DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY
2020-21

NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENERGY LAW

LITERATURE REVIEW
On
“A Study of the Golden Triangle of Alternate Energy,
Sustainable Development and Environment”
Submitted for the project work undertaken in the partial fulfilment of
B.A. LL.B (Hons.) 5 years integrated course at Dr. Ram Manohar
Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
Under the Guidance Of Submitted By

Dr. Amandeep Singh Pranav Bhansali

Asst. Prof (Law) Semester-X
Dr. RMLNLU, Lucknow Roll No- 109
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
I have adopted a doctrinal research methodology for my project. The mode of writing adopted by
me would be analytical in nature.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The proposed research study will be carried out with the help of following resources:

1. Studying Primary and Secondary Sources (Books, Articles)

2. Library Research

The literature survey done by me is not exhaustive however I have tried to bring all possible
sources under the realm of literature survey.

In the context of shrinking crude oil reserves, rising demand and the resultant rise in prices of
petroleum, as well as the concerns about global climate change and energy security, alternate
energy is becoming increasingly relevant as a possible and potential alternative to fossil fuels.
Alternate energy offers a number of environmental, social and economic advantages; a major one
being reduction in vehicular pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

The use of alternate energy furthers the concept of sustainable development and thus forms the
tip of the triangle between environment, alternate energy sources and sustainability.

The aim of this study is to investigate and examine as to how the use of alternate energy sources,
with special reference to solar energy, is beneficial to environment as it prevents pollution and
depletion of natural resources and hence leads to a development which is sustainable in nature. I
would give insight on as to how the use of solar power as an alternate energy source; especially
in a country like India which is located in the Southern hemisphere and hence receives sunlight
for major part of the year. Use of solar power creates a balance between environment, economy
and society.
LIST OF ARTICLES, JOURNALS AND WEB SOURCES

1. Alternate Energy Strategies for the Developing World's Domestic Use: A Case Study
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41323478.pdf>

The author, in this article examines the degree to which qualities associated with commonly
proposed new energy supply technologies for developing countries satisfy the needs and
preferences of households. The paper demonstrates that the often cited and unquestionably
important advantages of such technologies, including ecological safety, renewability, de-
centralization of supply systems, and diversity are not factors which carry sufficient appeal to
individual households in determining fuel choices for domestic purposes. The study finds that
safety, reliability of supply, convenience, and a fuel's versatility are the factors which determine
its desirability.

2. Sustainable Development of Biofuels: Prospects and Challenges

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25663941.pdf>

In this article, the author presents a brief overview of the current state of affairs of bio-fuels at
the global level, with a special emphasis on the ongoing efforts of bio-fuel expansion in India. It
throws light on the various policies at the national and regional levels and also on the
implications of bio-fuels for changes in land utilisation, food security, social welfare and the
environment.

3. American Solar Energy Policy < http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3984497.pdf >

This article comprehensively deals with the American solar energy policy, its history, reasons for
enactment of such a policy, institutions dealing with the same and the development of solar
energy policy.

4. Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30052048.pdf >

This paper argues that in the wake of rising global energy consumption and substantial decline in
energy intensity due to population and economic growth, the rising energy demand is met from
fossil fuel resources especially coal. However, the use of non-renewable energy resources like
coal poses threat of pollution and increased GHG emissions. Alternate energy sources provide a
feasible solution to this problem. Among the renewable energy resources, solar energy is the
largest exploitable resource, providing more energy to the earth in one hour than all of the energy
consumed by humans in one day. Due to intermittency of its isolation solar energy must be
stored and dispatched on its demand to the end user. One of the ways is to store solar-converted
energy in the form of energy bonds. But this process involves scientific challenges and the author
discusses about these challenges in this paper.

5. Political Architecture of India's Technology System for Solar Energy

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25663812.pdf >

This paper analyses makes a case for embedding the analysis of institutions for technological
change in an understanding of the politics of markets. In turn, this needs knowledge of
institutions and of their relations. The first stage that is needed to explain the retarded
development of apparently appropriate solar energy technology in India is developed; and the
implications for technology theory, analysis and policy are outlined. India's technology system
was created precociously early to facilitate research and development. Technology is available. It
is not obstructed by intellectual property rights so much as by the structure of domestic energy
subsidies and support measures, the risk aversion of banks and the coordination failures of the
system of market- and state-institutions for renewable energy technology. As a result, the state is
seriously hampered from acting in the long-term public interest. In general, policy reform may
require institutional destruction as well as creation, adaptation and persistence.

