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  • IGCSE History Notes - UN and Lebanon (Ch4)

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    Marguerite Julia
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    The UN faced difficulties in Lebanon from 1975-1985 due to the complex political situation with various Muslim and Christian militia groups and foreign interventions from Syria and Israel. UNIFIL was established in 1978 to oversee Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon and help restore authority to the Lebanese government but struggled due to Israel's belief that the UN was biased against it and other foreign powers having influence. The civil war in Lebanon continued despite UNIFIL's peacekeeping efforts.

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    IGCSE History Notes- UN and Lebanon (Ch4)

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    The UN faced difficulties in Lebanon from 1975-1985 due to the complex political situation with various Muslim and Christian militia groups and foreign interventions from Syria and Israel. UNIFIL was established in 1978 to oversee Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon and help restore authority to the Lebanese government but struggled due to Israel's belief that the UN was biased against it and other foreign powers having influence. The civil war in Lebanon continued despite UNIFIL's peacekeeping efforts.

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    111 views3 pages

    IGCSE History Notes - UN and Lebanon (Ch4)

    Uploaded by

    Marguerite Julia
    The UN faced difficulties in Lebanon from 1975-1985 due to the complex political situation with various Muslim and Christian militia groups and foreign interventions from Syria and Israel. UNIFIL was established in 1978 to oversee Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon and help restore authority to the Lebanese government but struggled due to Israel's belief that the UN was biased against it and other foreign powers having influence. The civil war in Lebanon continued despite UNIFIL's peacekeeping efforts.

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    of 3

    (Ch4)

    UN and Lebanon 1975-85

    Difficulties of Lebanon for the UN


    - It was problematic for the UN:
    - Peacekeeping forces had to be given permission by the countries and had to stay neutral
    - There were different Muslim and Christian militia groups
    - Syria and Israel became involved

    Lebanon’s History
    - Christian nation founded after WWI
    - Had large muslim population so there were some tensions between Muslim and Christians
    - Large amount of palestinians arrived in 1948 and again early 1970s

    Causes
    - As the relations between Christians and Muslims worsened each side had their political side
    - Different religion lived in different quarters of Beirut

    People involved
    - Lebanese Muslims
    - Majority of population 1973
    - Fewer seats in parliament than Christians
    - Divided into different sects
    - Looked at other arab nations for support
    - Lebanese Christians
    - Minority
    - Majority of seats in parliament
    - USA and West support
    - PLO (Palestinians)
    - Arrived in 1973
    - 10% of Lebanese population
    - Attacked Israel from Lebanon
    - Was a ‘state within a state’
    - Israel
    - Invaded Lebanon in 1978 to take action against the PLO
    - Supported Christian militia
    - Syria
    - Invades Lebanon in 1976 to stop PLO from attacking Israel
    - Sided w/ Christian militia against PLO at first then went with Arab Deterrent Force (ADF) then
    supported PLO again
    (Ch4)
    Civil War (April 1975)
    - Tensions within Lebanon and its border with Israel rose during early 1970s because
    - PLO attacked Israel from Lebanon
    - Christian and Muslim lebanese came into conflict a lot
    - Cause
    - Christian militia attacked a bus fll of palestinians after an alleged attack on a church
    - Lebanese army couldn’t control and many soldiers joined the militia
    - June 1976 Syria invade to restore peace and hold back the PLO as it was scared its attacks on Israel
    would start another war
    - October 1976 30000 ADF were approved to go to Lebanon and uphold a ceasefire
    - Lebanon was invaded again on 14th and 15th March 1978
    - South was occupied
    - Israel invaded

    - After invasion israel made an alliance with the christian militia to form the South Lebanese Army (SLA)

    UNIFIL
    - UN Interim Forces in Lebanon
    - Lebanon protested about Israel's invasion
    - Security council passed resolution 425 and 426 on 19 March 1978
    - Resolution 425 requires Israel to withdraw
    - Resolution 426 established UNIFIL which was to
    - Confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces
    - Restore international peace and security in the region
    - Help Lebanese government to restore its authority
    - UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon on the 23rd March 1978
    - 13th June 1978 Israeli forces withdrew
    - But areas controlled were given to SLA
    - However, there were several more attacks from Israel after
    - PLO started shelling Israel in 1979

    Israel invades again 1982


    - After the PLO shelled Israel, Israel bombed Beirut and attacked Syrian forces
    - Israel invaded Lebanon on the 6th of June 1982
    - Lebanon thus turned to multinational help such as the US
    - Timeline
    - July 1982 PLO said it would leave Beirut if multinational force would protect palestinians
    - August to september 1982 multinational troops were arriving
    - 1st september 1982 14000 PLO left Beirut transferring to Tunisia but the war continued
    - March 1984 USA withdrew
    - 1985 Israel withdrew
    - UNIFIL did nothing but provide humanitarian help
    - Israel withdrew for multiple reason:
    - The war in Lebanon was becoming unpopular because of the attack on its troops
    - Israel’s economy had severe problem the war was just making it worse
    - Government changed it had a lot more moderate ministers from many political parties
    (Ch4)
    - After Israel’s withdrawal they created 15 km wide security zone in southern Lebanon controlled by
    Israel and the SLA this helped protect Israel

    What was UNIFL’s Problems


    - Israel
    - It believed the UN was to be pro-palestine
    - It didn’t have a good relationship with the UN so was hard to convince
    - Foreign Powers
    - Some foreign powers had more control within Lebanon so the did all the convincing making the UN
    look bad
    - Complexity
    - Domestic conflict with foreign intervention with many religions and countries involved

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