Sensors & Actuators: B.

Chemical 275 (2018) 174–179

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/snb

A multiple-band perfect absorber for SEIRA applications T

a,b,c,⁎ c d,⁎
Habibe Durmaz , Yuyu Li , Arif E. Cetin
a
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre Yerleşkesi, Karaman 70100, Turkey
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi, Rize 53100, Turkey
c
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
d
Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Recently perfect absorbers (PAs) have received significant interest due to their characteristics of complex electric
Plasmonics permittivity (ε) and magnetic permeability (μ). By rationally designing these artificial structures, the impedance
Perfect absorber of the perfect absorber can be matched to free space with an independent adjustment in the electric and mag-
SEIRA netic resonances, where this structure leads to strong absorption from mid- to near-IR wavelength. In this article,
Nano-fabrication
we proposed a multiband PA platform, which simultaneously operates with a near unity absorption at different
resonances that could be an ideal candidate for multiple sensing of molecular fingerprints. We numerically
analyzed the dependence of the optical response of the PA platform through finite-difference time domain
(FDTD) simulations for a fine-tuning mechanism of the PA platform. We theoretically demonstrated the surface
enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) capability of our PA platform by studying its optical response with a thin
protein bilayer and a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) film. As an initial step we experimentally showed the
vibrational modes of a thin PMMA film. We believe, our findings could open new avenues for reliable SERIA
platforms through providing multiple vibrational finger print information compared to its conventional coun-
terparts relying only on a single sensing data.

1. Introduction Plasmonic resonances strongly depend on the surrounding dielectric

medium at certain frequencies. Therefore, perfect absorbers have been
Metamaterials have received significant attentions in many poten- utilized in highly sensitive spectroscopy applications, i.e., surface-en-
tial applications such as negative refraction [1–3], superlens [4], ter- hanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) [27–31] and surface-
ahertz artificial dielectric cuboid lens on substrate for super-resolution enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [32–34]. Particularly, in SEIRA
images [5], and optical cloaking [6–8] due to its exotic electromagnetic nano-antennas concentrate light on the antenna surface where the
nature. With the ability of adjustment in electric and magnetic re- target molecules on the surface are interact effectively with the light in
sonances independently, it is possible to achieve impedance matching plasmon forms such that information of light-matter interaction with
in free-space (i.e. z = μ/ ε = 1) while minimizing the reflectance to low analyte quantity can be easily identified. In SEIRA, nano-antennas
zero. By using a lossy material and with the help of appropriate are designed such that their operational frequency overlaps with the
structural design of metamaterial, the various kinds of perfect absorbers frequency of the vibrational modes of the target materials. The major
have been designed for applications at different wavelength ranges drawback of this platform is that the sensing information is only based
from mid- to near-IR, such as photovoltaic cells [9], photodetectors on a single vibration signature. This might cause reliability issues,
[10], thermal emitters [11], plasmonic sensors [12], filters [13], and which demands a sensing data associated with multiple vibrational
imagers [14,15]. Landy et al. [16] demonstrated the first PA with signature of the targeted molecules. Therefore, there is a strong need for
highly absorptive characteristics, tunable resonant frequency, and high a sensing platform simultaneously monitor multiple vibrational modes
Q-factor. Later, there have been many research reporting metamaterials of the molecules of interest. In this study, we proposed a SEIRA system
based on PAs for single band [17], double band [18], wide band [19], that can be utilized to simultaneously identify multiple fingerprints of
and multiband [20] at different spectral ranges from microwave biomolecules. Compared to the current single mode SEIRA systems, our
[21–24] to optical frequencies [25], including terahertz range [26]. proposed platform will provide more reliable bio- and chemical sensing