6. Solar Energy: An Infinite Source of Clean Energy

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1041937.pdf >

In this paper, the author states that abundance, cleanliness and widespread distribution are great
incentives for the application of solar energy to man's energy requirements. Recent and
impending fuel shortages, cost increases of energy and environmental degradation have provided
strong incentives for the development of solar energy for wide practical use. However, its low
intensity and high variability impose severe economic problems in converting it to useful forms.
In favourable locations, the costs of solar heating and cooling equipment under development
appear to be nearly competitive with fuels; hence, this application is expected to be widespread
within a very few years.

7. Lighting the Lives of the Impoverished in India's Rural and Tribal Drylands
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40343992.pdf>
This paper makes a case for use of solar lanterns in rural India. Inadequate lighting has a direct
negative impact on the health, ecology, and safety of rural households who are forced to light
their homes with kerosene lamps, cow dung cakes, firewood from forests, and crop residues.
Kerosene lamps are not only expensive but also inefficient, unhealthy, and dangerous.
Furthermore, they consume significant amounts of limited global petroleum supplies and are
consequently a major source of greenhouse gases. Solar photovoltaic lanterns appear to offer a
practical and clean energy alternative.

8. World’s First Solar Powered Plane to land in Gujarat, The Hindu, 9 th March 2015
<http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/worlds-first-solarpowered-aircraft-to-land-in-
gujarat-on-tuesday/article6974241.ece>

9. Dinesh C. Sharma, India Prepares for Massive Solar Energy Plan, Frontiers in Ecology
and the Environment, Vol. 7, No. 8 (Oct., 2009), p.404
In this article, the author states that government of India has unveiled an ambitious plan to invest
US$20 billion over the next decade toward the development of solar energy, as part of its
National Action Plan on Climate Change. The plan envisages achieving 20000 mega watts (MW)
of solar-based power capacity by 2020, followed by a ten-fold increase in solar energy
production by 2050. The objective is to "establish India as a global leader in solar energy".

10. Deb Kumar Bose, Prospects of Solar Power in India under Global Warming, Economic
and Political Weekly,Vol. 43, (Nov. 22 - 28, 2008), pp. 14-17
The author states that in the context of growing emission of carbon dioxide in coal-based power
stations, solar energy promises to be a viable alternative and a clean energy source. Yet, the
market for solar energy remains small and uneconomic, confined as the system is to households
in remote villages and delinked from the network of electricity grids. If provided a direct link to
the electricity grids which are served by thermal power systems, solar power systems can
achieve economies of scale and can ultimately provide for the larger market of demand for
electricity in the country.

11. Madeleine K. Parvin, Solar Energy for the Habitat of the Future, India International
Centre Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169-172
The author emphasizes that the energy we have traditionally used for heating our homes and
making them more comfortably habitable has begun to cost too much, given its expensive source
derivations. The cost of fossil-fuel derived energy has become prohibitive, as also that derived
from coal and other organic and inorganic substances. Nuclear energy is impractical for use on a
small scale and for low building density use. Solar energy has become a new source of energy
interest to architects, builders and energy engineers alike.

12. Hermann Scheer , Solar Energy Is the Energy, Leonardo, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1995), pp. 145-
146
The author emphatically states that solar energy is the road that leads us away from the energy-
consuming house and toward the energy-producing house; thus, the implementation of solar
energy will automatically encompass a far-reaching structural change. The solar future cannot be
made dependent on the individual premises of a single branch of the economy. Even the cur-rent
energy-supplying companies have the chance to participate in building up a solar energy system,
but they must do so through diversification rather than structural conservatism.

13. Martin Wolf , Solar Energy Utilization by Physical Methods, Science New Series Energy
Issue, Vol. 184, , pp. 382-386
The author is of the view that solar energy utilization does not require a great deal of technology
development, since technical feasibility has been proved for most approaches, so that the work
remaining to be done extends generally to proving or achieving economic feasibility and to
applications engineering.