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    5 Fotosintesi

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    Serena Damian
    The document discusses energy sources from the past to the future. It focuses on photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic molecules. Key components discussed include the photosystems, pigments such as chlorophylls, the electron transport chain, and the RuBisCO enzyme.

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    5 Fotosintesi

    Uploaded by

    Serena Damian
    22 views29 pages
    The document discusses energy sources from the past to the future. It focuses on photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic molecules. Key components discussed include the photosystems, pigments such as chlorophylls, the electron transport chain, and the RuBisCO enzyme.

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    5-Fotosintesi

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    The document discusses energy sources from the past to the future. It focuses on photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic molecules. Key components discussed include the photosystems, pigments such as chlorophylls, the electron transport chain, and the RuBisCO enzyme.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    22 views29 pages

    5 Fotosintesi

    Uploaded by

    Serena Damian
    The document discusses energy sources from the past to the future. It focuses on photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic molecules. Key components discussed include the photosystems, pigments such as chlorophylls, the electron transport chain, and the RuBisCO enzyme.

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    of 29

    Source of energy: past, present and future

    The energy of the future

    Imitare la Natura
    Sfruttare fonti
    naturali rinnovabili La Natura ha fatto “ricerca e
    sviluppo” sui modi per convertire
    l’energia per circa 3.5 miliardi di anni
    LA FOTOSINTESI
    LE BIOMASSE
    ARTIFICIALE
    Photosynthesis: an overview

    Energy for all life on Earth ultimately comes


    from photosynthesis

    hn
    6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
    The two phases of the photosynthesis

    Dark reactions
    Light reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    •capture energy from sunlight •use ATP and NADPH to synthesize


    •make ATP and reduce NADP+ to organic molecules from CO2
    NADPH
    Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts
    Thylakoid membrane
    internal membrane arranged in flattened
    sacs that contain chlorophyll and other
    pigments
    Stroma
    semiliquid substance surrounding the
    thylakoid membranes

    Chloroplasts are highly structured, membrane-rich organelles

    Outer membrane
    Outer membrane
    Inner membrane
    Inner membrane
    Thylakoids
    Thylakoids
    Granum
    Granum
    Stroma
    Stroma

    Light reactions occur in the thylakoids


    Dark reactions occur in the stroma
    Light reactions : the pigments

    PRIMARY PIGMENTS

    Chlorophyll a : photosynthetic pigment in plants and algae

    Bacteriochlorophylls : photosynthetic pigments in phototropic bacteria


    (cyanobacteria)

    ACCESSORY PIGMENTS
    Chlorophyll b : accessory pigment absorbing light wavelengths that
    chlorophyll a does not absorb
    Carotenoids : accessory pigments in plants
    Anthocyanins : accessory pigments in plants
    Phycobiliproteins : accessory pigments in algae and cyanobacteria
    Chlorophylls

    Chlorophyll a
    Chlorophyll b

    Bacteriochlorophyll
    The porphyrin system

    Porphine

    Tautomer trans NH Tautomer cis NH Tautomer trans NH


    Stable Stable
    The porphyrin system

    22 π electrons in total
    18 π electrons are delocalized
    within the tetrapyrrolic ring
    accounting for the aromaticity
    of the system
    (Huckel rule [4n+2])

    Bacteriochlorophylls Chlorophylls

    Bacteriochlorin Chlorin
    The absorption spectrum of chlorophylls

    Banda B o Banda Q
    banda di Soret
    Transizione S0➔S1
    Transizione S0➔S2
    The photosynthetic pigments

    Phytol
    The photosynthetic pigments

    Phytol
    The photosynthetic pigments

    Bacteriochlorophyll a

    Phytol
    The accessory pigments

    Phycobiliproteins
    The accessory pigments

    b-Carotene

    Luteina (xantofilla)
    The accessory pigments

    Anthocyanins are the glycosides


    of anthocyanidines

    Anthocyanins
    Structure of anthocyanidine
    The colours of the photosynthesis
    Photosystem
    Photosystem network of pigments called antenna that
    channels excitation energy gathered by any of
    the molecules to the reaction center. In plants
    we find two photoststems: the Photosystem I
    (PSI) and the Photosystem II (PSII)
    Reaction center allows photon excitation to move away from
    chlorophylls and is the key conversion of light
    to chemical energy

    Reaction
    center

    Photon

    Antenna
    Light to Chemical Energy
    Photosystem I (PSI)
    Plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase

    •Is an integral membrane protein complex constituted by two main subunits , PsaA and
    PsaB, that are involved in the binding of the reaction center.
    •The reaction center of PSI is named P700

    •P700 is a molecular complex constituted by a couple of modified chlorophylls


    (chlorophylls A0)

    DONOR e- ACCEPTOR

    PSI
    Copper Phylloquinone

    e-
    Plastocyanin
    Photosystem II (PSII)
    Water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase
    •The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous
    proteins D1 and D2.
    •The reaction center of PSII is named P680
    • P680 is constituted by two chlorophyll dimers PD1 and PD2

    DONOR ACCEPTOR
    Calcium
    Manganese

    e-

    PSII
    Oxygen evolving complex
    Mn4O5Ca core

    Plastoquinone
    H2O 2H+ + ½ O2
    e-
    The water splitting reaction
    The Z-scheme of ❖Cytochrome b6-f
    ❖Ferredoxin

    photosynthesis Fe - S Proteins

    Phylloquinone
    Q
    Stroma

    Thylakoid Lumen

    The enzyme ATP synthase uses the proton gradient created by the
    electron transport to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
    Organization and structure of the four
    major protein complexes
    Overview of Photosynthesis
    Calvin Cycle

    ❑Biochemical pathway that allows for carbon fixation


    ❑Occurs in the stroma
    ❑Uses ATP and NADPH as energy sources
    ❑Incorporates CO2 into organic molecules
    The RuBisCO enzyme
    Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

    The enzyme catalyzes two processes: the carboxylation and the oxygenation of
    ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

    3-Phosphoglycerate

    2-Phosphoglycolate

    Ribulose-1,5-
    bisphosphate

    3-Phosphoglycerate
    28

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