NEBOSH IGC

MATERIAL
Wednesday, 7 December 2016

Nebosh IGC 2 "CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL

WORKPLACE HAZARDS"
Element 1: Movement of people and vehicles hazard and control
Question (1) Identify the FOUR hazards associated with the use of battery powered
forklift truck Outline the control measures for Each of the hazards identified in (a)
Answer Plan:
(a)
 Battery charging -hydrogen gas explosion
 Battery short circuit /overhanging explosion 
 Battery acid exposure -acid burn
 Handling of batteries- manual handling injury 
 Silent running -collision with people and personal injury 
(b)
 Adequate ventilation /Avoid ignition sources
 Insulation /connection procedure/overcharge protection 
 PPE, e.g. Gloves, face-shield, apron
 Use mechanical lifting acid
 Drivers to sound when approaching people /segregation of pedestrian and 
 Vehicle routes 

Question (2): Identify control measure to reduce the risk of accidents from

reversing vehicles in the workplace.
Model answer 
 Avoid the need to reverse /1 way systems/turning circles
 Segregation of pedestrians, e.g. barriers /warning signs
 Audible vehicle alarm
 Mirrors on vehicle
 Mirrors at blind corner
  Refuge /recess
 Workplace lightning
 Wearing hi visibility jacket 
 CCTV in vehicle cab
 Prohibit unauthorized persons
 Site rules
 Driver training 
Question (3) In order to improve the safety of pedestrians in vehicle
maneuvering areas, identify the rules that should be followed
by:Drivers Pedestrians
Answer Plan 
Rules that should be followed by driver include:
 The need to carry out pre-user checks and to report defects
 The adherence to speed limits and safety signs 
 The use of alarm and horns where required 
 The use of visibility aids
 Remaining in marked vehicle zones ‘
 Parking vehicle in designated parking areas and removing the ignition keys
when the vehicle is not in use
 Using banks-men when reversing '
 Refraining from using mobile phone when driving and not driving when under
the influence of alcohol or substances
Rules of pedestrians 
 They would be expected to keep to designated walkways
 Wear hi-visibility clothing
 Use designated cross points
 Observe safety signs
 Use entrance /exit doors separate from those used by vehicles
 Exercise vigilance for vehicle movement 
 Escort visitors who might not be familiar with the site and access routes.
Question (4) The warehouse of ceramic tiles manufacturing is to be developed to
increase its storage capacity and to enable the use of internal transport to
transfer the goods to and fro loading bay? Outline the design features that the
traffic routes that should be addressed in order to minimize the risk of forklift
truck related accidents? Describe additional measures to be taken to protect
pedestrians from risk and being struck by a fork lift, truck in the warehouse?
Answer plan
The design features of the traffic routes that should be addressed in order to
minimize the risk of fork-lift truck related accidents. These include features such
as: 
 Marking of traffic routes 
 One-way system 
 Segregation of pedestrians from transport 
 Speed retarders
 Widths and sources of aisles
 Warning signs
 Clearly marked crossing places for pedestrians and 
 Visibility issues such as adequate lightning, mirrors and transparent doors.

Measure to protect pedestrians from being struck by fork – lift truck. A
wide variety of additional measures could have been given including:
 The prevention of unauthorized access to the warehouse
 The maintenance of vehicles, traffic routes and floors
 The fitting of audible and visual warnings on vehicles
 The implementation and enforcement of speed limits 
 The use of high visibility clothing 
 A good standard of house keeping 
 The use of competent drivers
 The introduction of an effective system of monitoring and supervision to ensure
control measure were implemented 
Question (5)Outline the design features of the traffic routes that should
be addressed in order to minimize the risk of forklift truck related
accidents Describes additional measures to be taken to protect
pedestrians from the risk & being struck by a fork – lift truck in the
warehouse 
Answer Plan 
(a)    
The design features of the traffic routes that should be addressed in order to
minimize the risk fork-lift related accidents 
 Making of traffic routes, one-way system
 Segregation of pedestrians from transport
 Speed retarders
  Widths and sources of aisles
 Warning signs
 Clearly marked crossing places for pedestrians 
 Visibility issues such as adequate lightning, mirrors and transport doors 
(b)  
 To protect pedestrians from being struck by a fork-lift a wide variety of
measures could be 
 Prevention of unauthorized access to the warehouse
 The maintenance of vehicle, traffic routes and floors
 The lifting of audible and visual warning on vehicle
 The implementation and enforcement of speed limits the use of high visibility
clothing
 A good standard of house keeping
 The use of competent drivers
 The introduction of an effective system of monitoring and supervision to ensure
control measures were implemented 
Element 2: Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards and control

Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling in relation to:
 The load
 The individual 
Answer Plan 
 Physical weight (Heavy)
 Size(Bulky)
 Shape (Difficult to grasp)
 Rigidity (contents liable to shift)
 Outsider surfaces (sharp)
 Stability of contents (unstable)
 Other hazards 
The individual 
 Gender - male or female
 Physical strength
 Height
 State of health
 Level of training 
  Pregnant
Question (7) Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual
handling assessment of an activity that involves lifting buckets of water
out of a sink 
Answer Plan 
TASK (frequency of the activity, vertical and horizontal distances to be lifted,
distance of the load from the body awkward body movements and so on)Individual
loads (factors such as the type, size and weight of the bucket, the water temperature
and stability of the load)
Environment (possible wet floors, space constraints and ambient temperature whilst
individual issues would be concerned with age, physical limitations and training)
Question (8)List four specific types of injury that could be caused by the
incorrect manual handling loads? Identify factors in relation to the load that will
affect the risk of injury? 
Answer plan
Specific types of injury that might be caused by the incorrect manual handling of
loads and these would include
 Spinal disc compression or prolapsed disc
 Torn ligaments or sprained tendons 
 Hernia
 Dislocation and fractures 
 Muscular, cuts and abrasions and crushing and impact injuries way the
nature of a load can present a risk of injury during manual handling
activities 
 The size and weight of the load
 The possibility that the contents might move and the load become unbalanced 
 The center of gravity not in the center of the load
 Difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load and the presence of sharp edges
Question (9)Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling
activities in relation to
 The load
 The individual
 Factors relating to the load are 
 Load can present a risk of injury during manual handling activities 
 They should have identified mailers such as the size and weight of load
 The possibility that the contents might move or the load become un balanced
 The position of the center of gravity, difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load 
  The presence of sharp edges
 The possibility that the contents of the load might be hazardous 
 Factors relating to the individual carrying out the handling operation are body
size and strength in relation to the task to be carried out which can be:
 Age or gender
 Related stature I that the employees may be too short or too tall for the task 
 Physical handicaps or restrictions caused by the illness or pregnancy 
 Lack of training in manual handling operations
 The wearing of inappropriate clothing or footwear
 Question (10) An employer has installed a new item of machinery in their
workplace. Outline the factors to be considered before the machine is put into
use
Answer plan
 Issue of a declaration of conformity to the applicable standard such as
European union CE mark
 The suitability of the machine for the task
 Location and environment 
 The completion of training for employees and supervisions
 The commissioning and the provision of a practical demonstration by the
machine suppliers
 The correct sitting of the machine with regard to its stability
 The level of lightning and the space provided for operation and for carrying out
maintenance 
 Ensuring that protective devices were in place for dangerous parts of machine
and 
 That controls were properly labelled and were tested ensure they functioned
correctly.
 Ensuring control measures were in place to counter the potential environmental
effects of dust fumes noise and vibration 
 The selection of competent personnel to operate the machine and the
preparation of a schedule for its regular inspection and maintenance.
 The availability of operating and maintenance instructions
Question Explain the Eight mechanical hazards?
Answer Plan 
 Impact from moving parts of machine e.g. paint spray robot 
  Crushing between moving part of a machine and a fixed object, e.g. between a
mobile crane 
 And a wall when crane slews 
 Ejection e.g. of grit and metal sparks when using a bench mounted grinding
wheel
 Drawing in e.g between two contract rotating gear wheels
 Puncture e.g from needle on a sewing machine
 Entanglement of clothes, jeweler or hair in a rotating shaft
 Abrasion e.g from polishing belt (carborundum)
 Shear or cutting e.g from 
Question (12)Outline the hazards that a worker could be exposed to
when a using a petrol driven chain saw to cut a tree
Answer plan
hazards associated with the task including 
 Contact with the moving parts of the chainsaw
 Exposure to fumes and dust
 Hazards arising from manual handling operations
 Exposure to noise and vibration 
 Falls from a height
 Handling lubricating oils which might lead to dermatitis 
 Flying particles such as tree bark and sawdust
 Uneven ground or wet grass which could lead to slips anf falls
 Falling objects such as branches or the tree itself