⁎
Corresponding authors at: Habibe Durmaz, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre Yerleşkesi,
Karaman 70100, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H. Durmaz), [email protected] (A.E. Cetin).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.053
Received 18 April 2018; Received in revised form 2 August 2018; Accepted 6 August 2018
Available online 09 August 2018
0925-4005/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Durmaz et al. Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical 275 (2018) 174–179

information through simultaneous detection of multiple molecular vi- metal sheet result in mirror-image charges at the bottom metal layer,
brational modes. This will be achieved by exciting multiple antenna which induces a current loop. This current generates a magnetic field
modes with different operating frequencies overlapping with different between the two metal layers. By selecting the optimum amplitude and
vibrational modes of the target molecules. the resonance frequency of the electric and magnetic fields, the PA
In general, the design of PAs can be divided into two categories impedance can be matched to free-space so that the reflectance can be
based on their principle of operations. For the first category of absor- minimized. At the same time, minimizing the reflectance with attenu-
bers, the operation of the devices rely on matching metamaterial im- ating the transmission results in perfect absorption. The frequencies
pedance to free space, while simultaneously showing large effective where we aimed to generate perfect absorption are chosen in such a
permittivity and permeability in conductor. If the impedance matching way to overlap with vibrational fingerprints of the molecules for SEIRA
is small i.e., large loss in conductor, then the surface will be re- applications. Fig. 2 shows the charge distributions of the PA platform,
flectionless at normal incidence and incident field will attenuate rapidly calculated by FDTD calculations. Here, surface currents of multi-band
within the conductor to a thin surface layer of few tens of nanometers PA are investigated at resonating antenna elements and bottom ground
once it is in contact with the surface. The second category of absorbers plane for antenna modes at λ1, λ2 and λ3 , respectively. As shown in
is based on electrically responsive metamaterial elements closely cou- Fig. 2a–c, the electric field at λ1 is due to the opposite charges at top
pled to a ground plane. Typically, these absorbers consist of a resonant and bottom edges of the U-shape antenna, the one at λ2 is due opposite
structure and have a narrow frequency response. These absorbers have charges at nano-bar, and the one at λ3 is due to the opposite charges at
the ability to absorb TM polarization nearly perfectly over all angles of the right and left edges of the U-shape antenna. The mirror-image
incidence. charges in the gold plane (Au sheet in the figure), other words the
We introduced a composite PA system (which fits the first category) charges opposite to the ones generated at the U-bar shaped antenna,
composed of U-shape antenna and a rectangular nano-bar (U-bar) interacts with then generates a current loop (illustrated with arrows),
shown in Fig. 1a [35]. The unit cell of the proposed system consists of inducing a magnetic field (Fig. 2d–f).
three layers: gold layer at the bottom, resonators at the top and a
magnesium fluoride (SiO2) layer between these metallic layers. The 2. Working mechanism of the multiband behavior
thickness of the bottom gold plane is chosen such that the transmission
of the incident light though SiO2 layer is eliminated and to trap the light In order to understand the physical origin of the resonances sup-
in SiO2 spacer through nearfield couplings between top Au bars and ported by the PA system, we performed FDTD simulations of the PA
bottom Au film. In our composite PA system L is the length of the top system under an x -polarized light source. In the simulations, we used
rod, H is the length, K is the width of the bottom of the U-antenna, b is periodic boundary conditions along the x and y -axes and perfectly
the width of the U-antenna, and a is the width of the top bar. The matched layer (PML) boundary condition along the z -axis. In Fig. 2, the
thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and bottom gold plane are field intensity distributions E 2 at the top surface of the U-bar shape
40, 140 and 200 nm, respectively. Fig. 1b shows finite-difference time- antennas were shown for the resonances at λ1, λ2 and λ3 . Here, the first
domain (FDTD) simulations (Lumerical Inc. FDTD Solutions). In the and third modes are mainly concentrated at U-shape antenna and the
simulations, the mesh size is chosen as 0.5 nm along all directions. For second mode is concentrated at the nano-bar antenna.
the unit cell consisting of a single PA system, periodic boundary con- Fig. 3 shows the dependence of the resonances supported by the PA
dition is used along x- and y-axes (xy-plane is where antenna system system on different geometrical parameters, which enables a fine-
lies) to create the periodic array behavior and perfectly matched layer tuning mechanism for optical responses matching vibrational modes of
boundary condition is used along z-axis (propagation direction). The interest in SERIA applications. In our numerical analysis, the length of
figure demonstrates the multiple absorption resonances (locating at 3 nano-bar (L ), the width (K ) and the height of the U-shape antenna, and
wavelengths, λ1, λ2 and λ3 ) supported by the U-bar shaped PA with the space between these constituent elements (s ) are tuned one at a
L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm, time while others are kept constant. As it is shown in Fig. 3a, the in-
s = 100 nm and array periodicity 1400 nm. crease in L shifts the mode at λ1 toward longer wavelengths, while the
The working principle of our composite PA system relies on the modes at λ1 and λ3 spectrally remain constant. As shown by the near-
interaction of magnetic and electric fields generated in different com- field calculations, as the local electromagnetic fields concentrate at the
partments of the PA. Basically, the top metal layer is patterned as edges of the nano-bar, the variations in L significantly affect the spec-
subwavelength antennas serving as resonator while the bottom gold tral position of the mode at λ1. The increase in H (Fig. 3b) and K
layer serves as an optical mirror, which significantly attenuates the (Fig. 3c) shifts the modes at λ1 and λ3 toward longer wavelengths due to
transmittance. The incident light couples to nano-antennas resulting in the local electromagnetic field concentrated at U-shaped antennas. On
an electric field. The nearfield couplings between the antennas and the the other hand, the modes at the mode λ2 do not show any spectral

