STUDY GUIDE

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO UCSP

SOCIAL SCIENCES

 -  Explain and predict phenomena related to foundation, establishment, and growth of

human society (Bining and Bining, 1956 as cited by Jose and Ong, 2016)
 -  Concerned with those basic elements of culture that determine the general patterns of
human behavior (Hunt and Colander, 2011)

ANTHROPOLOGY

 -  Science seeking to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human communities
(Contreras et al, 2016, citing American Anthropological Association, nd)
 -  Study of human beings and their ancestors (Alejandria-Gonzales, 2016)
 -  Greek antropos (human) and logos(study)

SCOPES AND METHODS OF INQUIRY OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

 -  Focuses on human diversity by looking on cross-cultural differences in social institutions,

cultural beliefs and communication styles
 -  Looking for a “culture universal”(patterns of similarity within an array of differences)
instead of looking for a “universal culture”

BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

1. PHSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. Also known as biological anthropology. It is concerned how:

humans emerged and evolved through time and how human beings differ biologically.
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. It is concerned with the differences in culture from time to
time There are 3 sub-branches of this:
3. Archaeology – study of past cultures through material remains
4. Anthropological Linguistics – study of the difference of languages among cultures and how
it is constructed
5. Ethnology – study of present cultures
 POLITICAL SCIENCE

- Study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems, and political behavior.

SCOPES AND METHODS OF INQUIRY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

 -  Deals extensively with the theories and practice of politics

 -  Problematizes the nature of power and studies how possession and exercise of power can
shape individual actions and collective decisions

BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

1. Political Theory – application of political ideas and concepts for answering political
phenomena
2. Comparative Politics – study of context of different political and government systems
3. International Relations – study of political interactions between state and non-state actors
4. Public Administration – study of various administrative schemes implemented by the
government

SOCIOLOGY

 -  Scientific study of society and the behavior of people in the society

 -  Study of relationships among people

METHOD OF STUDY: “ THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION ”

 -  Conceptualized by C. Wright Mills (1959)

 -  Imagining the intersections of their life situations (biography)and the events in the society
(history) as interconnected and influences each other
 -  Converting personal issues into public issues

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY:

1. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

 -  Society as a system with parts and functions

 -  Health of the system is defined by the parts performing their assigned tasks and working in
coordination with other parts of the system
 -  Functions are manifest (obvious) or latent (hidden)

2. CONFLICT THEORY

 -  Society as full of tensions and struggles between groups and individuals.

 -  Society is constructed in favor of the powerful/wealthy over the powerless/poor.
3. SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION

 -  Society as composed of social interactions

 -  Social interactions are governed by shared and co-created meanings made by the social
actors in every interaction
 -  Shared meanings are lodged on objects, events, and persons and are seen as symbols, the
interpretation of which shape and influence the emerging interactions
STUDY GUIDE
MODULE 2: CONCEPT OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE
SOCIETY

 -  Group of people sharing a common identity, culture, territory, and language who act
together for collective survival and well-being
 -  Organization that caters to a human’s need for belongingness in a group

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIETY:

1. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE (DURKHEIM/WEBER)

o Society is made possible by cooperation and interdependence as it views itself as a system with
parts that have respective functions to perform.

2. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE (KARL MARX)

o Society was formed due to series of conflicts that produces new set of relations and interactions.

3. SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONIST (COOLEY/MEAD)
o Society was formed by the set of symbols and meanings created and interpreted by people.

CULTURE

 -  Complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, attitudes, norms, knowledge and everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of society (citing Taylor, 1920)
 -  An organized body of conventional understandings manifest in art which persisting
through tradition, characterizes a human group (citing Redfield, nd)
 -  Everything that a person learns as a member of the society (Gonzales,2016)

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE:

1. Tangible/Material

o All material objects

o Provides physical space for culture

2. Non-Tangible/Immaterial

o Abstractions
o Beliefs, values, norms, traditional skills and technologies
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE:

1. Culture is social.

 -  Product of behavior and of the society

 -  Develops through social interaction
 -  The experiences of other people are impressed on a person as he or she grows up

2. Culture varies from society to society.

- Culture of each society is unique to itself due to the fact that it is a human product

3. Culture is shared.

 -  Various members of a society commonly share ideas, activities and artifacts, making it
socially and conventionally standardized.
 -  Shared culture provides order and meaning in interpreting behavioral patterns of
individuals in a society.
 -  Transmission is not automatic but largely depends on the willingness of people to give and
receive it.