 Contact with overhead services
 Hazards arising from adverse weather conditions 
Question (13)
Identify the hazards associated with the use of cement mixerFor the
hazards identified above, outline control measures that can be used to
reduce the risk
Answer plan 
Manual handling
 The corrosive and irritant properties of cement inhalation pf the cement dust
 Machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of material and noise and
 Hazards connected with the power supply to the mixer
Use of mechanical means for manual handling or if this was not possible training the
work in correct lifting techniques and allowing adequate rest break
The provision and use of personal protective equipment such as gloves and overalls to
reduce contact with cement the provision and use of respiratory protective equipment
such as dust masks to prevent the inhalation of cement dust
Fitting guards to the mixer to prevent contact with its moving parts and to prevent the
ejection of materials and wearing hearing protection to reduce the effects of noise
Prohibiting the mixer from operating in confined areas if run on petrol or diesel
together with the provision of storage facilities for the fuel to protect against the risk
of fire or if electrically operated, the use of residual current devices to minimize to
risk of shock.
Question (14)Identify the factors that would help to determine the
maintenance requirements of an item of work equipment
Answer Plan
 Age and use of the equipment
 Statuary and insurance requirements
 Manufacturer recommendation
 Reliability of the equipment based on breakdown history 
 The environment in which the equipment is used (the effects of temperature,
humidity or dust)
 The critical of the equipment to the process and the implications of failures of
the
 Equipment for the health and safety of employees
 Type 
Question (15)
List Eight types of mechanical hazards associated with the moving parts
of machinery.
Answer Plan 
 Mechanical hazards such AS 
 Crushing
 Shearing
 Cutting l serving 
 Entanglement
 Drawing in 
 Trapping
 Impact
 Stabbing /punctures and 
 Friction and abrasion 
 Element 4: Electrical hazards and control
Identify control measures to reduce the risk of electric shock when
using a portable electric drill.
Answer Plan 
 Cover / Protect/ re-route cable
 Armour cable 
 Use RCD
 Use double insulated tools
 Use reduced voltage tool 110V , Centre tapped to earth (CTE)
 Minimize length of cable /extensions/ provide suitable outlets 
 Cordless/battery drill
 Suitable drill for the environment, e.g. air drill for flammable vapors
 PAT /testing and maintenance regimes
 Visual inspection /user checks
 Correct fuse rating
 Earthen
Question 
Outline the possible effects of electricity on the body
State the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electric
shock
Answer plan
 Cardio-respiratory effects, in particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption
to heart rhythm
 Muscular contraction following contact with AC current resulting in an
involuntary grip on the live conductor, thus prolonging current flow the body.
 Tissue burns with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit points with
the possibility of damage to internal organs 
Depending on the circumstances, these may include
 Isolation of the victim from the supply (either by switching off pushing him/her
clear with a non-conductive implement)
 Summoning help
 Administering first aid such as cardio -pulmonary resuscitation
 Treatment of burns and other injuries and
 Remaining with the causality until professional medical help arrives
Question 22
 Describes how the following two protective measures reduces the risk
of electric shock and in each case give an example of their application.
(a)   Reduce low voltage 
(b)   Double insulation
Answer
Reduce low voltage commonly used for portable electric hand on construction sites
involves the reduction of mains voltage by a transformer to a lower safer typically 110
volts. any shock voltage can be restricted to 55 volts by means of a transformer that is
center tapped to earth. additionally, safety extra low voltage SELV a voltage less than
50 volts is used in low power tools such as hand lamps or soldering irons.
In double insulation internal live parts of a piece of equipment have layer of insulation
which prevent the exposure of live parts to exposed conductive parts such as the outer
metal casing of the equipment consequently, an internal fault conditions cannot make
any parts of the casing live, double insulation is used on class II appliances such as
hand held portable appliances and non-hand held portable appliances such as desk
fans and desk lamps. 
Element 5 fire hazards 
Question 
Outline four types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in a workplace.
Outline ways of controlling Each of the ignition sources identified in (a) 
Answer plan 
(a)
         Overloading of electrical circuit
         Hot work e.g welding 
         Smoking material 
         Friction between moving metal parts 
         Static electricity 
         Open fires
         Heating appliances – hot surfaces