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic view of the U-bar shaped PA system. The geometrical device parameters are L (length of the nano-bar), H (height of the U-shape antenna), K
(width of U-shape antenna), a (nano-bar width), s (distance between U-shape and nano-bar antennas), b (with of nano-bar in U-shape antenna). The U-bar antennas
stand on a SiO2 layer on top of gold on top of Si substrate. In the figure, directions of polarization and propagation of the incident light source are shown. (b)
Calculated multiple absorption response of the U-bar shaped PA with L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm, s = 100 nm and array
periodicity 1400 nm. The thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140 and 200 nm, respectively.

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Fig. 2. Charge density distributions (exhibiting a dipolar electric resonance) calculated (a–c) at the top surface of the antennas and (d–f) through cross-section for
antenna modes at λ1, λ2 and λ3 , respectively. The dipolar electric charges induce electric fields and the current loop (illustrated with arrows) between metal layers
induce magnetic fields. The geometrical parameters are L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm, s = 100 nm and array periodicity 1400 nm.
The thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140 and 200 nm, respectively.

variation. In order to study the interaction between individual con- S1 = 2.6 × 1027 (rad/ sec )2 , S2 = 1.8 × 1027 (rad/ sec )2 , S3 =
stituent resonator elements, we changed the packing density parameter, 0.5961 × 1027 (rad/ sec )2 . Fig. 5a and b show the real and imaginary parts
which is the relative distance between U-shaped antenna and nano-bar of the permittivity of the protein bilayer. In Fig. 5b, red line denotes
two. As shown in Fig. 3e, variations in s do not effect the spectral po- Amide I band at ∼6025 nm corresponding to C]O stretching vibration,
sition if resonances, which demonstrate that the multi-band behavior of green line denotes Amide II at ∼6562 nm corresponding to CeNeH
the PA platform is due to the superposition of the optical responses of bending and CeN stretching vibrations and blue line denotes weak
individual PA elements. Our results show that we can spectrally tune Amide III at ∼6905 nm. In our FDTD simulations, we used a protein
the resonances, while keeping their strong absorption capability bilayer with a thickness of ∼8 nm, which has been experimentally
(Fig. 4). characterized through ellipsometry measurements (Woollam). We de-
termined the protein vibrational signatures through monitoring the
3. SEIRA capacity of the perfect absorber system spectral changes in the reflection response of the PA. Fig. 5c–e shows
the reflection response of the PA system for different H values e.g., 500,
In order to show the SEIRA capability of our PA platform, we first 600 and 700 nm, respectively to excite the mode at λ3 overlapping with
theoretically investigated the vibrational signatures of a protein bilayer Amide I, II and III vibration modes of the protein bilayer. Here, the
composed of protein A/G and protein IgG. Based on the experimentally vibrational signatures are observed as spectral dips in the reflection
obtained complex permittivity of the protein bilayer by the infrared response due to the Amide modes, which absorbs light at this specific
reflection absorption spectroscopy, we used a Lorentz model where we wavelength.
fitted 3 oscillators to the experimental data as We also performed FDTD simulations to determine C]O band of
3 PMMA. Fig. 6a and b show the real and imaginary part of PMMA per-
εbilayer = ε∞ + ∑ Si/(ωPi2 −ω2−jωγPi) mittivity determined by fitting a single Lorentz model as described
i=1 previously, εbilayer = ε∞ + (S /(ωp2−ω2−iωγp) , where ε∞ = 2.36,
14
ωP = 3.26 × 10 (rad/ sec ) , γP = 3.72 × 1012 (rad/ sec ) , and S=
Here, the high frequency constant term, ε∞ = 2.1901, the oscillator re-
1.22 × 1027 (rad/ sec )2 . Fig. 6c shows the reflection spectra of the PA
sonance frequency, ωP1 = 3.12 × 1014 (rad/ sec ) , ωP2 =
platform covered with PMMA, where the C]O band stretch (purple
2.90 × 1014 (rad/ sec ) , ωP3 = 2.73 × 1014 (rad/ sec ) and the damping fre-
line) can be seen as a strong reflection dip.
quency, γP1 = 0.98 × 1013 (rad/ sec ) , γP2 = 1.02 × 1013 (rad/ sec ) ,
As a first step to experimental demonstration of the SEIRA capacity
γP3 = 0.95 × 1013 (rad/ sec ) and the oscillator strength,

Fig. 3. Electric field intensity distributions ( E 2 ) of the U-bar shaped antenna structure at the top metal surface for the resonant modes at (a) λ1, (b) λ2 and (c) λ3 ,of the
structure with the corresponding parameters. The geometrical parameters are L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm, s = 100 nm and array
periodicity 1400 nm. The thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140 and 200 nm, respectively.

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Fig. 4. Calculated absorption spectra of U-bar

shaped antenna arrays. (a) with L = 800 nm,
1000 nm, 1200 nm, 1300 nm, where
K = 1000 nm, H = 700 nm, a = 50 nm,
b = 100 nm, s = 100 nm and array periodicity
1400 nm. (b) with H = 700 nm, 800 nm,
900 nm, 1000 nm, where K = 1000 nm,
L = 1200 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm,
s = 100 nm and array periodicity 1400 nm. (c)
with K = 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, where
L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, a = 50 nm,
b = 100 nm, s = 100 nm and array periodicity
1400 nm. (d) with s = 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm,
250 nm, where K = 1000 nm, L = 1200 nm,
H = 700 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm and array
periodicity 1400 nm.

Fig. 5. (a) Real and (b) imaginary parts of the

modeled permittivity function for the protein
bilayer consisting of proteins A/G and IgG.
Calculated reflection response of the PA plat-
form covered with 8 nm, where H is modified
(500, 600 and 700 nm) to match with (c)
Amide I (red line), (d) Amide II (green line),
and (e) Amide III (blue line) bands of the pro-
tein bilayer. The geometrical parameters are
L = 1200 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100
nm, s = 100 nm and array periodicity 1400 nm.
The thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2
layer and bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140
and 200 nm, respectively. (For interpretation of
the references to colour in this figure legend,
the reader is referred to the web version of this
article).

