evolved into a love song. Kumintang Vizcaya – Nueva Ecija provincial boundary and proceeds down into the
Babuyan Channel in Northern Luzon. Rio Grande de Cagayan
12. It is a song of revelry. Diyuna
27. Of the 1,000 varieties of orchids that bloom in the country, the
13. What did Spanish invaders call Pygmies, the aborigines of the
“VANDA SANDERIANA” is regarded as the “Queen of the Philippine
Philippines? Negritos
orchids”. This is locally known as. Waling-waling
14. In the 16th century, the Dutch cartographer who noticed that the
28. The Calamian deer or Cervus calamianensis of Palawan is the World’s
American continents seemed to have been separated from Europe and
smallest deer. This is locally known as. Pilanduk
Africa was. Abraham Ortelius
29. If PISIDUM is the smallest shell in the world with less than one
15. Which of these groups in the Philippines had the most elaborate
millimeter in length, the world’s largest shell is called. Tridacna Gigas
tattoos in ancient times? Ilokanos
30. The Philippines lies within the seismic belt. As a consequence, it has
16. Wide acceptance of the theory of continental drift came eventually
experienced severe. Earthquake
after. Glacial deposits were found in Africa
31. Complete this analogy: The World: The Nile river The Philippines:
17. The word Filipina was at first given by Villalobo’s men to refer to.
Cagayan River
Samar and Leyte
32. They are the next group of ancient migrants. They were the first
18. Sung Dynasty sources in 982 A.D referred the Philippine islands as. Ma-
people to reach the archipelago by sailboats. Indonesians
yi
33. The Largest eagle in the world. Monkey-eating eagle
19. The Katipunan general who wanted the country to be named Rizaline
34. This signified that the wearer had killed an enemy at war. Red putong
35. Bounties of tree products made our ancestors produced many kinds of Lanao and are economically associated with market trade. Maranaos
wine. This is made from coconut palms and is the most popular wine 50. A distinguishing feature of this group is their culture of sleeping in
particularly in the Visayas & Mindanao. Tuba treetops or in hearth to ward of mosquitoes. Bataks
36. A form of dowry wherein the parents of the groom dole out an amount
of money as payment for the expenses incurred in feeding the future
bride during her infancy. Himaraw
37. The mourning for women was called. Moratal
38. The name Filipinas first appeared in a rare map published in Venice in
1554 by an Italian geographer. Giovanni Battista Ramusio
39. Which one is not a distinct range in Mindanao? Panay Range
40. The world’s smallest commercial fish. Sinarapan/Tabyos
41. In February 2002, an environmental organization discovered what
could be one of the largest flowers in Antique province, measuring about
22 inches in diameter, the endangered flower has no stem and leaves
and is locally named as. Rafflesia or Uruy.
42. This waterfall is popularly called the shooting rapids because of the
heavy and quick flow of water from its top. Pagsanjan Falls
43. It is called the “clock of the mountains” because it makes a loud call
every noontime. Kalaw
44. The world’s rarest and most expensive shell. Glory of the Sea
45. This ethnic group inhabited the cordillera mountain. Their distinctive
material culture is the customary use of pocket hats among the males
and they preferred to use ax instead of the bolo. Their culture can easily
be distinguished by the stone-walled rice terracing technology. Bontocs
46. One unique product of this ethnic group creativity is the all-weather
hat (so-ot). Their houses are strongly built with thick walls of stone and
mortar. They are the. Ivatan
47. Which of the following is not an ethnic group of Palawan? Mangyans
48. They are known as the sea gypsies and called as such due to the
similarity of their culture with the boat people of Borneo. This groups
lives in iepa. Badjaos
49. They are among the largest ethnic groups in the country. They are
called the “people of the lake”. They built their settlements near lake