(b) 
          Use of overload protection e.g. fuse, provision of sufficient socket outlets
         Use of safe systems of works and permits to work
         Prohibit smoking in the workplace, or provide designated safe smoking areas
         Regular maintenance and lubrication
         Providing bonding to dissipate any static charge
         Prohibit open fires, e.g. no burning of waste on site
         Only use radiators for space heating 

Question 
Identify Eight common causes of fires in the workplace
Answer plan
Common causes of fires in the workplace are 
         Faulty or incorrectly used electrical equipment 
         Machinery and plant which was either incorrectly used or badly maintained such as friction
caused by inadequate lubrication 
         Chemical reactions that may give off heat 
         Hot work such as welding or cutting 
         Smoking materials which are discarded in an unsafe manner
         Hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances
         Sparks from cold working such as grinding static electricity arising from the incorrect transfer of
flammable liquids and 
         Arson
Question
 In relation to the occurrence of fires I the workplace, identify four different types of ignition
source and give a workplace example of how each might occur
Answer plan 
Types of ignition source
         Electricity (e.g. Arcing or overheating due to faulty wiring poor connections excess current etc.)
         Chemical reaction (e.g. any reaction between chemicals that gives off heat)
         Hot work (e.g. welding and cutting)
         Naked flame or burning material (e.g. discarded smoking materials)
         Friction caused by, for instance, inadequate lubrication of machinery; and hot surfaces such as
those on cooking or heating appliances 
Question
outline eight ways of reducing the risk of fire starting within a workplace
Answer plan 
         The ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace include:
         The control of smoking and smoking materials 
         Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other combustible
materials 
         Regular lubrication of machinery to prevent friction and overheating 
         Regular inspection of electrical equipment such as plugs and cables for damage
         Ensuring that electrical systems are not overloaded and isolating electrical equipment when not
in use
         The use of earth bonding to control risks from static electricity \
         Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed
         Controlling hot work by permits or by the creation of designated areas
         Providing proper storage facilities for flammable liquids
         Segregating incompatible chemicals and 
         Implementing security procedures to reduce the risk of arson 
Element 5: Health and Safety Management systems 4- Measuring, Audit and
Review
Outline  the key features of:A health and safety inspection (In the test book
page no: 5-2
The key features of health and safety inspections are the straightforward
observation of a work place and/or the activities or requirement within it. A
general safety inspection usually carried out by a manager or employee
representative and often aided by the use of a checklist, may be carried out
routinely and has the aim of identifying hazards and assessing the use and
effectiveness of control measures.
A health and safety audit. (In the test book page no: 5-8
The features of safety audits are a thorough critical examination of an organization’s 
safety management systems and procedures. An audit is normally a length process
carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organization , it is a
structured way of assessing the health and safety performance of any organization by
supplying answers with the serious of present questions and often involves a scoring
system such that improvements can be measured
Explain how the findings of audit may used to improve health and safety
performance.  (In the test book page no: 5-8
An audit is a tool that can be used to assess compliance in the workplace. An audit
involves a survey to:
Identify what regulations apply to a company or facility.
Determine whether environmental and workplace safety requirements, and corporate
policies and procedures regarding compliance or being followed.
Assess management systems currently in place to ensure compliance. An audit may
also look at and evaluate the methods used to achieve compliance.
When properly conducted an audit can help to identify and correct regulatory
deficiencies, which in turn can improve workplace safety and help reduce liability.
Audits can serve to increase employee awareness and understanding of environmental
and safety regulations, and the audit process can also be an opportunity to demonstrate
your company’s commitment to compliance.
Workplace audits may be viewed favorably by regulatory agencies. A thoroughly
completed audit with proper follow- up can signal that the company is making a good-
faith effort to comply with applicable regulatory requirements. This also increases the
moral of the workforce. By doing an audit lapses in the exiting polices and procedures
could be identified and make necessary changes to the existing system. It  will also
help to decide whether a change is also required in the current risk assessments or not.
Identify the :
Active (proactive);          (in the test book page no: 5-2)
 Safety inspection 
 Safety sampling
 Safety tour
 Safety survey
 Safety audit 
Reactive measure          ( In the test page no: 5-6)
 Review of Accidents and incident Records
 Review of health records
  Review of legal actions against the company 
 Review of Dangerous occurrence and near – misses
 Complaints from the workforce 
 Review of statistics and trends of accidents
 Analyzing patterns of certain types of events

Outline the meaning of the terms

(a) ‘ Active (Proactive) Monitoring. (In the test book page no: 5-1)
Active monitoring is about checking to ensure that standards are met  and that the
workplace is in fact safe and free of health risks before any untoward event takes
places.
(b) ‘Reactive’ Monitoring 
Reactive monitoring is about measuring safety performance by reference to accidents,
incidents and ill- health that have already occurred. Reactive measures therefore
include measures of incident types and frequency rates, sickness absence rates,
number of reported near miss events and property damage incidents, etc.

Identify documents that could be examined when reviewing an

organization’s health and safety audit (In the test book page no: 5-9)
 Health and safety policy
 Risk assessments and safe systems of work
 Training records
 Minutes of safety committee meetings
 Maintenance records and details of failures
 Records of health and safety monitoring activities e.g tours, inspections,
surveys, etc
 Accident investigation reports and data including near miss information
 Emergency arrangements
 Inspection reports from insurance companies, etc 
 Output from regulator visits e.g  visit reports, enforcement actions, etc
 Records of worker complaints

