Communications Basic Bandpass 4per Page-1
Communications Basic Bandpass 4per Page-1
EENG22000 Communications, Part 2: Basic Bandpass Communications. Simon Armour 17 February 2009 1 EENG22000 Communications, Part 2: Basic Bandpass Communications. Simon Armour 17 February 2009 2
0 i j
cos(t)
• Examples of orthogonal signals are:
t
ai(t) = cos(ωt) and aj(t) = sin(ωt)
ai(t) = cos(ωit) and aj(t) = cos(ωjt),
where i j
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Orthogonality (3) Bandpass and Baseband Signalling
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• We need to consider what form a bandpass signal will take. • From trig identities, we know:
• One thing we need to consider is its spectrum. cos(ct).cos(mt)
• We will see later that we can often achieve carrier modulation = 0.5cos(c- m)t +0.5cos(c+m)t
through a multiplication process.
A(t)
• We can use simple trig identities to analyse such signals.
0.5 c-m c+m
• We can start with a sinusoidal message for simplicity and
then extend to a more realistic case.
• In block diagrams we show multiplication as a ‘mixer’
Cos(mt) c
• Non sinusoidal messages will have more complex baseband
Cos(ct)
spectra – we can consider these to consist of lots of
sinusoids of different frequencies…
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Spectrum of a Carrier Modulated
Spectrum of a Baseband Square Wave (Bandpass) Square Wave
University of Bristol University of Bristol
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Constellation Diagram: 8-ary ASK Carrier Modulation (1)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• If we modulate just one property of the signal, we can – By modulating the amplitude of the carrier wave with a continuous
modulate our data signal onto this carrier signal in the message. Thus, A is a continuous function of the modulating signal.
This is known as Amplitude Modulation (AM).
following ways:
– By modulating the frequency of the carrier wave with a continuous
– By modulating the amplitude of the carrier wave with a discrete message. Thus, , is a continuous function of the modulating signal.
message. Thus, A is a discrete function of the modulating signal. This This is known as Frequency Modulation (FM)
is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
– By modulating the phase of the carrier wave with a continuous
– By modulating the frequency of the carrier wave with a discrete message. Thus, , is a continuous function of the modulating signal.
message. Thus, , is a discrete function of the modulating signal. This This is known as Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
is known as Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
– By modulating the phase of the carrier wave with a discrete message. • Note that whilst the message is discrete for ASK, FSK and
Thus, , is a discrete function of the modulating signal. This is known PSK, it will need to be filtered into a non-discrete form in
as Phase Shift Keying (PSK) order to achieve bandlimiting – more on this later.
• FM and PM have been shown to be very similar. The term
FM has become very well known. PM is rarely used.
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EENG22000 Communications Amplitude Modulation (AM)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
m(t)
s(t) • A proportion of the carrier
AM signal may be added to the
output of the mixer.
• The result is the
transmitted signal
K
s(t)=[m(t)+K]cos(ct).
•Depending upon the nature
of the message, it might
need to be bandlimited by
application of a suitable filter
cos(ct)
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Variants of AM FC-AM Signal Envelope
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Three variants of AM are defined by the values and ratio of • For FC-AM, the power in the carrier is equal to or greater
K and Am. than that in the sidebands.
• These are: • When modulated by a sine wave message (K>Am), the signal
– Full Carrier AM (FC-AM): KAm. envelope is as illustrated below:
– Diminished Carrier AM (DC-AM): K<Am.
Am
– Suppressed Carrier AM (SC-AM): K=0.
K
• It will be shown that these AM variants have different
advantages and disadvantages, particularly in terms of their K
Am
power efficiency and ease of demodulation.
• Note that the envelope never goes to zero. This will only
occur when K=Am.
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• For FC-AM, the power in the carrier is equal to or greater • For DC-AM, the power in the carrier is less than that in the
than that in the sidebands. sidebands.
• When modulated by a sine wave message (K>Am), the signal • When modulated by a sine wave message, the signal
spectrum is as illustrated below: envelope is as illustrated below:
Overmodulation
K
Am
Am/2 Am/2 K
K
Am
c -m c c +m
Phase Phase
Discontinuity Discontinuity
• Note that the amplitude of the carrier is greater than the sum
• Note that the signal envelope does pass through zero and
of the amplitude of the two sidebands. (They will be equal for
that the carrier inverts at the zero crossings. This is termed
the case of K=Am)
over modulation.