4. Culture is learned and transmitted.

 -  Learned socially rather than biologically

 -  Handed to generations through the process of socialization and/or enculturation
 -  Culture is bestowed in a cumulative fashion

5. Culture is continuous and cumulative.

- Culture exists as a continuous process, responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE:

1. Culture defines situations.

o Each culture has many subtle cues which define each situation
o Cues which define situations appear in infinite variety
o A person who moves from one society to another will spend many years misreading the cues
defines situations.

2. Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.

o Attitudes, values, and goals are defined by the culture and the individual normally learns them as
unconsciously as he or she learns the language
o By approving certain goals and ridiculing others, the culture channels individual ambitions defines
attitudes, values, and goals.
3. Culture defines myths, legends, and supernatural
o Culture provides the individual with a ready-made view of the universe
o The nature of the divine power and the important moral issues are defined by culture defines
myths, legends, and the supernatural.

4. Culture provides behavioral patterns.

o Culture imposes limits on humans and their activities
o Need for order calls forth the need for culture to establish behavioral patterns so that disorderly
behavior can be avoided

ISSUES IN CULTURE:

1.ETHNOCENTRISM
o Practice of comparing other cultural practices with those of one’s own and automatically finding
those other cultural practices to be inferior
o Conceived by William Graham Sumner; universal reaction found in all known societies

o When do we become Ethnocentric?

   When you judge the behavior and beliefs of people who are different from you
   When you believe that there are primitive cultures, especially if their way of life is
different from yours
   When you believe that some cultures are backward if they lack the consumerism and
technology of your culture.

o FUNCTIONS OF ETHNOCENTRISM
 Encourages group solidarity
 Hinders the understanding or cooperation between groups

2. XENOCENTRISM
o Preference for the foreign
o Strong belief that one’s own products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those which originated
elsewhere

3. XENOPHOBIA
o Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange
o Can be seen in the relations and perceptions of an in-group towards an out-group

4. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
o Idea that all norms, beliefs and values are dependent of their cultural context.
STUDY GUIDE
MODULE 3: ORIGINS OF MAN
THEORIES OF ORIGINS OF MAN

1. BIBLICAL THEORY (GENESIS 2: 1-24)

 -  Man was created by God out of dust

 -  6th day of creation
 -  Adam and Eve

2. MYTHS AND LEGENDS (TAGALOGS)

o -  Man originated from bamboo
o -  Malakas at Maganda

3. THE SCIENTIFIC THEORY: THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

o -  Charles Darwin
o -  Origin of the Species
o -  Environment factors certain organisms and those organisms can survive can pass
on their traits (“survival of the fittest”)

EVOLUTION OF MAN

1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS SP.
o -  First discovered in the African region
o -  Two variants:
   Australopithecus afarensis – lived 3.9-3.0 million years ago, first
discovered in 1974 by Carl Johansson in Ethiopia, nicknamed “Lucy”
   Australopithecus africanus – lived 3.3-2.1 million years ago, first
discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart in South Africa, nicknamed “Taung”
o -  First to exhibit bipedalism, or walking on two feet.

2. HOMO HABILIS
o -  Lived between 1.9 million140,000 years ago
o -  First discovered in Java, Indonesia in 1891 by Eugene Dubois
o -  Also discovered in Peking (now Beijing), China and Dmanisi, Georgia
o -  First known user and maker of fire
o -  First known hominid to travel outside Africa

3. HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
o -  Lived in Europe at about 400,000-40,000 years ago
o -  First discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley, Germany, by Johann Carl Fulhrott
o -  First known creator of clothes and ornaments
o -  First known practitioner of burials
 4. HOMO SAPIENS
o -  First lived 300,000 years ago up to present
o -  Originated from Africa and spread worldwide
o -  The modern-day humans, first taxonomically described by Carolus Linnaeus

5. PILTDOWN MAN
o -  First made public in 1912 by Charles Dawson
o -  “Discovered” in England
o -  Claimed to be the “missing link” between apes and humans
o -  Considered for several decades as the oldest hominid species
o -  Modern chemical tests conducted in 1949 concluded that it was a fake hominid,
composed of parts from a human and an ape combined together
o -  Subsequent studies made by the British Natural History Museum in 2016 concluded
that Dawson is the most likely creator of the fake hominid

ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES

Due to adaptation of H. sapiens sapiens to environmental conditions:

1. Caucasoid – European region

2. Australoid – South Asian region
3. Mongoloid – Northeast Asian region
4. Negroid – African region

   ORIGINS OF THE FILIPINOS: THE WAVE MIGRATION THEORY - Appeared earlier in the
works of Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera and formally proposed by Professor Henry Otley Beyer
of the University of the Philippines Anthropology Department
Main assumption: Filipinos came from the three consecutive waves of migration of races:
1. Negritos/Aetas (through land bridges);
2. Indonesians (through boats) ; and
3. Malays (through boats, called balangay)

   ORIGINS OF THE FILIPINOS: THE AUSTRONESIAN THEORY - Separately proposed by

Wilhelm Solheim, Peter Bellwood, and Zeus Salazar
Main assumption: Filipinos descended from Austronesians (product of intermarriage
between Australoids and Mongoloids), who first interacted within the present-day ASEAN
region and spread throughout the region through maritime travel.

EARLIEST HUMAN ACTIVITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. FIRST MAN IN PH: CALLAO MAN

- Discovered at Callao Cave, Cagayan in 2007 by a team of archaeologists from the University of the
Philippines Diliman Archaeological Studies Program (ASP) led by Professor Arman Mijares and said to
be 60,000-70,000 years old
2. TABON MAN
- Discovered at Tabon Cave, Palawan in 1962 by Professor Robert Fox of the National Museum of the
Philippines (NM) and the University of the Philippines (UP) and said to be 30,000 years old.

PERIODS OF PRE-HISTORIC TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

 PERIODS OF PRE-HISTORIC TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Divided into three periods: Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age), and
Neolithic (or New Stone Age), this era is marked by the use of tools by our early human ancestors
(who evolved around 300,000 B.C.) and the eventual transformation from a culture of hunting and
gathering to farming and food production. During this era, early humans shared the planet with a
number of now-extinct hominin relatives, including Neanderthals and Denisovans.

1. The Stone Age or The Paleolithic Age. In the Paleolithic period (roughly 2.5 million years ago to
10,000 B.C.), early humans lived in caves or simple huts or tepees and were hunters and gatherers.
They used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude stone axes, for hunting birds and wild
animals. They cooked their prey, including woolly mammoths, deer and bison, using controlled fire.
They also fished and collected berries, fruit and nuts. Ancient humans in the Paleolithic period were
also the first to leave behind art. They used combinations of minerals, ochres, burnt bone meal and
charcoal mixed into water, blood, animal fats and tree saps to etch humans, animals and signs. They
also carved small figurines from stones, clay, bones and antlers. The end of this period marked the
end of the last Ice Age, which resulted in the extinction of many large mammals and rising sea levels
and climate change that eventually caused man to migrate.

2. Mesolithic Period. The Shell Mound People, or Kitchen-Middeners, were hunter- gatherers of the
late Mesolithic and early Neolithic period. They get their name from the distinctive mounds
(middens) of shells and other kitchen debris they left behind. During the Mesolithic period (about
10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.), humans used small stone tools, now also polished and sometimes crafted
with points and attached to antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrows. They often lived
nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of water. Agriculture was introduced during this
time, which led to more permanent settlements in villages. Finally, during the Neolithic period
(roughly 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.), ancient humans switched from hunter/gatherer mode to
agriculture and food production. They domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains. They used
polished hand axes, adzes for ploughing and tilling the land and started to settle in the plains.
Advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction and art, including
pottery, sewing and weaving.

3. The Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age (about 3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.), metalworking
advances were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered. Now used for
weapons and tools, the harder metal replaced its stone predecessors, and helped spark
innovations including the ox-drawn plow and the wheel. This time period also brought
advances in architecture and art, including the invention of the potter’s wheel, and textiles—
clothing consisted of mostly wool items such as skirts, kilts, tunics and cloaks. Home
dwellings morphed to so-called roundhouses, consisting of a circular stone wall with a
thatched or turf roof, complete with a fireplace or hearth, and more villages and cities began
to form. Organized government, law and warfare, as well as beginnings of religion, also came
into play during the Bronze Age, perhaps most notably relating to the ancient Egyptians who
 built the pyramids during this time. The earliest written accounts, including Egyptian
hieroglyphs and petroglyphs (rock engravings), are also dated to this era.