Identify the advantages AND disadvantages of carrying out a health and

safety sudit of an organization’s activities by:
An internal auditor. (In the test book page no.: 5-10)
Advantages:
 Less expensive
  Auditors already familiar with the workplace and what is practicable for the
industry
 Can see changes since last audit
 Improves ownership of issues found
 Builds competence internally
 Familiarity with the workforce and individuals
Disadvantages:
 Auditors may not notice certain issues
 Auditors may not have good knowledge of industry or legal standards
 Auditors may not possess auditing skills so may need training
 Auditors are not independent so may be subject to internal influence
An external auditor
Advantages 
 Independent of any internal influence 
 Fresh pair of eyes
 Already has audit experience 
 May have wider experience of different types of workplace
 Recommendations often carry more weight
 May intimidate workers so get incomplete evidence
Disadvantages
 External auditors are expensive
 Time- Consuming 
 May not understand the business so make impractical suggestions
 May intimidate workers so get incomplete evidence
Give two strengths of using checklist when carrying out an inspection
(Test book page no: 5-2)
 It does not require particular expertise for the user since normally it contains
the tick boxes to fill
 It is ready to use recipe rather than wasting  time in getting the site
known where it can be used
 It gives a generic view of the processes happening at the site
 Give two weaknesses of using a checklist when carrying out an inspection
 It needs to be updated especially after the introduction if new technology,
process etc
 Irrelevant information sometimes in the checklist
  Sometimes not covering the grey areas which can lead to major accident 
 A worker has been seriously injured after being struck by a reversing vehicle
in  a loading bay.
Give four reasons why the accident should be investigated by the
person’s employer.
 The main reasons for investigating the accidents are,
 Facilitating compliance with legal obligations
 In order to find the root cause and prevent it from happening again.
 Collecting evidence to defend a civil claim where applicable.
 Determining economic loss.
 Demonstrating management commitment to occupational health and safety.
Outline information that should be included on the investigation report
 Date and type of the incident 
 Location of the incident 
 Details of the injured person (Name, role, work  etc)
 Description of the activity being carried out at the time.
 Drawings or photographs used to convey information on the scene.
 Immediate and root cause of the incident.
 Assessment of any breaches of legislation
 Details of witness and witness statement
 Recommended corrective actions, with suggested costs, responsibilities and
time scale 
 Estimation of the cost implications for the organization.
Outline:
Four possible immediate causes (In the test book page no: 5-14)
Possible immediate causes are:
 Human error or failure to comply with procedures 
 Mechanical failure
 Poor visibility in the loading bay (e.g absence of lighting)
 Restricted view for the driver
 Environmental conditions such as high noise levels
 Four possible underlying causes
 Possible underlying causes are,
 Lack of driver and/or other employee training
  Lack of supervision
 Absence of site rules or procedures for the control of reversing vehicles
 Failure to separate vehicular and pedestrian traffic
 Lack of maintenance of vehicles and/or the workplace
Outline why an organization should have a system for internal reporting 
of accidents. (page no:5-12)
 The compilation of accidents statistics and identifying trends
 To meet the requirements of the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulation 1995
 Investigations may be carried out to prevent future occurrences
 Use in civil claims or to satisfy insurance requirements
 Help in the identification and reduction of loss
 Inform the review of risk assessments
Identify why workers might not report accidents at work   (page no: 5-
17) Unclear organizational policy on reporting incidents
 No reporting system in place
 Culture of not reporting incidents (perhaps due to peer pressure)
 Overly –complicated reporting procedures
 Excessive paperwork
 Takes too much time
 Blame culture
 Apathy due to management’s perceived response in the past
 Concern over the impact on the company or departmental safety statistics
(especially if this is linked to an incentive scheme)
 Reluctance to receive first aid treatment 
Identify the immediate AND longer term actions that should be taken
following an accident at work that has caused serious injury to worker
 The immediate actions that may require after an accident such as:
 Providing first – aid and medical treatment
 Informing the next kin and preserving the scene of the accident
 Action that may require satisfying statutory requirements
 Determine immediate and root causes.
Longer term actions are:
 Reporting the accident to the enforcement authority
 Identifying witnesses
  Undertaking an investigation
 The basis of the findings
 Revising work procedures
 A serious accident has occurred. During the investigation it is found that an
inspection of the work site had taken place before the accident
Outline possible reasons why the inspection did not lead to an unsafe
situation being corrected.
The possible reasons are:
 Inspection was done by an incompetent person
 Inspection did not identify the hazards which could have lead to the incident
 Inspection must have done using an outdated checklist
 The result of the inspection was not communicated to the management
 Lack of management commitment to take necessary action to implement the
control measures identified in the inspection
 Poor employees health and safety culture towards the identified control
measures
 The control measures recommended are not enough to eliminate the hazards
 Poor  health and safety culture within the organization
Element 6 Ch Element 2Chemical and Biological health hazards and control
Question 
Outline the meaning of the term respirable dust
Dust of a small particle size 90.5 to 7 microns) that enters the lower lungs during
breathing / respiration 
Outline the methods for measuring airborne dust in the workplace 
Answer plan
 Dust lamp
 Personal or static sampling
 Use of total dust sampler for sampling total inhalable dust
 Use of a cyclone for sampling respirable dust
 Collection on a pre-weighted filter by active sampling (using a pump) 
 Pre – set flow rate
 Measure sampling time
 Indirect measurement /analysis 
 By weight of the filter after sampling 
 By counting fibers under a microscope