of our perfect absorber platform, we fabricated the PA platform to cleaning procedure. Then, 5 nm of Ti and 200 nm of Au, and 140 nm of
measure the C]O vibrational band of PMMA. The fabrication of PA SiO2 are deposited onto the Si substrate by using electron beam eva-
consists of metal deposition, electron beam lithography (EBL) and lift- porator (Angstrom). Metals are with Kurt J. Lesker, 99.999% purity. For
off process. All arrays are fabricated as 100 × 100 μm2 squares on one EBL process, a resist layer of PMMA (950 PMMA A3, MicroChem) was
single Si wafer chip. Initially, Si wafer was cleaned with standard spin-coated over the SiO2 layer. After this step, EBL was performed with

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Fig. 6. (a) Real and (b) imaginary parts of the PMMA permittivity. Figure inset shows the schematic illustration of protein vibrational modes. (c) Calculated
reflectance spectrum of the PA coated with a 10 nm-thick PMMA layer. The geometrical parameters are L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm, K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100
nm, s = 100 nm and array periodicity 1400 nm. The thicknesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140 and 200 nm, respectively.
Purple line denotes C]O vibrational band of PMMA. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of
this article).

Fig. 7. (a) SEM image of the fabricated PA

platform. (b) Measured reflectance spectra of a
thick PMMA film covered on U-bar shaped PA
platform. Black and red lines denoted the re-
flectance before and after the addition of the
PMMA film. Purple line denotes C]O vibra-
tional band of PMMA. The geometrical para-
meters are L = 1200 nm, H = 700 nm,
K = 1000 nm, a = 50 nm, b = 100 nm, s = 100
nm and array periodicity 1400 nm. The thick-
nesses of the U-bar antennas, SiO2 layer and
bottom gold plane are 40 nm, 140 and 200 nm,
respectively. (For interpretation of the refer-
ences to colour in this figure legend, the reader
is referred to the web version of this article).