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DC-AM Signal Spectrum SC-AM Signal Envelope
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• For DC-AM, the power in the carrier is less than that in the • For SC-AM, there is no power in the carrier.
sidebands. • When modulated by a sine wave message, the signal
• When modulated by a sine wave message, the signal is as envelope is as illustrated below:
illustrated below:
Overmodulation
K Am
Am/2 Am/2
c -m c c +m
Phase Phase
Discontinuity Discontinuity
• Note that the amplitude of the carrier component will be less
than the sum of the sidebands. • Note that, as with DC-AM, the signal envelope exhibits over
modulation.
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Power Efficiency of AM (1) Power Efficiency of AM (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Average power in carrier = K2/2R • The carrier bears no information and the power used to
• Average power in sidebands = 2.Am2/8R transmit it is effectively wasted.
• Clearly, the power efficiency of AM depends upon the
= Am2/4R modulation index.
• Ratio of average power in the sidebands to the average • For example, FC-AM is most efficient when m=1.
power in the carrier: (Am2/4)/(K2/2) = m2/2 – The transmit power efficiency in this case is 33%
• Ratio of the average power in the sidebands to the total – Note that this is the BEST efficiency that FC-AM can
average power: 2 achieve.
m • Alternatively, SC-AM is 100% transmit power efficient.
2 m2 • Thus, a high modulation index is highly desirable where it is
desired to achieve good transmit power efficiency.
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Envelope Detection of Over Modulated Coherent Detector
Signals University of Bristol University of Bristol
• The envelope detector behaves differently, depending on the • A simple coherent detection system is shown below.
type of AM signal being received. • How this functions as a demodulator is not immediately
obvious but a little mathematical analysis will show that it
FC-AM
does
p(t)
s(t) r(t)
DC-AM
SC-AM
cos(ct+ )
• Only FC-AM is correctly demodulated by an envelope
detector; over modulation causes envelope detection to fail.
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Non-Sinusoidal Message Signals Non-Sinusoidal Message Signals -
University of Bristol Signal Envelopes University of Bristol
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EENG22000 Communications Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
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M-ary Cos(ct)
ASK
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Generation of ASK (1) Generation of ASK (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• This diagram illustrates one way in which an ASK signal may • Another method is to multiply a carrier signal by the
be generated. However, good bandpass filtering at RF is very baseband signal stream (similar to the AM modulator).
difficult to achieve in practice. • The multiplier is known as a mixer.
• This modulation process enables bandlimiting at baseband
Data input ASK output
cos( c .t )
Pulse Shaping
Filter
switch
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Non Coherent Detection of ASK (1) Non-Coherent Detection of ASK (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Non coherent detection of ASK is straight forward. A circuit to • Just like the envelope detector for AM but will a
do this is shown below. hardlimiting process applied to the output.
• There is no overmodulation issue.
• The simplicity of this approach is often outweighed
by the inability of a non-coherent detector to extract
signal from noise.
Comparator • A coherent detector can do this and can achieve a
lower Bit Error Rate (BER) over the same channel,
with the same S/N ratio.
LPF
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• Coherent Detection is based upon multiplying the • Coherent detection requires the local generation of a replica
received signal by a local replica of the carrier signal. of the carrier signal.
• If a local carrier is available, then the reverse process to
modulation can be performed at the receiver.
• Essentially the locally generated carrier is multiplied by the
incoming signal. Thus:
A(t)cos(ct) cos(ct+) = 0.5A(t)cos() + 0.5A(t)cos(2 ct+)
• The process results in two output components. One is the
baseband message signal (multiplied by a cos() term) and
the other is the baseband message signal shifted to twice the
cos( c .t ) carrier frequency.
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Coherent Detection (3) Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance of
OOK ASK
University of Bristol University of Bristol
0 1 0 1
ASK-2
Switch
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FSK Spectrum FSK Generation (1)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
FSK Generation
FSK Generation via VCO
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• The alternative method of FSK generation is to use the data • Has the advantage of giving smooth phase transitions.
input to control a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). • Data input can be low pass filtered before the VCO.
• This will control the shape of the FSK spectrum.
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Minimum Shift Keying FSK Band Limiting
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• If the two frequencies are spaced at a multiple of 1/2 of the • A common pulse shaping filter used for FSK (or MSK) is the
symbol rate, they will be orthogonal. Gaussian shape.