  Use of a direct reading instrument
Question 
(a) Identify two types of hazardous substances
(b) Outline personal hygiene controls to reduce the risk of ingestion of a
hazardous substance
Answer plan
(a)   Asbestos, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, silica etc. 
 Personal cleanliness e.g. washes hands
 No smoking at work
 No eating /drinking in contaminated areas
 Use of ppe , e.g. gloves
 Wash soiled clothing (laundry)
 Change work clothes and shower
 Avoid hand to mouth contact, do not bite the finger nails
Question 
An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals
(a)   Identify Four possible routed of entry of toxic substances in the
body.
(b)   Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects
(c)   Identify the sources of information which could be used in the
assessment of risk of toxic substances
(d)   Outline the control measures that might be required in order to
minimize risks to workers
Answer Plan
(a)   The possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body:
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Injection and 
 Through the skin particularly if an open wound was present 
(b) The difference between acute and chronic health effects
 In the case of acute health effects, the adverse effects appear after single or
short term exposure to the agent, and the response is invariably rapid or immediate.
in most cases acute effects recede on cessation of exposure 
 Chronic health effects, on the other hand usually from prolonged or repeated
exposure to the agent. the response is normally gradual often progressive and
irreversible and may go unrecognized for long periods of time.
(c)   Sources of information 
 Product labels, published limit values such as work exposure limits
  Material safety data sheets
 The results of internal inspections and adults and monitoring and health
surveillance data most answers referred only to data sheets and labels
(d)   Control measures such as 
 The use of suitable containers for the chemicals carrying warning signs as to
their danger the methods used for handling the chemicals
 Procedures for the clearing up and containment of spillages 
 The provision of adequate ventilation for the working areas
 The use of personal protective equipment such as chemical proof gloves eye
protection and 
 Overalls site rules setting out the hygiene procedures to be followed and
prohibiting eating or smoking in the working areas
 Setting up emergency procedures including first aid provision
 Providing employees with instruction information and training on the handling
of toxic substances and ensuring the provision of adequate supervision and 
 Monitoring to check that control measures were being followed 
Question 
Identify the ill health that can be caused from working with cement 
Outline ways in which the ill health effects identified in (a) can cbe prevented
Answer plan
 Inflammation of the eyes
 Dermatitis
 Irritation to the nose and throats
 Respiratory complaints and 
 Cement burns or ulcers from contact with wet cement
 The possibility of the handling issues that result in musculoskeletal injuries
(b) 
 Mixing dry cement in well ventilated areas
 Wetting down work to reduce the amount of duct in the air
 Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment such as alkali resistant
gloves
 Water proof boots and eye protection such as goggles or safety glasses with
side shield
 The use of respiratory protective equipment such as suitable filter mask
 The provision of information, training and instruction and 
  The introduction of an effective system of monitoring and supervision to ensure
the use of the appropriate control measures
Question 
Outline factors to be taken into account when undertaking an assessment of
health risks from a hazardous substance to be used in the workplace
Answer plan
Factors to be taken into account when undertaking an assessment of health risks from
a hazardous substance to be used in the workplace are
 Hazardous nature of the substances
 The form in which it was to appear in the workplace, for example as a dust
or dime
 The possible ill health effects of exposure to it
 The frequency duration and level of exposure and the number and type of
persons who would be exposed
 The existence of applicable standards (work exposure limits) and the
existing control measures in place
Question 
Employees can be exposed to chemical agents in the workplace 
Identify Four forms that chemical agents can take.
Outline the differences between the acute and chronic health effects from
exposure to chemical agents 
Answer plan 
(a)
 Dusts and fibers
 Fumes
 Gases
 Vapors
 Mists and aerosols 
 Liquids and solids
(b) Acute health effects 
 The adverse effects appear after a single or short term exposure to the agent
and 
 The response is invariably rapid or immediate
 In most cases acute effects recede on cessation of exposure
(c)   Chronic health effects
 Usually result from prolonged or repeated exposure to the agent
 The response is normally gradually may go unrecognized for long periods of
time Often progressive and irreversible 
Question
Outline the issues that should be addressed by an organization for the safe
collection and disposal of its waste 
Answer plan 
The identification of waste by its hazardous properties for example general, biological
or special waste and by its nature solid or liquid
The quantity produced and the frequency of removal the need for separation of
incompatible wastes.
The means for containing waste and its marking and labelling the provision of safe
storage on site and the methods of transportation to and from the storage facility.
The means for processing waste such as by crushing, compacting or incinerating
The appointment of a competent and or licensed waste contractor 
The keeping of necessary record the possibility of pollution issues arising from
spillages
The competence and training of staff and the issue use of suitable personal protective
equipment such as overall and gloves 
Element 7: physical and psychological health hazards and control 
Question 
(a)  Outline the possible effects on workers’ health when exposed to
high noise levels
(b)   Outline the factors to be considered when selecting personal
hearing protection
(c)   Describes with practical examples, noise control techniques that
would reduce noise levels in the workplace 
Answer plan 
 Acute Effects 
 Temporary threshold shift 
 Temporary tinnitus or ringing in the areas
 Truman e.g blast deafness/ blast deafness from a loud noise
 Stress /fatigue / headaches
Chronic Effects 
 Noise induced hearing loss/ permanent threshold shift 
 Damage to hair cells in cochlea /reduced hearing capability at certain