4. The Iron Age. The discovery of ways to heat and forge iron kicked off the Iron Age (roughly
1,300 B.C. to 900 B.C.). At the time, the metal was seen as more precious than gold, and
wrought iron (which would be replaced by steel with the advent of smelting iron) was easier
to manufacture than bronze. Along with mass production of steel tools and weapons, the
age saw even further advances in architecture, with four-room homes, some complete with
stables for animals, joining more rudimentary hill forts, as well as royal palaces, temples and
other religious structures. Early city planning also took place, with blocks of homes being
erected along paved or cobblestone streets and water systems put into place. Agriculture,
art and religion all became more sophisticated, and writing systems and written
documentation, including alphabets, began to emerge, ushering in the Early Historical Period.

 PERIODS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Foraging/Hunting and Gathering Stage

o   Nomadic living: People settle in a place for food and transfer to another once the
resources are depleted
o   People hunt and gather food
o   Social system in place is communal living, where everyone collectively owns all
property and resources
o   Social organization in place: families and small clans

2. Pastoral Stage and Horticultural Stage

o   People started to settle for good in a particular location
o   Learned to domesticate animals and plant in their yards for personal consumption
o   Communal type of living
o   Social Organization: Families and clans

3. Agricultural Stage
 People learned to plant crops and tend livestock for business and trade
 Rise of civilizations, ancient empires, manors and kingdoms
 Start of social stratification due to rise of individual/private property
 Social relations: slavemaster or serf-lord

4. Industrial Stage
o   Propelled by the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s1900s
o   Replacement of manual labor by mechanized production, powered by steam, oil,
and nuclear power
o   Rise of nation-states and empires
o   Dominant social relations: bourgeoise (rich) – proletariat (poor)
5. Post-Industrial Stage
 Called “third wave” and “fourth wave” of industrialization
 From mechanization to digitization
 Dominance and prevalence of information technology
 Rise of internet and social media
 “borderless” countries due to globalization
STUDY GUIDE
MODULE 4: MAN’S INTEGRATION TO THE SOCIETY
Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization
encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural
continuity are attained".

Socialization is strongly connected to developmental psychology. Examples of the first kind of

socialization, where an individual learns the rules is, by making friends and having an interaction,
participating in different cultural activities of the society. peoples belonging to Hindu culture
participates in the festivals; hence learns different things of their god/goddess.

There are 2 forms of socialization:

(1) Enculturation is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and
acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in that culture and worldviews. As part of this
process, the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual include parents, other adults, and
peers. Examples of enculturation include: Learning slang or how to behave in certain situations
by watching television. Observing models in magazines, which teaches you to value thinness.
Observing how friends talk to each other to learn the acceptable language.

(2) Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the
balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a
process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment. The
definition of acculturation is the transfer of values and customs from one group to another.
Japanese people dressing in Western clothing is an example of acculturation.

Identity formation, also known as individuation, is the development of the distinct personality of an
individual regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics
are possessed and by which a person is recognized or known.

The Concept of Self - One's self-concept is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally, self-
concept embodies the answer to "Who am I?". Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness,
which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent, and currently applicable to
one's attitudes and dispositions. For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind
person" are part of an overall self-concept.

The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902,
stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of
others. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's
opinion on themselves. An example would be one's mother would view their child as flawless, while
another person would think differently.
ROLE
- Set of expectation from people who occupy a particular status

Role Performance – Behavior of an individual within a social space in accordance to his status

Role Set – Multiplicity of roles within a given status

Role Conflict – two or more statuses, both applicable to the situation require distinct and
divergent roles from the individual.

Role Strain – individual is having difficulty in performing the role required of him or her

Role Exit – discontinuation of a role, either to address a role strain or indulge in a role set

NORMS
- Culturally determined rules that guide people what is right, wrong, proper, or improper
(Coleman, 2000)
- Create predictability in daily affairs and interactions
- Fundamental to the establishment of social order in the society

TYPES OF NORMS
Folkways
- Socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning
- Variety of actions that constitute acceptable or expected behavior drawn from customs and
conventions

Mores
- Norms related to moral conventions

Taboos
- Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in a specific culture

Laws
- Rules and regulations that are implemented by the state

VALUES
- Standards people use to determine desirable goals and outcomes
- Criteria on which people base their judgement regarding behaviors and decisions
- Created and shaped by the community through time