Zeiss SUPRA 40 V P electron microscope. The patterned chips were absorption signals of protein bilayers and polymer films based on PA
developed in a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-isopropanol (IPA) solu- platform. Our platform is very promising for simultaneous detection of
tion (MIBK:IPA = 1:3). Later, 40 nm Au was deposited onto the devel- multiple vibrational modes of the same molecules, which could provide
oped substrate with 5 nm Ti for adhesion. Following that, the remaining more reliable sensing information over the system relying only on a
resist layer was lifted off with acetone and IPA leaving the patterned single vibrational mode.
arrays of U-bar shaped PA on the substrate. Finally, oxygen plasma
clean with PVA TePla America M4 plasma asher was used to remove Acknowledgements
any remaining residues on the surface. The scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM) image of the fabricated PA platform is shown in Fig. 7a. Habibe Durmaz acknowledges the support of Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Fig. 7b shows the experimental result of the system covered with 10 nm University Scientific Research Foundation (project No: FUA-2017-762)
PMMA (thickness of the PMMA film was calibrated with ellipsometry). and Boston University Photonics Center.
The dip at 1780 cm−1, corresponds to C]O vibrational band of PMMA
film. The spectral data taken with Bruker Vertex Fourier transform in- References
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M. Turkmen, Quantification of multiple molecular fingerprints by dual-resonant B.S. degree from Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey and M.S. degree from Temple
perfect absorber, Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 (2016) 1274–1280, https://doi.org/10.1002/ University, Philadelphia, PA, USA both in Physics. She received her Ph.D. degree in
adom.201600305. Electrical Engineering from Boston University, Boston, MA, USA in 2016. She worked as a
[19] T. Xie, Z. Chen, R. Ma, M. Zhong, A wide angle and polarization insensitive infrared visiting faculty at Boston University between April 2017 and July 2017. Dr. Durmaz’s
broadband meta-material absorber, Opt. Commun. 383 (2017) 81–86, https://doi. current research interests include optoelectronic materials and devices, quantum photo-
org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.08.058. detectors and lasers, graphene plasmonics, bio- and chemical detection, metamaterials,
[20] B. Mulla, C. Sabah, Multiband metamaterial absorber design based on plasmonic and nanophotonics.
resonances for solar energy harvesting, Plasmonics 11 (2016) 1313–1321, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0177.
Yuyu Li received his MS degree in Physics from Boston University, Massachusetts, USA.
[21] Y. Avitzour, Y.A. Urzhumov, G. Shvets, Wide-angle infrared absorber based on
negative index plasmonic metamaterial, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 045131–045136, He is currently pursuing Electrical Engineer PhD in the same University. Li received his BS
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.045131. degree in Theoretic Physics from Shandong University, Shandong, China and MS degree
[22] N.I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J.J. Mock, D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, Perfect meta-material in Applied Physics from Umass Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Li’s bachelor thesis was on