frequencies
 Permanent tinnitus or ringing in the ears 
 Deafness
(b)
 Noise level /exposure time or noise dose 
 Frequency of noise /octave band analysis 
  Ear problems
 Training in use
 Compatibility with other PPE worn e.g. hard hat 
 Comfort /fit 
 Manufactures attenuation data/ standard e.g. CE marking 
 Cost availability 
(c)   Describes with practical examples, noise control techniques that
would reduce noise Process change e.g automation or using bolts
rather than rivers
 Isolation of sound /sound proof enclosure 
 Noise insulation e.g partition 
 Absorption in foam, surface coating 
 Vibration isolation /machinery mounts /flexible pipes
 Damping /stiffening panels
 Silencing of exhausts 
 Lubrication of machines
Question 
A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder and is exposed to
vibration 
(a)   Identify the symptoms that the work may experience due to this
exposure
(b)   Outline Six control measures that can be used to reduce the risk
from vibration
Answer Plan 
(a)   Symptoms the workers might experience such as 
 Tingling
 Numbness and blanching of the fingers and
 Swollen and painful joints
 Reduction in dexterity, strength and sensory perception 
(b)   Control measures such as
Substituting the tools in use with equipment with lower vibration characteristics 
Reducing the exposure time of the workers by for example using equipment that will
complete the work more quickly or introducing job rotation.
Introducing a planned maintenance program for the tools to avoid increased vibration
caused by faults or general wear fitting anti vibration grips to the equipment
Providing personal protective equipment such as gloves, hats and waterproofs to keep
the operators warm and dry and encouraging workers to maintain a good blood
circulation by giving up cutting down on smoking and messaging and exercising
fingers during work breaks. 
Question 
Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise?
Outline two noise control techniques that would benefit all workers
Answer Plan 
(a)   Permanent or chronic effects of exposure such as noise induced hearing
loss (caused by damage to the hair cells of the inner ear with reduced hearing
capacity at particular frequencies) and tinnitus and temporary effects such as
temporary threshold shift, acute tinnitus, stress and fatigue possibility of acute
trauma such as a burst eardrum caused by exposure to sudden loud noise.
some candidates identified only deafness and various psychological problems
(b)
 Noise control techniques such as 
 absorption, using porous material such as foam or mineral wool
 Damping using metal or plastic to absorb energy 
 Isolation by the use of rubber munts and insulation using bricks walls or double
skinned enclosures
 (use of hearing protection that might not be considered to be a control
technique that would benefit all workers)
Question 
Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen
equipment 
Identify the features of a suitable seat for use at a DSE workstation
Answer plan
(a)   
Significant health risks associated with display screen equipment relate to 
A range of work-related upper limb disorders caused by poor posture and / or
repetitive movements. such conditions can cause pain, swelling, soreness or stitmess
in fingers, wrists elbow or shoulders
Other risks are eye-strain or migraine from uncorrected eyesight problems or poor
workstation layout, fatigue stress and 
In rare cases facial dermatitis which is thought to be more related to the working
environment than the workstation or equipment itself
(b)    
 Stable base
 Seat height and 
 Seat back shoulder be adjustable (and provide good lumbar support and
armrests where appropriate).
  Footrests should be provided and they should have the facility to swivel tilt and
move with ease when required
Question 
Drivers of vehicles can be exposed to whole body vibration (WBV)
(a)   Explain the meaning of WBV
(b)   Describe the physical effects of WBV
(c)   Outline the control measures that can be taken to reduce the risks
from WBV
Answer plan
(a)   Whole body vibration is vibration transmitted to the worker through a
contacting or supporting structure such as a seat or floor which is itself
vibrating.
(b)   Physical effects of whole body vibration are:
 Fatigue
 Headache
 Stomach problems and / or motion sickness 
 Back pain which may result in the permanent injury
 Shakiness shortly after exposure has taken place and insomnia. 
(c ) initial measures that should be taken would be to assess level of exposure and
then to consider the appropriate risk controls such as 
 The selection of low vibration vehicles
 Ensuring’s good seat design which should be sprung or damped and adjustable
 The provision, where possible of level routes for vehicle and ensuring they are
kept in good condition
 Instructing drivers to keep to identified vehicle routes to avoid rough ground
and to adjust the speed of the vehicle to suit ground conditions
 The provision of a suitable floor surface and foot wear
 Ensuring that vehicles are subjected to regular maintenance and their tyres
inflated to the correct pressure.
 Limiting exposure of employees by enabling them to take regular breaks and by
job rotation
 Providing information to employees on the risks involved and the precautions
to be taken 
 Introducing a programme of regular health surveillance
Question 
Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risk to persons working in
cold stores at subzero temperatures
Answer plan 
Provision of thermal clothing such as insulated suits or jackets, gloves and head
covering with drying out facilities for this clothing 
Restricting time spent in the cold store with regular breaks and the availability of
warm drinks
Precautions against being locked in the cold store as doors capable of being opened
from the inside and
Alarms measures to protect the employees against the escape of refrigerant gas 
The selection of equipment used in cold stores such as racking designed to withstand
low temperature
The removal of ice build up 
The need for pre-employment examinations and continuing health surveillance and
the provision to employees of information and training on the potential hazards
associate with this type of work and precautions to be observed. 
Question 
Element 8 construction activities hazards and control
Identify the precautions that to reduce the risk of injury when using a
mobile tower scaffold.
Answer plan
 Erected by component person
 Used with in SWL/not overloaded
 Properly braced / no defective components
 Use of edge protection – guard rails and toe boards
 Use of outriggers
 Correct height to least base ratio
 No moving the tower with people /materials on it’