CONFORMITY
- Act of following the roles and goals of one’s society
- Met with rewards and acceptance from other members of the society
DEVIANCE
- Act of violating the prescribed social norms (Alejandria-Gonzales, 2016)
- Stigma – strong sense of disapproval on nonconforming behavior from members of the
society
- Socially constructed and determined by the members of the society; relative and
contextualized

THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

Social Control Theory

- deviance is caused by a lack in stronger special bonds within a society; as he is less attached in
the society, the more that he/she will deviate from social norms

Rational Choice Theory

- conformity or deviance of an individual depends on the cost and benefit he/she may get from
such action

Differential Association Theory

- conformity or deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she associates with

Labeling Theory
- Actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labelled as such by members of the
community

Conflict Theory
- Society composes of opposing groups of people whose access to power is unequal, and the
group that access to power in unequal, and the group that access power determines which
actions are deviant based on their perceived advantage; set of behaviors of the elite are norms
and those of the powerless are deviant.

Structuralist-Functionalist Theory
- On the macro level, deviance is caused by breakdown of social norms which produces anomie
or social disorganization ;
- On the micro level, deviance was caused by role strain of an individual due to lack of resources
to cope with the demands of social norms.

Strain Theory
- Proposed by Robert Merton
- Argues that deviant behavior occurs due to imbalance of society’s cultural goals and the
socially accepted means to achieve those goals are out to balance
SOCIAL CONTROL
- Means to prevent deviance and to ensure that norms are safeguarded and order preserved
- Elements to promote social control
- Internalization – individual is made to automatically conform to the dictates of his/her
society through a cost benefit orientation
- Sanctions – rewards or punishment given upon conformity/deviance in an action

TYPES OF SANCTIONS
- Formal ; awarded by an institution (i.e government, council, school, etc.)

- Informal ; rewards/forms of punishment that are spontaneously given by an individual/group

of people as a response to a behavior that was either accepted or disapproved

- Positive ; sanctions that rewards a particular behavior, which reinforces its repetition

- Negative ; sanctions that punishes a particular behavior

STUDY GUIDE
MODULE 5: GROUPS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
GROUP is a unit of people who interact with some regularity and identify themselves as a unit.
Collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about
one another’s behavior.

SOCIAL NETWORK. Social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees of relations and
interrelationships.

TYPES OF GROUPS

   GROUPS ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE:

Primary Group.
o -  Small but intimate.
o -  Members have direct access and interaction.
o -  Emotional bonds are formed

Secondary Group.
o -  Formed to perform a specific purpose.
o -  Members interact with each other to accomplish the goals of the group.
o -  Formal and impersonal.

   GROUPS ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP:

In-Group.
o -  Social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to.
o -  Characteristics (Shandra,2007): Use of titles, external symbols and dress
o -  Application of stereotypes: + for members and – for non-members.
o -  Competition with members of the out-group.

Out-Group.
- Group that an individual is not a part of.

Reference Group.
 -  Group that such an individual considers as ideal.
 -  Standard to measure his or her actions.
 GROUP DYNAMICS

 Group-Think
-  United acceptance and practice of idea that is believed as group loyalty.
-  Based on majority’s perspective.

 Social Loafing or Free-Riding

- Tendency of individuals to depend on other’s initiative to perform tasks that are originally expected
of them.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS:

 BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL (MAX WEBER)

- According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic
formation of any organization and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness. It is
an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organization’s power structure
into focus.

 Gemeinschaft
 -  Rural societies.
 -  Presence of personal relationships and face-to-face interactions.
 -  Regulations based on traditional social rules.

 Gesselschaft
 -  Urban societies and bureaucracies.
 -  Impersonal and indirect.
 -  Dominance of rationality and self interest.
QUESTIONS

1. Concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based
on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
- Natural Science

2. They do not qualify as sciences since they generally do not use the Scientific Method
- Science

3. Devoted to the study of human societies and the relationships among individuals within
those societies
- Social Science

4. Refers to is disciplines that study human interactions.

- Social Science

5. Use the scientific method in order to study the world around us.
- Natural Science

6. It is also known as biological anthropology

- Physical Anthropology

7. Human beings differ biologically

- Physical Anthropology

8. Study of the difference of languages among cultures and how it is constructed

- Cultural Anthropology

9. A theoretical perspective in sociology: The Shared meanings are lodged on object, events and
persons and are seen as symbols, the interpretation of which shape and influence the emerging
interactions.
- Symbolic Interactionism