absorber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 207402–207405, https://doi.org/10.1103/ ultrafast laser and nonlinear optics applications. Later during his master in Umass, he
focused on biophotonics. To study vivid topological growing of tumor, he combined di-
PhysRevLett.100.207402.
[23] C.W. Cheng, M.N. Abbas, C.W. Chiu, K.T. Lai, M.H. Shih, Y.C. Chang, Wide-angle gital holography microscopy with confocal microscopy, the results are coincident with
the tumor volume growing trend in theory. He also developed a new Fourier microscopy
polarization independent infrared broad band absorbers based on metallic multi
sized disk arrays, Opt. Express 20 (2012) 10376–10381, https://doi.org/10.1364/ technique by using multi-wavelength. Currently, Li focuses on Terahertz emitters and
OE.20.010376. detectors using quantum structures and 2D materials. Li also studies metasurface appli-
[24] H. Cheng, S.Q. Chen, H.F. Yang, J.J. Li, X. An, C.Z. Gu, J.G. Tian, A polarization cations.
insensitive and wide-angle dual-band nearly perfect absorber in the infrared re-
gime, J. Opt. 14 (2012) 085102–085106, https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/14/ Arif E. Cetin is a Research Group Leader in Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG),
8/085102. locating in Izmir, Turkey. Dr. Cetin received his BS degree in Electrical and Electronics
[25] Z.J. Zhang, R.W. Peng, Z. Wang, F. Gao, X.R. Huang, W.H. Sun, Q.J. Wang, Engineering and MS degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering both from Koc
M. Wang, Plasmonic antenna array at optical frequency made by nanoapertures, University, Istanbul, Turkey. He received his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from
Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008) 171110, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3010741. Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. He worked as a postdoctoral associate at EPFL
[26] G. Kumar, S. Li, M.M. Jadidi, T.E. Murphy, Terahertz surface plasmon waveguide (Swiss Federal School in Lausanne), Switzerland in 2013–2014, as a postdoctoral fellow at
based on a one-dimentional array of silicon pillars, New J. Phys. 15 (2013) 085031, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA in 2014–2016 and as a re-
https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/085031. search scientist at Omniome, San Diego, CA, USA in 2016–2018. Dr. Cetin pursued re-
[27] K. Chen, R. Adato, H. Altug, Dual-band perfect absorber for multispectral plasmon- search on optical nano-biosensors integrated with microfluidic platforms for ultra-sensi-
enhanced infrared spectroscopy, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 7998–8006, https://doi.org/ tive label-free biodetection. He developed hand-held biosensors for high-throughput and
10.1021/nn3026468. multiplexed biosensing for resource-poor settings. Dr. Cetin developed electro-mechanical
[28] J. Kundu, F. Le, P. Nordlander, N.J. Halas, Surface enhanced infrared absorption sensors for growth rate cytometer to determine therapeutic susceptibility of cancer cells
(SEIRA) spectroscopy on nanoshell aggregate substrates, Chem. Phys. Lett. 452 for personalized drug therapy. Recently, he also developed a unique label-free technique
(2008) 115–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.12.042. for high-throughput DNA sequencing. Dr. Cetin is the author of 30 articles and con-
[29] Y. Li, L. Su, C. Shou, C. Yu, J. Deng, Y. Fang, Surface-enhanced molecular tributor of more than 50 scientific talks.

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