 Erect on firm, level ground
 Avoid overhead obstacles
 Tied if there is side loading’
 Cordon off work area
 Access platform from inside the tower
 Push pull at the base when moving the tower
Question outline the main precautions when carrying out excavation work? 
Answer Plan
 Review plans of underground services
 Review for overhead hazards that may be hit by excavator
 Locate and identify undergone services e.g. suing cable avoidance tool CAT
 Isolated services, if possible
  Safe digging techniques, mechanical digging to the side of the services and
manual digging to expose it.
 Position of waste or building materials away from excavation to prevent
collapse
Battering (sloping the sides) or of an exaction using support systems, e.g shoring
hydraulic trench
 Use of barriers to prevent pedestrian access
 Safe access e.g ladder tied at top 
 Vehicle segregation
 Stop blocks to prevent vehicles falling in to excavation
 De watering pumps
 Testing the atmosphere for toxic gases, vapors etc 
 Use of permits – to – work
 Formal inspections and examination
 Start of shift 
 After any event likely to affect stability 
 After accidental collapse
Question 
Excavation works is being carried out a construction site. identify the control
measures needed to reduce the risk to workers.
Answer plan
Control measures include
 The detection of underground services by using plans or cable/pipe detectors;
 Supporting the slides of the excavation by shoring or benching
 Storing materials and spoil away from edge of the excavation
 Providing means to prevent vehicles failing into the excavation such as stop
blocks
 Providing guard -rails and barriers to prevent people falling into the excavation
 Providing means of support for adjacent structures to prevent collapse
 Providing safe means of access/egress into the excavation
 Testing for noxious fumes and providing ventilation if necessary 
 Using pumps to protect against flooding
 Taking precautions to safeguard the workers from biological hazards or those
caused by the presence of contaminated ground and 
 Arranging for the excavation to be inspected at regular intervals by a competent
person
  Safe systems and permits to work.
Question  
Given reasons that may cause a mobile tower scaffold to become unstable 
Answer Plan
 Component condition 
 Effectiveness of the brakes would be one of the important reasons for
instability
 Erection and use 
 Failures to use competent workers in the erection of the scaffold,
 Erecting the tower on ground that was neither firm nor level and neglecting to
maintain the correct base / height ratio would be contributory instability factors
 Failure to fit outriggers in conditions where these would be required 
 Using the scaffold in high winds
 Climbing the outside of the tower
 Moving the tower on uneven ground with materials and /or persons on the
working platform.
 Using the scaffold as a support for heavy materials or rubbish chutes 
Question 
As part of a general refurbishment, air conditioning units are to be installed on
the roof of a two-storey office building. The units will be lifted onto the roof by
means of a mobile crane that is situated at ground level.
(a)   Outline the control measures that will be necessary to carry out the
lifting operation safely 
(b)   Outline the control measures that will be required to protect the
safety of the workers on the roof.
Answer Plan
 (a)   Initially need to prepare a lifting plan for the operation to be carried
out, followed by further control measures such as 
 The selection of the crane with respect to its safe working load and reach;
 Checking the existence of current test certificates and examinations
 Ensuring level and stable ground for positioning the crane 
 Using outriggers and support plates and ensuring there was sufficient space
round the crane to prevent the jib or load from coming into contact with overhead
services and other building or structures 
 Using adequate and suitable lifting gear
 Ensuring the competence of employees in control of and involved in the lifting
operation
  Giving consideration to the weather and particularly the strength of the wind
 Lifting the load evenly at an appropriate rate and using tag lines to help control
direction
 If necessary planning the lifting time of day when few people would be in the
vicinity
(b)
 Provision of safe means of access for example by the erection of scaffolding or
stair towers
 Provision of edge protection with guard rail and toe boards around the
perimeter of the roof
 The use of mechanical hoist to raise tools and equipment to the roof
 The introduction of escape and rescue procedures in the event of an emergency 
 The provision and use of personal protective equipment such as hard hats and
high visibility clothing
 The use of competent employees and supervision and
 The suspension of work in adverse weather conditions 
Question 
Identify eight precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to
children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site.
Answer Plan
 Inhibiting entry to the site by the use of fencing 
 Warning against the dangers by means of signs and monitoring 
 Using security patrols and closed circuit television
 Entry be gained by reference to the need to make the site itself safe by isolating
services
 Reducing heights of materials
 Covering or fencing excavations removing or covering ladders and denying
access to scaffolding 
 Clearing debris to avoid the possibility of arson
 Securing tools chemicals equipment and vehicles and working with the
community by, for instance, visiting local schools to warn of construction site
dangers
Question 
(a)   Identify four possible ill health effects that can be caused from
working with cement 
(b)   Outline ways in which the ill health effects identified in (a) can be
prevented
Answer Plan
(a)   Ill health effects that can be caused from working with cement 
 Inflammation of the eyes
 Dermatitis
 Irritation to the nose the throat
 Respiratory complaints and
 Cement burns or ulcers from contact with wet cement 
(b)
Preventive
 Mixing dry cement in well ventilated areas 
 Wetting down work to reduce the amount of duct in the air
 Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment such as alkali-resistant
gloves, waterproof boots and eye protection such as googles or safety glasses with
side shield
 The use of respiratory protective equipment such as filter mask
 The provision of information, training and instruction and 
 The introduction of an effective system of monitoring and supervision to ensure
the use of the appropriate control measures. 
Posted by Unknown at 01:23 
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