10. Study of present cultures

- Ethnology

11. It is a science seeking to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human
communities.
- Anthropology

12. Study of context of different political and government systems.

- Comparative Politics

13. It is the study of political interactions between state-and non-state actors.

14. Application of political ideas and concepts for answering political phenomena
- Political Theory

15. It is the study of various administrative schemes implemented by the government

- Public Administration

16. Society as full of tensions and struggles between groups and individuals
- Conflict Theory

17. Society is constructed in favor of the powerful/wealthy over the powerless/poor

- Conflict Theory

18. Refers to is disciplines that study human interactions

- Social Science

19. Social interactions are governed by shared and co-created meanings made by the social
actors in every interaction
- Symbolic Interactionism

20. A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable
explanations and predictions about the universe
- Science

21. The scientific study of human beings

- Social Science

22. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the
validity of scientific advances

23. A Theoretical Perspective in Sociology: It sees society as a system with parts and functions
- Structural Functionalism

24. Political Science deals extensively with the theories and practice of politics
- True

25. It is a science seeking to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human
communities.
- Anthropology

26. Political Science deals with system governance.

- True

27. The “Sociological Imagination” was conceptualized by whom?

- Wright Mills
28. Health of the system is defined by the parts performing their assigned tasks and working in
coordination with other parts of the system.
- Structural Functionalism

29. Converting personal issues to public issues

- Sociological Imagination

30. Sociology, Economics are examples of this

- Social Science

31. it is the study of past cultures through material remains

- Archaeology

32. Study of context of different political and government systems.

- Comparative Politics

33. Political Science deals with the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated
constitutions and political behavior.
- True

34. It is the scientific study of society and the behavior of people in the society
- Sociology

35. Society as full of tensions and struggles between group and individuals.
- Conflict Theory

36. Society is an organization that caters to a human’s need for belongingness in a group
- True

37. Society is a group of people sharing a common identity, culture, territory, and language who
act together for collective survival and well-being.
- True

38. Society is made possible by cooperation and interdependence as it views itself as a system
with parts that have respective functions to perform.
- True

39. Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective is made by Cooley and Mead

- True

40. Conflict Theory is made by Karl Marx

- True
41. Social interactions are governed by shared and co-created meanings made by the social
actors in every interaction
- Symbolic Interactionism

42. First discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey in 1960 in present-day Tanzania
- Homo Habilis

43. According to this theory our ancestors were Malakas and Maganda
- Tagalog Myth

44. First known creator of clothes and ornaments

- Homo Neanderthalensis

45. This race is from Northeast Asian region

- Mongoloid

46. The modern day humans, first taxonomically described by Carolus Linnaeus
- Homo Sapiens

47. Society was formed due to series of conflicts that produces new set of relations and
interactions.
- True

48. Society is made possible by cooperation and interdependence as it views itself as a system
with parts that have respective functions to perform.
- True

49. Society was formed by the set of symbols and meanings created and interpreted by people.
- True

50. First known practitioner burials.

- Homo Neanderthalensis

51. In this time period, the form of subsistence is Agriculture

- Mesolithic Age

52. In this time/period, the form of art are small and limited to personal ornaments
- Paleolithic Age

53. Structural-Functional Perspective is made by Durkheim and Weber

- True

54. First known tool maker

- Homo Habilis
55. First known user and maker of fire
- Homo habilis

56. Proposing that through interaction with others, criminal behavior

- Differential Association Theory

57. States that individuals rely on rational calculations to make rational choices
- Rational Choice Theory

58. Who is the proponent of the Collectivist Organization Model?

- Karl Marx

59. Supervisors and workers are collectively and harmoniously functioning toward the
achievement of organizational goal
- Collectivist Organizational Model

60. Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people adapting to or borrowing traits from
another culture
- Acculturation

61. Proposes that people’s relationship, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage
them not to break the law.
- Social Control Theory

62. Society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the
American dream), though they lack the means
- Strain Theory

63. Self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms
used to describe and classify them
- Labeling Theory

64. Who is the proponent of Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft Societies?

- Ferdinand Tonnies

65. Shifting from class-based to classless societies

- Collectivist Organizational Model

66. The demise of bureaucratic organizations

- Collectivist Organizational Model