• Thus the minimum spacing between the two frequencies • This filter ensures that the spectrum of the FSK signal rolls
required to ensure that they are orthogonal is half the symbol off rapidly outside of the main lobe.
rate. • This is termed Gaussian FSK (GFSK) or Gaussian MSK
• When this minimum spacing is used, the modulation is (GMSK)
termed Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). Spectral efficiency can • GMSK is used as modulation for the GSM cellular radio
approach 2bits/s/Hz. system.
• GFSK is used as the modulation scheme for Bluetooth
f1 f2
frequency
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cos(1.t ) Comparator
FSK Data
Input Bandpass filter output
f1
Peak detectors
Comparator
LPF
Bandpass filter
f2
cos( 2 .t )
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Coherent FSK Detection
BER Performance of FSK
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• The two carrier frequencies required for binary FSK are • It can be seen that only about
generated at the receiver. a 1dB advantage accrues
from using coherent detectors
• Each detector only responds to the signal frequency it is at low BER
set to demodulate. • For this reason it is very often
• With binary FSK, one signal frequency should cause a acceptable to use non
detector to respond. The other signal frequency should coherent FSK detectors.
provoke no response from the detector. This occurs
when the frequencies of the signals are orthogonal. The Non-Coherent FSK
product of the carrier with the incorrect signal frequency, Ps=exp(-Eb/2No)
over the symbol period, will integrate to zero.
Coherent FSK
Ps=erfc(Eb/2No)1/2
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EENG22000 Communications Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
1 0 1 0
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Q Axis
• The spectrum of binary PSK is identical to that of binary ASK.
sin(ct) • Bandlimiting is required, as always.
• A binary PSK signal can be regarded as an ASK signal that
has been modulated with a signal of +/- 1 (rather than 0 and
1). This is Polar ASK!
I Axis
cos(ct) G( f )
c
4
c
3
c
2
c
1 c c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
T T T T T T T T
f
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Generation of Binary PSK (1) Generation of Binary PSK (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• One method of generating PSK is shown below • A more practical alternative method uses a linear multiplier to
• It uses a switch to switch between a signal of 0 and change the phase of the signals.
180 degree phase shift.
• But this requires bandlimiting at the carrier
frequency… Pulse shaping
cos( c t )
Data Input
filter
Data PSK
Input output
Mixer
Switch
cos( c t )
Inverter
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Differentially Encoded PSK (DPSK) DPSK (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Differential encoder and decoder are shown below. • Note that the output of the receiver (decoder) is the same as
the input data stream to the encoder.
At the transmitter
Input data stream 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
In Ex -Or Ex -Or
Delayed Data stream 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Out Exclusive Or 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
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DPSK Demodulation (1) DPSK Demodulation (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Note that the noise immunity of DPSK is poorer than • The constellation diagram of a PSK signal is
conventional PSK because the phase reference for PSK
comes directly from the line and is not as stable as a phase shown below.
reference generated by other means.
• Also, there is potential for error propagation. Since each bit is Q Axis Q Axis
‘decoded’ relative to the previous one, if one symbol is in sin( c .t ) sin( c .t )
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PSK Constellation Diagram (2) BER versus Eb/N0 for Binary PSK (1)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
• Note that the expression for the probability of error for the
coherent PSK is similar to that for OOK ASK.
• The only difference is lack of a “2” in the denominator of the
“erfc” function.
Part 2.6:
• This is a reflection of the separation of the signal states, and
indicates that Coherent PSK is 3dB better than Coherent
Comparisons of Binary
ASK.
• This is to be expected. As we showed earlier Binary PSK is
(Digital) Modulation
equivalent to Binary Polar ASK. We already know that for
baseband signals Polar signals offer 3dB advantage over
Schemes
On-Off signals.
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BER versus Eb/N0 for Binary Bandpass BER versus Eb/N0 for Binary Bandpass
Signalling (1) Signalling (2)
University of Bristol University of Bristol
Non coherent
E
P 0.5 exp b
• ASK offers a poor compromise between SNR requirements
FSK 2. N 0 and spectral efficiency and is thus rarely used in practical
Non coherent
applications.
ASK
E Eb • Thus, for binary modulation, the choice of modulation scheme
P 0.5 exp b 0.5erfc
4.N 0 2.N 0 is often between the cheaper simpler non-coherent FSK and
the more robust coherent PSK.
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