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Module 4 Electromagnetic Waves
Module 4 Electromagnetic Waves
Waves
Hernanie T. Salazar Jr.
Mathematics and Physics
Department
Adamson University
Mar. 17, 2021
Objectives
• Understand the concepts and principles of
electromagnetic waves.
• Solve problems in electromagnetic waves using basic and
advanced mathematical skills.
Recall: Maxwell’s Equations
𝑞
! 𝐸 # 𝑑𝐴⃗ =
𝜖!
! 𝐵 # 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 0
𝑑Φ"
! 𝐸 # 𝑑𝑠⃗ = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ"
! 𝐵 # 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜇!𝐼 + 𝜖!𝜇!
𝑑𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Consider an electromagnetic
wave that travels in the x
direction.
• Use Faraday’s law to analyze
the field:
𝑑Φ!
! 𝐸 # 𝑑 𝑠⃗ = −
𝑑𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Approximation of 𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸
𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝐸 𝑥 + & 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ! "#$%&'$&
𝜕𝐸
=𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
• So the line integral becomes
𝜕𝐸
) 𝐸 * 𝑑 𝑠⃗ = 𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ℓ − 𝐸 𝑥 ℓ
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐸
=ℓ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
• Flux through the rectangle is Φ( =
𝐵ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝑑Φ( 𝑑𝐵 𝜕𝐵
= ℓ𝑑𝑥 & = ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ) "#$%&'$& 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Combine the 2 terms
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐵
ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = −ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐵
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Use
𝑑Φ!
! 𝐵 # 𝑑 𝑠⃗ = 𝜇" 𝐼 + 𝜖" 𝜇"
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐸
−ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜇!𝜖!ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐸
= −𝜇!𝜖!
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
#$ #"
• Take the x derivative of =−
#% #&
𝜕 '𝐸 𝜕 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 𝜕𝐸
' =− =− =− −𝜇!𝜖!
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 '𝐸 𝜕 '𝐸
' = 𝜇!𝜖! '
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
#" #"
• Take the x derivative of = −𝜇!𝜖!
#% #&
𝜕 '𝐵 𝜕 '𝐵
' = 𝜇!𝜖! '
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Linear wave equation
𝜕 '𝐸 𝜕 '𝐸
' = 𝜇!𝜖! '
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 '𝐵 𝜕 '𝐵
' = 𝜇!𝜖! '
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Speed of electromagnetic waves
1
𝑐=
𝜇!𝜖!
Numerically
1
𝑐=
4𝜋×10() T # m/A 8.85419×10(*' C '/N # m'
= 2.9979×10+ m/s
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
#+ $ #+ $ #+ " #+ "
Solutions to #% +
= 𝜇!𝜖! #& + and #% +
= 𝜇!𝜖! #& + are
𝐸 = 𝐸,-. cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
𝐵 = 𝐵,-. cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
Similarly, ratio of ω/k gives the speed of electromagnetic
wave
𝜔 2𝜋𝑓
= =𝑐
𝑘 2𝜋/𝜆
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Linearly polarized wave –
the electric and magnetic
fields restricted to being
parallel to a pair of
perpendicular axes.
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Take the partial derivatives of 𝐸 = 𝐸,-. cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 (with
respect to x) and 𝐵 = 𝐵,-. cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 (with respect to t)
gives
𝜕𝐸
= −𝑘𝐸,-. sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐵
= 𝜔𝐵,-. sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝑡
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
#$ #"
• Substitute the previous 2 equations to =−
#% #&
𝑘𝐸,-. = 𝜔𝐵,-.
𝐸,-. 𝜔
=
𝐵,-. 𝑘
Then,
𝐸,-. 𝐸
= =𝑐
𝐵,-. 𝐵
Problem: Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Example: An Electromagnetic Wave
𝑐 3.00×10+ m/s
𝜆= = / =? ? ?
𝑓 40.0×10 Hz
1 1
𝑇= = / =? ? ?
𝑓 40.0×10 Hz
Problem: Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Solution
+ ,
Given: 𝑐 = 3.00×10 , 𝐸,-. = 750 N/C
0
(A) At some point and at some instant, the
electric field has its maximum value of
750 N/C and is directed along the y axis.
Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field at this position and
time.